AGiIIC.  DtrTi  F 


PRINCIPAL  TEEE  REGIONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

£  North  Eastern  B  North.  Western  A  B  North  Eastern  &  North  Western 

Q  South  Eastern  D  Tropical  Florida  £  Texas-Mexican  Boundary 

c  Rocky  Mountains  Q  Oregon  &  California        H  New  Mexico  &  Arizona 

Mexican  Boundary 


MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF 
NORTH  AMERICA 

(EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO) 


BY 


CHARLES  SPRAGUE  SARGENT 

Director  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  of  Harvard  University 
Author  of  The  Silva  of  North  America 


WITH  SEVEN  HUNDRED  AND  EIGHTY-THREE  ILLUSTRATIONS 
FROM  DRAWINGS  BY 

CHARLES  EDWARD  FAXON 

AND 

MARY  W.  GILL 

Second  Edition 


BOSTON  AND  NEW  YORK 

HOUGHTON  MIFFLIN  COMPANY 

re$£  CambriD0e 
1922 


^  I 


f 


COPYRIGHT,  1905  AND  1922,  BY  CHARLES  SPRAGUE  SARGENT 

ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 
PRINTED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 


AGniC.  DEPT, 


TO 

M.  R.  S. 

THE  WISE  AND  KIND  FRIEND  OF  THERTY  YEARS 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DEDICATED 
WITH  GRATITUDE  AND  AFFECTION 


468541 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION 

THE  studies  of  the  trees  of  North  America  (exclusive  of  Mexico)  which  have  been  carried 
on  by  the  agents  and  correspondents  of  the  Arboretum  in  the  sixteen  years  since  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Manual  of  the  Trees  of  North  America  have  increased  the  knowledge  of 
the  subject  and  made  necessary  a  new  edition  of  this  Manual.  The  explorations  of  these 
sixteen  years  have  added  eighty-nine  species  of  trees  and  many  recently  distinguished 
varieties  of  formerly  imperfectly  understood- species  to  the  silva  of  the  United  States,  and 
made  available  much  additional  information  in  regard  to  the  geographical  distribution  of 
American  trees.  Further  studies  have  made  the  reduction  of  seven  species  of  the  first  edi- 
tion to  varieties  of  other  species  seem  desirable;  and  two  species,  Amelanchier  obovalis  and 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  which  were  formerly  considered  trees,  but  are  more  properly 
shrubs,  are  omitted.  The  genus  Anamomis  is  now  united  with  Eugenia;  and  the  Arizona 
Pinus  strobiformis  Sarg.  (not  Engelm.)  is  now  referred  to  Pinus  flexilis  James. 

Representatives  of  four  Families  and  sixteen  Genera  which  did  not  appear  in  the  first 
edition  are  described  in  the  new  edition  in  which  will  be  found  an  account  of  seven  hundred 
and  seventeen  species  of  trees  in  one  hundred  and  eighty-five  genera,  illustrated  by  seven 
hundred  and  eighty- three  figures,  or  one  hundred  and  forty-one  figures  in  addition  to  those 
which  appeared  in  the  first  edition. 

An  International  Congress  of  Botanists  which  assembled  in  Vienna  in  1905,  and  again  in 
Brussels  in  1910,  adopted  rules  of  nomenclature  which  the  world,  with  a  few  American  ex-, 
ceptions,  has  now  generally  adopted.  The  names  used  in  this  new  Manual  are  based  on 
the  rules  of  this  International  Congress.  These  are  the  names  used  by  the  largest  number 
of  the  students  of  plants,  and  it  is  unfortunate  that  the  confusion  in  the  names  of  American 
trees  must  continue  as  long  as  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  including  the  Forest  Service 
of  the  United  States,  uses  another  and  now  generally  unrecognized  system. 

The  new  illustrations  in  this  edition  are  partly  from  drawings  made  by  Charles  Edward 
Faxon,  who  died  before  his  work  was  finished;  it  was  continued  by  the  skillful  pencil  of 
Mary  W.  Gill,  of  Washington,  to  whom  I  am  grateful  for  her  intelligent  cooperation. 

It  is  impossible  to  name  here  all  the  men  and  women  who  have  in  the  last  sixteen  years 
contributed  to  this  account  of  American  trees,  and  I  will  now  only  mention  Mr.  T.  G.  Har- 
bison and  Mr.  E.  J.  Palmer,  who  as  agents  of»the  Arboretum  have  studied  for  years  the 
trees  of  the  Southeastern  States  and  of  the  Missouri- Texas  region,  Professor  R.  S.  Cocks,  of 
Tulane  University,  who  has  explored  carefully  and  critically  the  forests  of  Louisiana,  and 
Miss  Alice  Eastwood,  head  of  the  Botanical  Department  of  the  California  Academy  of 
Sciences,  who  has  made  special  journeys  in  Alaska  and  New  Mexico  in  the  interest  of  this 
Manual.  Mr.  Alfred  Rehder,  Curator  of  the  Herbarium  of  the  Arboretum,  has  added  to 
the  knowledge  of  our  trees  in  several  Southern  journeys;  and  to  him  I  am  specially  indebted 
for  assistance  and  advice  in  the  preparation  of  the  keys  to  the  different  groups  of  plants 
found  in  this  volume. 

This  new  edition  of  the  Manual  contains  the  results  of  forty-four  years  of  my  continuous 
study  of  the  trees  of  North  America  carried  on  in  every  part  of  the  United  States  and  in 
many  foreign  countries.  If  these  studies  in  any  way  serve  to  increase  the  knowl- 
edge and  the  love  of  trees  I  shall  feel  that  these  years  have  not  been  misspent. 

C.  S.  SARGENT. 
ARNOLD  ARBORETUM 

September,  1921 


PREFACE 

IN  this  volume  I  have  tried  to  bring  into  convenient  form  for  the  use  of  students  the  in- 
formation concerning  the  trees  of  North  America  which  has  been  gathered  at  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  during  the  last  thirty  years  and  has  been  largely  elaborated  in  my  Silva  of 
North  America. 

The  indigenous  trees  of  no  other  region  of  equal  extent  are,  perhaps,  so  well  known  as 
those  that  grow  naturally  in  North  America.  There  is,  however,  still  much  to  be  learned 
about  them.  In  the  southern  states,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  extratropical  regions  in 
the  world  in  the  richness  of  its  arborescent  flora,  several  species  are  still  imperfectly  known, 
while  it  is  not  improbable  that  a  few  may  have  escaped  entirely  the  notice  of  botanists;  and 
in  the  northern  states  are  several  forms  of  Cratsegus  which,  in  the  absence  of  sufficient  in- 
formation, it  has  been  found  impracticable  to  include  in  this  volume.  Little  is  known  as 
yet  of  the  silvicultural  value  and  requirements  of  North  American  trees,  or  of  the  diseases 
that  affect  ihem;  and  one  of  the  objects  of  this  volume  is  to  stimulate  further  investigation 
of  their  characters  and  needs. 

The  arrangement  of  families  and  genera  adopted  in  this  volume  is  that  of  Engler  & 
Prantl's  Die  Naturlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  in  which  the  procession  is  from  a  simpler  to  a 
more  complex  structure.  The  nomenclature  is  that  of  The  Silva  of  North  America.  De- 
scriptions of  a  few  species  of  Crataegus  are  now  first  published,  and  investigations  made 
since  the  publication  of  the  last  volume  of  The  Silva  of  North  America,  in  December,  1902, 
have  necessitated  the  introduction  of  a  few  additional  trees  described  by  other  authors,  and 
occasional  changes  of  names. 

An  analytical  key  to  the  families,  based  on  the  arrangement  and  character  of  the  leaves, 
will  lead  the  reader  first  to  the  family  to  which  any  tree  belongs;  a  conspectus  of  the  genera, 
embodying  the  important  and  easily  discovered  contrasting  characters  of  each  genus  and 
following  the  description  of  each  family  represented  by  more  than  one  genus,  will  lead  him 
to  the  genus  he  is  trying  to  determine;  and  a  similar  conspectus  of  the  species,  following  the 
description  of  the  genus,  will  finally  bring  him  to  the  species  for  which  he  is  looking.  Fur- 
ther to  facilitate  the  determination,  one  or  more  letters,  attached  to  the  name  of  the  species 
in  the  conspectus  following  the  description  of  the  genus,  indicate  in  which  of  the  eight  re- 
gions into  which  the  country  is  divided  according  to  the  prevailing  character  of  the  arbores- 
cent vegetation  that  species  grows  (see  map  forming  frontispiece  of  the  volume).  For 
example,  the  northeastern  part  of  the  country,  including  the  high  Appalachian  Mountains 
in  the  southern  states  which  have  chiefly  a  northern  flora,  is  represented  by  (A),  and  a  per- 
son wishing  to  learn  the  name  of  a  Pine-tree  or  of  an  Oak  in  that  region  need  occupy  him- 
self only  with  those  species  which  in  the  conspectus  of  the  genus  Quercus  or  Pinus  are 
followed  by  the  letter  (A),  while  a  person  wishing  to  determine  an  Oak  or  a  Pine-tree  in 
Oregon  or  California  may  pass  over  all  species  which  are  not  followed  by  (G),  the  letter 
which  represents  the  Pacific  coast  region  south  of  the  state  of  Washington. 

The  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  in  this  work  to  represent  feet,  and  the  sign  of  minutes  (') 
inches. 

The  illustrations  which  accompany  each  species  and  important  variety  are  one  half  the 
size  of  nature,  except  in  the  case  of  a  few  of  the  large  Pine  cones,  the  flowers  of  some  of  the 


Vlll  PREFACE 

Magnolias,  and  the  leaves  and  flower-clusters  of  the  Palms.  These  are  represented  as  less 
than  half  the  size  of  nature  in  order  to  make  the  illustrations  of  uniform  size.  These  illus- 
trations are  from  drawings  by  Mr.  Faxon,  in  which  he  has  shown  his  usual  skill  and  experi- 
ence as  a  botanical  draftsman  in  bringing  out  the  most  important  characters  of  each  species, 
and  in  them  will  be  found  the  chief  value  of  this  Manual.  For  aid  in  its  preparation  I  am 
indebted  to  him  and  to  my  other  associates,  Mr.  Alfred  Render  and  Mr.  George  R.  Shaw, 
who  have  helped  me  hi  compiling  the  most  difficult  of  the  keys. 

C.  S.  SARGENT. 

ARNOLD  ARBORETUM,  JAMAICA  PLAIN,  MASS. 
January,  1905. 


TABLE  OF  CONTEXTS 

MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  (exclusive  of  Mexico)  showing  the  eight 
regions  into  which  the  country  is  divided  according  to  the  pre- 
vailing character  of  the  trees  Frcmtisspiece 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES  OF  PLANTS  described  in  this  work  xi 
ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  PLANTS  described  in  this 

work,  based  chiefly  on  the  character  of  their  leaves  xvi 
MANUAL  OF  TREES 

Gymnospermse  1 

Angiospermae  96 

Monocotyledons  96 

Dicotyledons  118 

Apetahe  118 

Petalatse                                                   »  342 

Polypetalae  342 

Gamopetalae  790 

GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS  893 

INDEX  899 


SYNOPSIS 
OF  THE  FAMILIES  OF  PLANTS  DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  BOOK 

Class  I.  GYMNOSPERM.E. 

Resinous  trees;  stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  in  diameter  by 
the  annual  addition  of  a  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark;  flowers  unisexual;  stamens 
numerous;  ovules  and  seeds  2  or  many,  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  not  inclosed  in  an 
ovary;  embryo  with  2  or  more  cotyledons;  leaves  straight-veined,  without  stipules. 

I.  Pinaceae  (p.  1).     Flowers  usually  monoecious;  ovules  2  or  several;  fruit  a  woody  cone  (in 
Juniperus  berry-like);  cotyledons  2  or  many;  leaves  needle-shaped,  linear  or  scale-like,  per- 
sistent (deciduous  in  Larix  and  Taxodium). 

II.  Taxaceae  (p.  90).     Flowers  dioecious,  axillary,  solitary;  ovules  1;  fruit  surrounded  by  or 
inclosed  in  the  enlarged  fleshy  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower;  cotyledons  2;  leaves  linear,  alternate, 
persistent. 

Class  II.  ANGIOSPERM.E. 

Carpels  or  pistils  consisting  of  a  closed  cavity  containing  the  ovules  and  becoming 
the  fruit. 

Division  I.  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  with  woody  fibres  distributed  irregularly  through  them,  but  without  pith  or 
annual  layers  of  growth;  parts  of  the  flower  in  3's;  ovary  superior,  3-celled;  embryo 
with  a  single  cotyledon;  leaves  parallel -veined,  persistent,  without  stipules. 

III.  Palmae  (p.  96).     Ovule  solitary;  fruit  baccate  or  drupaceous,  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-seeded; 
leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  flabellate  or  orbicular,  persistent. 

IV.  Liliaceae  (p.  110).      Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell;  fruit  3-celled,  capsular  or  baccate; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

Division  II.  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  by  the  addition  of  an  annual 
layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark;  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  4's  or  5's;  embryo  with  a 
pair  of  opposite  cotyledons;  leaves  netted-veined. 

SUBDIVISION  1.  APETAL^E.  Flowers  without  a  corolla  and  sometimes  without  a 
calyx. 

Section  1.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments  (female  flowers  of  Juglans  and  Que-rcus 
solitary  or  in  spikes) ;  ovary  inferior  (superior  in  Leitneriaceoe)  when  a  calyx  is  present. 

V.  Salicaceae  (p.  119).     Flowers  dioecious,  without  a  calyx.     Fruit  a  2-4-valved  capsule. 
Leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

VI.  Myricaceae   (p.  163).     Flowers   monoecious  or  dioecious;  fruit  a  dry  drupe,  covered 
with  waxy  exudations;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  resinous-punctate,  persistent. 

VII.  Leitneriaceae    (p.    167).      Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  without  a  calyx;  ovary 
superior;  fruit  a  compressed  oblong  drupe;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without  stipules,  decidu- 
ous. 

VIII.  Juglandacese  (p.  168).     Flowers  monoecious;  fruit  a  nut  inclosed  in  an  indehiscent 
(Juglans)  or  4-valved  (Carya)  fleshy  or  woody   shell;   leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate 
without  stipules,  deciduous. 


Xll  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES 

IX.  Betulaceae  (p.  200).     Flowers  monoecious;  fruit  a  nut  at  the  base  of  an  open  leaf-like 
involucre  (Carpinus),  in  a  sack-like  involucre  (Ostrya),  in  the  axil  of  a  scale  of  an  ament 
(Betula),  or  of  a  woody  strobile  (Alnus);  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

X.  Fagaceae  (p.  227).     Flowers  monoecious;  fruit  a  nut  more  br  less  inclosed  in  a  woody 
often  spiny  involucre;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules,  deciduous  (in  some  species  of 
Quercus  and  in  Castanopsis  and  Lithocarpus  persistent) . 

Section  2.     Flowers  unisexual  (perfect  in  Ulmus) ;  calyx  regular,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them;  ovary  superior,  1 -celled;  seed  1. 

XI.  Ulmaceae  (p.  308).     Fruit  a  compressed  winged  samara  (Ulmus),  a  drupe  (Celtis  and 
Trema),  or  nut-like  (Planera),  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in 
Trema). 

XII.  Moraceae  (p.  328).  .  Flowers  in  ament-like  spikes  or  heads;  fruit  drupaceous,  inclosecT 
in  the  thickened  calyx  and  united  into  a  compound  fruit,  oblong  and  succulent  (Morus),  large, 
dry  and  globose  (Toxylon),  or  immersed  in  the  fleshy  receptacle  of  the  flower  (Ficus) ;  leaves 
simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in  Ficus). 

Section  3.     Flowers  usually  perfect;  ovary  superior  or  partly  inferior,  l-4celled> 
leaves  simple,  persistent  in  the  North  American  species. 

XIII.  Olacacese   (p.  336).      Calyx  and  corolla  4-6-lobed;  ovary  1-4-celled;  fruit  a  drupe 
more  or  less  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  disk  of  the  flower;  leaves  alternate  or  fascicled,  without 
stipules. 

XIV.  Polygonaceae  (p.  338).     Calyx  5-lobed;  ovary  1-celled;  fruit  a  nutlet  inclosed  in  the 
thickened  calyx;  leaves  alternate,  their  stipules  sheathing  the  stems. 

XV.  Nyctaginaceae  (p.  340).     Calyx  5-lobed;  ovary  1-celled;  fruit  a  nutlet  inclosed  in  the 
thickened  calyx;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules. 

SUBDIVISION  2.  PETALAT^.  Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  (without  a  corolla 
in  LauracecBj  in  Liquidainbar  in  Hamamelidacece,  in  Cercocarpus  in  Rosacece,  in  Euphor- 
biacece,  in  some  species  of  Acer,  in  Reynosia,  Condalia,  and  Krugiodendron  in  Rham- 
•nacece,  in  Fremontia  in  Sterculiacece,  in  Chytraculia  in  Myrtacece,  in  Conocarpus  in 
Combretacece  and  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus  in  Oleacece). 
•  Section  1.  POLYPETAL^E.  Corolla  of  separate  petals. 

A.  Ovary  superior  (partly  inferior  in  Hamamelidacece;  inferior  in  Mains,  Sorbus, 
Heteromeles,  Cratcsgus,  and  Amelanchier  in  Rosaceoe}. 

XVI.  Magnoliaceae  (p.  342).     Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  in  3  or  4  rows  of  3  each; 
fruit  cone-like,  composed  of  numerous  cohering  carpels;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  their  stipules 
inclosing  the  leaf-buds,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent. 

XVII.  Anonacese  (p.  353) .     Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  3 ;  petals  6  in  2  series ;  fruit  a  pulpy  berry 
developed  from  1  or  from  the  union  of  several  carpels;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stip- 
ules, deciduous  or  persistent. 

XVIII.  Lauraceae  (p.  356).     Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual;  corolla  0;  fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe 
or  berry;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  punctate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Sassa- 
fras). 

XIX.  Capparidaceae  (p.  365).     Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  4;  fruit  baccate,  elon- 
gated, dehiscent;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XX.  Hamamelidaceae  (p.  366).     Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual;  sepals  and  petals  5  (corolla  0 
in  Liquidambar) ;  ovary  partly  inferior;  fruit  a  2-celled  woody  capsule  opening  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXI.  Platanaceae  (p.  371).     Flowers  monoecious,  in  dense  unisexual  capitate  heads;  fruit 
an  akene;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXII.  Rosaceae  (p.  376).     Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5  (petals  0  in  Cercocarpus); 
ovary  inferior  in   Malus,  Sorbus,  Heteromeles,  Crateegus,  and  Amelanchier;  fruit  a  drupe 
(Prunus  and  Chrysobalanus) ,  a  capsule  (Vauquelinia  and  Lyonothamnus) ,  an  akene  (Cowania 
and  Cercocarpus),  or  a  pome  (Malus,  Sorbus,  Heteromeles,  Cratsegus,  and  Amelanchier) ;  leaves 
simple  or  pinnately  compound,  alternate  (opposite  in  Lyonothamnus),  with  stipules,  decidu- 
ous or  persistent. 

XXIII.  Leguminosse  (p.  585).     Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular;  fruit  a  legume;  leaves 
compound,  or  simple  (Dalea) ,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous  or  persistent. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES  Xlll 

XXIV.  Zygophyllaceae  (p.  630).     Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5;  fruit  capsular. 
becoming  fleshy;  leaves  opposite,  pinnate,  with  stipules,  persistent. 

XXV.  Malpigiaceae  (p.  631).     Flowers  usually  perfect  rarely  dimorphous;  calyx  5-lobed; 
petals  5,  unguiculate;  fruit  a  drupe  or  samara;  leaves  opposite,  simple,  entire,   persistent; 
often  with  stipules. 

XXVI.  Rutaceae  (p.  633).     Flowers  unisexual  or  perfect;  fruit  a  capsule  (Xanthoxylum) ,  a 
samara  (Ptelea),  of  indehiscent  winged  1-seeded  carpels  (Helietta),  or  a    drupe  (Amyris); 
leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  compound,  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules,  persistent  or 
rarely  deciduous  (0  in  Canotia). 

XXVII.  Simaroubaceae  (p.  641).     Flowers  dioecious,  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5;  fruit  drupa- 
ceous (Simarouba),  baccate  (Picramnia),  a  samara  (Alvaradoa);  leaves  alternate,  equally 
pinnate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XXVIII.  Burseraceae  (p.  645).     Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4  or  5-parted;  petals  5;  fruit  a 
drupe;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXIX.  Meliaceae  (p.  648).     Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5;  fruit  a  5-celled  de- 
hiscent capsule;  leaves  alternate,  equally  pinnate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XXX.  Euphorbiaceae  (p.  649).     Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4-6-parted  (Drypetes),  3-lobed 
(Hippomane),  or  0  (Gymnanthes) ;  petals  0;  fruit  a  drupe  (Drypetes  and  Hippomane),  or  a 
3-lobed  capsule  (Gymnanthes). 

XXXI.  Anacardiaceae  (p.  655).     Flowers  usually  unisexual,  dioecious  or  polygamo-dice- 
cious  (Pistacia  without  a  calyx,  and  without  a  corolla  in  the  North  American  species) ;  fruit  a 
dry  drupe;  leaves  simple  or  compound,  alternate,  without  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in 
Pistacia  and  in  one  species  of  Rhus). 

XXXII.  Cyrillacese   (p.   665).      Flowers  perfect;  calyx    5-8-lobed;  petals  5-8;  fruit  an 
indehiscent  capsule;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (more  or  less  deciduous  in 
CyriUd). 

XXXIII.  Aquifoliaceae  (p.  668).     Flowers  polygamo-dicecious ;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed;  petals 
5;  fruit  a  drupe,  with  4-8  1-seeded  nutlets;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules,  persistent  or 
deciduous. 

XXXIV.  Celastraceae  (p.  674).     Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious;  calyx  4  or 
5-lobed ;  petals  4  or  5 ;  fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  capsule  (Evonymus) ;  leaves  simple,  opposite  or  al- 
ternate, with  or  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Evonymus). 

XXXV.  Aceraceae  (p.  681).     Flowers  dioecious  or  monoeciously  polygamous;  calyx  usually 
5-parted;  petals  usually  5,  or  0;  fruit  of  2  long-winged  samara  joined  at  the  base;  leaves  oppo- 
site, simple  or  rarely  pinnate,  without  or  rarely  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXXVI.  Hippocastanaceae  (p.  702).     Flowers  perfect,  irregular;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  4  or 
5,  unequal;  fruit  a  3-celled   3-valved   capsule;  leaves  opposite,  digitately  compound,  long- 
petiolate,  without  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXXVII.  Sapindaceae  (p.  711).     Flowers  polygamous;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed;  corolla  of  4  or 
5  petals;  fruit  a  berry  (Sapindus  and  Exothea),  a  drupe  (Hypelate),  or  a  3-valved  capsule 
(Ungnadia) ;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules,  persistent,  or  deciduous  (Ungna- 
dia). 

XXXVIII .  Rhamnaceae  (p.  718) .     Flowers  usually  perfect ;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed ;  petals  4  or  5 
(0  in  Reynosia,  Condalia,  and   Krugiodendrori) ;  fruit  drupaceous;  leaves  simple,  alternate 
(mostly  opposite  in  Reynosia  and  Krugiodendrori),  with  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  some 
species  of  Rhamnus) . 

XXXIX.  Tiliaceae  (p.  732).     Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5;  fruit  a  nut-like  berry; 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  mostly  oblique  at  base,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XL.  Sterculiaceae  (p.  749).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  0;  fruit  a  4  or  5-valved 
dehiscent  capsule;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  persistent. 

XLI.  Theaceae  (p.  750).  Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5;  fruit  a  5-celled  woody  de- 
hiscent capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent 
or  deciduous. 

XLII.  Canellaceae  (p.  753).  Flowers  perfect;  sepals  3;  petals  5;  filaments  united  into  a 
tube;  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XLIII.  Koeberliniaceae  (p.  754).  Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  4,  minute;  leaves 
bract-like,  alternate,  without  stipules,  caducous. 

XLIV.  Caricaceae  (p.  755).  Flowers  unisexual  or  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5;  fruit 
baccate ;  leaves  palmately  lobed  or  digitate,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 


XIV  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES 

B.  Ovary  inferior  (partly  inferior  in  Rhizophora). 

XLV.  Cactaceae  (p.  757).  Flowers  perfect;  petals  and  sepals  numerous;  fruit  a  berry; 
leaves  usually  wanting. 

XLVI.  Rhizophoraceae  (p.  763).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4-parted;  petals  4;  ovary  partly 
inferior;  fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  berry  perforated  at  apex  by  the  germinating  embryo;  leaves 
simple,  opposite,  entire,  with  stipules,  persistent. 

XLVII.  Combretaceae  (p.  764).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5 
(0  in  Conocarpus) ;  fruit  drupaceous;  leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules, 
persistent. 

XLVIII.  Myrtaceae  (p.  768).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  usually  4-lobed,  or  reduced  to  a 
single  body  forming  a  deciduous  lid  to  the  flower  (Chytraculia) ;  petals  usually  4  (0  in  Chytra- 
culia);  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  pellucid-punctate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XLIX.  Melastomaceae  (p.  776).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla ;  fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  inclosed  in  the 
tube  of  the  calyx;  leaves  opposite,  rarely  verticillate,  3-9-nerved,  without  stipules. 

L.  Araliaceae  (p.  777).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  sepals  and  petals  usually  5;  fruit  a 
drupe;  leaves  twice  pinnate,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

LI.  Nyssaceae  (p.  779).  Flowers  dioecious,  polygamous,  dioecious  or  perfect;  calyx  5- 
toothed  or  lobed;  petals  5  or  more,  imbricate  in  the  bud,  or  0;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals;  fruit  drupaceous  (Nyssa),  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded;  leaves  alternate, 
deciduous,  without  stipules. 

LII.  Cornaceae  (p.  784).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious;  calyx  4  or  5-toothed; 
petals  4  or  5;  fruit  a  fleshy  drupe;  leaves  simple,  opposite  (alternate  in  one  species  of  Cornus), 
without  stipules,  deciduous. 

Section  2.  GAMOPETAL.E.  Corolla  of  united  petals  (divided  in  Elliottia  in  Erica- 
ceae, 0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus  in  Oleacece). 

A.  OVARY  SUPERIOR  (inferior  in  Vaccinium  in  Ericaceae,  partly  inferior  in  Symplo- 
caceae  and  Styracacece). 

LIII.  Ericaceae  (p.  790).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed  (in  Elliottia  corolla  of  4 
petals)',  (ovary  inferior  in  Vaccinium);  fruit  capsular,  drupaceous  or  baccate;  leaves  simple, 
alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Elliottia  and  Oxydendrum). 

LIV.  Theophrastaceae  (p.  804).  Flowers  perfect,  with  staminodia;  sepals  and  petals  5; 
stamens  5;  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  simple,  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules. 

LV.  Myrsinaceae  (p.  805).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  stamens  5;  fruit  a 
drupe;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

LVI.  Sapotaceae  (p.  808).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  5-lobed  (6-lobed  in  Mi- 
musops),  often  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  internal  appendages  borne  on  its  throat;  fruit  a 
berry;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  some  species  of 
Bumelia) . 

LVII.  Ebenaceas  (p.  820).  Flowers  perfect,  dioecious,  or  polygamous;  calyx  and  corolla 
4-lobed;  fruit  a  1  or  several-seeded  berry;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules, 
deciduous. 

LVIII.  Styraceae  (p.  824).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4  or  5-toothed;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed  or 
divided  nearly  to  the  base,  or  rarely  6  or  7-lobed;  ovary  superior  or  partly  superior;  fruit  a 
drupe;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  deciduous;  pubescence  mostly  scurfy  or 
stellate. 

LIX.  Symplocaceae  (p.  830).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  ovary  inferior  or 
partly  inferior;  fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  deciduous;  pubescence 
simple. 

LX.  Oleaceae  (p.  832).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious;  calyx  4-lobed  (0  in  some 
species  of  Fraxinus) ;  corolla  2-6-parted  (0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus) ;  fruit  a  winged  samara 
(Fraxinus)  or  a  fleshy  drupe  (Forestiera,  Chionanthus  and  Osmanthus) ;  leaves  pinnate  (Fraxi- 
nus) or  simple,  opposite,  without  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in  Osmanthus). 

LXI.  Borraginaceae  (p.  858).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed; 
fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  scabrous-pubescent,  without  stipules,  persistent  or 
tardily  deciduous. 

LXII.  Verbenaceae  (p.  864).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  fruit  a 
drupe  or  a  1-seeded  capsule;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  without  stipules,  persistent. 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILIES  XV 

LXIII.  Solanaceae  (p.  867).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  campanulate,  usually  5-lobed;  corolla 
usually  5-lobed;  fruit  baccate,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  calyx;  leaves  alternate, 
rarely  opposite,  without  stipules. 

LXIV.  Bignoniaceae  (p.  868).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  bilabiate;  corolla  bilabiate,  5-lobed; 
fruit  a  woody  capsule  (Catalpa  and  Chilopsis)  or  a  berry  (Enallagma) ;  leaves  simple,  opposite 
(sometimes  alternate  in  Chilopsis),  without  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in  Enallagma). 

B.  Ovary  inferior  (partly  superior  in  Sambucus  in  Caprifoliacece). 

LXV.  Rubiaceae  (p.  875).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  fruit  a  capsule 
(Exostema  and  Pinckneya),  a  drupe  (Guettarda),  or  nut-like  (Cephalanthus) ;  leaves  simple  op- 
posite, or  in  verticils  of  3  (Cephalanthus),  with  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Pinckneya 
and  Cephalanthus). 

LXVI.  Caprifoliaceae  (p.  882).  Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  fruit  a  drupe; 
leaves  unequally  pinnate  (Sambucus)  or  simple  (Viburnum),  opposite,  without  stipules,  decid- 
uous in  North  American  species. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY 

TO  THE  GENERA  OF  PLANTS  INCLUDED  IN  THIS  BOOK, 
BASED  CHIEFLY  ON  THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  LEAVES 

I.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  alternate,  persistent,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  stem  or 
branches.    Monocotyledons. 

Stem  simple;  leaves  stalked. 
Leaves  fan-shaped. 
Leaf  stalks  unarmed. 

Rachis  short;  leaves  usually  silvery  white  below. 

Leaves  2°-4°'in  diameter  (green  below  in  No.  2),  their  segments  undivided  at 
apex.  Thrinax  (p.  96). 

Leaves  18'-24'  in  diameter,  their  segments  divided  at  apex. 

Coccothrinax  (p.  100). 
Rachis  elongated ;  leaves  green  below,  their  segments  divided  at  apex. 

Sabal  (p.  101). 
Leaf  stalks  armed  with  marginal  teeth  or  spines. 

Leaf  stalks  furnished  irregularly  with  broad  thin  large  and  small,  straight  or  hooked 
spines  confluent  into  a  thin  bright  orange-colored  cartilaginous  margin;  leaves 
longer  than  wide,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  segments  parted  at  apex  and 
separating  on  the  margins  into  thin  fibres.  Washingtonia  (p.  104). 

Leaf  stalks  furnished  with  stout  or  slender  flattened  teeth;  leaves  suborbicular, 
divided  to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base  into  segments  parted  at  apex;  seg- 
ments of  the  blade  not  separating  on  the  margin  into  thin  fibres. 

Acoelorraphe  (p.  105). 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves  10°-12°  in  length,  their  pinnae  2|°-3°  long  and  often  1|°  wide,  deep  green. 

Roystonea  (p.  107). 

Leaves  5°-6°  long,  their  pinnse  18'  long  and  1'  wide,  dark  yellow-green  above,  pale  and 

glaucous  below.  Pseudophoenix  (p.  109). 

Stem  simple  or  branched;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  long-  and  usually  sharp-pointed  at 

apex.  Yucca  (p.  110). 

H.  Leaves  i-nerved,  needle-shaped,  linear  or  scale-like,  persistent  (deciduous  in 
Larix  and  Taxodium).    Gymnospermae. 

1.  LEAVES  PERSISTENT. 

a  Leaves  fascicled,  needle-shaped,  in  1-5-leafed  clusters  enclosed  at  base  in  a  membrana- 
ceous  sheath.  Pinus  (p.  2) . 

aa  Leaves  scattered,  usually  linear. 

6  Leaves  linear,  often  obtuse  or  emarginate. 

Base  of  the  leaves  persistent  on  the  branches. 

Leaves  sessile,  4-sided,  or  flattened  and  stomatiferous  above.     Picea  (p.  34). 
Leaves  stalked,  flattened  and  stomatiferous  below,  or  angular,  often  appear- 
ing 2-ranked.  Tsuga  (p.  42) . 
Base  of  the  leaves  not  persistent  on  the  branches;  leaves  often  appearing 
2-ranked. 

Leaves  stalked,  flattened,   stomatiferous  below;   winter-buds  pointed,   not 

resinous.  Pseudotsuga  (p.  47). 

Leaves  sessile,  flattened  and  often  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  or  quadrangular, 

rarely  stomatiferous  above,   on  upper  fertile  branches  often  crowded; 

winter-buds  obtuse,  resinous  (except  in  No.  9).  Abies  (p.  50). 

bb  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  'acuminate,  spirally  disposed,  appearing  2-ranked 

by  a  twist  in  the  petiole. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  XV11 

Leaves  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  long-pointed,  with  pale  bands  of  stomata 
on  the  lower  surface  on  each  side  of  the  mid  veins;  fruit  drupelike. 

Torreya  (p.  91). 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  short-pointed,  paler,  and  without  distinct 

bands  of  stomata  on  the  lower  surface;  fruit  berry-like.  Taxus  (p.  93). 

666  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  and  scale-like,  spreading  in  2  ranks  or  linear  on  the  same 

tree,  acute,  compressed,  keeled  on  the  back  and  closely  appressed  or  spreading 

at  apex.  Sequoia  (p.  61). 

aaa  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  usually  scale-like. 

Internodes  distinctly  longer  than  broad;  branchlets  flattened,  of  nearly  equal  color 
on  both  sides;  leaves  eglandular.  Libocedrus  (p.  65). 

Internodes  about  as  long  as  broad,  often  pale  below,  usually  glandular. 
Branchlets  flattened. 

Branchlets  in  one  plane,  much  flattened,  T\'-J'  broad.  Thuya  (p.  67). 

Branchlets  slightly  flattened,  ^'-jV  broad.  Chamaecyparis  (p.  75). 

Branchlets  terete  or  4-angled. 

Branchlets  more  or  less  in  one  plane;  fruit  a  cone.  Cupressus  (p.  69). 

Branchlets  not  in  one  plane ;  fruit  a  berry  (leaves  needle-shaped,  in  whorls  of  3  in 

No.  1).  .  Juniperus  (p.  78). 

2.  LEAVES  DECIDUOUS. 

Leaves  in  many-leafed  clusters  on  short  lateral  spurs.  Larix  (p.  31). 

Leaves  spreading  in  2  ranks.  Taxodium  (p.  63). 

III.  Leaves  netted-veined,  rarely  scale-like  or  wanting.    Dicotyledons. 
A.  LEAVES  OPPOSITE.   (B,  see  p.  xxi). 
1.  LEAVES  SIMPLE.    (2,  see  p.  xx). 

*  Leaves  persistent. 
a  Leaves  with  stipules. 

b  Leaves  entire  or  occasionally  slightly  crenate  or  serrate. 

c  Leaves  emarginate  at  apex,  very  short-stalked,  l£'-2'  long. 

Leaves  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  petiole.        Gyminda  (p.  678). 
Leaves  oval  to  oblong,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  (rarely  alternate). 

Branchlets  densely  velutinous.  Krugiodendron  (p.  721). 

Branchlets  slightly  puberulous  at  first,  soon  glabrous. 

Reynosia  (p.  720). 
cc  Leaves  not  emarginate  at  apex. 

Leaves  obtuse,  rarely  acutish  or  abruptly  short-pointed. 

Leaves  elliptic,  3|'-5'  long.  Rhizophora  (p.  763). 

Leaves  obovate,  usually  rounded  at  apex,  |'-2'  long. 

Byrsonima  (p.  632). 
Leaves  acute  to  acuminate. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate;  branchlets  glabrous. 

Exostema  (p.  877). 
Leaves  broad-elliptic  to  oblong-elliptic;  branchlets  villose. 

Guettarda  (p.  879). 

66  Leaves  serrate  (often  pinnate).  Lyonothamnus  (p.  378). 

an  Leaves  without  stipules. 

Petioles  biglandular;  leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate,  l|'-2^'  long. 

Laguncularia  (p.  767). 
Petioles  without  glands. 

Leaves  furnished  below  with  small  dark  glands,  slightly  aromatic;  petioles  short. 
Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate  and  acuminate  or  elliptic  and  bluntly  short- 
pointed.  Calyptranthes  (p.  769). 
Leaves  ovate,  obovate  or  elliptic.  Eugenia  (p.  770). 
Leaves  without  glands. 


XV111  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  below. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex  (rarely  alternate),  I'-l^'  long. 

Tomibia  (p.  341). 

Leaves  acute,  acuminate,  or  sometimes  rounded  or  emarginate,  3'-5'  long. 
Leaves  distinctly  veined.  Citharexylon  (p.  864). 

Leaves  obscurely  veined.  Osmanthus  (p.  856). 

Leaves  hoary  tomentulose  or  scurfy  below. 

Leaves  strongly  3-nerved,  acuminate,  densely  scurfy  oelow. 

Tetrazygia  (p.  776). 
Leaves  penniveined,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  hoary  tomentulose  below. 

Avicennia  (p.  865). 

**  Leaves  deciduous. 
a  Leaves  without  lobes. 
6  Leaves  serrate. 

Winter-buds  with  several  opposite  outer  scales. 

Leaves  puberulous  below,  closely  and  finely  serrate;  axillary  buds  solitary. 

Evonymus  (p.  675). 

Leaves    glabrous  below,   remotely  crenate-serrulate ;    axillary   buds    several, 
superposed.  Forestiera  (p.  853). 

Winter-buds  enclosed  in  2  large  opposite  scales.  Viburnum  (p.  886). 

bb  Leaves  entire. 

c  Leaves  without  stipules. 

Leaves  suborbicular  or  elliptic  to  oblong. 

Leaves  rounded  or  acutish  at  apex,  l'-2'  long,  occasionally  3-foliolate, 
glabrous;  branchlets  quadrangular.  Fraxinus  anomala  (p.  837). 

Leaves  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  3'-4'  long. 

Leaf-scars  connected  by  a  transverse  line,  with  3  bundle-traces;  branch- 
lets  slender,  appressed-pubescent.  Cornus  (p.  785). 
Leaf-scars  not  connected,  with  1  bundle-trace;  branchlets  stout,  villose, 
puberulous  or  glabrous.                                        Chionanthus  (p.  855). 
Leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  5'— 12'  long,  on  long  petioles. 

Catalpa  (p.  870). 

Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or  sessile  (sometimes  alter- 
nate). Chilopsis  (p.  869). 
cc  Leaves  with  persistent  stipules,  entire. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate;  winter-buds  resinous,  the  terminal  up  to  \'  in  length. 

Pinckneya  (p.  876). 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate;  winter-buds  minute.         Cephalanthus  (p.  878). 
aa  Leaves  palmately  lobed.  Acer  (p.  681). 

2.  LEAVES  COMPOUND. 

a  Leaves  persistent,  with  stipules. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate;  leaflets  entire.  Guaiacum  (p.  630). 

Leaves  unequally  pinnately  parted  into  3-8  linear-lanceolate  segments  (sometimes 
entire).  „  Lyonothamnus  (p.  378). 

Leaves  trifoliate. 

Leaflets  stalked.  Amyris  (p.  640). 

Leaflets  sessile.  Helietta  (p.  637). 

aa  Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate  or  trifoliate. 

Leaflets  crenate-serrate  or  entire,  the  veins  arching  within  the  margins;  stipules 
wanting;  winter-buds  with  several  opposite  scales.  Fraxinus  (p.  833). 

Leaflets  sharply  or  incisely  serrate,  the  primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth. 
Leaflets  3-7,  incisely  serrate;  stipules  present;  winter-buds  with  1  pair  of  obtuse 
outer  scales.  Acer  Negundo  (p.  699). 

Leaflets  5-9,  sharply  serrate;  stipules  present;  winter-buds  with  many  opposite 
acute  scales;  pith  thick.  Sambucus  (p.  882). 

Leaves  digitate,  with  5-7,  sharply  serrate  leaflets;  terminal  buds  large. 

^sculus  (p.  702). 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  XIX 

B.  LEAVES  ALTERNATE. 

1.  LEAVES  SIMPLE.    (2,  see  p.  xxvi). 
*  Leaves  persistent.    (**  see  p.  xxiv) . 

a  Leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed,  g'-f '  long,  with  linear  lobes,  hoary  tomentose  below. . 

Cowania  (p.  549). 
aa  Leaves  palmately  lobed. 

Leaves  stellate-pubescent,  about  l£'  in  diameter,  with  stipules. 

Fremontia  (p.  749). 

Leaves  glabrous,  l°-2°  in  diameter,  without  stipules.  Carica  (p.  755). 

aaa  Leaves  not  lobed  or  pinnately  lobed. 
6  Branches  spinescent. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  at  least  2'-3'  long. 

Bucida  (p.  765). 

Leaves  fascicled  on  lateral  branchlets,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  pale  and  glabrous 
beneath.  Bumelia  angustifolia  (p.  816). 

Leaves  scattered. 

Leaves  generally  obovate,  mucronate,  not  more  than  \'-V  long,  glabrous  and 

green  or  brownish  tomentulose  beneath.  Condalia  (p.  719). 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  glabrous,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Ximenia  (p.  337). 
66  Branches  not  spinescent. 

c  Leaves  serrate,  or  lobed  (in  some  species  of  Quercus),     (cc,  see  p.  xxii.) 
d  Juice  watery,     (dd,  see  p.  xxii.) 

e  Stipules  present,     (ee,  see  p.  xxii.) 

/  Primary  veins  extending  straight  to  the  teeth. 

Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous  or  pubescent  to  tomentose  with 
fascicled  hairs. 

Leaves    fulvous-tomentose    beneath,    repand-dentate,    3'-5' 

long.  Lithocarpus  (p.  236). 

Leaves  glabrous  or  grayish  to  whitish  tomentose    beneath, 

entire,  lobed  or  dentate.  Quercus  sp.  21-34  (p.  268). 

Leaves   and   branchlets    coated  with  simpled    silky  or  woolly 

hairs  at  least  while  young,  not  more  than  2|'  long. 

Cercocarpus  (p.  550). 
ff  Primary  veins  arching  and  united  within  the  margin. 

Leaves  3-nerved  from  the  base.  Ceanothus  (p.  726). 

Leaves  not  3-nerved. 
Leaves  acute. 

Leaves  sinuately  dentate,  with  few  spiny  teeth  (rarely  en- 
tire), glabrous.  Ilex  opaca  (p.  669). 
Leaves  serrate.   ' 

Leaves  tomentose  below;  branchlets  tomentose. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  glabrous  and  smooth  above. 

Vauquelinia  (p.  377). 

Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  scabrate  above.  Trema  (p.  327). 
Leaves  glabrous  below.  Heteromeles  (p.  392). 

Leaves  entire,  very  rarely  toothed. 

Leaves  elliptic,  glabrous.       Prunus  caroliniana  (p.  579) . 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  pubescent  beneath  when  young. 

Ilex  Cassine  (p.  670). 
Leaves  obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate. 
Leaves  spinose-serrate,  glabrous. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular  or  elliptic;  branch- 
lets  dark  red-brown,  spinescent. 

Rhamnus  crocea  (p.  723). 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  branchlets  yellow  or 
orange-colored,  not  spinescent. 

Prunus  ilicifolia  (p.  581). 
Leaves  crenate  (often  entire),  oval  to  oblong. 

Ilex  vomitoria  (p.  671). 


XX  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

ee  Stipules  wanting. 

Leaves  resinous-dotted,  aromatic,  l£'-4'  long.         Myrica  (p.  163). 
Leaves  not  resinous-dotted,  crenately  serrate,  4'-6'  long. 

Leaves  dark  green,  glabrous  below.  Gordonia  Lasianthus  (p.  751). 
Leaves  yellowish  green,  pubescent  below,  sometimes  nearly  entire. 

Symplocos  (p.  831). 
dd  Juice  milky. 

Petioles  2|'-4'  long;  leaves  broad-ovate.  Hippomane  (p.  652). 

Petioles  about  \f  long;  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

Gymnanthes  (p.  654). 

cc  Leaves  entire  (rarely  sparingly  toothed  on  vigorous  branchlets). 
d  Stipules  present. 

e  Stipules  connate,  at  least  at  first. 

Stipules  persistent,  forming  a  sheath  surrounding  the  branch  above 
the  node;  leaves  obtuse.  Coccolobis  (p.  338). 

Stipules  deciduous,  enveloping  the  unfolded  leaf. 
Leaves  ferrugineous-tomentose  beneath. 

Magnolia  grandiflora  (p.  345). 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  with  milky  juice.  Ficus  (p.  333) . 

ee  Stipules  free. 

/Juice  milky;  leaves  oval  to  oblong,  3'-5'  long.    Drypetes  (p.  650). 
ff  Juice  watery. 

g  Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex. 

Leaves   with   ferrugineous   scales   beneath,    their   petioles 
slender.  Capparis  (p.  365). 

Leaves  without  ferrugineous  scales. 
Leaves  soft-pubescent  on  both  sides. 

Colubrina  cubensis  (p.  730). 
Leaves  glabrous  at  least  at  maturity. 

Leaves  rarely  2'-3'  long,  standing  on  the  branch  at 

acute  angles.  Chrysobalanus  (p.  583). 

Leaves  rarely  more  than  1'  long,  spreading  (sometimes 

3-nerved).  Ceanothus  spinosos  (p.  728). 

~gg  Leaves  acute  or  acutish. 

Petioles  with  2  glands.  Conocarpus  (p.  766). 

Petioles  without  glands. 

Leaves  and  branchlets  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least 

while  young. 
Leaves  fascicled  except  on  vigorous  branchlets. 

Cercocarpus  (p.  550). 
Leaves  not  fascicled. 

Winter-buds  minute,  with  few  pointed  scales. 
Leaves  rounded  or  nearly  rounded  at  base. 

Colubrina  sp.  1,  3  (p.  729). 
Leaves  broad-cuneate  at  base. 

Ilex  Cassine  (p.  670) . 

Winter-buds  conspicuous,  with  numerous  scales. 
Leaves  usually  lanceolate,  entire,  covered  below 
with  yellow  scales.  Castanopsis  (p.  234) . 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  repand-dentate, 
fibrous  tomentose  below.  Lithocarpus  (p.  236) . 
Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous. 

Leaf-scar  with  1  bundle-trace.  Ilex  Krugiana  (p.  672) . 
Leaf-scar  with  3  bundle-traces.    Cherry  Laurels. 

Primus  sp.  19-22  (p.  579) . 
dd  Stipules  wanting. 

e  Leaves  aromatic  when  bruised. 

Leaves  resinous-dotted.  Myrica  (p.  163). 

Leaves  not  resinous-dotted. 

Leaves  obtuse,  obovate,  glabrous.  Canella  (p.  753). 

Leaves  acute. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  XXI 

Leaves  mostly  rounded  at  the  narrowed  base,  ovate  to  ob- 
long, acute,  glabrous.  Anona  (p.  354). 
Leaves  more  or  less  cuneate  at  base,  elliptic  to  lanceolate, 

usually  acuminate. 

Leaves  abruptly  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  the  margin  un- 
dulate; branchlets  red-brown.  Misanteca  (p.  364). 
Leaves  gradually  acuminate  or  nearly  acute. 
Leaves  strongly  reticulate  beneath. 

Branchlets  glabrous,  light  grayish  brown;  leaves  gla- 
brous, light  green  beneath.  Ocotea  (p.  359). 
Branchlets  pubescent  while  young,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish; leaves  pale  beneath,  pubescent  while  young. 

Umbellularia  (p.  360). 

Leaves  not  or  slightly  reticulate,  glaucous,  glabrous  or 
pubescent  beneath.  Persea  (p.  356). 

ee  Leaves  not  aromatic. 

/  Leaves  acute  or  acutish. 

Leaves  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  short  petioles. 

Leaves  2'-2i'  long.  Schaefferia  (p.  679). 

Leaves  at  least  6'-8'  long.  Enallagma  (p.  873). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong  or  ovate. 

Leaves  rough  or  pubescent  above,  pubescent  below,  subcor- 

date  to  cuneate  at  base. 

Leaves  stellate-pubescent.  Solanum  (p.  867). 

Leaves  scabrous  above. 

Petiole  j  '-\'  long;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  lj'-4'  long. 

Ehretia  (p.  862). 

Petiole  I'-l^'  long;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  3'-7' 
long.  Cordia  (p.  858). 

Leaves  smooth  above. 
Winter-buds  scaly. 

Leaves  covered  below  with  ferrugineous  or  pale  scales, 
l'-3'  long.  Lyonia  (p.  797). 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  4'— 12' 
long,  usually  clustered  at  end  of  branchlet,  veinlets 
below  obscure.  Rhododendron  (p.  792). 

Leaves  elliptic  or  oval  to  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Leaves  light  yellowish  green  below  and  without  dis- 
tinctly visible  veins  or  veinlets,  entire,  3'-4'  long. 

Kalmia  (p.  794). 

Leaves  pale  below  and  more  or  less  distinctly  reticu- 
late, occasionally  serrate  or  denticulate,    l'-5' 
long;  bark  of  branches  red.         Arbutus  (p.  799). 
Winter-buds  naked. 

Leaves  pubescent  below  when  unfolding. 
Mature  leaves  nearly  glabrous  below. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrow-obovate. 

Dipholis  (p.  810). 

Leaves  oval.  Sideroxylum  (p.  809). 

Mature  leaves  covered  below  with  brilliant  copper- 
colored  pubescence. 

Leaves  glabrous  below.  Chrysophyllum  (p.  817). 

Leaves    marked    by   minute   black    dots,   ovate    to 

oblong-lanceolate.  Ardisia  (p.  806). 

Leaves  lepidote,  oblong-obovate.       Rapanea  (p.  807). 

ff  Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex. 

g  Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  emarginate,  their  petioles 

slender. 
Leaves  reniform  to  broad-ovate,  cordate;  juice  watery. 

Cercis  (p.  603). 


XX11  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  rounded  at  base;  juice  milky  or 

viscid. 

Leaves  emarginate;  petioles  slender,  rufous-tomentulose. 

Mimusops  (p.  819). 

Leaves  obtuse  at  apex;  petioles  stout,  grayish-tomentu- 
•  lose  or  glabrous.  Rhus  integrif olia  (p.  664) . 

gg  Leaves  cuneate  at  base. 

Petioles  slender,  %  long.  Beureria  (p.  861). 

Petioles  short  and  stout. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  with  thick  revolute  margins  (some- 
times opposite).  Jacquinia  (p.  804). 
Leaves  subcoriaceous,  slightly  revolute. 
Leaves  reticulate-veined  beneath. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate  or  oblong-oval,  more  or  less 
pubescent  while  young.  Vaccinium  (p.  802) . 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  glabrous. 

Cyrilla  (p.  666). 
Leaves  obscurely  veined  beneath,  glabrous. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  narrowed  toward  the 
emarginate  apex,  decurrent  nearly  to  base  of 
petiole.  Cliftonia  (p.  667) . 

•  Leaves  rounded  at  apex,  distinctly  petioled. 

Maytenus  (p.  676). 
**Leaves  deciduous. 

t  Leaves  conspicuous,     (ft.  see  p.  xxvi.) 

a  Leaves  entire,  sometimes  3  or  4-lobed.     (aa,  see  p.  xxv). 
6  Stipules  present. 

Juice  milky.  Madura  (p.  331). 

Juice  watery. 

Stipules  connate,  enveloping  the  young  leaves,  their  scars  encircling   the 

branchlet. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  entire;  winter-buds  pointed,  nearly  terete. 

Magnolia  (p.  342) . 
Leaves  truncate,  sinuately  4-lobed;  winter-buds  obtuse,  compressed. 

Liriodendron  (p.  351). 
Stipules  distinct. 

Branches  spinescent;  leaves  glandular,  caducous  (crenately  serrate  on  vigor- 
ous shoots).  Dalea  (p.  621). 
Branches  not  spinescent;  leaves  without  glands. 

Winter-buds  with  a  single  pair  of  connate  scales.  Salix  (p.  138). 

Winter-buds  with  several  pairs  of  imbricate  scales. 

Branchlets  without  a  terminal  bud;  leaves  3-nerved.      Celtis  (p.  318). 
Branchlets  with  a  terminal  bud,  leaves  penniveined. 

Quercus  sp.  17-20  (p.  262). 
bb  Stipules  wanting. 

c  Branchlets  bright  green  and  lustrous  for  the  first  2  or  3  years;  leaves  some- 
times 3-lobed,  aromatic.  Sassafras  (p.  362). 
cc  Branchlets  brown  or  gray. 

d  Leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous,  emitting  a 
disagreeable  odor.  Asimina  (p.  353) . 

Leaves  smaller. 

Petioles  very  slender,  l'-2'  long;  leaves  elliptic,  acuminate. 

Cornus  alternifolia  (p.  789). 
Petioles  short. 

Branchlets  with  a  terminal  bud. 

Leaf-scars  about  as  long  as  broad;  branchlets  without  lenticels, 
light  reddish  brown.  Elliottia  (p.  791). 

Leaf-scars  crescent-shaped,  broader  than  long,  with  3  distinct 
bundle-traces. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  XX1U 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  rugulose  above;  petioles  l'-2' 
long,  like  the  young  branchlet  densely  pubescent. 

Leitneria  (p.  167). 

Leaves  glabrous  and  smooth  above,  glabrous  or  pubescent  be- 
low ;  petioles  and  branchlets  usually  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at 
maturity.  Nyssa  (p.  779). 

Branchlets  without  a  terminal  bud. 

Pubescence  consisting  of  simple  hairs  or  wanting. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  pubescent  beneath  while  young;  branchlet 
light  brown  or  gray.  Diospyros  virginiana  (p.  821) . 

Leaves  1^'— 3'  long,  glabrous;  branches  light  yellowish  gray. 

Schoepfia  (p.  336) 

Pubescence  stellate;  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  2£'-5'  long,  pu- 
bescent below.  Styrax  (p.  829). 
dd  Leaves  obtuse  or  acute. 

Branchlets  not  spinescent. 

Leaves  glabrous  at  maturity,  their  petioles  slender.  Cotinus  (p.  657). 
Leaves  pubescent  below  at  maturity;  their  petioles  short  and  thick. 

Diospyros  texana  (p.  823). 
Branchlets  spinescent;  leaves  often  fascicled  on  lateral  branchlets. 

Bumelia  (p.  812). 
aa  Leaves  serrate  or  piunately  lobed. 

b  Stipules  present,     (bb,  see  p.  xxvi.) 
c  Winter-buds  naked. 

Leaves  oblique  at  base,  the  upper  side  rounded  or  subcordate,  obovate, 
coarsely  toothed.  Hamamelis  (p.  368). 

Leaves  equal  at  base,  cuneate,  finely  serrate  or  crenate. 

Rhamnus  sp.  2,  3  (p.  724,  725). 
cc  Winter-buds  with  a  single  pair  of  connate  scales. 

Primary  veins  arching  and  uniting  within  the  margins;  leaves  simply  serrate 

or  crenate,  sometimes  entire.  Salix  (p.  138). 

Primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth,  leaves  doubly  serrate,  often  slightly 

lobed.  Alnus  (p.  220). 

ccc  Winter-buds  with  several  pairs  of  imbricate  scales. 

d  Terminal  buds  wanting;  branchlets  prolonged  by  an  upper  axillary  bud. 
Juice  milky;  leaves  usually  ovate,  often  lobed.  Moms  (p.  328). 

Juice  watery;  leaves  not  lobed. 
Leaves  distinctly  oblique  at  base. 

Leaves  with  numerous  prominent  lateral  veins. 

Leaves  generally  broad-ovate,  simply  serrate,  stellate-pubescent 

at  least  while  young,  rarely  glabrous.  Tilia  (p.  732). 

Leaves  never  broad-ovate,  usually  doubly  serrate,  more  or  less 

pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  at  least  while  young. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  usually  acute,  \  to  nearly  as  long  as  peti- 
oles; leaves  l'-7'  long,  doubly  serrate.         Ulmus  (p.  309). 
Winter-buds  subglobose,  minute;  leaves  2'— 2^'  long,  crenate- 
serrate.  Planera  (p.  316). 

Leaves  3  or  4-nerved  from  the  base.  C61tis  (p.  318). 

Leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  oblique  at  base. 

Leaves  3-nerved  from  the  base,  glandular-crenate  or  glandular- 
serrate.  Ceanothus  (p.  726). 
Leaves  not  or  obscurely  3-nerved  at  base,  usually  doubly  serrate. 
Leaves  blue-green;  petioles  \'-%'  long;  bark  smooth,  gray-brown. 

Carpinus  (p.  201). 
Leaves  yellow-green. 

Bark  rough,  furrowed;  petioles  \'-\'  long;  leaves  not  resinous- 
glandular.  Ostrya  (p.  202). 
Bark  flaky  or  cherry-tree  like;  petioles  J'-l'  long;  leaves  often 
resinous-glandular  while  young.  Betula  (p.  205). 
dd  Terminal  buds  present. 

Primary  veins  arching  and  uniting  within  the  margin  (extending  to  the 
margin  in  the  lobed  leaves  of  Mains). 


XXIV  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

Winter-buds  resinous;  leaves  crenate,  usually  truncate  at  base;  peti- 
oles slender.  Populus  (p.  119). 
Winter-buds  not  resinous. 

Leaf-scars  with  3  bundle-traces. 

Leaves  involute  in  bud,  often  lobed  on  vigorous  shoots;  winter- 
buds  obtuse,  short,  pubescent.  Malus  (p.  379). 
Leaves  conduplicate   (or  in  some  species  of  Prunus  convolute), 

never  lobed ;  winter- buds  acute. 
Winter-buds  elongated ;  branches  never  spinescent. 

Amelanchier  (p.  393). 

Winter-buds  not  elongated,  ovoid;  branches  sometimes  spi- 
nescent. Prunus  (p.  555). 
Leaf -scars  with  1  bundle-trace;  leaves  simply  serrate. 

Ilex  sp.  5-6  (p.  673) . 

Primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth  or  to  the  lobes. 
Leaves  lobed.  Quercus  sp.  1-16,  35-50  (pp.  241,  283). 

Leaves  serrate-toothed. 

Winter-buds  with  numerous  scales. 

Leaves  lustrous  beneath,  remotely  serrate  or  denticulate;  winter- 
buds  elongated,  acuminate.  Fagus  (p.  228) . 
Leaves  pale  beneath,  coarsely  dentate  or  serrate;  winter- buds 
acute.    Chestnut  Oaks.                    Quercus  sp.  51-54  (p.  303). 
Winter-buds  with  2  pairs  of  scales.                         Castanea  (p.  230) . 
Leaves  doubly  or  simply  serrate,  or  lobed,  with  serrate  lobes;  branches 

often  furnished  with  spines. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud ;  branchlets  often  ending  in  blunt  spines. 

Malus  (p.  379) . 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud ;  branches  usually  armed  with  sharp- 
pointed  single  or  branched  axillary  spines.    Crataegus  (p.  397). 
bb  Stipules  wanting. 

c  Leaves  not  lobed. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  oblong,  sometimes  nearly  entire,  glabrous. 

Symplocos  (p.  831). 
Leaves  thin. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  pubescent  beneath. 

Gordonia  alatamaha  (p.  752). 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  puberulous  while 

young,  turning  scarlet  in  the  autumn.  Oxydendrum  (p.  796). 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  stellate-pubescent  or  glabrous,  turning  yellow  in 

the  autumn.  Halesia  (p.  824). 

cc  Leaves  palmately  lobed. 

Stipules  large,  foliaceous,  united ;  branchlets  without  a  terminal  bud. 

Platanus  (p.  371). 
Stipules  small,  free,  caducous;  branchlets  with  a  terminal  bud. 

Liquidambar  (p.  367). 

tf  Leaves  inconspicuous  or  wanting;  branches  spiny  or  prickly. 

Branches  or  stems  succulent,  armed  with  numerous  prickles. 

Branches  and  stems  columnar,  ribbed,  continuous;  leaves  0.         Cereus  (p.  757). 
Branches  jointed,  tuberculate;  leaves  scale-like.  Opuntia  (p.  759). 

Branches  rigid,  spinescent. 

Leaves  minute,  narrow-obovate. 

Branchlets  bright  green.  Koeberlinia  (p.  754). 

Branchlets  red-brown.  Dalea  (p.  621). 

Leaves  scale-like,  caducous.  Canotia  (p.  677). 

2.  LEAVES  COMPOUND. 
*  Leaves  3-foliolate,  without  stipules. 

Leaves  persistent;  leaflets  obovate,  entire,  sessile.  Hypelate  (p.  716)_ 

Leaves  deciduous. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  XXV 

Leaflets  deltoid  to  hastate,  entire,  rounded  at  apex;  branches  prickly. 

Erythrina  (p.  627). 

Leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  acuminate,  strongly  scented  and  bitter;  branches  unarmed. 

Ptelea  (p.  639). 
**  Leaves  twice  pinnate;  stipules  present. 

a  Leaves  unequally  twice  pinnate,  2°-4°  long,  deciduous;  leaflets  serrate,  2'-3'  in  length; 

branches  and  stem  armed  with  scattered  prickles.  Aralia  (p.  778). 

aa  Leaves  equally  twice  pinnate,  usually  smaller;  branches  unarmed  or  armed  with  stipu- 

lar  or  axillary  spines  (in  Parkinsonia  often  apparently  simply  pinnate) . 
b  Leaflets  crenate;  leaves  simply  or  twice-pinnate  on  the  same  plant,  deciduous, 
usually  armed  with  simple  or  branched  axillary  spines.          Gleditsia  (p.  607). 
66  Leaflets  entire. 

Leaflets  2-2^'  long;  leaves  deciduous;  branchlets  stout,  unarmed. 

Gymnocladus  (p.  605). 

Leaflets  smaller;  leaves  usually  persistent;  branchlets  slender. 
Branches  armed  with  prickles  or  spines. 
Leaves  with  2  or  rarely  4  pinnse. 

Branches  armed  with  axillary  spines  or  spiny  rachises. 

Pinnse  with  4-8  leaflets;  branches  with  short  axillary  spines. 

Cercidium  (p.  613). 

Pinnse  with  8—60  leaflets;  branches  armed  with  spiny  rachises  or  rigid 
branchlets  terminating  in  stout  spines.  Parkinsonia  (p.  611). 

Branches  armed  with  stipular  prickles;  leaves  persistent. 

Pinnae  with  many  oblong  to  linear  leaflets.  Prosopis  (p.  599). 

Pinnse  with  1  pair  of  orbicular  to  broad-oblong  leaflets. 

Pithecolobium  unguis-cati  (p.  586). 
Leaves  with  6,  or  more,  rarely  4,  pinnse. 

Prickles  usually  spreading,  often  recurved.  Acacia  (p.  591). 

Prickles  usually  more  or  less  ascending,  straight.  Pithecolobium  (p.  586). 
Branches  unarmed. 

Branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous;  leaves  with  2-5  pair  of  pinnse,  each 
with  40-80  leaflets.  Lysiloma  (p.  589). 

Branchlets  and  petioles  pubescent  while  young;  leaves  with  5-17  pair  of 
many-foliolate  pinnse,  or  pinnse  2-4  and  each  with  8-16  leaflets. 

Leucaena  (p.  596). 

***  Leaves  simply  pinnate. 

a  Leaves  equally  pinnate. 
Stipules  wanting. 

Leaflets  2-4,  generally  oblong-obovate.  Exothea  (p.  714). 

Leaflets  6-12. 

Leaflets  obtuse,  usually  oblong-obovate. 

Leaflets  8-12,  2'-3'  long,  pale  below;  leaves  occasionally  opposite. 

Simarouba  (p.  642). 

Leaflets  6-8,  I'-l^'  long,  green  below.          Xanthoxylum  coriaceum  (p.  637). 
Leaflets  6-8,  acuminate.  Swietenia  (p.  648). 

Stipules  present. 

Branches  armed  with  infra-stipular  spines  in  pairs;  leaflets  10-15,  usually  oblong- 
obovate,  \'-\'  long,  persistent.  Olneya  (p.  626). 
Branches  unarmed;  leaflets  20-46,  ovals  £'-§'  long.              Eysenhardtia  (p.  620). 
aa  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
6  Stipules  present. 

Leaflets  sharply  serrate;  leaves  deciduous;  winter-buds  resinous. 

Sorbus  (p.  390). 

Leaflets  entire  or  crenately  serrate. 
Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaflets  7-11,  3'-4£'  long;  branches  unarmed. 

Leaflets  usually  alternate,  thin  and  glabrous  at  maturity. 

Cladrastis  (p.  618). 


XXVI  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA 

Leaflets  opposite,  coriaceous,  pubescent  beneath  at  least  along  the  veins. 

Ichthyomethia  (p.  628). 
Leaflets  9-21,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Branches  usually  with  stipular  prickles,  sometimes  viscid. 

Robinia  (p.  622). 
Branches  unarmed,  not  viscid;  leaflets  13-19,  elliptic. 

Sophora  affinis  (p.  617). 
Leaves  persistent. 

Leaflets  7-9,  oblong-elliptic,  l'-25'  long;  branches  unarmed. 

Sophora  secundiflora  (p.  616). 

1     Leaflets  10-15;  branches  prickly.  Olneya  (p.  626). 

bb  Stipules  wanting. 

d  Leaves  persistent. 

Leaflets  long-stalked  (sometimes  nearly  sessile  in  Xanthoxylum  flavum). 
Leaflets  oblong-ovate,  cuneate  at  base. 

Leaflets  acuminate,  glabrous.  Picramnia  (p.  643). 

Leaflets  obtuse,  tomentose  when  unfolding. 

Xanthoxylum  flavum  (p.  636). 
Leaflets  broad-ovate,  usually  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base. 

Metopium  (p.  658). 
Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Petiole  and  rachis  winged. 

Leaflets  crenate,  obovate,  about  ^'  long;  branches  prickly. 

Xanthoxylum  Fagara  (p.  634). 
Leaflets  entire. 

Leaflets  oblong,  usually  acute,  3'-4'  long. 

Sapindus  saponaria  (p.  712). 
Leaflets  spathulate,  rounded  at  apex,  not  more  than  f '  long. 

Pistacia  (p.  656). 
Petiole  and  rachis  not  winged. 

Leaflets  7-19,  acuminate,  2'-5'  long.       Sapindus  marginatus  (p.  713). 
Leaflets  21-41,  obtuse,  |'-f  long.'  Alvaradoa  (p.  644). 

dd  Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaflets  long-stalked,  3-7,  entire,  acute.  Bursera  (p.  645). 

Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Branches  prickly;  leaflets  crenate.  Xanthoxylum  clava-Herculis  (p.  635). 
Branches  unarmed. 

Juice   milky  or  viscid;  leaflets  serrate  or  entire;   rachis   sometimes 
winged.  Rhus  species  1-3  (p.  660). 

Juice  watery. 

Rachis  without  wings. 

Leaflets  entire,  acuminate,  7-9.     Sapindus  Drummondii  (p.  714). 
Leaflets  serrate  or  crenate. 

Winter-buds  large;  leaflets  5-23,  aromatic. 

Winter-buds  naked.  Juglans  (p.  169). 

Winter-buds  covered  with  scales.  Carya  (p.  176). 

Winter-buds  minute,   globose,   scaly;  leaflets  5-7,   ovate,   not 

aromatic.  Ungnadia  (p.  717). 

Rachis  winged ;  leaflets  10-20,  entire,  rounded  at  apex,  not  more  than 

i'  long.  Bursera  microphylla  (p.  647). 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

(EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO) 


CLASS  1.  GYMNOSPERM.E. 

OVULES  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  not  inclosed  in  an  ovary; 
resinous  trees,  with  stems  increasing  in  diameter  by  the  annual  addition  of  a 
layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark. 

I.  PINACE^). 

Trees,  with  narrow  or  scale-like  generally  persistent  clustered  or  alternate  leaves  and 
usually  scaly  buds.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  mostly  surrounded  at  the  base  by 
an  involucre  of  the  more  or  less  enlarged  scales  of  the  buds,  unisexual,  monoecious  (dioecious 
in  Juniperus),  the  male  consisting  of  numerous  2-celled  anthers,  the  female  of  scales 
bearing  on  their  inner  face  2  or  several  ovules,  and  becoming  at  maturity  a  woody  cone 
or  rarely  a  berry.  Seeds  with  or  without  wings;  seed-coat  of  2  layers;  embryo  axile  in 
copious  albumen;  cotyledons  2  or  several.  Of  the  twenty-nine  genera  scattered  over  the 
surface  of  the  globe,  but  most  abundant  in  northern  temperate  regions,  thirteen  occur  in 
North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  female  flowers  numerous;  spirally  arranged  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts; 
ovules  2,  inverted;  seeds  borne  directly  on  the  scales,  attached  at  the  base  in  shallow 
depressions  on  the  inner  side  of  the  scales,  falling  from  them  at  maturity  and  usually 
carrying  away  a  scarious  terminal  wing;  leaves  fascicled  or  scattered  (deciduous  in 
Larix).  ABIETINE^E. 

Fruit  maturing  in  two  or  rarely  in  three  seasons;  leaves  fascicled,  needle-shaped  in 
axillary  1-5-leaved  clusters,  inclosed  at  the  base  in  a  membranaceous  sheath;  cone- 
scales  thick  and  woody,  much  longer  than  their  bracts.  1.  Pinus 
Fruit  maturing  in  one  season. 

Leaves  in  many-leaved  clusters  on  short  spur-like  branchlets,  deciduous;  cone-scales 
thin,  usually  shorter  than  their  bracts.  2.  Larix. 

Leaves  scattered,  linear. 

Cones  pendulous,  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis. 

Branchlets  roughened  by  the  persistent  leaf-bases;  leaves  deciduous  in  drying; 

bracts  shorter  than  the  cone-scales. 

Leaves  sessile,  4-sided,  or  flattened  and  stomatiferous  above.  3.  Picea. 

Leaves  stalked,  flattened  and  stomatiferous  below,  or  angular.  4.  Tsuga. 

Branchlets  not  roughened  by  leaf -bases;  leaves  stalked,  flattened;  not  decidu- 
ous in  drying;  bracts  of  the  cone  2-lobed,  aristate,  longer  than  the  scales. 

5.  Pseudotsuga. 

Cones  erect,  their  scales  deciduous   from  the  axis,  longer  or  shorter  than  the 

bracts;  leaves  sessile,  flat  or  4-sided.  6.  Abies. 

Scales  of  the  female  flowers  without  bracts;  ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  minute 

scales  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  flower-scales,  enlarging  and  forming  the  scales  of  the 

cone.     Seeds  with  a  narrow  marginal  wing  (wingless  in  Juniperas). 


£  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Scales  of  the  Lmale  flj-wers  numerous,  spirally  arranged,  forming  a  woody  cone;  ovules 
erect,  2  or  many  under  each  scale;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  often  of  2  forms  (decidu- 
ous in  Taxodiurri).  TAXODI.E. 

Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  under  each  scale.  7.  Sequoia. 

Ovules  and  seeds  2  under  each  scale ;  leaves  mostly  spreading  in  2  ranks.        8.  Taxodium, 

Scales  of  the  female  flower  few,  decussate,  forming  a  small  cone,  or  rarely  a  berry;  ovules 

2  or  many  under  each  scale;  leaves  decussate  or  in  3  ranks,  often  of  2  forms,  usually 

scale-like,  mostly  adnate  to  the  branch,  the  earliest  free  and  subulate.    CUPRESSINE.E. 

Fruit  a  cone;   leaves  scale-like. 

Cones  oblong,  their  scales  oblong,  imbricated  or  valvate;  seeds  2  under  each  scale, 

maturing  the  first  year. 
Scales  of  the  cone  6,  the  middle  ones  only  fertile;  seeds  unequally  2-winged. 

9.  Libocedrus. 

Scales  of  the  cone  8-12;  seeds  equally  2-winged.  10.  Thuja. 

Cones  subglobose,  the  scales  peltate,  maturing  in  one  or  two  years;  seeds  few  or 

many  under  each  scale. 

Fruit  maturing  in  two  seasons;  seeds  many  under  each  scale;  branchlets  terete  or 
4-winged.  11.  Cupressus. 

Fruit  maturing  in  one  season;  seeds  2  under  each  scale;  branchlets  flattened. 

12.  Chamaecyparis. 

Fruit  a  berry  formed  by  the  coalition  of  the  scales  of  the  flower;  ovules  in  pairs  or 
solitary;  flowers  dioecious;  leaves  decussate  or  in  3's,  subulate  or  scale-like,  often  of 
2  forms.  13.  Juniperus. 

1.  PINUS  Duham.    Pine. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  deeply  furrowed  and  sometimes  laminate  or  with  thin 
and  scaly  bark,  hard  or  often  soft  heartwood  often  conspicuously  marked  by  dark  bands 
of  summer  cells  impregnated  with  resin,  pale  nearly  white  sapwood5  and  large  branch- 
buds  formed  during  summer  and  composed  of  minute  buds  in  the  axils  of  bud-scales, 
becoming  the  bracts  of  the  spring  shoot.  Leaves  needle-shaped,  clustered,  the  clusters 
borne  on  deciduous  spurs  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  primary  leaves,  inclosed  in  the  bud 
by  numerous  scales  lengthening  and  forming  a  more  or  less  persistent  sheath  at  the  base 
of  each  cluster.  Male  flowers  clustered  at  the  base  of  leafy  growing  shoots  of  the  year, 
each  flower  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an.  involucre  of  3-6  scalelike  bracts,  composed 
of  numerous  sessile  anthers,  imbricated  in  many  ranks  and  surmounted  by  crest-like 
nearly  orbicular  connectives;  the  female  subterminal  or  lateral,  their  scales  in  the  axils  of 
non-accrescent  bracts.  Fruit  a  woody  cone  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  or  rarely 
of  the  third  season,  composed  of  the  hardened  and  woody  scales  of  the  flower  more  or 
less  thickened  on  the  exposed  surface  (the  apophysis),  with  the  ends  of  the  growth  of  the  pre- 
vious year  appearing  as  terminal  or  dorsal  brown  protuberances  or  scars  (the  urnbo) .  Seeds 
usually  obovoid,  shorter  or  longer  than  their  wings  or  rarely  wingless;  outer  seed-coat 
crustaceous  or  thick,  hard,  and  bony,  the  inner  membranaceous;  cotyledons  3-18,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Pinus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Circle 
to  the  West  Indies,  the  mountains  of  Central  America,  the  Canary  Islands,  northern 
Africa,  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  Sumatra.  About  sixty-six  species  are  recognized.  Of 
exotic  species  the  so-called  Scotch  Pine,  Pinus  sylvestris  L.,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  the  Swiss 
Stone  Pine,  Pinus  cembra  L.,  and  the  Austrian  Pine  and  other  forms  of  Pinus  nigra 
Arnold,  from  central  and  southern  Europe,  are  often  planted  in  the  northeastern  states, 
and  Pinus  Pinaster  Ait.,  of  the  coast  region  of  western  France  and  the  Mediterranean 
Basin  is  successfully  cultivated  in  central  and  southern  California.  Pinus  is  the  classical 
name  of  the  Pine-tree. 

The  North  American  species  can  be  conveniently  grouped  in  two  sections,  Soft  Pines 
and  Pitch  Pines. 


PINACE.E  3 

SOFT  PINES. 

Wood  soft,  close-grained,  light-colored,  the  sapwood  thin  and  nearly  white;  sheaths  of 
the  leaf- clusters  deciduous;  leaves  with  one  fibro- vascular  bundle. 
Leaves  in  5- leaved  clusters. 

Cones  long-stalked,  elongated,  cylindric  bright  green  at  maturity,  becoming  light 
yellow  brown,  their  scales  thin,  with  terminal  unarmed  umbos;  seeds  shorter  than 
their  wings.     WHITE  PINES. 
Leaves  without  conspicuous  white  lines  on  the  back. 

Leaves  slender,  flexible;  cones  4'-8'  long.  1.  P.  Strobus  (A). 

Leaves  stout,  more  rigid;  cones  5'-ll'  long.  2.  P.  monticola  (B,  G). 

Leaves  with  conspicuous  white  lines  on  the  back;  cones  12'-18'  long. 

3.  P.  Lambertiana  (G). 
Cones  short-stalked,  green  or  purple  at  maturity,  their  scales  thick. 

Cones  cylindric  or  subglobose,  their  scales  with  terminal  umbos;  leaves  2'  long  or  less. 
STONE  PINES. 
Cones  3'-10'  long,  their  scales  opening  at  maturity;  seeds  with  wings. 

4.  P.  flexilis  (F,  H). 
Cones  £'-3'  long,  their  scales  remaining  closed  at  maturity;  seeds  wingless. 

5.  P.  albicaulis  (B,  F,  G). 

Cones  ovoid-oblong,  their  scales  with  dorsal  umbos  armed  with  slender  prickles; 
seeds  shorter  than  their  wings;  leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  incurved,  less  than 
2'  long.  FOXTAIL  PINES. 

Cones  armed  with  minute  incurved  prickles.  6.  P.  Balfouriana  (G). 

Cones  armed  with  long  slender  prickles.  7.  P.  aristata  (F,  G). 

Leaves  in  1-4-leaved  clusters;  cones  globose,  green  at  maturity,  becoming  light  brown, 

their  scales  few,  concave,  much  thickened,  only  the  middle  scales  seed-bearing; 

seeds  large  and  edible,  their  wings  rudimentary;  leaves  2'  or  less,  often  incurved. 

NUT  PINES.  8.  P.  cembroides  (C,  F,  G,  H). 

1.  Pinus  Strobus  L.    White  Pine. 

Leaves  soft  bluish  green,  whitened  on  the  ventral  side  by  3-5  bands  of  stomata,  3  '-5' 
long,  mostly  turning  yellow  and  falling  in  September  in  their  second  season,  or  persistent 
until  the  following  June.  Flowers:  male  yellow;  female  bright  pink,  with  purple  scale 
margins.  Fruit  fully  grown  in  July  of  the  second  season,  4/-8/  long,  opening  and  dis- 
charging its  seeds  in  September;  seeds  narrowed  at  the  ends,  \'  long,  red-brown  mottled 
with  black,  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  their  wings. 

A  tree,  while  young  with  slender  horizontal  or  slightly  ascending  branches  in  regular 
whorls  usually  of  5  branches;  at  maturity  often  100°,  occasionally  220°  high,  with  a  tall 
straight  stem  3°-4°  or  rarely  6q  in  diameter,  when  crowded  in  the  forest  with  short  branches 
forming  a  narrow  head,  or  rising  above  its  forest  companions  with  long  lateral  branches 
sweeping  upward  in  graceful  curves,  the  upper  branches  ascending  and  forming  a  broad 
open  irregular  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  rusty  tomentum,  soon 
glabrous,  and  orange-brown  in  their  first  winter.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  branches 
thin,  smooth,  green  tinged  with  red,  lustrous  during  the  summer,  becoming  l'-2'  thick 
on  old  trunks  and  deeply  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  connected  ridges  covered 
with  small  closely  appressed  purplish  scales.  Wood  light,  not  strong,  straight-grained, 
easily  worked,  light  brown  often  slightly  tinged  with  red;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber,  shingles,  and  laths,  used  in  construction,  for  cabinet-making,  the  interior  finish 
of  buildings,  woodenware,  matches,  and  the  masts  of  vessels. 

Distribution.  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  southward  through  the  northern  states  to 
Pennsylvania,  northern  and  eastern  (Belmont  County)  Ohio,  northern  Indiana,  valley  of 
the  Rocky  River  near  Oregon,  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  and  central  and  southeastern  Iowa, 
and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  and  northern 


4  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Georgia;  forming  nearly  pure  forests  on  sandy  drift  soils,  or  more  often  in  small  groves 
scattered  in  forests  of  deciduous-leaved  trees  on  fertile  well-drained  soil,  also  on  the  banks 
of  streams,  or  on  river  flats,  or  rarely  in  swamps. 


Fig.  1 

Largely  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  many 
European  countries,  where  it  grows  with  vigor  and  rapidity;  occasionally  used  in  forest 
planting  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Pinus  monticola  D.  Don.    White  Pine. 

Leaves  blue-green,  glaucous,  whitened  by  2-6  rows  of  ventral  and  often  by  dorsal 
stomata,  mostly  persistent  .3  or  4  years.  Flowers :  male  yellow;  female  pale  purple.  Fruit 


Fig.  2 


5'-ll'  long,  shedding  its  seeds  late  in  the  summer  or  in  early  autumn;  seeds  narrowed  at 
the  ends,  $'  long,  pale  red-brown  mottled  with  black,  about  one  third  as  long  as  their  wings. 


A  tree,  often  100°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  frequently  4°-5°  or  rarely 
7°-8°  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches  clothing  young  stems 
to  the  ground  and  in  old  age  forming  a  narrow  open  often  unsymmetrical  pyramidal  head, 
and  stout  tough  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  rusty  pubescence,  dark  orange-brown  and 
puberulous  in  their  first  and  dark  red-purple  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season.  Bark 
of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  light  gray,  becoming  on  old  trees  f'-l|'  thick 
and  divided  into  small  nearly  square  plates  by  deep  longitudinal  and  cross  fissures,  and 
covered  by  small  closely  appressed  purple  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close, 
straight-grained,  light  brown  or  red;  sometimes  manufactured  into  lumber,  used  in  con- 
struction and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  Scattered  through  mountain  forests  from  the  basin  of  the  Columbia 
River  in  British  Columbia  to  Vancouver  Island ;  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Washing- 
ton to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  northern  Montana;  on  the  coast 
ranges  of  Washington  and  Oregon;  and  on  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  ranges  south- 
ward to  the  Kern  River  valley,  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  greatest  value  in 
northern  Idaho  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  tributary  to  Lake  Pend  Oreille;  reach- 
ing the  sea-level  on  the  southern  shores  of  the  Straits  of  Fuca  and  elevations  of  10,000°  on 
the  California  Sierras. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Europe,  and  occasionally  in  the  eastern  United 
States  where  it  grows  more  vigorously  than  any  other  Pine-tree  of  western  America. 

3.  Pinus  Lambertiana  Dougl.    Sugar  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  3j'-4'  long,  marked  on  the  two  faces  by  2-6  rows  of  stomata;  de- 
ciduous during  their  second  and  third  years.  Flowers:  male  light  yellow;  female  pale 
green..  Fruit  fully  grown  in  August  and  opening  in  October,  ll'-18'  or  rarely  21'  long; 
seeds  I'-f '  long,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black,  and  half  the  length  of  their  firm 
dark  brown  obtuse  wings  broadest  below  the  middle  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  in  early  life  with  remote  regular  whorls  of  slender  branches  often  clothing  the 
stem  tc  the  ground  and  forming  an  open  narrow  pyramid;  at  maturity  200°-220°  high, 


with  a  trunk  6°-8°  or  occasionally  12°  in  diameter,  a  flat-topped  crown  frequently  60°  or 
70°  across  of  comparatively  slender  branches  sweeping  outward  and  downward  in  grace- 
ful curves,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence,  dark 
orange-brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  purple-brown.  Bark  on  young 
stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  dark  green,  becoming  on  old  trunks  2'-3'  thick  and  deeply 
and  irregularly  divided  into  long  thick  plate-like  ridges  covered  with  large  loose  rich 
purple-brown  or  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  straight-grained,  light  red-brown; 


6 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  woodwork, 
and  shingles.  A  sweet  sugar-like  substance  exudes  from  wounds  made  in  the  heart  wood. 

Distribution.  Mountain  slopes  and  the  sides  of  ravines  and  canons;  western  Oregon 
from  the  valley  of  the  north  branch  of  the  Santiam  River  southward  on  the  Cascade  and 
coast  ranges;  California  along  the  northern  and  coast  ranges  to  Sonoma  County;  along 
the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  grows  to  its  greatest  size  at  elevations 
between  3000°  and  7000°;  reappearing  on  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  of  the  coast  ranges; 
and  on  the  high  mountains  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  from  Santa  Barbara 
County  southward  usually  at  elevations  of  5000°-7000°  above  the  sea;  and  on  the  San 
Pedro  Martir  Mountains  in  Lower  California. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe  and  in  the  eastern  states, 
the  Sugar  Pine  has  grown  slowly  in  cultivation  and  shows  little  promise  of  attaining  the 
large  size  and  great  beauty  which  distinguish  it  in  its  native  forests. 

4.  Pinus  flexilis  James.    Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine. 
Pinus  strobiformis  Sarg.,  not  Engelm. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  green,  marked  on  all  sides  by  1-4  rows  of  stomata,  I%'-3'  long, 
deciduous  in  their  fifth  and  sixth  years.  Flowers:  male  reddish;  female  clustered,  bright 
red-purple.  Fruit  subcylindric,  horizontal  or  slightly  declining,  green  or  rarely  purple  at 
maturity,  3'-10'  long,  with  narrow  and  more  or  less  reflexed  scales  opening  at  maturity; 
seeds  compressed,  |'-f  '  long,  dark  red-brown  mottled  with  black,  with  a  thick  shell  pro- 

duced into  a  narrow  margin,  their  wings 
about  jV  wide,  generally  persistent  on 
the  scale  after  the  seed  falls. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°,  occasionally  80° 
high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-5°  in  diameter, 
stout  long-persistent  branches  ultimately 
forming  a  low  wide  round-topped  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  orange-green  and 
covered  at  first  with  soft  fine  pubescence, 
usually  soon  glabrous  and  darker  colored; 
at  high  elevations  often  a  low  spreading 
shrub.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches 
thin,  smooth,  light  gray  or  silvery  white, 
becoming  on  old  trunks  l'-2'  thick,  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black,  and  divided  by 
deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges  broken  into 
nearly  square  plates  covered  by  small 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  pale  clear  yellow,  turning  red  with  exposure;  occasionally  manufactured 
into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Alberta  to  western  Texas 
and  westward  on  mountain  ranges  at  elevations  of  5000°  to  12,000°  to  Montana,  and  south- 
ern California,  reaching  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  the  head  of  King's 
River  near  the  summit  of  San  Gorgonio  Mountain  and  in  Snow  Canon,  San  Bernardino 
Range;  usually  scattered  singly  or  in  small  groves;  forming  open  forests  on  the  eastern  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  on  the  ranges  of  central  Nevada;  attaining 
its  largest  size  on  those  of  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

5.  Pinus  albicaulis  Engelm.    White  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  slightly  incurved,  dark  green,  marked  by  1-3  rows  of  dorsal  stomata, 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1|'-2|'  long,  persistent  for  from  five  to  eight 
years.  Flowers  opening  in  July,  scarlet.  Fruit  ripening  in  August,  oval  or  subglobose,  hori- 


Fig.  4 


PINACE.E 


zontal,  sessile,  dark  purple,  l^'-S'  long,  with  scales  thickened,  acute,  often  armed  with  stout 
pointed  umbos,  remaining  closed  at  maturity;  seeds  wingless,  acute,  subcylindric  or  flat- 
tened on  one  side,  \'-\'  long,  |'  thick,  with  a  thick  dark  chestnut-brown  hard  shell. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  or  rarely  60°  high,  generally  with  a  short  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter, 
stout  very  flexible  branches,  finally  often  standing  nearly  erect  and  forming  an  open  very 
irregular  broad  head,  and 
stout  dark  red-brown  or 
orange-colored  branchlets 
puberulous  for  two  years 
or  sometimes  glabrous;  at 
high  elevations  often  a  low 
shrub,  with  wide-spread- 
ing nearly  prostrate  stems. 
Bark  thin,  except  near  the 
base  of  old  trunks  and 
broken  by  narrow  fissures 
into  thin  narrow  brown  or 
creamy  white  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  brittle,  light 
brown.  The  large  sweet 
seeds  are  gathered  and  Fig.  5 

eaten  by  Indians. 

Distribution.  Alpine  slopes  and  exposed  ridges  between  5000°  and  12,000°  elevation, 
forming  the  timber-line  on  many  mountain  ranges  from  latitude  53°  north  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  British  Columbia,  southward  to  the  Wind  River  and  Salt  River  Ranges, 
Wyoming,  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  the  Cascade  Range,  the 
mountains  of  northern  California  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mt.  W'hitney. 

6.  Pinus  Balfouriana  Balf .    Foxtail  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  back,  pale  and  marked  on  the  ventral 

faces  by  numerous  rows  of  sto- 
mata,  l'-l|'  long,  persistent  for 
ten  or  twelve  years.  Flowers :  male 
dark  orange-red;  female  dark 
purple.  Fruit  3|'-5'  long,  with 
scales  armed  with  minute  incurved 
prickles,  dark  purple,  turning  after 
opening  dark  red  or  mahogany 
color;  seeds  full  and  rounded  at 
the  apex,  compressed  at  the  base, 
pale,  conspicuously  mottled  with 
dark  purple,  \f  long,  their  wings 
narrowed  and  oblique  at  the  apex, 
about  1'  long  and  J'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  or  rarely 
90°  high,  with  a  trunk  generally 

Fig.  6  l°-2°   or  rarely  5°   in   diameter, 

short  stout  branches  forming  an 

open  irregular  pyramidal  picturesque  head,  and  long  rigid  more  or  less  spreading  puber- 
ulous, soon  glabrous,  dark  orange-brown  ultimately  dark  gray-brown  or  nearly  black 
branchlets,  clothed  only  at  the  extremities  with  the  long  dense  brush-like  masses  of  foliage. 
Bark  thin,  smooth,  and  milky  white  on  the  stems  and  branches  of  young  trees,  becoming 
on  old  trees  sometimes 


8 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


broken  into  nearly  square  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed 
scales.     Wood  light,  soft  and  brittle,  pale  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  California,  on  rocky  slopes  and  ridges,  forming  scattered  groves  on 
Scott  Mountain,  Siskiyou  County,  at  elevations  of  5000°-6000°;  on  the  mountains  at  the 
head  of  the  Sacramento  River;  on  Mt.  Yolo  Bally  in  the  northern  Coast  Range,  and  on 
the  southern  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  11,500°,  growing  here  to  its  largest  size 
and  forming  an  extensive  open  forest  on  the  Whitney  Plateau  east  of  the  canon  of  Kern 
River,  and  at  the  highest  elevations  often  a  low  shrub,  with  wide-spreading  prostrate  stems. 

7.  Pinus  aristata  Engelm.    Foxtail  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Leaves  stout  or  slender,  dark  green,  lustrous  on  the  back,  marked  by  numerous  rows 
of  stomata  on  the  ventral  faces,  l'-l£'  long,  often  deciduous  at  the  end  of  ten  or  twelve 
years  or  persistent  four  or  five  years  longer.  Flowers  male  dark  orange-red;  female  dark 

purple.  Fruit  3'-3£'  long,  with  scales 
armed  with  slender  incurved  brittle  prick- 
les nearly  \'  long,  dark  purple-brown  on 
the  exposed  parts,  the  remainder  dull  red, 
opening  and  scattering  their  seeds  about 
the  1st  of  October;  seeds  nearly  oval, 
compressed,  light  brown  mottled  with 
black,  j'  long,  their  wings  broadest  at  the 
middle,  about  f '  long  and  \f  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high, 
with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
short  stout  branches  in  regular  whorls 
while  young,  in  old  age  growing  very 
irregularly,  the  upper  erect  and  much 
longer  than  the  usually  pendulous  lower 
branches,  and  stout  light  orange-colored, 
glabrous,  or  at  first  puberulous,  ulti- 
mately dark  gray-brown  or  nearly  black 
branchlets  clothed  at  the  ends  with  long  compact  brush-like  tufts  of  foliage.  Bark 
thin,  smooth,  milky  white  on  the  stems  and  branches  of  young  trees,  becoming  on  old 
trees  £'-f  thick,  red-brown,  and  irregularly  divided  into  flat  connected  ridges  separating 
on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  light  red; 
occasionally  used  for  the  timbers  of  mines  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Rocky  or  gravelly  slopes  at  the  upper  limit  of  tree  growth  and  rarely 
below  8,000°  above  the  sea  from  the  outer  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  to 
those  of  southern  Utah,  central  and  southern  Nevada,  southeastern  California,  and  the 
San  Francisco  peaks  of  northern  Arizona. 

8.  Pinus  cembroides  Zucc.    Nut  Pine.    Pinon. 

Leaves  in  2  or  3-leaved  clusters,  slender,  much  incurved,  dark  green,  sometimes  marked 
by  rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  l'-2'  long,  deciduous  irregularly  during  their  third  and 
fourth  years.  Flowers:  male  in  short  crowded  clusters,  yellow;  female  dark  red.  Fruit 
subglobose,  l'-2'  broad;  seeds  subcylindric  or  obscurely  triangular,  more  or  less  com- 
pressed at  the  pointed  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  base,  nearly  black  on  the  lower  side  and 
dark  chestnut-brown  on  the  upper,  \'-\'  long,  the  margin  of  their  outer  coat  adnate  to 
the  cone-scale. 

A  bushy  tree,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter  and  a  broad  round- 
topped  head,  usually  15°-20°  high,  stout  spreading  branches,  and  slender  dark  orange- 
colored  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  deciduous  hairs,  dark  brown  and  some- 
times nearly  black  at  the  end  of  five  or  six  years;  in  sheltered  canons  on  the  mountains  of 
Arizona  and  in  Lower  California  occasionally  50°  or  60°  tall.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  irregu- 


Fig.  7 


PINACE.E 

larly  divided  by  remote  shallow  fissures  and  separated  on  the  surface  into  numerous  large 

thin  light  red-brown  scales.    Wood  light, 

soft,  close-grained,  pale  clear  yellow.  The 

large  oily  seeds  are  an  important  article  of 

food  in  northern  Mexico,  and  are  sold  in 

large  quantities  in  Mexican  towns. 

Distribution.    Mountain  ranges  of  cen- 
tral and  southern  Arizona,  usually  only 

above  elevations  of  6500°,  often  covering 

their  upper  slopes  with  open  forests;  in  an 

isolated  station  on  the  Edwards  Plateau 

on  uplands   and  in  canons  at  the  head- 
waters of  the  Frio  and  Nueces  Rivers, 

Edwards  and  Kerr  Counties,  Texas;  on 

the  Sierra  de  Laguna,  Lower  California, 

and  on  many  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  Fig.  8 

northern  Mexico;  passing  into  the  follow- 
ing varieties  differing  only  in  the  number  of  the  leaves  in  the  leaf -clusters,  and  in  their 

thickness. 

Pinus  cembroides  var.  Parryana  Voss.    Nut  Pine.    Piiion. 

Pinus  quadrifolia  Sudw. 
Leaves  in  1-5  usually  4-leaved  clusters,  stout,  incurved,  pale  glaucous  green,  marked 

on  the  three  surfaces  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  lj'-H'  long,  irregularly  deciduous, 

mostly  falling  in  their  third  year. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  18'  in  diameter,  and  thick  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  compact  regu- 
lar pyramidal  or  in  old  age  a  low 
round-topped  irregular  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  soft 
pubescence,  and  light  orange-brown. 
Bark  \r --f  thick,  dark  brown  tinged 
with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  fis- 
sures into  broad  flat  connected  ridges 
covered  by  thick  closely  appressed 
plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  pale  brown  or  yellow. 
The  seeds  form  an  important  article 
of  food  for  the  Indians  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 

Distribution.    Arid  mesas  and  low 

Fig-  9  mountain  slopes  of  Lower  California 

southward  to  the  foothills  of  the  San 

Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  extending  northward  across  the  boundary  of  California  to  the 

desert  slopes  of  the  Santa  Rosa  Mountains,  Riverside  County,  where  it  is  common  at 

elevations  of  5000°  above  the  sea -level. 

Pinus  cembroides  var.  edulis  Voss.    Nut  Pine.    Pinon. 

Pinus  edulis  Engelm. 

Leaves  in  2  or  rarely  in  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  semiterete  or  triangular,  rigid,  incurved, 
dark-green,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  t'-l|'  long,  deciduous  during  the  third 
or  not  until  the  fourth  or  fifth  year,  dropping  irregularly  and  sometimes  persistent  for  eight 
or  nine  years. 

A  tree  often  40°-50°  high  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter  and  short  erect 


10 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fig.  10 


branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  or  frequently  with  a  short  divided  trunk  and  a  low 
round-topped  head  of  spreading  branches,  and  thick  branchlets  orange  color  during  their 

first  and  second  years,  finally  becoming  light 
gray  or  dark  brown  sometimes  tinged  with  red. 
Bark  |'-f  thick  and  irregularly  divided  into  con- 
nected ridges  covered  by  small  closely  appressed 
light  brown  scales  tinged  with  red  or  orange  color. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  pale  brown ; 
largely  employed  for  fuel  and  fencing,  and  as 
charcoal  used  in  smelting;  in  western  Texas  occa- 
sionally sawed  into  lumber.  The  seeds  form  an 
important  article  of  food  among  Indians  and 
Mexicans,  and  are  sold  in  the  markets  of  Colo- 
rado and  New  Mexico. 

Distribution.  Eastern  foothills  of  the  outer 
ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from  northern 
Colorado  (Owl  Canon,  Lorimer  County) ;  to  the 
extreme  western  part  of  Oklahoma  (near  Ken- 
ton,  Cimmaron  County,  G.  W .  Stevens')  and  to 

western  Texas,  westward  to  eastern  Utah,  southwestern  Wyoming,  and  to  northern  and 
central  Arizona;  over  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico,  and  on  the  San  Pedro  Martir 
Mountains,  Lower  California;  often  forming  extensive  open  forests  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  on  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  on  many  mountain  ranges  of 
northern  and  central  Arizona  up  to  elevations  of  7000°  above  the  sea. 

Pinus  cembroides  var.  monophylla  Voss.    Nut  Pine.    PiSon. 
Pinus  monophylla  Torr. 

Leaves  in  1  or  2-leaved  clusters,  rigid,  incurved,  pale  glaucous  green,  marked  by  18-20 
rows  of  stomata,  usually  about  1|'  long,  sometimes  deciduous  during  their  fourth  and  fifth 
seasons,  but  frequently  persistent  until  their  twelfth  year. 

A  tree  usually  15°-20°,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  a 
foot  in  diameter  and  often  divided  near 
the  ground  into  several  spreading  stems, 
short  thick  branches  forming  while  the 
tree  is  young  a  broad  rather  compact 
pyramid,  and  in  old  age  often  pendulous 
and  forming  a  low  round-topped  often 
picturesque  head,  and  stout  light  orange- 
colored  ultimately  dark  brown  branch- 
lets.  Bark  about  f '  thick  and  divided 
by  deep  irregular  fissures  into  narrow 
connected  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  closely  appressed  light  or 
dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red  or 
orange  color.  Wood  light,  soft,  weak, 
and  brittle;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and 
charcoal  used  in  smelting.  The  seeds 
supply  an  important  article  of  food  to  Fig.  1 1 

the  Indians  of  Nevada  and  California. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  mesas  from  the  western  base  of  the  Wasatch 
Mountains  of  Utah,  westward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  Nevada  to  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  and  to  their  western  slope  at  the  head-waters  of  the  Tuo- 
lumne,  Kings  and  Kern  Rivers,  and  southward  to  northern  Arizona  and  to  the  mountains 


PINACE.E  11 

of  southern  California  where  it  is  common  on  the  San  Beruadino  and  San  Jacinto  Moun- 
tains between  altitudes  of  3500°  and  7000°,  and  on  the  Sierra  del  Final,  Lower  California; 
often  forming  extensive  open  forests  at  elevations  between  5000°  and  7000°. 

PITCH  PINES. 

Wood  usually  heavy,  coarse-grained,  generally  dark-colored,  with  pale  often  thick  sap- 
wood;  cones  green  at  maturity  (sometimes  purple  in  10  and  21)  becoming  various  shades  of 
brown;  cone-scales  more  or  less  thickened,  mostly  armed;  seeds  shorter  than  their  wings 
(except  in  17  and  28) ;  leaves  with  2  fibro- vascular  bundles. 

Sheaths  of  the  leaf-clusters  deciduous;  cones  |'-2'  long,  maturing  in  the  third  year,  leaves 
in  3-leaved  clusters,  slender,  2|'-4'  long.  9.  P.  leiophylla  (H). 

Sheaths  of  the  leaf-clusters  persistent. 

Leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters  (3  and  5-leaved  in  10,  3-2  leaved  in  12). 

Cones  subterminal,  usually  deciduous  above  the  basal  scales  persistent  on  the  branch. 
Buds  brown;  leaves  in  2-5-leaved  clusters.  10.  P.  ponderosa  (B,F,G,H). 

Buds  white.  11.  P.  palustris  (C). 

Cones  lateral. 

Cones  symmetrical,  their  outer  scales  not  excessively  developed. 
Leaves  in  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  8'-12'  long;  cones  short-stalked. 

12.  P.  caribaea  (C). 
Leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters;  cones  sessile. 

Cones  oblong-conic,  prickles  stout;  leaves  6'-9'  long.  13.  P.  taeda  (A,  C). 

Cones  ovoid,  prickles  slender;  leaves  3'-5'  long.  14.  P.  rigida  (A,  C). 

Cones  unsymmetrical  by  the  excessive  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer  side. 

Cones  5 '-6'  long,  their  scales  not  prolonged  into  stout,  straight  or  curved  spines. 

Prickles  of  the  cone-scales  minute.  15.  P.  radiata  (G). 

Prickles  of  the  cone-scales  stout.  16.  P.  attenuata  (G). 

Cones  6'-14'  long,  their  scales  prolonged  into  stout,  straight  or  curved  spines; 

leaves  long  and  stout. 

Cones  oblong-ovoid;  seeds  longer  than  their  wings.  17.  P.  Sabiniana  (G). 

Cones  oblong-conic;  seeds  shorter  than  their  wings.  18.  P.  Coulteri  (G). 

Leaves  in  2-leaved  clusters  (2  and  3-leaved  in  23). 
Cones  subterminal. 

Cones  symmetrical,  2'-2|'  long,  their  scales  unarmed;  leaves  5 '-6'  long. 

19.  P.  resinosa  (A). 

Cones  unsymmetrical  by  the  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer  side, 
armed  with  slender  prickles;  leaves  l'-4'  long.  20.  P.  contorta  (B,  F,  G). 

Cones  lateral. 

Cones  about  2'  long. 

Cone-scales  very  unevenly  developed  and  mostly  unarmed;  cones  incurved;  leaves 
less  than  2'  long.  21.  P.  Banksiana  (A). 

Cone-scales  evenly  developed,  armed  with  weak  or  deciduous  prickles;  leaves  up 
to  4'  in  length. 

Bark  of  the  branches  and  upper  trunk  smooth.  22.  P.  glabra  (C). 

Bark  of  the  branches  and  upper  trunk  roughened.          23.  P.  echinata  (A,  C). 
Cones  about  3'  long,  armed  with  persistent  spines. 
Cone-scales  armed  with  slender  or  stout  prickles. 

Cone-scales  evenly  developed,  their  prickles  slender,  acuminate,  from  a  broad 

base;  leaves  3'  long  or  less. 

Cones  opening  at  maturity.  24.  P.  virginiana  (A,  C). 

Cones  often  remaining  closed  for  many  years.  25.  P.  clausa  (C). 

Cone-scales  unevenly  developed  and  armed  with  stout  prickles;  cones  2'- 3^' 

long,  remaining  closed;  leaves  4'-6'  long.  26.  P.  muricata. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Cone-scales  armed  with  very  stout  hooked  spines;   cones  2^'-3'  long;  opening 
in  the  autumn  or  remaining  closed  for  two  or  three  years;  leaves  2'  long  or  less. 

27.  P.  pungens. 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters;  cones  4/-6'  long,  unsymmetrical,  their  scales  thick;  seeds 
longer  than  their  wings;  leaves  stout,  9'-13'  long.  28.  P.  Torreyana  (G) 

9.  Pinus  leiophylla  Schlecht.  and  Cham.  Yellow  Pine. 

Pinus  chihuahuana,  Erigelm. 

Leaves  slender,  pale  glaucous  green,  marked  by  6-8  rows  of  conspicuous  stomata  on 
each  of  the  3  sides,  2|'-4'  long,  irregularly  deciduous  from  their  fourth  season,  their 
sheaths  deciduous.  Flowers:  male  yellow;  female  yellow-green.  Fruit  ovoid,  horizon- 
tal or  slightly  declining,  long- 
stalked,  l£'-2'  long,  becoming 
light  chestnut-brown  and  lus- 
trous, maturing  at  the  end 
of  the  third  season,  with  scales 
only  slightly  thickened,  their 
ultimately  pale  umbos  armed 
with  recurved  deciduous  prickles; 
seeds  oval,  rounded  above  and 
pointed  below,  about  £'  long, 
with  a  thin  dark  brown  shell, 
their  wings  f '  long  and  broadest 
near  the  middle. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°-50° 
high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes 
2°  in  diameter,  stout  slightly  as- 
cending branches  forming  a  nar- 

'2  row  open  pyramidal  or  round- 

topped  head  of  thin  pale  foliage, 

and  slender  bright  orange- brown  branchlets,  soon  becoming  dull  red-brown.  Bark  of 
old  trunks  f'-H'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown  or  sometimes  nearly  black,  and  deeply 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  writh  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong  but  durable,  light  orange  color,  with  thick  much  lighter  colored  sapwood. 
Often  forming  coppice  by  the  growth  of  shoots  from  the  stump  of  cut  trees. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  usually  at  eleva- 
tions between  6000°  and  7000°;  not  common;  more  abundant  on  the  Sierra  Madre  of  north- 
ern Mexico  and  on  several  of  the  short  ranges  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora,  and  of  a  larger  size 
in  Mexico  than  in  the  United  States. 

10.  Pinus  ponderosa  Laws.  Yellow  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  naked  branches,  in  2  or  in  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  dark 
yellow-green,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  5 '-11'  long,  mostly 
deciduous  during  their  third  season.  Flowers:  male  yellow;  female  clustered  or  in  pairs, 
dark  red.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  horizontal  or  slightly  declining,  nearly  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
S'-6'  long,  often  clustered,  bright  green  or  purple  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  reddish 
brown,  with  narrow  scales  much  thickened  at  the  apex  and  armed  with  slender  prickles, 
mostly  falling  soon  after  opening  and  discharging  their  seeds,  generally  leaving  the  lower 
scales  attached  to  the  peduncle;  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  compressed  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded 
below,  I'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  purple  often  mottled  shell,  their  wings  usually  broadest 
below  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  oblique  apex,  !'-!£'  long,  about  1'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  150°-230°  high,  with  a  massive  stem  5°-8°  in  diameter,  short  thick 
many-forked  often  pendulous  branches  generally  turned  upward  at  the  ends  and  forming 


PINACE.E 


13 


a  regular  spire-like  head,  or  in  arid  regions  a  broader  often  round-topped  head  surmount- 
ing a  short  trunk,  and 
stout  orange-colored 
branchlets  frequently 
becoming  nearly  black 
at  the  end  of  two  or 
three  years.  Bark  for 
80-100  years  broken 
into  rounded  ridges 
covered  with  small 
closely  appressed 
scales,  dark  brown, 
nearly  black  or  light 
cinnamon-red,  on  older 
trees  becoming  2'-4' 
thick  and  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  in- 
to plates  sometimes  Fig.  13 
4°-5°longandl2'-13' 

wide,  and  separating  into  thick  bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  com- 
paratively fine-grained,  light  red,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  sometimes  composed  of 
more  than  200  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  for  all 
sorts  of  construction,  for  railway-ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  Mountain  slopes,  dry  valleys,  and  high  mesas  from  northwestern  Ne- 
braska and  western  Texas  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  southern  British 
Columbia  to  Lower  California  and  northern  Mexico;  extremely  variable  in  different  parts 
of  the  country  in  size,  in  the  length  and  thickness  of  the  leaves,  size  of  the  cones,  and  in  the 
color  of  the  bark.  The  form  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (var.  scopuhrum,  Engelm.),  ranging 
from  Xebraska  to  Texas,  and  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  Wyoming,  eastern  Montana 
and  Colorado,  and  to  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  where  it  forms  on  the  Colorado 
plateau  with  the  species  the  most  extensive  Pine  forests  of  the  continent,  has  nearly  black 
furrowed  bark,  rigid  leaves  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  and  3' -6'  long,  and  smaller  cones,  with  thin 
scales  armed  with  slender  prickles  hooked  backward.  More  distinct  is 

Pinus  ponderosa  var.  Jeffrey!  Vasey. 
This  tree  forms  great  forests  about  the  sources  of  the  Pitt  River  in  northern  California, 


Fig.  14 


14  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  growing  often  on  the 
most  exposed  and  driest  ridges,  and  in  southern  California  on  the  San  Bernardino  and 
San  Jacinto  ranges  up  to  elevations  of  7000°  above  the  sea,  on  the  Cuyamaca  Moun- 
tains, and  in  Lower  California  on  the  Sierra  del  Pinal  and  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Moun- 
tains. 

A  tree,  100°  to  nearly  200°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  4°-6°  in  diameter,  covered 
with  bright  cinnamon-red  bark  deeply  divided  into  large  irregular  plates,  stiffer  and  more 
elastic  leaves  4/-9/  long  and  persistent  on  the  glaucous  stouter  branchlets  for  six  to  nine 
years,  yellow-green  staminate  flowers,  short-stalked  usually  purple  cones  5'-15'  long,  their 
scales  armed  with  stouter  or  slender  prickles  usually  hooked  backward,  and  seeds  often 
nearly  \'  long  with  larger  wings. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  eastern  Europe,  especially  the  variety 
Jeffreyi,  which  is  occasionally  successfully  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states. 

Pinus  ponderosa  var.  arizonica  Shaw.    Yellow  Pine. 
Pinus  arizonica  Engelm. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  in  3-5-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  dark  green, 
stomatiferous  on  tTieir  3  faces,  5 '-7'  long,  deciduous  during  their  third  season.  Fruit  ovoid, 
horizontal,  2'-2|'  long,  becoming  light  red-brown,  with  thin  scales  much  thickened  at  the 

apex  and  armed  with  slender 
recurved  spines;  seeds  full  and 
rounded  below,  slightly  com- 
pressed towards  the  apex,  f 
long,  with  a  thick  shell,  their 
wings  broadest  above  the  mid- 
dle, about  -|'  long  and  J'  wide. 
A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with 
a  tall  straight  massive  trunk 
3°-4°  in  diameter,  thick  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  regular 
open  round-topped  or  narrow 
pyramidal  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  orange-brown  and 
pruinose  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  dark  gray-brown. 
Bark  on  young  trunks  dark 
brown  or  almost  black  and 

deeply  furrowed,  becoming  on  old  trees  1^-2'  thick  and  divided  into  large  unequally 
shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  light  cinnamon-red 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  brittle,  light  red  or  often  yellow,  with  thick 
lighter  yellow  or  white  sapwood;  in  Arizona  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse 
lumber. 

Distribution.  High  cool  slopes  on  the  sides  of  canons  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern 
Arizona  at  elevations  between  6000°  and  8000°,  sometimes  forming  nearly  pure  forests; 
more  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  mountains  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua. 

11.  Pinus  palustris  Mill.    Long-leaved  Pine.    Southern  Pine. 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  forming  dense  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  slender, 
flexible,  pendulous,  dark  green,  8'-18'  long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  second  year. 
Flowers  in  very  early  spring  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves,  male  in  short  dense 
clusters,  dark  rose-purple;  female  just  below  the  apex  of  the  lengthening  shoot  in  pairs  or 
in  clusters  of  3  or  4,  dark  purple.  Fruit  cylindric-ovoid,  slightly  curved,  nearly  sessile,  hori- 
zontal or  pendant,  6'-10'  long,  with  thin  flat  scales  rounded  at  apex  and  armed  with  small 


PINACE.E 


15 


reflexed  prickles,  becoming  dull  brown;  in  falling  leaving  a  few  of  the  basal  scales  attached 
to  the  stem;  seeds  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  prominently  ridged, 
about  ~Y  long,  with  a  thin  pale  shell  marked  with  dark  blotches  on  the  upper  side,  and 
wings  widest  near  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  a  very  oblique  apex,  about  if  long  and 
T7B'  wide. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  slightly  tapering  trunk  usually  2°-2^°  or 
occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  stout  slightly  branched  gnarled  and  twisted  limbs  covered 
with  thin  dark  scaly  bark  and  forming  an  open  elongated  and  usually  very  irregular  head 
one  third  to  one  half  the  length  of  the  tree,  thick  orange-brown  branchlets,  and  acute 
winter-buds  covered  by  elongated  silvery  white  lustrous  scales  divided  into  long  spreading 
filaments  forming  a  cobweb-like  network  over  the  bud.  Bark  of  the  trunk  iV"!'  thick, 
light  orange-brown,  separating  on  the  surface  into  large  closely  appressed  papery  scales. 


Fig.  16 


Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  durable,  light  red  to  orange 
color,  with  very  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  as  "southern  pine"  or  "Georgia 
pine"  for  masts  and  spars,  bridges,  viaducts,  railway-ties,  fencing,  flooring,  the  interior 
finish  of  buildings,  the  construction  of  railway-cars,  and  for  fuel  and  charcoal.  A  large 
part  of  the  naval  stores  of  the  world  is  produced  from  this  tree,  which  is  exceedingly  rich 
in  resinous  secretions. 

Distribution.  Generally  confined  to  a  belt  of  late  tertiary  sands  and  gravels  stretching 
along  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  and  rarely  more  than  125  miles  wide,  from 
southeastern  Virginia  to  the  shores  of  Indian  River  and  the  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchee 
River,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  uplands  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  ex- 
tending northward  in  Alabama  to  the  southern  foothills  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and 
to  central  and  western  Mississippi  (Hinds  and  Adams  Counties) ;  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  and  through  eastern  Texas  and  western 
Louisiana  nearly  to  the  northern  borders  of  this  state. 

12.  Pinus  caribsea  Morelet.    Slash  Pine.    Swamp  Pine. 

Pinus  heterophylla  Sudw. 

Leaves  stout,  in  crowded  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  marked  by 
numerous  bands  of  stomata  on  each  face,  8'-12'  long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  second 
season.  Flowers  in  January  and  February  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves,  male  in 
short  crowded  clusters,  dark  purple;  female  lateral  on  long  peduncles,  pink.  Fruit  ovoid  or 
ovoid-conic,  reflexed  during  its  first  year,  pendant,  2'-6'  long,  with  thin  flexible  flat 


16  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

scales  armed  with  minute  incurved  or  recurved  prickles,  becoming  dark  rich  lustrous  brown; 
seeds  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  le'-l*'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle 
dark  gray  shell  mottled  with  black,  and  dark  brown  wings  f'-l'  long,  4'  wide,  their 
thickened  bases  encircling  the  seeds  and  often  covering  a  large  part  of  their  lower  surface. 
A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  tall  tapering  trunk  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  heavy  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head,  and  stout  orange-colored  ultimately 
dark  branchlets.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  and  separating  freely  on  the  surface  into  large  thin 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong,  durable,  coarse-grained,  rich  dark 
orange  color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for 
construction  and  railway-ties.  Naval  stores  are  largely  produced  from  this  tree. 


Distribution.  Coast  region  of  South  Carolina  southward  over  the  coast  plain  to  the 
keys  of  southern  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  eastern  Louisiana  (Saint  Tammany, 
Washington,  southern  Tangipahoa  and  eastern  Livingston  Parishes) ;  common  on  the  Ba- 
hamas, on  the  Isle  of  Pines,  and  on  the  lowlands  of  Honduras  and  eastern  Guatemala: 
in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  states  gradually  replacing  the  Long-leaved  Pine,  Pinus 
palustris,  Mill. 

13.  Pinus  taeda  L.  Loblolly  Pine.    Old  Field  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  stiff,  slightly  twisted,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous,  6'-9'  long, 
marked  by  10-12  rows  of  large  stomata  on  each  face,  deciduous  during  their  third  year. 
Flowers  opening  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  first  of  May;  male  crowded  in  short 
spikes,  yellow;  female  lateral  below  the  apex  of  the  growing  shoot,  solitary  or  clustered, 
short-stalked,  yellow.  Fruit  oblong-conic  to  ovoid-cylindric,  nearly  sessile,  2'-6'  long,  be- 
coming light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  scales  rounded  at  the  apex  and  armed  with  short 
stout  straight  or  reflexed  prickles,  opening  irregularly  and  discharging  their  seeds  during 
the  autumn  and  winter,  and  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  for  another  year;  seeds 
rhomboidal,  full  and  rounded,  i'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  brown  rough  shell  blotched  with 
black,  and  produced  into  broad  thin  lateral  margins,  encircled  to  the  base  by  the  narrow 
border  of  their  thin  pale  brown  lustrous  wing  broadest  above  the  middle,  1'  long,  about 
j'  wide. 

A  tree,  generally  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  usually  about  2°  but  occa- 
sionally 5°  in  diameter,  short  thick  much  divided  branches,  the  lower  spreading,  the  upper 
ascending  and  forming  a  compact  round- topped  head,  and  comparatively  slender  glabrous 
branchlets  brown  tinged  with  yellow  during  their  first  season  and  gradually  growing 
darker  in  their  second  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-l|'  thick,  bright  red-brown,  and  irreg- 


PINACE.E 


17 


ularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with  large  thin  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  weak,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  not  durable,  light  brown,  with 
orange-colored  or  often 
nearly  white  sapwood, 
often  composing  nearly 
half  the  trunk;  large- 
ly manufactured  into 
lumber,  used  for  con- 
struction and  the  inte- 
rior finish  of  buildings. 
Distribution.  Cape 
May,  New  Jersey 
through  southern  Del- 
aware and  eastern 
Maryland  and  south- 
ward to  the  shores  of 
Indian  River  and  Tam- 
pa Bay,  Florida,  west- 
ward to  middle  North 
Carolina  and  through  Fig.  18 

South    Carolina     and 

Georgia  and  the  eastern  Gulf  states  to  the  Mississippi  River,  extending  into  southern 
Tennessee  and  northeastern  Mississippi;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  from  southern 
Arkansas  and  the  southwestern  part  of  Oklahoma  through  western  Louisiana  to  the  shores 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River;  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  often  springing  up  on  lands  exhausted  by  agriculture;  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  one  of  the  most  important  timber-trees,  frequently  growing  in  nearly  pure 
forests  on  rolling  uplands. 

14.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.    Pitch  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  yellow-green,  marked  on  the  3  faces  by  many  rows  of  stomata, 
3 '-5'  long,  standing  stiffly  and  at  right  angles  with  the  branch,  deciduous  during  their 

second  year.  Flowers:  male  in 
short  crowded  spikes,  yellow  or 
rarely  purple ;  female  often  clustered 
and  raised  on  short  stout  stems, 
light  green  more  or  less  tinged  with 
rose  color.  Fruit  ovoid,  acute  at 
apex,  nearly  sessile,  often  clus- 
tered, l'-3£'  long,  becoming  light 
brown,  with  thin  flat  scales  armed 
with  recurved  rigid  prickles,  often 
remaining  on  the  branches  for  ten 
or  twelve  years;  seeds  nearly  tri- 
angular, full  and  rounded  on  the 
sides,  I'  long,  with  a  thin  dark 
brown  mottled  roughened  shell  and 
wings  broadest  below  the  middle, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  very 
^^^  oblique  apex,  f '  long,  ^'  wide. 

Fig.  19  A  tree,   50°-60°   or  rarely  100° 

high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasion- 
ally 3°  in  diameter,  thick  contorted  often  pendulous  branches  covered  with  thick  much 
roughened  bark,  forming  a  round-topped  thick  head,  often  irregular  and  picturesque,  and 


18  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

stout  bright  green  branchlets  becoming  dull  orange  color  during  their  first  winter  and  dark 
gray-brown  at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years;  often  fruitful  when  only  a  few  feet  high.  Bark 
of  young  stems  thin  and  broken  into  plate-like  dark  red-brown  scales,  becoming  ton  old 
trunks  t'-l|'  thick,  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured,  and  divided  into  broad  flat  connected 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thick  dark  red-brown  scales  often  tinged  with  purple. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  very  durable,  light  brown  or  red, 
with  thick  yellow  or  often  white  sap-wood;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  charcoal;  occasionally  sawed  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Sandy  plains  and  dry  gravelly  uplands,  or  less  frequently  in  cold  deep 
swamps;  island  of  Mt.  Desert,  Maine,  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  south- 
ward to  southern  Delaware  and  southern  Ohio  (Scioto  County)  and  along  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  to  their  wrestern  foothills  in  West  ^7irginia,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee;  very  abundant  in  the  coast  region  south  of  Massachusetts;  sometimes 
forming  pure  forests  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 

Pinus  rigida  var.  serotina  Loud.    Pond  Pine.    Marsh  Pine. 

Pinus  serotina  Michx. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  3  or  occasionally  of  4,  slender,  flexuose,  dark  yellow-green,  6 '-8' 
long,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  deciduous  during  their  third  and 

fourth  years.  Flowers:  male 
in  crowded  spikes,  dark  orange 
color;  female  clustered  or  in 
pairs  on  stout  stems.  Fruit 
subglobose  to  ovoid,  full  and 
rounded  or  pointed  at  apex, 
subsessileor  short-stalked,hor- 
izontal  or  slightly  declining, 
2-2V  long,  with  thin  nearly 
fiat  scales  armed  with  slender 
incurved  mostly  deciduous 
prickles,  becoming  light  yel- 
low-brown at  maturity,  often 
remaining  closedfor  one  or  two 
years  and  after  opening  long- 
persistent  on  the  branches; 
seeds  nearlv  triangular,  often 

20  ridged  below,  full  and  rounded 

at  the  sides,  £'  long,  with  a 

thin  nearly  black  roughened  shell  produced  into  a  wide  border,  the  wings  broadest  at  the 
middle,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  f '  long,  i'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  or  occasionally  70°-80'  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  3° 
but  generally  not  more  than  2°  in  diameter,  stout  often  contorted  branches  more  or  less 
pendulous  at  the  extremities,  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
dark  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  orange  color  during  their  first  winter 
and  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black  at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
5'-!'  thick,  dark  red-brown  and  irregularly  divided  by  narrow  shallow  fissures  into  small 
plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  resinous, 
heavy,  soft,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  dark  orange  color,  with  thick  pale  yellow  sap  wood; 
occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  flats  or  sandy  or  peaty  swamps;  ne'ar  Cape  May,  New  Jersey, 
and  southeastern  Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida  and  central  Ala- 
bama. 


PINACE^E  19 

15.  Pinus  radiata  D.  Don.    Monterey  Pine. 

Leaves  in  3,  rarely  in  2-leaved  clusters,  slender,  bright  rich  green,  4 '-6'  long,  mostly  de- 
ciduous during  their  third  season.  Flowers:  male  in  dense  spikes,  yellow;  female  clustered, 
dark  purple.  Fruit  ovoid,  pointed  at  apex,  very  oblique  at  base,  short-stalked,  reflexed, 
3'-7'  long,  becoming  deep  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  with  scales  much  thickened  and 
mammillate  toward  the  base  on  the  outer  side  of  the  cone,  thinner  on  the  inner  side  and 
at  its  apex,  and  armed  with  minute  thickened  incurved  or  straight  prickles,  long-per- 
sistent and  often  remaining  closed  on  the  branches  for  many  years;  seeds  ellipsoidal,  com- 
pressed, j'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle  rough  nearly  black  shell,  their  wings  light  brown,  longi- 
tudinally striped,  broadest  above  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  and  oblique  at  apex,  1' 
long,  f '  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  40°- 60°  rarely  100°-115°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  l°-2°  but  occa- 
sionally 4-2°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a  regular  narrow  open  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets 
light  or  dark  orange  color,  at 
first  often  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom,  ultimately  dark 
red-brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
l|'-2'  thick,  dark  red-brown, 
and  deeply  divided  into  broad 
flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface 
into  thick  appressed  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  brittle,  close-grained; 
occasionally  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  In  a  narrow 
belt  a  few  miles  wide  on  the 
California  coast  from  Pescadero 
to  the  shores  of  San  Simeon 
Bay ;  in  San  Luis  Obispo  County  Fig-  2 1 

near  the  village  of  Cambria;  on 

the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa  Cruz  of  the  Santa  Barbara  group;  and  on  Guada- 
loupe  Island  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
Point  Pinos  south  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  California. 

Largely  planted  for  the  decoration  of  parks  in  western  and  southern  Europe,  occasionally 
planted  in  the  southeastern  states  and  in  Mexico,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  other  re- 
gions with  temperate  climates,  and  more  generally  in  the  coast  region  of  the  Pacific  states 
from  Vancouver  Island  southward  than  any  other  Pine-tree. 

16.  Pinus  attenuata  Lemm.    Knob-cone  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  firm  and  rigid,  pale  yellow  or  bluish  green,  marked  by  numerous  rows 
of  stomata  on  their  3  f  .ices.  3'-7',  usually  4'-5'  long.  Flowers:  male  orange-brown;  female 
fascicled,  often  with  se  .  ral  fascicles  on  the  shoot  of  the  year.  Fruit  elongated,  conic, 
pointed,  very  oblique  at  base  by  the  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer  side, 
whorled,  short-stalked,  strongly  reflexed  and  incurved,  3 '-6'  long,  becoming  light  yellow- 
brown,  with  thin  flat  scales  rounded  at  apex,  those  on  the  outer  side  being  enlarged  into 
prominent  transversely  flattened  knobs  armed  with  thick  flattened  incurved  spines,  those 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  cone  slightly  thickened  and  armed  with  minute  recurved  prickles, 
persistent  on  the  stems  and  branches  for  thirty  or  forty  years,  sometimes  becoming  com- 
pletely imbedded  in  the  bark  of  old  trunks,  and  usually  not  opening  until  the  death  of  the 
tree;  seeds  ellipsoidal,  compressed,  acute  at  apex,  |'  long,  with  a  thin  oblique  shell,  their 
wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  1  \'  long,  f '  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  about  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  often  fruitful  when 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fig.  22 


only  4°  or  5°  tall;  occasionally  growing  to  the  height  of  80°-100°,  with  a  trunk  2^°  thick, 
and  frequently  divided  above  the  middle  into  two  ascending  stems,  slender  branches  ar- 
ranged in  regular 
whorls  while  the  tree 
is  young,  and  in  old 
S^S  age  forming  a  narrow 
round-topped  strag- 
gling head  of  sparse 
thin  foliage,  and 
slender  dark  orange- 
brown  branchlets 
growing  darker  dur- 
ing their  second  sea- 
son. Bark  of  young 
stems  and  branches 
thin,  smooth,  pale 
brown,  becoming  at 
the  base  of  old  trunks 
|'-f '  thick  and  dark 

brown  often  tinged  with  purple,  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and 
broken  into  large  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thick  sapwood  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  slopes  from  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in  Oregon 
over  the  mountains  of  southwestern  Oregon,  where  it  is  most  abundant  and  grows  to  its 
largest  size,  often  forming  pure  forests  over  large  areas,  southward  along  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  in  California  on  the  northern  cross  ranges,  the  coast  ranges  from 
Trinity  to  Sonoma  Counties,  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Mariposa  County, 
and  over  the  southern  coast  ranges  from  Santa  Cruz  to  the  dry  arid  southern  slopes  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  where  it  forms  a  belt  between  City  and  East  Twin  Creeks  at 
an  altitude  of  3500°  above  the  sea. 

17.  Pinus  Sabiniana  Dougl.    Digger  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  flexible,  pendant,  pale  blue-green,  marked  on  each  face  with  numerous 
rows  of  pale  stomata, 
8'-12'  long,  deciduous 
usually  in  their  third 
and  fourth  years.  Flow- 
ers: male  yellow;  fe- 
male on  stout  pedun- 
cles, dark  purple.  Fruit 
oblong-ovoid,  full  and 
rounded  at  base,  point- 
ed, becoming  light 'red- 
dish brown,  6'- 10' long, 
long-stalked,  pendu- 
lous, the  scales  nar- 
rowed into  a  stout  in- 
curved sharp  hook, 
strongly  reflexed  to- 
ward the  base  of  the 

cone  and  armed  with  ^        ^  Fig.  23 

spur-like      incurved 

spines;  seeds  full  and  rounded  below,  somewhat  compressed  toward  the  apex,  \'  long, 
\'  wide,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  a  thick  hard  shell,  encircled  by  their  wings  much 


PINACE.E  %\ 

thickened  on  the  inner  rim,  obliquely  rounded  at  the  broad  apex  and  about  T  length  of 
nuts. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  divided 
generally  lo°-20°  above  the  ground  into  3  or  4  thick  secondary  stems,  clothed  with  short 
crooked  branches  pendant  below  and  ascending  toward  the  summit  of  the  tree,  and  forming 
an  open  round-topped  head  remarkable  for  the  sparseness  of  its  foliage,  and  stout  pale 
glaucous  branchlets,  becoming  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  during  their  second  season. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  l£'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  or  nearly  black  and 
deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  thick  connected  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  brittle,  light  brown  or  red 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood.  Abietine,  a  nearly  colorless  aromatic  liquid  with  the 
odor  of  oil  of  oranges,  is  obtained  by  distilling  the  resinous  juices.  The  large  sweet  slightly 
resinous  seeds  formed  an  important  article  of  food  for  the  Indians  of  California. 

Distribution.  Scattered  singly  or  in  small  groups  over  the  dry  foothills  of  western  Cali- 
fornia, ranging  from  500°  up  to  4000°  above  the  sea-level  and  from  the  southern  slopes  of 
the  northern  cross  ranges  to  the  Tehachapi  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  de  la  Liebre;  most 
abundant  and  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  near 
the  centre  of  the  state  at  elevations  of  about  2000°;  here  often  the  most  conspicuous  feature 
of  the  vegetation. 

18.  Pinus  Coulter!  D.  Don.    Pitch  Pine. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  stout,  rigid,  dark  blue-green,  marked  by 
numerous  bands  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  6'-12'  long,  deciduous  during  their  third  and 


Fig.  24 


fourth  seasons.-  Flowers:  male  yellow;  female  dark  reddish  brown.  Fruit  oblong-conic, 
short-stalked  and  pendant,  10'-14'  long,  becoming  light  yellow-brown,  with  thick  broad 
scales  terminating  in  a  broad,  flat,  incurved,  hooked  claw  %'-\\'  long,  gradually  opening  in 
the  autumn  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  for  several  years;  seeds  ellipsoidal,  com- 
pressed, \'  long,  Y~¥  wide,  dark  chestnut-brown,  with  a  thick  shell,  inclosed  by  their  wings, 
broadest  above  the  middle,  oblique  at  apex,  nearly  1'  longer  than  the  seed,  about  f '  wide. 
A  tree,  40°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°-2|°  in  diameter,  thick  branches  covered  with  dark 
scaly  bark,  long  and  mostly  pendulous  below,  short  and  ascending  above,  and  forming  a 
loose  unsymmetrical  often  picturesque  head,  and  very  stout  branchlets  dark  orange-brown 
at  first,  becoming  sometimes  nearly  black  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years.  Bark  of  the 


22  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

trunk  l|'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded 
connected  ridges  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for 
fuel.  The  seeds  were  formerly  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  eaten  by  the  Indians  of 
southern  California. 

Distribution.  Scattered  singly  or  in  small  groves  through  coniferous  forests  on  the  dry 
slopes  and  ridges  of  the  coast  ranges  of  California  at  elevations  of  3000°-6000°  above  the 
sea,  from  Mount  Diablo  and  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  Cuya- 
maca  Mountains;  and  on  the  Sierra  del  Final,  Lower  California;  most  abundant  on  the 
San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges  at  elevations  of  about  5000°. 

19.  Pinus  resinosa  Ait.    Red  Pine.    Norway  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  soft  and  flexible,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  5' -6'  long,  obscurely  marked 
on  the  ventral  faces  by  bands  of  minute  stomata,  deciduous  during  their  fourth  and  fifth 
seasons.  Flowers:  male  in  dense  spikes,  dark  purple;  female  terminal,  short-stalked, 
scarlet.  Fruit  ovoid-conic,  subsessile,  2'-2|'  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales,  un- 


Fig.  25 

f 

armed,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  at  maturity;  shedding  their  seeds  early 
in  the  autumn  and  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  summer;  seeds 
oval,  compressed,  f '  long,  with  a  thin  dark  chestnut-brown  more  or  less  mottled  shell  and 
wings  broadest  below  the  middle,  oblique  at  apex,  f  long,  £'— |'  broad. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  or  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  or 
rarely  5°  in  diameter,  thick  spreading  more  or  less  pendulous  branches  clothing  the  young 
stems  to  the  ground  and  forming  a  broad  irregular  pyramid,  and  in  old  age  an  open  round- 
topped  picturesque  head,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  orange  color,  finally  becoming  light 
reddish  brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-l  \'  thick  and  slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into 
broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  thin  loose  light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  very 
close-grained,  pale  red,  with  thin  yellow  often  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  in  the 
construction  of  bridges  and  buildings,  for  piles,  masts,  and  spars.  The  bark  is  occasion- 
ally used  for  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Light  sandy  loam  or  dry  rocky  ridges,  usually  forming  groves  rarely 
more  than  a  few  hundred  acres  in  extent  and  scattered  through  forests  of  other  Pines  and 
deciduous-leaved  trees;  occasionally  on  sandy  flats  forming  pure  forests;  Nova  Scotia  to 
Lake  St.  John,  westward  through  Quebec  and  central  Ontario  to  the  valley  of  the  Winni- 
peg River,  and  southward  to  eastern  Massachusetts,  the  mountains  of  northern  Penn- 
sylvania, and  to  central  and  southwestern  (Port  Huron)  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota, most  abundant,  and  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  the  northern  parts  of  these  states; 
rare  and  local  in  eastern  Massachusetts  and  southward. 


PINACE^E  23 

Often  planted  for  the  decoration  of  parks,  and  the  most  desirable  as  an  ornamental  tree 
of  the  Pitch  Pines  which  flourish  in  the  northern  states. 

20.  Pinus  contorta  Loud.    Scrub  Pine. 

Leaves  dark  green,  slender,  I'-lV  long,  marked  by  6-10  rows  of  stomata  on  each  face, 
mostly  persistent  4-6  years.  Flowers  orange-red:  male  in  short  crowded  spikes;  female 
clustered  or  in  pairs  on  stout  stalks.  Fruit  ovoid  to  subcylindric,  usually  very  oblique 
at  base,  horizontal  or  declining,  often  clustered,  f-2'  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave 
scales  armed  with  long  slender  more  or  less  recurved  often  deciduous  prickles,  and  toward 
the  base  of  the  cone  especially  on  the  upper  side  developed  into  thick  mammillate  knobs, 
becoming  light  yellow-brown  and  lustrous,  sometimes  opening  and  losing  their  seeds  as 
soon  as  ripe,  or  remaining  closed  on  the  branches  and  preserving  the  vitality  of  their  seeds 
for  many  years;  seeds  oblique  at  apex,  acute  below,  about  £'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle 
dark  red-brown  shell  mottled  with  black  and  wings  widest  above  the  base,  gradually  tap- 
ering toward  the  oblique  apex,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  fertile  when  only  a  few  inches  high,  usually  15°-20°  or  occasionally  30° 
tall,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diameter,  comparatively  thick  branches 
forming  a  round-topped  com- 
pact and  symmetrical  or  an 
open  picturesque  head,  and 
stout  branchlets  light  orange 
color  when  they  first  appear, 
finally  becoming  dark  red- 
brown  or  occasionally  almost 
black.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
f '-!'  thick,  deeply  and  irreg- 
ularly divided  by  vertical 
and  cross  fissures  into  small 
oblong  plates  covered  with 
closely  appressed  dark  red- 
brown  scales  tinged  with  Fig.  26 
purple  or  orange  color.  Wood 

light,  hard,  strong  although  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska,  usually  in  sphagnum-covered  bogs  southward  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Albion  River,  Mendocmo  County, 
California;  south  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  generally  inhabiting  sand 
dunes  and  barrens  or  occasionally  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  the  margins  of  tide  pools 
and  deep  wet  swamps;  spreading  inland  and  ascending  the  coast  ranges  and  western  slopes 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  where  it  is  not  common  and  where  it  gradually  changes  its 
habit  and  appearance,  the  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark  of  the  coast  form  being  found  only 
near  the  ground,  while  the  bark  higher  on  the  stems  is  thin,  light-colored,  and  inclined 
to  separate  into  scales,  and  the  leaves  are  often  longer  and  broader.  This  is 

Pinus  contorta  var.  latifolia  S.  Wats.    Lodge-pole  Pine. 

Pinus  conlorta  var.  Murrayana  Engelm. 

Leaves  yellow-green,  usually  about  2'  long,  although  varying  from  l'-3'  in  length  and 
from  iV  to  nearly  f'  in  width.  Fruit  occasionally  opening  as  soon  as  ripe  but  usually  re- 
maining closed  and  preserving  the  vitality  of  the  seeds  sometimes  for  twenty  years. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but  often  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  generally  2°-3°  but  occasionally 
5°-6°  in  diameter,  slender  much-forked  branches  frequently  persistent  nearly  to  the  base 
of  the  stem,  light  orange-colored  during  their  early  years,  somewhat  pendulous  below, 
ascending  near  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  spire-topped  head. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  £'  thick,  close  and  firm,  light  orange-brown  and  covered 
by  small  thin  loosely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained 
and  easily  worked,  not  durable,  light  yellow  or  nearly  white,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood  ;  occasionally  manufactured 
into  lumber;  also  used  for  railway- 
tics,  mine-timbers,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Common  on  the 
Yukon  hills  in  the  valley  of  the 
Yukon  River:  on  the  interior  pla- 
teau of  northern  British  Columbia 
and  eastward  to  the  eastern  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
covering  with  dense  forests  great 
areas  in  the  basin  of  the  Columbia 
River;  forming  forests  on  both 
slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Montana ;  on  the  Yellowstone  pla- 
teau at  elevations  of  7000°-8000°; 
Fig,  27  common  on  the  mountains  of  Wy- 

oming, and  extending  southward 

to  southern  Colorado;  the  most  abundant  coniferous  tree  of  the  northern  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region;  common  on  the  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  mountains 
of  northern  California,  and  southward  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  attains  its 
greatest  size  and  beauty  in  alpine  forests  at  elevations  between  8000°  and  9500°;  in 
southern  California  the  principal  tree  at  elevations  between  7000°  and  10,000°  on  the  high 
peaks  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  Mountains;  on  the  upper  slopes  of  the 
San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California. 


21.   Pinus  Banksiana  Lamb.     Gray  Pine.    Jack  Pine. 

Pinus  divaricata  Du  Mont  de  Cours. 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters,  stout,  flat  or  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face,  at  first  light 
yellow-green,  soon  becoming  dark  green,  f'-lj'  long,  gradually  and  irregularly  deciduous 
in  their  second  or  third  year.  Flowers:  male  in  short  crowded  clusters,  yellow;  female 


Fig.  23 

clustered,  dark  purple,  often  with  2  clusters  produced  on  the  same  shoot.  Fruit  oblong- 
conic,  acute,  oblique  at  base,  sessile,  usually  erect  and  strongly  incurved,  H'-2'  long,  dull 
purple  or  green  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  yellow  and  lustrous,  with  thin  stiff 


PINACE.E 


scales  often  irregularly  developed,  and  armed  with  minute  incurved  often  deciduous 
prickles;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  TV  long,  with  an  almost 
black  roughened  shell  and  wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  £'  long, 
\'  wide. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  free  of  branches  for  20°-30° 
and  rarely  exceeding  2°  in  diameter,  long  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical 
head,  and  slender  tough  flexible  pale  yellow-green  branchlets  turning  dark  purple  during 
their  first  winter  and  darker  the  following  year;  often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a 
stem  10'-12'  in  diameter;  generally  fruiting  when  only  a  few  years  old;  sometimes  shrubby 
with  several  low  slender  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with 
red,  very  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  rounded  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  sur- 
face into  small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
clear  pale  brown  or  rarely  orange  color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  used  for  fuel 
and  occasionally  for  railway-ties  and  posts;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  From  Nova  Scotia  to  the  valley  of  the  Athabasca  River  and  down  the 
Mackenzie  to  about  latitude  65°  north,  ranging  southward  to  the  coast  of  Maine,  northern 
New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  the  Island  of  Nantucket  (Wauwinet,  J.  W.  Harshburger}, 
northern  New  York,  the  shores  of  Saginaw  Bay,  Michigan,  the  southern  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan  in  Illinois,  the  valley  of  the  Wisconsin  River,  Wisconsin,  and  central  and 
southeastern  Minnesota  (with  isolated  groves  in  Root  River  valley,  near  Rushford,  Fill- 
more  County);  abundant  in  central  Michigan,  covering  tracts  of  barren  lands;  common 
and  of  large  size  in  the  region  north  of  Lake  Superior;  most  abundant  and  of  its  greatest 
size  west  of  Lake  Winnipeg  and  north  of  the  Saskatchewan,  here  often  spreading  over  great 
areas  of  sandy  sterile  soil. 

22.  Pinus  glabra  Walt.    Spruce  Pine.    Cedar  Pine. 

Leaves  soft,  slender,  dark  green,  l£'-3'  long,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata, 
deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  second  and  in  the  spring  of  their  third  year.  Flowers:  male 
in  short  crowded  clusters, 
yellow;  female  raised  on 
slender  slightly  ascending 
peduncles.  Fruit  single  or 
in  clusters  of  2  or  3,  reflexed 
on  short  stout  stalks,  sub- 
globose  to  oblong-ovoid, 
£'-2'  long,  becoming  red- 
dish brown  and  rather  lus- 
trous, with  thin  slightly 
concave  scales  armed  with 
minute  straight  or  incurved 
usually  deciduous  prickles; 
seeds  nearly  triangular,  full 
and  rounded  on  the  sides, 
I'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  gray 
shell  mottled  with  black  and 
wings  broadest  below  the 
middle,  f '  long,  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  or  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-2|°  or  rarely  3£°  in 
diameter,  comparatively  small  horizontal  branches,  and  slender  flexible  branchlets  at  first 
light  red  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  ultimately  dark  reddish  brown.  Bark  of  young 
trees  and  upper  trunks  smooth  pale  gray  becoming  on  old  stems  £'-f '  thick,  slightly  and 
irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  flat  connected  ridges.  Wood  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally 
used  for  fuel  and  rarely  manufactured  into  lumber. 


Fig.  29 


26  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  lower  Santee  River,  South  Carolina  to  middle  and  north- 
western Florida;  banks  of  the  Alabama  River,  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  eastern  and 
southwestern  Mississippi,  and  sandy  banks  of  streams  in  northeastern  Louisiana;  usually 
growing  singly  or  in  small  groves;  attaining  its  largest  size  and  often  occupying  areas  of 
considerable  extent  in  northwestern  Florida. 

23.  Pinus  echinata  Mill.    Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  and  of  3,  slender,  flexible,  dark  blue-green,  3'-5'  long,  beginning 
to  fall  at  the  end  of  their  second  season  and  dropping  irregularly  until  their  fifth  year. 
Flowers:  male  in  short  crowded  clusters,  pale  purple;  female  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  on 
stout  ascending  stems,  pale  rose  color.  Fruit  ovoid  to  oblong-conic,  subsessile  and  nearly 
horizontal  or  short-stalked  and  pendant,  generally  clustered,  1|'-2|'  long,  becoming 
dull  brown,  with  thin  scales  nearly  flat  below  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  armed  with  short 
straight  or  somewhat  recurved  frequently  deciduous  prickles;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  full 
and  rounded  on  the  sides,  about  fV  long,  with  a  thin  pale  brown  hard  shell  conspicuously 
mottled  with  black,  their  wings  broadest  near  the  middle,  \'  long,  f '  wide. 


Fig.  30 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  slightly  tapering  trunk  3°-4° 
in  diameter,  a  short  pyramidal  truncate  head  of  comparatively  slender  branches,  and  stout 
brittle  pale  green  or  violet-colored  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  be- 
coming dark  red-brown  tinged  with  purple  before  the  end  of  the  first  season,  their  bark  be- 
ginning in  the  third  year  to  separate  into  large  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-l'  thick  and 
broken  into  large  irregularly  shaped  plates  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  light 
cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  very  variable  in  quality,  and  in  the  thickness  of  the  nearly 
white  sapwood,  heavy,  hard,  strong  and  usually  coarse-grained,  orange-colored  or  yellow- 
brown;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Long  Island  (near  Northport),  and  Staten  Island,  New  York,  and  south- 
ern Pennsylvania  to  northern  Florida,  and  westward  through  the  Gulf  states  to  eastern 
Texas,  through  Arkansas  to  southwestern  Oklahoma  (near  Page,  Leflore  County,  G.  W. 
Stevens)  and  to  southern  Missouri  and  southwestern  Illinois  and  to  eastern  Tennessee  and 
western  West  Virginia ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

24.  Pinus  virginiana  Mill.     Jersey  Pine.    Scrub  Pine. 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters,  stout,  gray-green,  U'-3'  long,  marked  by  many  rows  of 
minute  stomata,  gradually  and  irregularly  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years. 
Flowers :  male  in  crowded  clusters,  orange-brown ;  female  on  opposite  spreading  peduncles 
near  the  middle  of  the  shoots  of  the  year,  generally  a  little  below  and  alternate  with  1  or  2 


27 

lateral  branchlets,  pale  green,  2 '-3'  long,  the  scale-tips  tinged  with  rose  color.  Fruit  ovoid- 
conic,  often  reflexed,  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous,  with  thin  nearly  flat  scales,  and  stout 
or  slender  persistent  prickles,  opening  in  the  autumn  and  slowly  shedding  their  seeds, 
turning  dark  reddish  brown  and  remaining  on  the  branches  for  three  or  four  years; 
seeds  nearly  oval,  full  and  rounded,  \'  long,  with  a  thin  pale  brown  rough  shell,  their 
wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  f  long,  about  f  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diameter,  long 
horizontal  or  pendulous  branches  in  remote  whorls  forming  a  broad  open  often  flat-topped 
pyramid,  and  slender  tough  flexible  branchlets  at  first  pale  green  or  green  tinged  with 
purple' and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  purple  and  later  light  gray-brown; 
toward  the  western  limits  of  its  range  a  tree  frequently  100°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2^°-3°  in 


Fig.  31 

diameter.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  broken  by  shallow  fissures  into  flat  plate-like 
scales  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged 
with  red.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil,  light  orange  color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  often  used  for  fuel  and 
occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Middle  and  southern  New  Jersey;  Plymouth,  Luzerne  County,  and  cen- 
tral, southern  and  western  Pennsylvania  to  Columbia  County,  Georgia,  Dallas  County, 
Alabama  (near  Selma,  T.  G.  Harbison),  and  to  the  hills  of  northeastern  Mississippi 
(Bear  Creek  near  its  junction  with  the  Tennessee  River,  E.  N.  Lowe},  through  eastern 
and  middle  Tennessee  to  western  Kentucky  and  to  southeastern  and  southern  (Scioto 
County)  Ohio,  and  southern  Indiana;  usually  small  in  the  Atlantic  states  and  only  on 
light  sandy  soil,  spreading  rapidly  over  exhausted  fields;  of  its  largest  size  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  on  the  low  hills  of  southern  Indiana. 

25.  Firms  clausa  Sarg.    Sand  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  flexible,  dark  green,  2'-3|'  long,  marked  by  10-20  rows  of  stomata,  de- 
ciduous during  their  third  and  fourth  years.  Flowers:  male  in  short  crowded  spikes,  dark 
orange  color;  female  lateral  on  stout  peduncles.  Fruit  elongated  ovoid-conic,  often  oblique 
at  base,  usually  clustered  and  reflexed,  2'-3|'  long,  nearly  sessile  or  short-stalked,  with 
convex  scales  armed  with  short  stout  straight  or  recurved  prickles,  becoming  dark  yellow- 
brown  in  autumn;  some  of  the  cones  opening  at  once,  others  remaining  closed  for  three  or 
four  years  before  liberating  their  seeds,  ultimately  turning  to  an  ashy  gray  color;  others 
still  unopened  becoming  enveloped  in  the  growing  tissues  of  the  stem  and  branches  and 
finally  entirely  covered  by  them;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  compressed,  £'  long,  with  a 


28  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

black  slightly  roughened  shell,  their  wings  widest  near  or  below  the  middle,  f '  long, 
about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°  high,  with  a  stem  rarely  a  foot  in  diameter,  generally  clothed  to 
the  ground  with  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  bushy  flat-topped  head,  and  slender 

tough  flexible  branchlets,  pale  yel- 
low-green when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  light  orange-brown  and 
ultimately  ashy  gray;  occasionally 
growing  to  the  height  of  70°-80° 
with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter.  Bark 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk 
i'— I'  thick,  deeply  divided  by  nar- 
row fissures  into  irregularly  shaped 
generally  oblong  plates  separating 
on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  ap- 
pressed  bright  red-brown  scales; 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  trunk  and 
on  the  branches  thin,  smooth,  ashy 
gray.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle,  light  orange  color  or  yel- 
low, with  thick  nearly  white  sap- 
Fig.  32  wood;  occasionally  used  for  the 

masts  of  small  vessels. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  southern  Alabama  to  Peace  Creek, 
western  Florida;  eastern  Florida  from  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Augustine  to  Xew  River, 
Dade  County,  covering  sandy  wind-swept  plains  near  the  coast;  growing  to  its  largest 
size  and  most  abundant  in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula  (Lake  and  Orange  Counties). 

26.  Pinus  muricata  D.  Don.    Prickle-cone  Pine. 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  thick,  rigid,  dark  yellow-green,  4'-6'  long,  beginning  to  fall 
in  their  second  year.  Flowers:  male  in  elongated  spikes,  orange-colored;  female  short- 


Fig.  33 

stalked,  whorled,  2  whorls  often  being  produced  on  the  shoot  of  the  year.  Fruit  ovoid, 
oblique  at  base,  sessile,  in  clusters  of  3-5  or  sometimes  of  7,  2'-3|'  but  usually  about 
3'  long,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  with  scales  much  thickened  on  the 


PINACE.E 


outside  of  the  cone,  those  toward  its  base  produced  into  stout  incurved  knobs  sometimes 
armed  with  stout  flattened  spur-like  often  incurved  spines,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  cone 
slightly  flattened  and  armed  with  stout  or  slender  straight  prickles;  often  remaining  closed 
for  several  years  and  usually  persistent  on  the  stem  and  branches  during  the  entire  life 
of  the  tree  without  becoming  imbedded  in  the  wood;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  j'  long, 
with  a  thin  nearly  black  roughened  shell,  their  wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  oblique 
at  apex,  nearly  1'  long,  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  90°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick 
spreading  branches  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark,  in  youth  forming  a  regular  pyramid,  and 
at  maturity  a  handsome  compact  round-topped  head  of  dense  tufted  foliage,  and  stout 
branchlets  dark  orange-green  at  first,  turning  orange-brown  more  or  less  tinged  with 
purple.  Bark  of  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  often  4'-6'  thick  and  deeply  divided  into  long 
narrow  rounded  ridges  roughened  by  closely  appressed  dark  purplish  brown  scales.  Wood. 
light,  very  strong,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  California  coast  region  from  Mendocino  County  southward,  usually  in 
widely  separated  localities  to  Point  Reyes  Peninsula,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco, 
and  from  Monterey  to  Coon  Creek,  San  Luis  Obispo  County;  in  Lower  California  on 
Cedros  Island  and  on  the  west  coast  between  Ensenada  and  San  Quentin;  of  its  largest 
size  and  the  common  Pine-tree  on  the  coast  of  Mendocino  County. 

27.  Pinus  pungens  Lamb.    Table  Mountain  Pine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  rigid,  usually  twisted,  dark  blue-green,  \\'-%\'  long,  decidu- 
ous during  their  second  and  third  years.  Flowers:  male  in  elongated  loose  spikes,  yellow; 
female  clustered,  long-stalked.  Fruit  ovoid-conic,  oblique  at  base  by  the  greater  de- 
velopment of  the  scales 
on  the  outer  than  on 
the  inner  side,  sessile, 
reflexed,  in  clusters 
usually  of  3  or  4,  or 
rarely  of  7  or  8,  2'-3£' 
long,  becoming  light 
brown  and  lustrous, 
with  thin  tough  scales 
armed  with  stout 
hooked  curved  spines 
produced  from  much 
thickened  mammillate 
knobs,  opening  as  soon 
as  ripe  and  gradually 
shedding  their  seeds, 
or  often  remaining 
closed  for  two  or  three  Fig.  34 

years  longer,  and  fre- 
quently persistent  on  the  branches  for  eighteen  or  twenty  years;  seeds  almost  triangular, 
full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  nearly  \'  long,  with  a  thin  conspicuously  roughened  light 
brown  shell,  their  wings  widest  below  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  1'  long, 
\'  wide. 

A  tree,  when  crowded  in  the  forest  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
and  a  few  short  branches  near  the  summit  forming  a  narrow  round- topped  head;  in  open 
ground  usually  20°-30°  tall,  and  often  fertile  when  only  a  few  feet  high,  with  a  short  thick 
trunk  frequently  clothed  to  the  ground,  and  long  horizontal  branches,  the  lower  pendulous 
toward  the  extremities,  the  upper  sweeping  in  graceful  upward  curves  and  forming  a  flat- 
topped  often  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets,  light  orange  color  when  they  first  appear,. 


30  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

soon  growing  darker  and  ultimately  dark  brown.  Bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  f '-!' 
thick  and  broken  into  irregularly  shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  loose 
dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red,  higher  on  the  stem,  and  on  the  branches  dark  brown 
and  broken  into  thin  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse- 
grained, pale  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  somewhat  used  for  fuel,  and  in 
Pennsylvania  manufactured  into  charcoal. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  south- 
ern Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina,  eastern  Tennessee  and  northern  Georgia,  sometimes 
ascending  to  elevations  of  3000°,  with  isolated  outlying  stations  in  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
western  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  the  District  of  Columbia  and  Virginia;  often  forming 
toward  the  southern  limits  of  its  range  pure  forests  of  considerable  extent. 

28.  Pinus  Torreyana  Carr.    Torrey  Pine. 

Leaves  forming  great  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  stout,  dark  green,  conspicuously 
marked  on  the  3  faces  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  8'-13'  long.  Flowers  from  January 
to  March;  male  yellow,  in  short  dense  heads;  female  subterminal  on  long  stout  peduncles. 


Fig.  35 

Fruit  broad-ovoid,  spreading  or  reflexed  on  long  stalks,  4'- 6'  in  length,  becoming  deep 
chestnut-brown,  with  thick  scales  armed  with  minute  spines;  mostly  deciduous  in  their 
fourth  year  and  in  falling  leaving  a  few  of  the  barren  scales  on  the  stalk  attached  to  the 
branch;  seeds  oval,  more  or  less  angled,  f'-l'  long,  dull  brown  and  mottled  on  the  lower 
side,  light  yellow-brown  on  the  upper  side,  with  a  thick  hard  shell,  nearly  surrounded  by 
their  dark  brown  wings  often  nearly  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  about  1°  in  diameter,  or  occasionally 
50°-60°  tall,  with  a  long  straight  slightly  tapering  stem  2|°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  and 
often  ascending  branches,  and  very  stout  branchlets  bright  green  in  their  first  season,  be- 
coming light  purple  and  covered  with  a  metallic  bloom  the  following  year,  ultimately  nearly 
black.  Bark  \'-V  thick,  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by 
large  thin  closely  appressed  light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse- 
grained, light  yellow,  with  thick  yellow  or  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for 
fuel.  The  large  edible  seeds  are  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  are  eaten  raw  or 
roasted. 

Distribution.  Only  in  a  narrow  belt  a  few  miles  long  on  the  coast  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Soledad  River  just  north  of  San  Diego  and  on  the  island  of  Santa  Rosa,  California; 
the  least  widely  distributed  Pine-tree  of  the  United  States. 


PINACE.E  31 

Now  planted  in  the  parks  of  San  Diego,  California,  and  in  New  Zealand,  growing  rapidly 
in  cultivation,  and  promising  to  attain  a  much  larger  size  than  on  its  native  cliffs. 

2.  LARK  Adans.    Larch. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  thick  sometimes  furrowed  scaly  bark,  heavy  heartwood, 
thin  pale  sapwood,  slender  remote  horizontal  often  pendulous  branches,  elongated  leading 
branchlets,  short  thick  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  and  small  subglobose  buds,  their  in- 
ner scales  accrescent  and  marking  the  lateral  branchlets  with  prominent  ring-like  scars. 
Leaves  awl-shapad,  triangular  and  rounded  above,  or  rarely  4-angled,  spirally  disposed 
and  remote  on  leading  shoots,  on  lateral  branchlets  in  crowded  fascicles,  each  leaf  in  the 
axil  of  a  deciduous  bud-scale,  deciduous.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  the  staminate  glo- 
bose, oval  or  oblong,  sessile  or  stalked,  on  leafless  branches,  yellow,  composed  of  numerous 
spirally  arranged  anthers  with  connectives  produced  above  them  into  short  points,  the 
pistillate  appearing  with  the  leaves,  short-oblong  to  oblong,  composed  of  few  or  many 
green  nearly  orbicular  stalked  scales  in  the  axes  of  much  longer  mucronate  usually  scarlet 
bracts.  Fruit  a  woody  ovoid-oblong  conic  or  subglobose  short-stalked  cone  composed  of 
slightly  thickened  suborbicular  or  oblong-obovate  concave  scales,  shorter  or  longer  than 
their  bracts,  gradually  decreasing  from  the  centre  to  the  ends  of  the  cone,  the  small  scales 
usually  sterile.  Seeds  nearly  triangular,  rounded  on  the  sides,  shorter  than  their  wrings; 
the  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown,  the  inner  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut- 
brown  and  lustrous;  cotyledons  usually  6,  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Larix  is  widely  distributed  over  the  northern  and  mountainous  region  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia  and  Oregon  in  the 
New  World,  and  to  central  Europe,  the  Himalayas,  Siberia,  Korea  western  China,  and 
Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Ten  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  European 
Larix  decidua,  Mill.,  has  been  much  planted  for  timber  and  ornament  in  the  northeastern 
states,  where  the  Japanese  Larix  Kcempferi,  Sarg.,  also  flourishes. 

Larix  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Larch-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Cones  small,  subglobose;  their  scales  few,  longer  than  the  bracts,  leaves  triangular. 

l!  L.  laricina  (A,  B,  F). 
Cones  elongated;  their  scales  numerous,  shorter  than  the  bracts. 

Young  branchlets  pubescent,  soon  becoming  glabrous;  leaves  triangular. 

2.  L.  occidentalis  (B,  G). 
Young  branchlets  tomentose;  leaves  4-angled.  3.  L.  Lyallii  (B,  F). 

1.  Larix  laricina  K.  Koch.    Tamarack.    Larch. 

Larix  americana  Michx. 

Leaves  linear,  triangular,  rounded  above,  prominently  keeled  on  the  lower  surface,  f  '-1  \' 
long,  bright  green,  conspicuously  stomatiferous  when  they  first  appear;  turning  yellow  and 
falling  in  September  or  October.  Flowers:  male  subglobose  and  sessile;  female  oblong, 
with  light-colored  bracts  produced  into  elongated  green  tips,  and  nearly  orbicular  rose-red 
scales.  Fruit  on  stout  incurved  stems,  subglobose,  rather  obtuse,  \'-\'  long,  composed  of 
about  20  scales  slightly  erose  on  their  nearly  entire  margins,  rather  longer  than  broad  and 
twice  as  long  as  their  bracts,  bright  chestnut-brown  at  maturity;  usually  falling  during 
their  second  year;  seeds  f  long,  about  one  third  as  long  as  their  light  chestnut-brown  wings 
broadest  near  the  middle  and  obliquely  rounded  at  apex. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  small  horizontal  branches  forming 
during  the  early  life  of  the  tree  a  narrow  regular  pyramidal  head  always  characteristic  of 
this  tree  when  crowded  in  the  forest,  or  with  abundant  space  sweeping  out  in  graceful 


32  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

curves,  often  becoming  contorted  and  pendulous  and  forming  a  broad  open  frequently 
picturesque  head,  and  slender  leading  branchlets  often  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  becoming  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  winter  and  conspicuous  from  the 
small  globose  dark  red  lustrous  buds.  Bark  ,^'-f '  thick,  separating  into  thin  closely 
appressed  rather  bright  reddish  brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather 
coarse-grained,  very  durable,  light  brown;  largely  used  for  the  upper  knees  of  small  ves- 
sels, fence-posts,  telegraph-poles,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  At  the  north  often  on  well-drained  uplands,  southward  in  cold  deep 
swamps  which  it  often  clothes  with  forests  of  closely  crowded  trees,  from  Labrador  to  the 
Arctic  Circle,  ranging  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  latitude  65°  35'  north,  and  south- 


Fig.  36 


ward  through  Canada  and  the  northern  states  to  northern  and  eastern  Pennsylvania, 
Garrett  County,  Maryland  (Oakland  to  Thayerville),  and  Preston  County,  West  Virginia 
(Cranesville  Swamp),  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  northeartern  Minnesota;  along 
the  eastern  foothills  of  {he  Rocky  Mountains  to  about  latitude  53°  and  between  the  Yukon 
River  and  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska  (Larix  alaskensis  Wight.);  very  abundant  in  the  interior  of 
Labrador,  where  it  is  the  largest  tree;  common  along  the  margins  of  the  barren  lands 
stretching  beyond  the  sub-Arctic  forest  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea;  attaining  its  largest 
size  north  of  Lake  Winnipeg  on  low  benches  which  it  occasionally  covers  with  open  forests; 
on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  usually  at  elevation  from  600°- 
1700°  above  the  sea;  rare  and  local  toward  the  southern  limits  of  its  range. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  growing  rapidly 
and  attaining  in  cultivation  a  large  size  and  picturesque  habit. 

2.  Larix  occidentalis  Nutt.    Tamarack. 

Leaves  triangular,  rounded  on  the  back,  conspicuously  keeled  below,  rigid,  sharp- 
pointed,  I'-lf  long,  about  3V  wide,  light  pale  green,  turning  pale  yellow  early  in  the 
autumn.  Flowers:  male  short-oblong;  female  oblong,  nearly  sessile,  with  orbicular  scales 
and  bracts  produced  into  elongated  tips.  Fruit  oblong,  short-stalked,  l'-lf  long,  with 
numerous  thin  stiff  scales  nearly  entire  and  sometimes  a  little  reflexed  on  their  margins, 
much  shorter  than  their  bracts,  more  or  less  thickly  coated  on  the  lower  surface  below  the 
middle  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  standing  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds  at  right  angles  to 
the  axis  of  the  cone,  or  often  becoming  reflexed;  seeds  nearly  £'  long,  with  a  pale  brown 
shell,  one  half  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  thin  fragile  pale  wings  broadest  near  the  middle 
and  obliquely  rounded  at  apex. 


PINACE.E  33 

A  tree,  sometimes  180°  high,  with  a  tall  tapering  naked  trunk  6°-8°  in  diameter,  or  on 
dry  soil  and  exposed  mountain  slopes  usually  not  more  than  100°  tall,  with  a  short  narrow 
pyramidal  head  of  small  branches  clothed  with  scanty  foliage,  or  occasionally  with  a  larger 
crown  of  elongated  drooping  branches,  stout  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with 
soft  pale  pubescence,  usually  soon  glabrous,  bright  orange-brown  in  their  first  year,  ulti- 
mately becoming  dark  gray-brown,  and  dark  chestnut-brown  winter-buds  about  f  in 
diameter.  Bark  of  young  stems  thin,  dark-colored  and  scaly,  becoming  near  the  base  of 
old  trunks  5'  or  6'  thick  and  broken  into  irregularly  shaped  oblong  plates  often  2°  long 
and  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  light  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  bright 


Fig.  37 

light  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  for  railway-ties  and  fence-posts, 
and  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  cabinet-making  and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  Moist  bottom-lands  and  on  high  benches  and  dry  mountain  sides  gen- 
erally at  elevations  between  2000°  and  7000°  above  sea-level,  usually  singly  or  in  small 
groves,  through  the  basin  of  the  upper  Columbia  River  from  southern  British  Columbia  to 
the  western  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  of  northern  Montana,  and  to  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  northern  Oregon;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  flowing  into  Flat  Head  Lake  in  northern  Mon- 
tana, and  in  northern  Idaho. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe,  but  in  cultivation  showing 
little  promise  of  attaining  a  large  size  or  becoming  a  valuable  ornamental  or  timber-tree. 

3.  Larix  Lyallii  Parl.    Tamarack. 

Leaves  4-angled,  rigid,  short-pointed,  pale  blue-green,  1'-!$'  long.  Flowers:  male 
short-oblong;  female  ovoid-oblong,  with  dark  red  or  occasionally  pale  yellow-green  scales 
and  dark  purple  bracts  abruptly  contracted  into  elongated  slender  tips.  Fruit  ovoid, 
rather  acute,  1%'-%'  long,  subsessile  or  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  coated  with  hoary  tomen- 
tum,  with  dark  reddish  purple  or  rarely  green  erose  scales,  fringed  and  covered  on  their 
lower  surface  with  matted  hairs  at  maturity  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  finally 
much  reflexed,  much  shorter  than  their  dark  purple  very  conspicuous  long-tipped  bracts; 
seeds  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  f '  long  and  about  half  as  long  as  their  light  red  lustrous 
wings  broadest  near  the  base  with  nearly  parallel  sides. 

A  tree,  usually  25°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  generally  18'-20'  but  rarely  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
and  remote  elongated  exceedingly  tough  persistent  branches  sometimes  pendulous,  devel- 
oping very  irregularly  and  often  abruptly  ascending  at  the  extremities,  stout  branchlets 


34  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

coated  with  hoary  tomentum  usually  persistent  until  after  their  second  winter,  ultimately 
becoming  nearly  black,  and  prominent  winter-buds  with  conspicuous  long  white  matted 
hairs  fringing  the  margins  of  their  scales  and  often  almost  entirely  covering  the  bud. 
Bark  of  young  trees  and  of  the  branches  thin,  rather  lustrous,  smooth,  and  pale  gray 
tinged  with  yellow7,  becoming  loose  and  scaly  on  larger  stems  and  on  the  large  branches  of 


old  trees,  and  on  fully  grown  trunks  i'-f  thick  and  slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into 
irregularly  shaped  plates  covered  by  thin  dark-red  brown  loosely  attached  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  coarse-grained,  light  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Near  the  timber-line  on  mountain  slopes  at  elevations  of  4000°-8000°, 
from  southern  Alberta  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  the  interior 
of  southern  British  Columbia,  southward  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains of  northern  Washington  to  Mt.  Stewart  at  the  head  of  the  north  fork  of  the  Yakima 
River,  and  along  the  continental  divide  to  the  middle  fork  of  Sun  River,  Montana,  form- 
ing here  a  forest  of  considerable  size  at  elevations  of  7000°-8000°,  and  on  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains  to  the  headwaters  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Clearwater  River,  Idaho. 

3.  PICEA  Dietr.    Spruce. 

Pyramidal  trees,  with  tall  tapering  trunks  often  stoutly  buttressed  at  the  base,  thin 
scaly  bark,  soft  pale  wood  containing  numerous  resin-canals,  slender  whorled  twice  or 
thrice  ramified  branches,  their  ultimate  divisions  stout,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  and  leaf- 
buds  usually  in  3's,  the  2  lateral  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves.  Leaves  linear,  spirally  dis- 
posed, extending  out  from  the  branch  on  all  sides  or  occasionally  appearing  2-ranked  by 
the  twisting  of  those  on  its  lower  side,  mostly  pointing  to  the  end  of  the  branch,  entire, 
articulate  on  prominent  persistent  rhomboid  ultimately  woody  bases,  keeled  above  and 
below,  4-sided  and  stomatiferous  on  the  4  sides,  or  flattened  and  stomatiferous  on  the  upper 
and  occasionally  on  the  lower  side,  persistent  from  seven  to  ten  years,  deciduous  in  drying. 
Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  the  male  usually  long-stalked,  composed 
of  numerous  spirally  arranged  anthers  with  connectives  produced  into  broad  nearly  circu- 
lar toothed  crests,  the  female  oblong,  oval  or  cylindric,  with  rounded  or  pointed  scales, 
each  in  the  axis  of  an  accrescent  bract  shorter  than  the  scale  at  maturity.  Fruit  an  ovoid 
or  oblong,  cylindric  pendant  cone,  crowded  on  the  upper  branches  or  in  some  species 
scattered  over  the  upper  half  of  the  tree.  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  acute  at  base, 
much  shorter  than  their  wings;  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  or  dark  brown,  the  inner 
membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons  4-15. 


PINACE.E  35 

Picea  is  widely  distributed  through  the  colder  and  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, some  species  forming  great  forests  on  plains  and  high  mountain  slopes.  Thirty- 
seven  species  are  now  recognized,  ranging  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  slopes  of  the  southern 
Appalachian  Mountains  and  to  those  of  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  in  the  New 
World,  and  to  central  and  southeastern  Europe,  the  Caucasus,  the  Himalayas,  western 
China,  Formosa  and  Japan.  Of  exotic  species  the  so-called  Norway  Spruce,  Picea  Abies 
Karst.,  one  of  the  most  valuable  timber-trees  of  Europe,  has  been  largely  planted  for 
ornament  and  shelter  in  the  eastern  states,  where  the  Caucasian  Picea  orientalis  Carr., 
and  some  of  the  Japanese  species  also  flourish. 

Picea  was  probably  the  classical  name  of  the  Spruce-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  4-sided,  with  stomata  on  the  4  sides. 
Cone-scales  rounded  at  apex. 

Cone-scales  stiff  and  rigid  at  maturity;  branchlets  pubescent. 

Cones  ovoid  on  strongly  incurved  stalks,  persistent  for  many  years,  their  scales 
erose  or  dentate;  leaves  blue-green.  1.  P.  mariana  (A,  B,  F). 

Cones  ovoid-oblong,  early  deciduous,  their  scales  entire  or  denticulate;  leaves  dark 
yellow-green.  2.  P.  rubra  (A). 

Cone-scales  soft  and  flexible  at  maturity;  branchlets  glabrojus;  cones  oblong-cylindric, 
slender,  their  scales  entire;  leaves  blue-green.  3.  P.  glauca  (A,  B,  F). 

Cone-scales  truncate  or  acute  at  apex,  oblong  or  rhombic;  leaves  blue-green. 

Cones  oblong-cylindric  or  ellipsoidal;  branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  soft  and  flexible. 

4.  P.  Engelmannii  (F,  B,  G). 
Cones  oblong-cylindric;  branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  rigid,  spinescent. 

5.  P.  pungens  (F). 

ves  flattened,  usually  with  stomata  only  on  the  upper  surface;  cone-scales  rounded. 
Cone-scales  ovate,  entire;  branchlets  pubescent;  cones  ellipsoidal,  leaves  obtuse. 

6.  P.  Breweriana  (G). 

Cone-scales  elliptic,  denticulate  above  the  middle;  branchlets  glabrous;  cones  oblong- 
cylindric,  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  with  stomata  occasionally  on  the  lower  surface. 

7.  P.  sitchensis  (B,  G). 

1.  Picea  mariana  B.  S.  P.     Black  Spruce. 

Leaves  slightly  incurved  above  the  middle,  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  short 
callous  tips,  pale  blue-green  and  glaucous  at  maturity,  j'-f '  long,  hoary  on  the  upper  sur- 
face from  the  broad  bands  of  stomata,  and  lustrous  and  slightly  stomatiferous  on  the  lower 
surface.  Flowers:  male  subglobose,  with  dark  red  anthers;  female  oblong-cylindric, 
with  obovate  purple  scales  rounded  above,  and  oblong  purple  glaucous  bracts  rounded 
and  denticulate  at  apex.  Fruit  ovoid,  pointed,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
short  strongly  incurved  stalks,  £'-lf '  long,  with  rigid  puberulous  scales  rounded  or  rarely 
somewhat  pointed  at  apex  and  more  or  less  erose  on  the  notched  pale  margins,  turning 
as  they  ripen  dull  gray-brown  and  becoming  as  the  scales  gradually  open  and  slowly  dis- 
charge their  seeds  almost  globose;  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches  for  twenty  or 
thirty  years,  the  oldest  close  to  the  base  of  the  branches  near  the  trunk;  seeds  oblong, 
narrowed  to  the  acute  base,  about  f  long,  very  dark  brown,  with  delicate  pale  brown 
wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  very  oblique  at  the  apex,  about  \'  long,  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  and  rarely  3°  in 
diameter,  and  comparatively  short  branches  generally  pendulous  with  upward  curves, 
forming  an" open  irregular  crown,  light  green  branchlets  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  soon  . 
beginning  to  grow  darker,  and  during  their  first  winter  light  cinnamon-brown  and  covered 
with  short  rusty  pubescence,  their  thin  brown  bark  gradually  becoming  glabrous  and  be- 
ginning to  break  into  small  thin  scales  during  their  second  year;  at  the  extreme  north 


36 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


sometimes  cone-bearing  when  only  2°-3°  high.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  light  reddish 
brown,  puberulous,  about  |'  long.  Bark  j'— |'  thick  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin 
rather  closely  appressed  gray-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  pale  yellow- 
white,  with  thin  sapwood;  probably  rarely  used  outside  of  Manitoba  and  Saskatchewan, 
except  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp.  Spruce-gum,  the  resinous  exudations  of  the 
Spruce-trees  of  northeastern  America,  is  gathered  in  considerable  quantities  principally 
in  northern  New  England  and  Canada,  and  is  used  as  a  masticatory.  Spruce-beer  is 
made  by  boiling  the  branches  of  the  Black  and  Red  Spruces 


Fig.  39 

Distribution.  At  the  north  on  well-drained  bottom-lands  and  the  slopes  of  barren  stony 
hills,  and  southward  in  sphagnum-covered  bogs,  swamps,  and  on  their  borders,  from  Labra- 
dor to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in  about  latitude  65°  north,  and,  crossing  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  through  the  interior  of  Alaska  to  the  valley  of  White  River;  southward 
through  Newfoundland,  the  maritime  provinces,  eastern  Canada  and  the  northeastern 
United  States  to  central  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern 
Virginia;  and  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Alberta,  through 
northern  Saskatchewan  and  northern  Manitoba,  and  south  to  northeastern  and  northern 
Minnesota,  and  central  Wisconsin  and  Michigan;  very  abundant  at  the  far  north  and  the 
largest  coniferous  tree  of  Saskatchewan  and  northern  Manitoba,  covering  here  large  areas 
and  growing  to  its  largest  size;  common  in  Newfoundland  and  all  the  provinces  of  eastern 
Canada  except  southern  Ontario;  in  the  United  States  less  abundant,  of  small  size,  and 
usually  only  in  cold  sphagnum  swamps  (var.  brevifolia  Rehd.) 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree,  the  Black  Spruce  is  short-lived  in  cultivation 
and  one  of  the  least  desirable  of  all  Spruce-trees  for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens. 

2.  Picea  rubra  Link.    Red  Spruce. 

Picea  rubens  Sarg. 

Leaves  more  or  less  incurved  above  the  middle,  acute  or  rounded  and  furnished  at  the 
apex  with  short  callous  points,  dark  green  often  slightly  tinged  with  yellow,  very  lustrous, 
marked  on  the  upper  surface  by  4  rows  and  on  the  lower  less  conspicuously  by  2  rows  of 
stomata  on  each  side  of  the  prominent  midrib,  ^'-f  long,  nearly  iV  wide.  Flowers:  male 
oval,  almost  sessile,  bright  red;  female  oblong-cylinojric,  with  thin  rounded  scales  reflexed 
and  slightly  erose  on  their  margins,  and  obovate  bracts  rounded  and  laciniate  above. 
Fruit  on  very  short  straight  or  incurved  stalks,  ovoid-oblong,  gradually  narrowed  from 
near  the  middle  to  the  acute  apex..  l£'-2'  long,  with  rigid  puberulous  scales  entire  or 
slightly  toothed  at  the  apex;  bright  green  or  green  somewhat  tinged  with  purple  when 


PINACE.E 


37 


fully  grown,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  at  maturity,  beginning  to  fall  a<* 
soon  as  the  scales  open  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter,  and  generally  disappearing  from  the 
branches  the  following  summer;  seeds  dark  brown,  about  £'  long,  with  short  broad  wings 
full  and  rounded  above  the  middle. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
branches  long-persistent  on  the  stem  and  clothing  it  to  the  ground,  forming  a  narrow 
rather  conical  head,  or  soon  disappearing  below  from  trees  crowded  in  the  forest,  stout 
pubescent  light  green  branchlets,  becoming  bright  reddish  brown  or  orange-brown  during 
their  first  winter,  gla- 
brous the  following 
year,  and  covered  in 
their  third  or  fourth 
year  with  scaly  bark. 
Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  ¥~¥  long,  with 
light  reddish  brown 
scales.  Bark  \'-%' 
thick,  and  broken  into 
thin  closely  appressed 
irregularly  shaped  red- 
brown  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  close- 
grained,  not  strong, 
pale  slightly  tinged 
with  red,  with  paler  Fig.  40 

sapwood  usually  about 

2'  thick;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the  northeastern  states,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Virginia,  and  used  for  the  flooring  and  construction  of  houses,  for  the  sounding-boards 
of  musical  instruments,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  paper-pulp. 

Distribution.  Well-drained  uplands  and  mountain  slopes,  often  forming  a  large  part  of 
extensive  forests,  from  Prince  Edward  Island  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  southward 
to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  along  the  interior  hilly  part  of  New  England,  New  York, 
and  northern  Pennsylvania  and  on  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  at  elevations 
above  2500  feet  from  West  Virginia  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree,  but 
growing  in  cultivation  more  slowly  than  any  other  Spruce-tree. 

3.  Picea  glauca  Voss.    White  Spruce. 
Picea  canadensis  B.  S.  P. 

Leaves  crowded  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches  by  the  twisting  of  those  on  the  lower 
side,  incurved,  acute  or  acuminate  with  rigid  callous  tips,  pale  blue  and  hoary  when 
they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  blue-green  or  pale  blue,  marked  on  each  of  the  4  sides 
by  3  or  4  rows  of  stomata,  i'-f  long.  Flowers:  male  pale  red,  soon  appearing  yellow 
from  the  thick  covering  of  pollen;  female  oblong-cylindric,  with  round  nearly  entire  pale 
red  or  yellow-green  scales,  broader  than  long,  and  nearly  orbicular  denticulate  bracts. 
Fruit  nearly  sessile  or  borne  on  short  thin  straight  stems,  oblong-cylindric,  slendef, 
slightly  narrowed  to  the  ends,  rather  obtuse  at  apex,  usually  about  2'  long,  pale  green 
sometimes  tinged  with  red  when  fully  grown,  becoming  at  maturity  pale  brown  and  lus- 
trous, with  nearly  orbicular  scales,  rounded,  truncate,  and  slightly  emarginate,  or  rarely 
narrowed  at  apex,  and  very  thin,  flexible  and  elastic  at  maturity,  usually  deciduous  in 
the  autumn  or  during  the  following  winter;  seeds  about  f  long,  pale  brown,  with  narrow 
wings  gradually  widened  from  the  base  to  above  the  middle  and  very  oblique  at  the  apex. 

A  treev  with  disagreeable  smelling  foliage,  rarely  more  than  60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk 


38  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

not  more  than  2°  in  diameter,  long  comparatively  thick  branches  densely  clothed  with 
stout  rigid  laterals  sweeping  out  in  graceful  upward  curves,  and  forming  a  broad-based 
rather  open  pyramid  often  obtuse  at  the  apex,  stout  glabrous  branchlets  orange-brown 

during  their  first  au- 
tumn and  winter, 
gradually  growing 
darker  grayish  brown. 
Whiter-buds  broadly 
ovoid,  obtuse,  cov- 
ered by  light  chest- 
nut-brown scales  with 
thin  often  reflexed 
ciliate  margins.  Bark 
\'-\'  thick,  separat- 
ing irregularly  into 
thin  plate-like  light 
gray  scales  more  or 
less  tinged  with  brown. 
Wood  light,  soft, 
Fig.  41  not  strong,  straight- 

grained  light  yellow, 

with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the  eastern  provinces 
of  Canada  and  in  Alaska,  and  used  in  construction,  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings, 
and  for  paper-pulp. 

Distribution.  Banks  and  borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  ocean  cliffs,  and  in  the  north  the 
rocky  slopes  of  low  hills,  from  Labrador  along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  forest  nearly 
to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea,  reaching  Behring  Strait  in  66°  44'  north  latitude,  and  south- 
ward down  the  Atlantic  coast  to  southern  Maine,  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and 
New  York,  shores  of  Saginaw  Bay,  Michigan,  northern  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and 
through  the  interior  of  Alaska. 

The  variety  (var.  albertiana  Sarg.)  of  the  Gaspe  Peninsula  and  the  valleys  of  the  Black 
Hills  of  South  Dakota  and  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  northern  Wyoming,  Montana, 
Alberta  and  northward,  is  a  tree  with  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  sometimes  150°  high,  with 
a  trunk  3°  to  4°  in  diameter,  and  shorter  and  rather  broader  cones  than  those  of  the  typical 
White  Spruce  of  the  east,  although  not  shorter  or  as  short  as  the  cones  of  that  tree  in  the 
extreme  north. 

Often  planted  in  Canada,  northern  New  England,  and  northern  Europe  as  an  orna- 
mental tree;  in  southern  New  England  and  southward  suffering  from  heat  and  dryness. 

4.  Picea  Engelmannii  Engelm.  White  Spruce.  Engelmann  Spruce. 
Leaves  soft  and  flexible,  with  acute  callous  tips,  slender,  nearly  straight  or  slightly  in- 
curved on  vigorous  sterile  branches,  stouter,  shorter,  and  more  incurved  on  fertile  branches, 
l'-H'  long,  marked  on  each  face  by  3-5  rows  of  stomata,  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  soon  becoming  dark  blue-green  or  pale  steel-blue.  Flowers:  male  dark  purple; 
female  bright  scarlet,  with  pointed  or  rounded  and  more  or  less  divided  scales,  and  oblong 
bracts  rounded  or  acute  or  acuminate  and  denticulate  at  apex  or  obovate-oblong  and 
abruptly  acuminate.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric  to  ellipsoidal,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
ends,,  usually  about  2'  long,  sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  produced  in  great  numbers  on  the 
upper  branches,  horizontal  and  ultimately  pendulous,  light  green  somewhat  tinged  with 
scarlet  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  with  thin  flexible 
slightly  concave  scales,  generally  erose-dentate  or  rarely  almost  entire  on  the  margins, 
usually  broadest  at  the  middle,wedge-shaped  below,  and  gradually  contracted  above  into 
a  truncate  or  acute  apex,  or  occasionally  obovate  and  rounded  above;  mostly  deciduous 
in  the  autumn  or  early  in  their  first  winter  soon  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds ;  seeds  obtuse 


PINACE.E 


39 


at  the  base,  nearly  black,  about  £'  long  and  much  shorter  than  their  broad  very  oblique 
wings. 

A  tree,  with  disagreeable  smelling  foliage  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diam- 
eter, spreading  branches  produced  in  regular  whorls  and  forming  a  narrow  compact  pyram- 
idal head,  gracefully  hanging  short  lateral  branches,  and  comparatively  slender  branch- 
lets  pubescent  for  three  or  four  years,  light  or  dark  orange-brown  or  gray  tinged  with  brown 
during  their  first  winter,  their  bark  beginning  to  separate  into  small  flaky  scales  in  their 
fourth  or  fifth  year;  at  its  highest  altitudes  low  and  stunted  with  elongated  branches 
pressed  close  to  the  ground.  Winter-buds  conic  or  slightly  obtuse,  with  pale  chestnut- 
brown  scales  scarious  and  often  free  and  slightly  reflexed  on  the  margins.  Bark  £'-£' 
thick,  light  cinnamon-red,  and  broken  into  large  thin  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  close-grained,  pale  yellow  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sap- 
wood;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  the  construction  of  buildings;  also 
employed  for  fuel  and  charcoal.  The  bark  is  sometimes  employed  in  tanning  leather. 


Fig.  42 


Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes,  often  forming  great  forests  from  the  mountains 
of  Alberta,  British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  southward  over  the  interior  mountain  systems 
of  the  continent  to  southern  New  Mexico  (the  Sacramento  Mountains)  and  northern 
Arizona,  from  elevations  of  5000°  at  the  north  up  to  11,500°  and  occasionally  to  12,000° 
at  the  south,  and  westward  through  Montana  and  Idaho  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon;  attaining  its  greatest  size  and  beauty  north 
of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  New  England  states  and  northern 
Europe,  where  it  grows  vigorously  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size;  usually  injured  in 
western  Europe  by  spring  frosts. 

5.  Picea  pungens  Englm.     Blue  Spruce.    Colorado  Spruce. 

Picea  Parnjana  Sarg. 

Leaves  strongly  incurved,  especially  those  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches,  stout,  rigid, 
acuminate  and  tipped  with  long  callous  sharp  points,  l'-lf  long  on  sterile  branches,  often 
not  more  than  half  as  long  on  the  fertile  branches  of  old  trees,  marked  on  each  side  by  4-7 
rows  of  stomata,  dull  bluish  green  on  some  individuals  and  light  or  dark  steel-blue  or  silvery 
white  on  others,  the  blue  colors  gradually  changing  to  dull  blue-green  at  the  end  of  three  or 
four  years.  Flowers:  male  yellow  tinged  with  red;  female  with  broad  oblong  or  slightly 
obovate  pale  green  scales  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  denticulate  apex,  and  acute 
bracts.  Fruit  produced  on  the  upper  third  of  the  tree,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  oblong- 


40  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

cylindric,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  ends,  usually  about  3'  long,  green  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  when  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  becoming  pale  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous, 
with  flat  tough  rhombic  scales  flexuose  on  the  margins,  and  acute,  rounded  or  truncate 
at  the  elongated  erose  apex ;  seeds  |'  long  or  about  half  the  length  of  their  wings,  gradually 
widening  to  above  the  middle  and  full  and  rounded  at  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  3°  in  diameter 
and  occasionally  divided  into  3  or  4  stout  secondary  stems,  rigid  horizontal  branches  dis- 
posed on  young  trees  in 
remote  whorls  and  de- 
creasing regularly  in  length 
from  below  upward,  the 
short  stout  stiff  branchlets 
pointing  forward  and  mak- 
ing flat-topped  masses  of 
foliage;  branches  on  old 
trees  short  and  remote, 
with  stout  lateral  branches 
forming  a  thin  ragged  py- 
ramidal crown;  branch- 
lets  stout,  rigid,  glabrous, 
pale  glaucous  green,  be- 
coming bright  orange- 
brown  during  the  first  win- 
ter and  ultimately  light 
grayish  brown.  Winter- 
Fig.  43  buds  stout,  obtuse  or  rare- 
ly acute,  j'-^'  long,  with 

thin  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  usually  reflexed  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young  trees 
gray  or  gray  tinged  with  cinnamon-red  and  broken  into  small  oblong  plate-like  scales, 
becoming  on  the  lower  part  of  old  trunks  f'-lf  thick  and  deeply  divided  into  broad 
rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  pale  gray  or  occasionally  bright  cin- 
namon-red scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  weak,  pale  brown  or  often  nearly 
white,  with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  or  on  the  first  benches  above  them  singly  or  in  small 
groves  at  elevations  between  6500°  and  11,000°  above  the  sea;  Colorado  and  eastern  Utah 
northward  to  the  northern  end  of  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains  and  on  the  Laramie  Range 
in  southern  and  on  the  Shoshone  and  Teton  Mountains  in  northwestern  Wyoming,  and 
southward  into  northern  New  Mexico  (Sierra  Blanca,  alt.  8000°-!  1,000°,  Sacramento 
Mountains,  Pecos  River  National  Forest). 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  and  northern  states  and  in  western 
and  northern  Europe,  especially  individuals  with  blue  foliage;  very  beautiful  in  early  life 
but  in  cultivation  soon  becoming  unsightly  from  the  loss  of  the  lower  branches. 

6.  Picea  Breweriana  S.  Wats.    Weeping  Spruce. 

Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  and  obtuse  at  apex,  straight  or  slightly  incurved,  rounded 
and  obscurely  ridged  and  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface,  flattened  and  con- 
spicuously marked  on  the  upper  surface  by  4  or  5  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the 
prominent  midrib,  |'-lf  long,  tV-iV  wide.  Flowers:  male  dark  purple;  female  oblong- 
cylindric,  with  obovate  scales  rounded  above  and  reflexed  on  the  entire  margins,  and  ob- 
long bracts  laciniately  divided  at  their  rounded  or  acute  apex.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  gradually 
narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  acute  at  apex,  rather  oblique  at  base,  suspended 
on  straight  slender  stalks,  deep  rich  purple  or  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple  when 
fully  grown,  becoming  light  orange-brown,  2' -4'  long,  with  thin  broadly  ovate  flat  scales 
longer  than  broad,  rounded  at  apex,  opening  late  in  the  autumn  after  the  escape  of  the 


PINACE.E 


41 


seeds,  often  becoming  strongly  reflexed  and  very  flexible;  usually  remaining  on  the  branches 
until  their  second  winter;  seeds  acute  at  base,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  f  long, 
dark  brown,  and  about  one  quarter  the  length  of  their  wings  broadest  toward  the  full  and 
rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter  above  the  swelling  of  its 
enlarged  and  gradually  tapering  base,  and  furnished  to  the  ground  with  crowded  branches, 
those  at  the  top  of  the  tree  short  and  slightly  ascending,  with  comparatively  short  pendu- 
lous lateral  branches,  those  lower  on  the  tree  horizontal  or  pendulous  and  clothed  with 
slender  flexible  whip-like  laterals  often  7°-8°  long  and  not  more  than  \'  thick  and  furnished 
with  numerous  long  thin  lateral  branchlets,  their  ultimate  divisions  slender,  coated  with 
fine  pubescence  persistent  until  their  third  season,  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  win- 
ter, gradually  growing  dark  gray-brown.  Winter-buds  conic,  light  chestnut-brown,  |' 


Fig.  44 


long  and  |'  thick.  Bark  |'-£ '  thick,  broken  into  long  thin  closely  appressed  scales  dull 
red-brown  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  or  nearly  white, 
with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  ridges  and  peaks  near  the  timber-line  on  both  slopes  of  the 
Siskiyou  Mountains  on  the  boundary  between  California  and  Oregon,  forming  small  groves 
at  elevations  of  about  7000°  above  the  sea;  on  a  high  peak  wrest  of  Marble  Mountain  in 
Siskiyou  County,  California;  on  the  coast  ranges  of  southwestern  Oregon  at  elevations  of 
4000°-5000°. 

7.  Picea  sitchensis  Carr.    Tideland  Spruce.    Sitka  Spruce. 

Leaves  standing  out  from  all  sides  of  the  branches  and  often  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
them,  frequently  bringing  their  white  upper  surface  to  view  by  a  twist  at  then*  base,  straight 
or  slightly  incurved,  acute  or  acuminate  with  long  callous  tips,  slightly  rounded,  green, 
lustrous,  and  occasionally  marked  on  the  lower  surface  with  2  or  3  rows  of  small  conspicu- 
ous stomata  on  each  side  of  the  prominent  midrib,  flattened,  obscurely  ridged  and  almost 
covered  with  broad  silvery  white  bands  of  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  upper  surface, 
i'-l|'  long  and  jV~iV  wide,  mostly  persistent  9-11  years.  Flowers:  male  at  the  ends  of 
the  pendant  lateral  branchlets,  dark  red;  female  on  rigid  terminal  shoots  of  the  branches  of 
the  upper  half  of  the  tree,  with  nearly  orbicular  denticulate  scales,  often  slightly  truncate 
above  and  completely  hidden  by  their  elongated  acuminate  bracts.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric, 
short-stalked,  yellow-green  often  tinged  with  dark  red  when  fully  grown,  becoming  lustrous 
and  pale  yellow  or  reddish  brown,  2|'-4'  long,  with  thin  stiff  elliptic  scales  rounded  toward 
the  apex,  denticulate  above  the  middle,  and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  their  lanceolate  den- 


42  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ticulate  bracts;  deciduous  mostly  during  their  first  autumn  and  winter;  seeds  full  and 
rounded,  acute  at  the  base,  pale  reddish  brown,  about  f '  long,  with  narrow  oblong  slightly 
oblique  wings  i'-f '  in  length. 

A  tree,  usually  about  100°  high,  with  a  conspicuously  tapering  trunk  often  3°-4°  in 
diameter  above  its  strongly  buttressed  and  much-enlarged  base,  occasionally  200°  tall, 
with  a  trunk  15°-16°  in  diameter,  horizontal  branches  forming  an  open  loose  pyramid  and 

on  older  trees  clothed 
with  slender  pendant  la- 
teral branches  frequent- 
ly 2°-3°  long,  and  stout 
rigid  glabrous  branch- 
lets  pale  green  at  first, 
becoming  dark  or  light 
orange-brown  during 
their  first  autumn  and 
winter  and  finally  dark 
gray-brown;  at  the  ex- 
treme northwestern  lim- 
its of  its  range  occa- 
sionally reduced  to  a 
low  shrub.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  acute  or  conical, 
\'-%'  long,  with  pale 
Fig-  45  chestnut-brown  acute 

scales,  often  tipped  with 

short  points  and  more  or  less  reflexed  above  the  middle.  Bark  l'-|'  thick  and  broken 
on  the  surface  into  large  thin  loosely  attached  dark  red-brown  or  on  young  trees  some- 
times bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  manufactured  into  lum- 
ber used  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  for  fencing,  boat-building,  aeroplanes,  cooper- 
age, wooden- ware,  and  packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Moist  sandy,  often  swampy  soil,  or  less  frequently  at  the  far  north  on 
wet  rocky  slopes,  from  the  eastern  end  of  Kadiak  Island,  southward  through  the  coast 
region  of  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon  to  Mendocino  County, 
California;  in  Washington,  occasionally  ranging  inland  to  the  upper  valley  of  the  Nesqually 
River. 

Often  planted  in  western  and  central  Europe  and  occasionally  in  the  middle  Atlantic 
states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

4.  TSUGA  Carr.    Hemlock. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  deeply  furrowed  astringent  bark  bright  cinnamon-red  except 
on  the  surface,  soft  pale  wood,  nodding  leading  shoots,  slender  scattered  horizontal  often 
pendulous  branches,  the  secondary  branches  three  or  four  times  irregularly  pinnately  rami- 
fied, with  slender  round  glabrous  or  pubescent  ultimate  divisions,  the  whole  forming  grace- 
ful pendant  masses  of  foliage,  and  minute  winter-buds.  Leaves  flat  or  angular,  obtuse 
and  often  emarginate  or  acute  at  apex,  spirally  disposed,  usually  appearing  almost  2- 
ranked  by  the  twisting  of  their  petioles,  those  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branch  then  much 
shorter  than  the  others,  abruptly  narrowed  into  short  petioles  jointed  on  ultimately  woody 
persistent  bases,  with  stomata  on  the  lower  surface;  on  one  species  not  2-ranked,  and  of 
nearly  equal  length,  with  stomata  on  both  surfaces.  Flowers  solitary,  the  male  in  the 
axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  globose,  composed  of  numerous  subglobose  anthers, 
with  connectives  produced  into  short  gland-like  tips,  the  female  terminal,  erect,  with 
nearly  circular  scales  slightly  longer  or  shorter  than  their  membranaceous  bracts.  Fruit 


PINACE^E 


43 


an  ovoid-oblong,  oval,  or  oblong-cylindric  obtuse  usually  pendulous  nearly  sessile  green 
or  rarely  purple  cone  becoming  light  or  dark  reddish  brown,  with  concave  suborbicular  or 
ovate-oblong  scales  thin  and  entire  on  the  margins,  much  longer  than  their  minute  bracts, 
persistent  on  the  axis  of  the  cone  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds.  Seeds  furnished  with  resin- 
vesicles,  ovoid-oblong,  compressed,  nearly  surrounded  by  their  much  longer  obovate- 
oblong  wings;  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown,  the  inner  membranaceous,  pale 
chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous;  cotyledons  3-6,  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Tsuga  is  confined  to  temperate  North  America,  Japan,  central  and  southwestern  China, 
Formosa,  and  the  Himalayas;  nine  species  have  been  distinguished. 

Tsuga  is  the  Japanese  name  of  the  Hemlock-tree. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES.      N, 

Leaves  flat,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex,  with  stomata  only  on  the  lower  surface; 
ovoid,  oblong  or  oblong-ovoid. 
Cones  stalked. 

Cone-scales  broad-obovate,  about  as  wide  as  long,  their  bracts  broad  and  truncate. 

1.  T.  canadensis  (A). 
Cone-scales  narrow-oval,  much  longer  than  wide,  their  bracts  obtusely  pointed. 

2.  T.  caroliniana  (A). 
Cones  sessile;  cone-scales  oval,  often  abruptly  contracted  near  the  middle,  then* 

bracts  gradually  narrowed  to  an  obtuse  point.  *• 

3.  T.  heterophylla  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  convex  or  keeled  above,  bluntly  pointed,  with  stomata  on  both  surfaces;  cones  ob- 
long-cylindric, their  scales  oblong-obovate,  longer  than  broad,  much  longer  than  their 
acwminate  short-pointed  bracts.  4.  T.  Mertensiana  (B,  F,  G). 

1.  Tsuga  canadensis  Carr.    Hemlock. 

Leaves,  rounded  and  rarely  emarginate  at  apex,  dark  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  ob- 
scurely grooved  especially  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  on  the  lower  sur- 
face by  5  or  6  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  low  broad  midrib,  s'-f '  long,  about  TV 


Fig,  46 


wide,  deciduous  in  their  third  season  from  dark  orange-colored  persistent  bases.  Flowers: 
male  light  yellow;  female  pale  green,  with  broad  bracts  coarsely  laciniate  on  the  margins 
and  shorter  than  their  scales.  Fruit  on  slender  puberulous  stalks  often  \'  long,  ovoid, 
acute,  |'-j'  long,  with  broad-obovate  scales  almost  as  wide  as  long,  and  broad  truncate 
bracts  slightly  laciniate  on  the  margins,  opening  and  gradually  losing  their  seeds  during 


44  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

the  winter  and  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring;  seeds  T^' 
long,  usually  with  2  or  3  large  oil-vesicles,  nearly  half  as  long  as  their  wings  broad  at 
the  base  and  gradually  tapering  to  the  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°,  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter, 
gradually  and  conspicuously  tapering  toward  the  apex,  long  slender  horizontal  or  pendu- 
lous branches,  persistent  until  overshadowed  by  other  trees,  and  forming  a  broad-based 
rather  obtuse  pyramid,  and  slender  light  yellow-brown  pubescent  branchlets,  growing 
darker  during  their  first  winter  and  glabrous  and  dark  red-brown  tinged  with  purple  in 
their  third  season.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  light  chestnut-brown,  slightly  puberulous,  about 
TV  long.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  narrow  rounded  ridges  covered  with  thick 
closely  appressed  scales  varying  from  cinnamon-red  to  gray  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  difficult  to  work,  liable  to  wind-shake 
and  splinter,  not  durable  when  exposed  to  the  air,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin 
somewhat  darker  sap  wood;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  employed  for  the  out- 
side finish  of  buildings.  The  astringent  inner  bark  affords  the  largest  part  of  the  material 
used  in  the  northeastern  states  and  Canada  in  tanning  leather.  From  the  young  branches 
oil  of  hemlock  is  distilled. 

Distribution.  Scattered  through  upland  forests  and  often  covering  the  northern  slopes 
of  rocky  ridges  and  the  steep  rocky  banks  of  narrow  river-gorges  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
eastern  Minnesota  (Carleton  County),  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  to  New- 
castle County,  Delaware,  cliffs  of  Tuckahoe  Creek,  Queen  Anne's  County,  Maryland, 
southern  Michigan,  southern  Indiana  (bank  of  Back  Creek  near  Leesville,  Laurence 
County),  southwestern  Wisconsin,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia,  and  in  northern  Alabama;  most  abundant  and  frequently  an  important  element 
of  the  forest  in  New  England,  northern  New  York,  and  western  Pennsylvania ;  attaining 
its  largest  size  near  streams  on  the  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee. 

Largely  cultivated  with  numerous  seminal  varieties  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern 
states,  and  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

2.  Tsuga  caroliniana  Engelm.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  retuse  or  often  emarginate  at  apex,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  conspicuously 
grooved  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  on  the  lower  surface  by  a  band  of  7  or  8  rows  of 

stomata  on  each  side  of 
the  midrib,  \'-\'  long, 
about  TV  wide,  decidu- 
ous from  the  orange- 
red  bases  during  their 
fifth  year.  Flowers: 
male  tinged  with  pur- 
ple; female  purple, 
with  broadly  ovate 
bracts,  scarious  and 
erose  on  the  margins 
and  about  as  long  as 
their  scales.  Fruit  on 
short  stout  stalks,  ob- 
long, I'-l^'  long,  with 
narrow-oval  scales 
gradually  narrowed 
Fig.  47  and  rounded  at  apex, 

rather  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  base  into  distinct  stipes,  thiri,  concave,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  twice 
as  long  as  their  broad  pale  bracts,  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  cone 


PINACE^E 


45 


at  maturity,  their  bracts  rather  longer  than  wide,  wedge-shaped,  pale,  nearly  truncate  or 
slightly  pointed  at  the  broad  apex;  seeds  |'  long,  with  numerous  small  oil-vesicles  on 
the  lower  side,  and  one  quarter  as  long  as  the  pale  lustrous  wings  broad  or  narrow  at  the 
base  and  narrowed  to  the  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°,  or  occasionally  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2°  in 
diameter,  short  stout  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  compact  pyramidal 
head,  and  slender  light  orange-brown  pubescent  branchlets,  usually  becoming  glabrous 
and  dull  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange  during  their  third  year.  Winter-buds 
obtuse,  dark  chestnut-brown,  pubescent,  nearly  £'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-lj'  thick, 
red-brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  covered  with  thin  closely 
appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  pale 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Rocky  banks  of  streams  usually  at  elevations  between  2500°  and  3000° 
on  the  Blue  Ridge  from  southwestern  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia,  generally  singly  or  in 
small  scattered  groves  of  a  few  individuals. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  in  western 
Europe. 

3.  Tsuga  heterophylla  Sarg.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  rounded  at  apex,  conspicuously  grooved,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  marked  below  by  broad  white  bands  of  7-9  rows  of  stomata,  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  into  slender  petioles,  l'-f  long  and  TV-TV  wide,  mostly  persistent 


Fig.  48 


4-7  years.  Flowers:  male  yellow;  female  purple  and  puberulous,  with  broad  bracts  grad- 
ually narrowed  to  an  obtuse  point  and  shorter  than  their  broadly  ovate  slightly  scarious 
scales.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  sessile,  f '-!'  long,  with  slightly  puberulous  oval  scales, 
often  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  middle,  and  dark  purple  puberulous  bracts  rounded 
and  abruptly  contracted  at  apex;  seeds  |'  long,  furnished  with  occasional  oil- vesicles, 
one  third  to  one  half  as  long  as  their  narrow  wings. 

A  tree,  frequently  200°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6°-10°  in  diameter,  and  short  slender 
usually  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  pale  yellow- 
brown  branchlets  ultimately  becoming  dark  reddish  brown,  coated  at  first  with  long  pale 
hairs,  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  for  five  or  six  years.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  bright 
chestnut-brown,  about  y1/  long.  Bark  on  young  trunks  thin,  dark  orange-brown,  and 


46  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

separated  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  flat  plates  broken  into  delicate  scales,  becoming 
on  fully  grown  trees  l'-l£'  thick  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  cov- 
ered with  closely  appressed  brown  scales  more  or  less  tinged  with  cinnamon-red.  Wood 
light,  hard  and  tough,  pale  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood; 
stronger  and  more  durable  than  the  wood  of  the  other  American  hemlocks;  now  largely 
manufactured  into  lumber  used  principally  in  the  construction  of  buildings.  The  bark  is 
used  in  large  quantities  in  tanning  leather;  from  the  inner  bark  the  Indians  of  Alaska  obtain 
one  of  their  principal  articles  of  vegetable  food. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast  to  southern  Mendocino 
County,  California,  extending  eastward  over  the  mountains  of  southern  British  Columbia, 
northern  Washington,  Idaho  and  Montana,  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  continental  divide, 
and  through  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  sometimes  ascend- 
ing in  the  interior  to  elevations  of  6000°  above  the  sea;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  coast  of  Washington  and  Oregon;  often  forming  a  large  part  of  the  forests  of  the 
northwest  coast. 

Frequently  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  temperate  Europe. 

4.  Tsuga  Mertensiana  Sarg.    Mountain  Hemlock.    Black  Hemlock. 
Leaves  standing  out  from  all  sides  of  the  branch,  remote  on  leading  shoots  and  crowded 
on  short  lateral  branchlets,  rounded  and  occasionally  obscurely  grooved  or  on  young 
plants  sometimes  conspicuously  grooved  on  the  upper  surface,  rounded  and  slightly  ribbed 


Fig.  49 

on  the  lower  surface,  bluntly  pointed,  often  more  or  less  curved,  stomatiferous  above  and 
below,  with  about  8  rows  of  stomata  on  each  surface,  light  bluish  green  or  on  some  indi- 
viduals pale  blue,  £'-1'  long,  about  fa'  wide,  abruptly  narrowed  into  nearly  straight  or 
slightly  twisted  petioles  articulate  on  bases  as  long  or  rather  longer  than  the  petioles; 
irregularly  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years.  Flowers:  male  borne  on  slender 
pubescent  drooping  stems,  violet-purple;  female  erect,  with  delicate  lustrous  dark  purple 
or  yellow-green  bracts  gradually  narrowed  above  into  slender  often  slightly  reflexed  tips 
and  much  longer  than  their  scales.  Fruit  sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  narrowed  toward  the 
blunt  apex  and  somewhat  toward  the  base,  erect  until  more  than  half  grown,  pendulous  or 
rarely  erect  at  maturity,  f  '-3'  long,  with  thin  delicate  oblong-obovate  scales  gradually 
contracted  from  above  the  middle  to  the  wedge-shaped  base,  rounded  at  the  slightly 
thickened  more  or  less  erose  margins,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  usually  bright 
bluish  purple  or  occasionally  pale  yellow-green,  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  their  short- 
pointed  dark  purple  or  brown  bracts;  seeds  light  brown,  |'  long,  often  marked  on  the 


PINACE^E  47 

surface  next  their  scales  with  1  or  2  large  resin-vesicles,  with  wings  nearly  \'  long,  broadest 
above  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  below,  slightly  or  not  at  all  oblique  at  the  rounded 
apex. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-100°  but  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  slightly  tapering  trunk  4°-5° 
in  diameter,  gracefully  pendant  slender  branches  furnished  with  drooping  frond-like  lateral 
branches,  their  ultimate  divisions  erect  and  forming  an  open  pyramid  surmounted  by  the 
long  drooping  leading  shoot,  and  thin  flexible  or  sometimes  stout  rigid  branchlets  light 
reddish  brown  and  covered  for  two  or  three  years  with  short  pale  dense  pubescence,  becom- 
ing grayish  brown  and  very  scaly.  Winter-buds  acute,  about  £'  long,  the  scales  of  the 
outer  ranks  furnished  on  the  back  with  conspicuous  midribs  produced  into  slender  decidu^ 
ous  awl-like  tips.  Bark  I'-lA'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  connected  rounded  ridges  broken 
into  thin  closely  appressed  dark  cinnamon  scales  shaded  with  blue  or  purple.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  pale  brown  or  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap-wood;  occa- 
sionally manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Exposed  ridges  and  slopes  at  high  altitudes  along  the  upper  border  of 
the  forest  from  southeastern  Alaska,  southward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  British  Co- 
lumbia to  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Washington,  and  eastward  to  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Selkirk  Mountains  in  the  interior  of  southern  British  Columbia,  and  along  the  Bitter 
Root  Mountains  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Clearwater  River,  Idaho;  along  the  Cascade 
Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  California, 
and  along  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  canon  of  the  south  fork  of  King's  River,  Cali- 
fornia; in  Alaska  occasionally  descending  to  the  sea-level,  and  toward  the  southern  limits 
of  its  range  often  ascending  to  elevations  of  10,000°. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  and  rarely  in  the 
eastern  United  States. 


5.  PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr. 


Pyramidal  trees,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark,  hard  strong  wood,  with  spirally 
marked  wood-cells,  slender  usually  horizontal  irregularly  whorled  branches  clothed  writh 
slender  spreading  lateral  branches  forming  broat  flat-topped  masses  of  foliage,  ovoid  acute 
leaf-buds,  the  lateral  buds  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  their  inner  scales  accrescent  and 
marking  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  petiolate,  linear,  flat,  rounded  and 
obtase  or  acuminate  at  apex,  straight  or  incurved,  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  marked 
on  the  lower  side  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  prominent  midrib, 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  branch.  Flowers  solitary,  the  male  axillary, 
scattered  along  the  branches,  oblong-cylindric,  with  numerous  globose  anthers,  their  con- 
nectives terminating  in  short  spurs,  the  female  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves, 
composed  of  spirally  arranged  ovate  rounded  scales  much  shorter  than  their  acutely  2-lobed 
bracts,  with  midribs  produced  into  elongated  slender  tips.  Fruit  an  ovoid-oblong  acute 
pendulous  cone  maturing  in  one  season,  writh  rounded  concave  rigid  scales  persistent  on 
the  axis  of  the  cone  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  and  becoming  dark  red-brown,  much 
shorter  than  the  2-lobed  bracts  with  midribs  ending  in  rigid  woody  linear  awns,  those  at  the 
base  of  the  cone  without  scales  and  becoming  linear-lanceolate  by  the  gradual  suppression 
of  their  lobes.  Seeds  nearly  triangular,  full,  rounded  and  dark-colored  on  the  upper  side 
and  pale  on  the  lower  side,  shorter  than  their  oblong  wings  infolding  the  upper  side  of  the 
seeds  in  a  dark  covering;  outer  seed-coat  thick  and  crustaceous,  the  inner  thin  and  mem- 
branaceous;  cotyledons  6-12,  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Pseudotsuga  is  confined  to  western  North  America,  southern  Japan,  southwestern  China 
and  Formosa  Four  species  are  recognized. 

Pseudotsuga,  a  barbarous  combination  of  a  Greek  with  a  Japanese  word,  indicates  the 
relation  of  these  trees  with  the  Hemlocks. 


48  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  usually  rounded  and  obtuse  at  apex,  dark  yellow-green  or  rarely  blue-green;  cones 
2'-4i'  long,  their  bracts  much  exserted.  1.  P.  taxifolia  (B,  E,  F,  G,  H). 

Leaves  acuminate  at  apex",  bluish  gray;  cones  4'-6^'  long,  their  bracts  slightly  exserted. 

2.  P.  macrocarpa  (G). 

1.  Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  Britt.    Douglas  Spruce.    Red  Fir. 

Pseudotsuga  mucronala  Sudw. 

Leaves  straight  or  rarely  slightly  incurved,  rounded  and  obtuse  at  apex,  or  acute  on 
leading  shoots,  f'-li'  long,  Ty-TV  wide,  dark  yellow-green  or  rarely  light  or  dark  bluish 
green,  occasionally  persistent  until  their  sixteenth  year.  Flowers:  male  orange-red;  fe- 


Fig.  50 

male  with  slender  elongated  bracts  deeply  tinged  with  red.  Fruit  pendant  on  long  stout 
stems,  4'-6^'  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales  rounded  and  occasionally  somewhat 
elongated  at  apex,  usually  rather  longer  than  broad,  when  fully  grown  at  midsummer 
slightly  puberulous,  dark  blue-green  below,  purplish  toward  the  apex,  bright  red  on  the 
closely  appressed  margins,  and  pale  green  bracts  becoming  slightly  reflexed  above  the 
middle,  £'-£'  wide,  often  extending  \'  beyond  the  scales;  seeds  light  reddish  brown  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  and  marked  below  with  large  irregular  white  spots,  |'  long,  nearly  \' 
wide,  almost  as  long  as  their  dark  brown  wings  broadest  just  below  the  middle,  oblique 
above  and  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  often  200°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  frequently  taller,  with  a  trunk 
10°-12°  in  diameter,  but  in  the  dry  interior  of  the  continent  rarely  more  than  80°-100° 
high,  with  a  trunk  hardly  exceeding  2°-3°  in  diameter,  slender  crowded  branches  densely 
clothed  with  long  pendulous  lateral  branches,  forming  while  the  tree  is  young  an  open 
pyramid,  soon  deciduous  from  trees  crowded  in  the  forest,  often  leaving  the  trunk  naked 
for  two  thirds  of  its  length  and  surmounted  by  a  comparatively  small  narrow  head  soi 
times  becoming  flap-topped  by  the  lengthening  of  the  upper  branches,  and  slender  brand 
lets  pubescent  for  three  or  four  years,  pale  orange  color  and  lustrous  during  their  fir 
season,  becoming  bright  reddish  brown  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown.  Winter-hue 
ovoid,  acute,  the  terminal  bud  often  \'  long  and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds. 
Bark  on  young  trees  smooth,  thin,  rather  lustrous,  dark  gray-brown,  usually  becoming  on 
old  trunks  10'-12'  thick,  and  divided  into  oblong  plates  broken  into  great  broad  rounded 
and  irregularly  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  closely  ap- 


PINACE^E  49 


pressed  dark  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  red  or  yellow,  with  nearly  white  sapwood; 
very  variable  in  density,  quality,  and  in  the  thickness  of  the  sapwood;  largely  manu- 
factured into  lumber  in  British  Columbia,  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  used  for 
all  kinds  of  construction,  fuel,  railway-ties,  arid  piles;  known  commercially  as  "Oregon 
pine."  The  bark  is  sometimes  used  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  From  about  latitude  55°  north  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  the 
head  of  the  Skeena  River  in  the  coast  range,  southward  through  all  the  Rocky  Mountain 
system  to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  of 
northern  Mexico,  and  from  the  Big  Horn  and  Laramie  Ranges  in  Wyoming  and  from 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  the  Pacific  coast,  but  absent  from  the 
arid  mountains  in  the  great  basin  between  the  Wahsatch  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  ranges 
and  from  the  mountains  of  southern  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
near  the  sea-level  in  the  coast  region  of  southern  British  Columbia  and  of  Washington 
and  Oregon,  and  on  the  western  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  ascending  on  the 
California  Sierras  to  elevations  of  5500°,  and  on  the  mountains  of  Colorado  to  between 
6000°  and  11,000°,  above  the  sea. 

Often  planted  for  timber  and  ornament  in  temperate  Europe,  and  for  ornament  in 
the  eastern  and  northern  states,  where  only  the  form  from  the  interior  of  the  continent 
flourishes.  (P.  glauca  Mayr.) 

2.  Pseudotsuga  macrocarpa  Mayr.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  terminating  in  slender  rigid  callous  tips,  apparently  2- 
ranked  by  the  conspicuous  twist  of  their  petioles,  incurved  above  the  middle,  f'-lj'  long, 
about  TV  wide,  dark  bluish  gray.  Flowers:  male  pale  yellow,  inclosed  for  half  their  length 


Fig.  51 

in  conspicuous  involucres  of  the  lustrous  bud-scales;  female  with  pale  green  bracts  tinged 
with  red.  Fruit  produced  on  the  upper  branches  and  occasionally  on  those  down  to  the 
middle  of  the  tree,  short-stalked,  with  scales  near  the  middle  of  the  cone  1^-2'  across,  stiff, 
thick,  concave,  rather  broader  than  long,  rounded  above,  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  often  nearly  as  long  as  their  comparatively  short  and 
narrow  bracts  with  broad  midribs  produced  into  short  flattened  flexible  tips;  seeds  full  and 
rounded  on  both  sides,  rugose,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  reddish  brown  below,  \'  long,  f '  wide,  with  a  thick  brittle  outer  coat,  and  wings  broad- 
est near  the  middle,  about  \'  long,  nearly  \'  wide,  and  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  and  rarely  90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  remote  elon- 
gated branches  pendulous  below,  furnished  with  short  stout  pendant  or  often  erect  laterals 
forming  an  open  broad-based  symmetrical  pyramidal  head,  slender  branchlets  dark  reddish 


50  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  year,  becoming  glabrous  and  dark  or  light  orange- 
brown  and  ultimately  gray-brown.  Winter  buds  ovoid,  acute,  usually  not  more  than  £' 
long,  often  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Bark  3'-6'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  deeply  divided 
into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  not  durable;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber;  largely 
used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Steep  rocky  mountain  slopes  in  southern  California  at  elevations  of 
3000°-5000°  above  the  sea,  often  forming  open  groves  of  considerable  extent,  from  the 
Santa  Inez  Mountains  in  Santa  Barbara  County  to  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

6.  ABIES  Link.    Fir. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  bark  containing  numerous  resin-vesicles,  smooth,  pale,  and 
thin  on  young  trees,  often  thick  and  deeply  furrowed  in  old  age,  pale  and  usually  brittle 
wood,  slender  horizontal  wide-spreading  branches  in  regular  remote  4  or  5-branched  whorls, 
clothed  with  twice  or  thrice  forked  lateral  branches  forming  flat-topped  masses  of  foliage 
gradually  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  branch,  the  ultimate  divisions  stout, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  and  small  subglobose  or  ovoid  winter  branch-buds  usually  thickly 
covered  with  resin,  or  in  one  species  large  and  acute,  with  thin  loosely  imbricated  scales. 
Leaves  linear,  sessile,  on  young  plants  and  on  lower  sterile  branches  flattened  and  mostly 
grooved  on  the  upper  side,  or  in  one  species  4-sided,  rounded  and  usually  emarginate  at 
apex,  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  near  their  base  or  occasionally  spreading  from  all  sides 
of  the  branch,  only  rarely  stomatiferous  above,  on  upper  fertile  branches  and  leading 
shoots  usually  crowded,  more  or  less  erect,  often  incurved  or  falcate,  thick,  convex  on  the 
upper  side,  or  quadrangular  in  some  species  and  then  obtuse,  or  acute  at  apex  and  fre- 
quently stomatiferous  on  all  sides;  persistent  usually  for  eight  or  ten  years,  in  falling 
leaving  small  circular  scars.  Flowers  axillary,  from  buds  formed  the  previous  season  on 
branchlets  of  the  year,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  conspicuous  involucres  of  enlarged  bud- 
scales,  the  male  very  abundant  on  the  lower  side  of  branches  above  the  middle  of  the  tree, 
oval  or  oblong-cylindric  with  yellow  or  scarlet  anthers  surmounted  by  short  knob-like  pro- 
jections, the  female  usually  on  the  upper  side  only  of  the  topmost  branches,  or  in  some 
species  scattered  also  over  the  upper  half  of  the  tree,  erect,  globose,  ovoid  or  oblong,  their 
scales  imbricated  in  many  series,  obovate,  rounded  above,  cuneate  below,  much  shorter 
than  their  acute  or  dilated  mucronate  bracts.  Fruit  an  erect  ovoid  or  oblong-cylindric 
cone,  its  scales  closely  imbricated,  thin,  incurved  at  the  broad  apex  and  generally  narrowed 
below  into  long  stipes,  decreasing  in  size  and  sterile  toward  the  ends  of  the  cone,  falling  at 
maturity  with  their  bracts  and  seeds  from  the  stout  tapering  axis  of  the  cone  long-per- 
sistent on  the  branch.  Seeds  furnished  with  large  conspicuous  resin-vesicles,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  acute  at  base,  covered  on  the  upper  side  and  infolded  below  on  the  lower  side 
by  the  base  of  their  thin  wing  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  oblique  apex;  seed-coat  thin,  of 
2  layers,  the  outer  thick,  coriaceous,  the  inner  membranaceous;  cotyledons  4-10,  much 
shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Abies  is  widely  distributed  in  the  New  World  from  Labrador  and  the  valley  of  the  Atha- 
basca River  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  from  Alaska  through  the  Pacific  and 
Rocky  Mountain  regions  to  the  highlands  of  Guatemala,  and  in  the  Old  World  from  Si- 
beria and  the  mountains  of  central  Europe  to  southern  Japan,  central  China,  Formosa, 
the  Himalayas,  Asia  Minor,  and  the  highlands  of  northern  Africa.  Thirty-three  species 
are  now  recognized.  Several  exotic  species  are  cultivated  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
states;  of  these  the  best  known  and  most  successful  as  ornamental  trees  are  Abies  Nord- 
manniana,  Spach,  of  the  Caucasus,  Abies  cilicica  Carr.,  of  Asia  Minor,  Abies  cepkalonica 
Loud.,  a  native  of  Cephalonia,  Abies  Veitchii  Lindl.,  and  Abies  homolepis  S.  &  Z.,  of 
Japan,  and  Abies  pinsapo,  Boiss.,  of  the  Spanish  Sierra  Nevada. 

Abies  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Fir-tree. 


PINACE.E 


51 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Winter-buds  subglobose,  with  closely  imbricated  scales. 

Leaves  flat  and  grooved  above,  with  stomata  on  the  lower  surface  (in  Nos.  3  and  5,  also 
on  the  upper  surface),  rounded  and  often  notched,  or  on  fertile  branches  frequently 
acute  at  apex. 

Leaves  on  sterile  branches  spreading,  not  crowded. 
Cones  purple. 
Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  much  longer  than  their  scales,  reflexed. 

1.  A.  Fraseri  (A). 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  shorter  or  rarely  slightly  longer  than  their  scales. 

2.  A.  balsamifera  (A). 

Leaves  pale  blue-green,  stomatose  above.  3.  A.  lasiocarpa  (B,  F,  G). 

Cones  green  (green,  yellow,  and  purple  in  No.  5). 

Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below.  4.  A.  grandis  (B,  G). 

Leaves  pale  blue  or  glaucous,  often  stomatose  above  on  the  upper  surface. 

5.  A.  concolor  (F,  G,  H). 

Leaves  on  sterile  branches  pointing  forward,  densely  crowded,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  pale  below.  6.  A.  amabilis  (B,  G). 
Leaves  often  4-sided,  with  stomata  on  all  surfaces,  blue-green,  usually  glaucous, 
bluntly  pointed  or  acute,  incurved  and  crowded  on  fertile  branches;  cones  purple. 
Leaves  of  sterile  branches  flattened  and  distinctly  grooved  above;  bracts  of  the 
cone-scales  rounded  and  fimbriate  above,  long-pointed,  incurved,  light  green, 
much  longer  than  and  covering  their  scales.  7.  A.  nobilis  (G). 
Leaves  of  sterile  branches  4-sided;  bracts  of  the  cone-scales  acute  or  acuminate 
or  rounded  above,  with  slender  tips  shorter  or  longer  than  their  scales. 

8.  A.  magnifica  (G). 

Winter-buds  acuminate,  with  loosely  imbricated  scales;  bracts  of  the  cone-scales  pro- 
duced into  elongated  ridged  flat  tips  many  times  longer  than  the  obtusely  pointed 
scales ;  leaves  acuminate,  dark  yellow-green  above,  white  below,  similar  on  sterile  and 
fertile  branches.  9.  A.  venusta  (G). 

i.  Abies  Fraseri  Poir.,  Balsam  Fir.    She  Balsam. 

Leaves  obtusely  short-pointed  or  occasionally  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  on  the  lower  surface  by  wide  bands  of  8-12 


Fig.  52 


52  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rows  of  stomata,  \'  to  nearly  1'  long,  about  -fa'  wide.  Flowers:  male  yellow  tinged  with 
red;  female  with  scales  rounded  above,  much  broader  than  long  and  shorter  than  their 
oblong  pale  yellow-green  bracts  rounded  at  the  broad  apex  terminating  in  a  slender 
elongated  tip.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid  or  nearly  oval,  rounded  at  the  somewhat  narrowed 
apex,  dark  purple,  puberulous,  about  2|'  long,  with  scales  twice  as  wide  as  long,  at  maturity 
nearly  half  covered  by  their  pale  yellow-green  reflexed  bracts;  seeds  \'  long,  with  dark 
lustrous  wings  much  expanded  and  very  oblique  at  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  and  rarely  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2|°  in  diameter, 
and  rather  rigid  branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical  pyramid  and  often  disappearing 
«arly  from  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk,  and  stout  branchlets  pubescent  for  three  or  four 
years,  pale  yellow-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  often 
tinged  with  purple,  and  obtuse  orange-brown  winter-buds.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  covered 
with  thin  closely  appressed  bright  cinnamon-red  scales,  generally  becoming  gray  on 
old  trees.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  pale  brown,  with  nearly  white 
sap  wood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution;  Appalachian  Mountains;  Cheat  Mountain,  near  Cheat  Bridge,  Randolph 
County,  West  Virginia,  and  from  southwestern  Virginia  to  western  North  Carolina  and 
eastern  Tennessee,  often  forming  forests  of  considerable  extent  at  elevations  between 
4000°  and  6000°  above  the  sea-level. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  the  northern  states  and  of  Europe, 
but  short-lived  in  cultivation  and  of  little  value  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

2.  Abies  balsamea  Mill.    Balsam  Fir. 

Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface, 
with  bands  of  4-8  rows  of  stomata,  \'  long  on  cone-bearing  branches  to  \\  long  on  the 
sterile  branches  of  young  trees,  straight,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  short  or  elongated  rigid 


Fig.  53 

callous  tips,  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  branch  on  young  trees  and  sterile 
branches,  on  the  upper  branches  of  older  trees  often  broadest  above  the  middle,  rounded 
or  obtusely  short-pointed  at  apex,  occasionally  emarginate  on  branches  at  the  top  of  the 
tree.  Flowers:  male  yellow,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  reddish  purple;  female 
with  nearly  orbicular  purple  scales  much  shorter  than  their  oblong-obovate  serrulate  pale 
yellow-green  bracts  emarginate  with  a  broad  apex  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  slender 
recurved  tip.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rounded  apex,  puberu- 
lous, dark  rich  purple,  2'-4'  long,  with  scales  usually  longer  than  broad,  generally  almost 
twice  as  long;  rarely  not  as  long  as  their  bracts,  (var.  phanerolepis  Fern.);  seeds  about  \' 
long  and  rather  shorter  than  their  light  brown  wings. 


PINACE.E  53 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  12'-18',  or  rarely  30'  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  slender  pyramid,  the  lower  branches  soon  dying 
from  trees  crowded  in  the  forest,  and  slender  branchlets  pale  yellow-green  and  coated  with 
fine  pubescence  at  first,  becoming  light  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  often  when  four  or  five 
years  old  with  purple.  Winter-buds  nearly  globose,  £'-£'  in  diameter,  with  lustrous  dark 
orange-green  scales.  Bark  on  old  trees  often  \'  thick,  rich  brown,  much  broken  on  the 
surface  into  small  plates  covered  with  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained, 
perishable,  pale  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  occasion- 
ally made  into  lumber  principally  used  for  packing-cases.  From  the  bark  of  this  tree  oil 
of  fir  used  in  the  arts  and  in  medicine  is  obtained. 

Distribution.  From  the  interior  of  the  Labrador  peninsula  westward  to  the  shores  of 
Lesser  Slave  Lake,  southward  through  Newfoundland,  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada, 
Quebec  and  Ontario,  northern  New  England,  northern  New  York,  northern  Michigan 
to  the  shores  of  Saginaw  Bay,  and  northern  Minnesota  and  northeastern  Iowa,  and 
along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  western  Massachusetts  and  the  Catskills  of 
New  York  to  the  high  mountains  of  southwestern  Virginia;  common  and  often  forming 
a  considerable  part  of  the  forest  on  low  swampy  ground;  on  well-drained  hillsides  some- 
times singly  in  forests  of  spruce  or  forming  small  almost  impenetrable  thickets;  in  northern 
Wisconsin  and  vicinity  occurs  a  form  with  longer  and  more  crowded  leaves  and  larger 
cones  (var.  macrocarpa  Kent) ;  near  the  timber-line  on  the  mountains  of  New  England  and 
New  York  reduced  to  a  low  almost  prostrate  shrub. 

Sometimes  planted  in  the  northern  states  in  the  neighborhood  of  farmhouses,  but  usually 
short-lived  and  of  little  value  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  cultivation;  formerly  but  now 
rarely  cultivated  in  European  plantations;  a  dwarf  form  (var.  hudsonica  Englm.)  growing 
only  a  few  inches  high  and  spreading  into  broad  nests  is  often  cultivated. 

3.  Abies  lasiocarpa  Nutt.    Balsam  Fir.' 

Leaves  marked  on  the  upper  surface  but  generally  only  above  the  middle  with  4  or  5 
rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  conspicuous  midrib  and  on  the  lower  surface  by  2 
broad  bands  each  of  7  or  8  rows,  crowded,  nearly  erect  by  the  twist  at  their  base,  on  lower 
branches  I'-lf  long,  about  iV  wide,  and  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  at  apex, 
on  upper  branches  somewhat  thickened,  usually  acute,  generally  not  more  than  \'  long, 
on  leading  shoots  flattened,  closely  appressed,  with  long  slender  rigid  points.  Flowers: 
male  dark  indigo-blue,  turning  violet  when  nearly  ready  to  open;  female  with  dark  violet- 
purple  obovate  scales  much  shorter  than  tjieir  strongly  reflexed  bracts  contracted  into 
slender  tips.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric,  rounded,  truncate  or  depressed  at  the  narrowed 
apex,  dark  purple,  puberulous,  2|'-4'  long,  with  scales  gradually  narrowed  from  the  broad 
rounded  or  nearly  truncate  apex  to  the  base,  usually  longer  than  broad,  about  three  times 
as  long  as  their  oblong-obovate  red-brown  bracts  laciniately  cut  on  the  margins,  rounded, 
emarginate  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  slender  tips;  seeds  \'  long,  with 
dark  lustrous  wings  covering  nearly  the  entire  surface  of  the  scales. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°,  occasionally  175°,  or  southward  rarely  more  than  50°  high, 
with  a  trunk  2°-5°  in  diameter,  short  crowded  tough  branches,  usually  slightly  pendulous 
near  the  base  of  the  tree,  generally  clothing  the  trunks  of  the  oldest  trees  nearly  to  their 
base  and  forming  dense  spire-like  slender  heads,  and  comparatively  stout  branchlets  coated 
for  three  or  four  years  with  fine  rufous  pubescence,  or  rarely  glabrous  before  the  end  of  their 
first  season,  pale  orange-brown,  ultimately  gray  or  silvery  white.  Winter-buds  sub- 
globose,  \'-\'  thick,  covered  with  light  orange-brown  scales.  Bark  becoming  on  old 
trees  \'-\\'  thick,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  roughened  by  thick  closely  appressed 
cinnamon-red  scales;  on  the  San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona,  thicker  and  spongy  (var. 
arizonica  Lem.).  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  pale  brown  or  nearly  white,  with  light- 
colored  sapwood;  little  used  except  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes  and  summits  from  about  latitude  61°  in  Alaska, 
southward  along  the  coast  ranges  to  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Washington,  over  all  the 


54 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


high  mountain  ranges  of  British  Columbia  and  Alberta,  and  southward  along  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  neighborhood  of  Crater  Lake,  over 


Fig.  54 

the  mountain  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Colo- 
rado, and  Utah  to  the  San  Francisco  peaks  of  northern  Arizona,  and  on  the  Sandia  and 
Mogollon  Mountains  of  New  Mexico. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  United  States  and  in  northern 
Europe,  but  of  little  value  in  cultivation. 

i  ' 
4.  Abies  grandis  Lindl.    White  Fir. 

Leaves  thin  and  flexible,  deeply  grooved  very  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  upper  sur- 
face, silvery  white  on  lower  surface,  with  two  broad  bands  of  7-10  rows  of  stomata,  on 
sterile  branches  remote,  rounded  and  conspicuously  emarginate  at  apex,  l£'-2j'  long,  usu- 


Fig.55 

ally  about  |'  wide,  spreading  in  two  ranks  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  branch,  on  cone- 
bearing  branches  more  crowded,  usually  l'-lf  long,  less  spreading  or  nearly  erect,  blunt- 
pointed  or  often  notched  at  apex,  on  vigorous  young  trees  |'-f'  long,  acute  or  acumi- 


PINACE^E  55 

nate,  usually  persistent  4-10  years.  Flowers:  male  pale  yellow  sometimes  tinged  with 
purple;  female  light  yellow-green,  with  semiorbicular  scales  and  short-oblong  bracts  emar- 
ginate  and  denticulate  at  the  broad  obcordate  apex  furnished  with  a  short  strongly  re- 
flexed  tip.  Fruit  cylindric,  slightly  narrowed  to  the  rounded  and  sometimes  retuse  apex, 
puberulous,  bright  green,  2'-4'  long,  with  scales  usually  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  wide, 
gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  from  their  broad  apex  and  three  or  four  times  as  long  as 
their  short  pale  green  bracts;  seeds  f  in  length,  light  brown,  with  pale  lustrous  wings 
s'-f '  long  and  nearly  as  broad  as  their  abruptly  widened  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  250°-300°  high,  with  a  slightly  tapering  trunk 
often  4°  in  diameter,  long  somewhat  pendulous  branches  sweeping  out  in  graceful  curves, 
and  comparatively  slender  pale  yellow-green  puberulous  branchlets  becoming  light  reddish 
brown  or  orange-brown  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season;  on  the  mountains  of  the  in- 
terior rarely  more  than  100°  tall,  with  a  trunk  usually  about  2°  in  diameter,  often  smaller 
and  much  stunted  at  high  elevations.  Winter-buds  subglobose,  £'-£'  thick.  Bark  becom- 
ing sometimes  2'  thick  at  the  base  of  old  trees  and  gray-brown  or  reddish  brown  and  divided 
by  shallow  fissures  into  low  flat  ridges  broken  into  oblong  plates  roughened  by  thick  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  not  strong  nor  durable,  light  brown, 
with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  in  western 
Washington  and  Oregon  and  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  packing-cases,  and 
wooden-wTare. 

Distribution.  Northern  part  of  Vancouver  Island  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  coast  to  northern  Sonoma  County,  California,  and  along  the  mountains  of  northern 
Washington  and  Idaho  to  the  wrestern  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  in  northern  Montana, 
and  to  the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon;  near  the  coast  scattered  on  moist  ground  through 
forests  of  other  conifers;  common  in  Washington  and  northern  Oregon  from  the  sea  up 
to  elevations  of  4000° ;  in  the  interior  on  moist  slopes  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams  from 
2500°  up  to  7000°  above  the  sea;  in  California  rarely  ranging  more  than  ten  miles  inland 
or  ascending  to  altitudes  of  more  than  1500°  above  the  sea. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  temperate  Europe,  where  it  grows 
rapidly  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size;  rarely  planted  in  the  United  States. 

5.  Abies  concolor  Lindl.  &  Gord.    White  Fir. 

Leaves  crowded,  spreading  in  2  ranks  and  more  or  less  erect  from  the  strong  twist  at  their 
base,  pale  blue  or  glaucous,  becoming  dull  green  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years,  with  2 
broad  bands  of  stomata  on  the  lower,  and  more  or  less  stomatiferous  on  the  upper  surface, 
on  lower  branches  flat,  straight,  rounded,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  2'-3'  long,  about 
iV  wide,  on  fertile  branches  and  on  old  trees  frequently  thick,  keeled  above,  usually  fal- 
cate, acute  or  rarely  notched  at  apex,  f'-lj'  long,  often  \'  wide.  Flowers:  male  dark  red 
or  rose  color;  female  with  broad  rounded  scales,  and  oblong  strongly  reflexed  obcordate 
bracts  laciniate  above  the  middle  and  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  short  points. 
Fruit  oblong,  slightly  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  ends,  rounded  or  obtuse  at 
apex,  3'-5'  long,  puberulous,  grayish  green,  dark  purple  or  bright  canary-yellow,  with 
scales  much  broader  than  long,  gradually  and  regularly  narrowed  from  the  rounded  apex, 
rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  their  emarginate  or  nearly  truncate  bracts  broad  at  the 
apex  and  terminating  in  short  slender  tips;  seeds  \'-\'  long,  acute  at  base,  dark  dull  brown, 
with  lustrous  rose-colored  wings  widest  near  the  middle  and  nearly  truncate  at  apex. 

A  tree,  on  the  California  sierras  200°-250°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  6°  in  diameter  or  in  the 
interior  of  the  continent  rarely  more  than  125°  tall,  with  a  trunk  seldom  exceeding  3°  in  di- 
ameter, a  narrow  spire-like  crown  of  short  stout  branches  clothed  with  long  lateral  branches 
pointing  forward  and  forming  great  frond-like  masses  of  foliage,  and  glabrous  lustrous  com- 
paratively stout  branchlets  dark  orange  color  during  their  first  season,  becoming  light 
grayish  green  or  pale  reddish  brown,  and  ultimately  gray  or  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds 
subglobose,  f '-£'  thick.  Bark  becoming  on  old  trunks  sometimes  5'-6'  thick  near  the 
ground  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  irregularly 


56  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

shaped  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  light,  soft,  coarse-grained  and  not  strong  nor  durable, 
pale  brown  or  sometimes  nearly  white;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber,  in  northern 
California  used  for  packing-cases  and  butter-tubs. 

Distribution.     Rocky  Mountains  of  southern  Colorado,  westward  to  the  mountain 
ranges  of  California,  extending  northward  into  northern  Oregon,  and  southward  over 


Fig.  56 


the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  into  northern  Mexico  and  Lower  California 
(Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains) ;  the  only  Fir-tree  in  the  arid  regions  of  the  Great  Basin, 
of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  of  the  mountain  forests  of  southern  California. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Europe  (the  California  form  usually  as  A. 
Lowiana  Murr.)  and  in  the  eastern  states  where  it  grows  more  vigorously  than  other  Fir- 
trees. 

6.  Abies  amabilis  Forbes.    White  Fir. 

Leaves  deeply  grooved,  very  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery  white 
on  the  lower,  with  broad  bands  of  6  or  8  rows  of  stomata  between  the  prominent  midribs 
and  incurved  margins,  on  sterile  branches  obtuse  and  rounded,  or  notched  or  occasionally 
acute  at  apex,  t'-l|'  long,  -fa'— fa'  wide,  often  broadest  above  the  middle,  erect  by  a 
twist  at  their  base,  very  crowded,  those  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branch  much  shorter 
than  those  on  the  lowrer  and  usually  parallel  with  and  closely  appressed  against  it,  on 
fertile  branches  acute  or  acuminate  with  callous  tips,  occasionally  stomatiferous  on  the 
upper  surface  near  the  apex,  I'-f  long;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  acute,  with  long  rigid 
points,  closely  appressed  or  recurved  near  the  middle,  about  f '  long  and  nearly  |'  wide. 
Flowers:  male  red;  female  with  broad  rounded  scales  and  rhombic  dark  purple  lustrous 
bracts  erose  above  the  middle  and  gradually  contracted  into  broad  points.  Fruit  oblong, 
slightly  narrowed  to  the  rounded  and  often  retuse  apex,  deep  rich  purple,  puberulous,  3|'-6' 
long,  with  scales  \'-\\'  wide,  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  rounded 
apex  and  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  their  reddish  rhombic  or  oblong-obovate  bracts 
terminating  in  long  slender  tips;  seeds  light  yellow-brown,  \'  long,  with  oblique  pale  brown 
lustrous  wings  about  \ '  long. 

A  tree,  often  250°  tall,  or  at  high  altitudes  and  in  the  north  usually  not  more  than  70°-80° 
tall,  with  a  trunk  4°-6°  in  diameter,  in  thick  forests  often  naked  for  150°,  but  in  open  sit- 
uations densely  clothed  to  the  ground  with  comparatively  short  branches  sweeping  down 
in  graceful  curves,  and  stout  branchlets  clothed  for  four  or  five  years  with  soft  fine  pu- 
bescence, light  orange-brown  in  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  purple  and  ultimately 
reddish  brown.  Winter-buds  nearly  globose,  \'-\'  thick,  with  closely  imbricated  lus- 
trous purple  scales.  Bark  on  trees  up  to  150  years  old  thin,  smooth,  pale  or  silvery  white, 


PINACE.E  57 

becoming  near  the  ground  on  old  trees  l^'-i^V  thick,  and  irregularly  divided  into  compara- 
tively small  plates  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  reddish  brown  or  reddish  grayscales. 
Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  pale  brown,  with  nearly  white  sap  wood;  in 
Washington  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 


Fig.  57 


Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes  and  benches  from  southeastern  Alaska  (Boca  de 
Quadra  Inlet  and  Sandfly  Bay),  to  Vancouver  Island  and  southward  along  the  coast  ranges 
to  Saddle  Mountain  near  Astoria,  Oregon,  and  on  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the  slopes 
of  Old  Bailey  Mountain,  Oregon,  ranging  from  the  sea  level  at  the  north  to  elevations  of 
from  3000°-6000°  southward;  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Wash- 
ington, where  it  is  the  most  common  Fir-tree. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  western 
Europe,  but  without  developing  the  beauty  which  distinguishes  this  species  in  its  native 
forests. 

7.  Abies  nobilis  Lindl.    Red  Fir. 

Leaves  marked  on  the  upper  surface  with  a  deep  sharply  defined  groove,  rounded  and 
obscurely  ribbed  on  the  lower  surface,  stomatiferous  above  and  below,  dark  or  light  blue- 
green,  often  very  glaucous  during  their  first  season,  crowded  in  several  rows,  those  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  branch  two-ranked  by  the  twisting  of  their  bases,  the  others  crowded, 
strongly  incurved,  with  the  points  erect  or  pointing  away  from  the  end  of  the  branch, 
on  young  plants  and  on  the  lower  sterile  branches  of  old  trees  flat,  rounded,  usually  slightly 
notched  at  apex,  !'-!£'  long,  about  ^V  wide,  on  fertile  branches  much  thickened  and 
almost  equally  4-sided,  acuminate,  with  long  rigid  callous  tips,  £'-f '  long,  on  leading  shoots 
flat,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  base,  acuminate,  with  long  rigid  points,  about  1'  long. 
Flowers:  male  reddish  purple;  female  often  scattered  over  the  upper  part  of  the  tree,  with 
broad  rounded  scales  much  shorter  than  their  nearly  orbicular  bracts  erose  on  the  margins 
and  contracted  above  into  slender  elongated  strongly  reflexed  tips.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric, 
slightly  narrowed  but  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  4 '-5'  long,  purple  or  olive-brown,  pu- 
bescent, with  scales  about  one  third  wider  than  long,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  rounded 
apex  to  the  base,  or  full  at  the  sides,  rounded  and  denticulate  above  the  middle  and  sharply 
contracted  and  wedge-shaped  below,  nearly  or  entirely  covered  by  their  strongly  reflexed 
pale  green  spatulate  bracts  full  and  rounded  above,  fimbriate  on  the  margins,  with  broad 
midribs  produced  into  short  broad  flattened  points;  seeds  \'  long,  pale  reddish  browrt, 
about  as  long  as  their  wings,  gradually  narrowed  from  below  to  the  nearly  truncate 
slightly  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  in  old  age  with  a  comparatively  broad  somewhat  rounded  head,  usually  150°- 
200°  and  occasionally  250°  high,  with  a  trunk  6°-8°  in  diameter,  short  rigid  branches,  short 
stout  remote  lateral  branches  standing  out  at  right  angles,  and  slender  reddish  brown  branch- 


58 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


lets  puberulous  for  four  or  five  years  and  generally  pointing  forward.  Winter-buds  ovoid- 
oblong,  red-brown,  about  f '  long.  Bark  becoming  on  old  trunks  l'-2'  thick,  bright  red- 
brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  irregularly  broken  by  cross  fissures  and 


Fig.  58 


covered  with  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained, 
pale  brown  streaked  with  red,  with  darker  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  manufactured 
into  lumber  and  used  under  the  name  of  larch  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings  and  for 
packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  Mt.  Baker  in  northern  Washington  and  southward  to  the  valley 
of  the  Mackenzie  River,  Oregon,  and  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  California,  at  elevations  of 
from  2000°-5000°  above  the  sea;  most  abundant  and  often  forming  extensive  forests  on 
the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington;  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size  on  the  eastern 
and  northern  slopes  of  these  mountains.  In  Oregon  sometimes  called  Larch. 

Often  planted  in  western  and  central  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  in  the  eastern 
states  hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

8.  Abies  magnifica  A.  Murr.    Red  Fir. 

Leaves  almost  equally  4-sided,  ribbed  above  and  below,  with  6-8  rows  of  stomata  on 
each  of  the  4  sides,  pale  and  very  glaucous  during  their  first  season,  later  becoming 
blue-green,  persistent  usually  for  about  ten  years;  on  young  plants  and  lower  branches 
oblanceolate,  somewhat  flattened,  rounded,  bluntly  pointed,  f'-H'  long,  ^  wide,  those 
on  the  lower  side  of  the  branch  spreading  in  2  nearly  horizontal  ranks  by  the  twist  at 
their  base,  on  upper,  especially  on  fertile  branches,  much  thickened,  with  more  prominent 


Fig.  59 


PINACE^E  59 

midribs,  acute,  with  short  callous  tips,  \r  long  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branch  to  \\'  long  on 
the  lower  side,  crowded,  erect,  strongly  incurved,  completely  hiding  the  upper  side  of  the 
branch,  on  leading  shoots  f '  long,  erect  and  acuminate,  with  long  rigid  points  pressed 
against  the  stem.  Flowers:  male  dark  reddish  purple;  female  with  rounded  scales  much 
shorter  than  their  oblong  pale  green  bracts  terminating  in  elongated  slender  tips  more  or 
less  tinged  with  red.  Fruit  oblong-cylindric,  slightly  narrowed  to  the  rounded,  truncate, 
or  retuse  apex,  dark  purplish  brown,  puberulous,  from  6'-9'  long,  with  scales  often  1^' 
wide  and  about  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cordate  base,  some- 
what longer  or  often  two  thirds  as  long  as  their  spatulate  acute  or  acuminate  bracts  slightly 
serrulate  above  the  middle  and  often  sharply  contracted  and  then  enlarged  toward  the 
base;  seeds  dark  reddish  brown,  f  long,  about  as  wide  as  their  lustrous  rose-colored  ob- 
ovate  cuneate  wings  nearly  truncate  and  often  f '  wide  at  apex. 

A  tree,  in  old  age  occasionally  somewhat  round-topped,  frequently  200°  high,  with  a 
trunk  8°-10°  in  diameter  and  often  naked  for  half  the  height  of  the  tree,  comparatively 
short  small  branches,  the  upper  somewhat  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous,  and  stout  light 
yellow-green  branchlets  pointing  forward,  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  season, 
becoming  light  red-brown  and  lustrous  and  ultimately  gray  or  silvery  white.  Winter- 
buds  ovoid,  acute,  i'-f '  long,  their  bright  chestnut-brown  scales  with  prominent  midribs 
produced  into  short  tips.  Bark  becoming  4'-6'  thick  near  the  ground,  deeply  divided  into 
broad  rounded  ridges  broken  by  cross  fissures  and  covered  by  dark  red-brown  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  comparatively  durable,  light  red-brown,  with  thick  somewhat 
darker  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fuel,  and  in  California  occasionally  manufactured  into 
coarse  lumber  employed  in  the  construction  of  cheap  buildings  and  for  packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Cascade  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon,  southward  over  the  mountain 
ranges  of  northern  California  (summits  of  the  Trinity  and  Salmon  Mountains  and  on  the 
inner  north  coast  ranges),  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  divide 
between  White  and  Kern  Rivers;  common  in  southern  Oregon  at  elevations  between  5000° 
and  7000°  above  the  sea,  forming  sometimes  nearly  pure  forests;  very  abundant  on  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  principal  tree  in  the  forest  belt  at  elevations  between  6000°  and 
9000°;  ascending  towards  the  southern  extremity  of  its  range  to  over  10,000°.  Small 
stunted  trees  from  the  neighborhood  of  Meadow  Lake,  Sierra  County,  California,  with 
yellowish  cones  have  been  described  as  var.  xancocarpa  Lemm. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  and  sometimes 
hardy  in  the  United  States  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

A  distinct  form  is 

Abies  magnifica  var.  shastensis  Lemm.    Red  Fir. 

On  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and  at  high  elevations  on  those  of  northern  Cali- 
fornia, and  on  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  occurs  this  form  distinguished  only  by  the 


Fig.  60 


60 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


longer  rounded   or  obtusely  pointed  (not  acute)  bright  yellow  bracts  which  sometimes 
cover  nearly  half  their  scales. 

9.  Abies  venusta  K.  Koch.    Silver  Fir. 
Abies  bracteata  D.  Don. 

Leaves  thin,  flat,  rigid,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  often  falcate,  especially  on  fertile  branches,  acuminate,  with  long  slender 
callous  tips,  dark  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  slightly  rounded  on  the  upper  surface  marked 
below  the  middle  with  an  obscure  groove,  silvery  white  or  on  old  leaves  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  with  bands  of  8-10  rows  of  stomata  between  the  broad  midrib  and  the  thickened 
strongly  revolute  margins,  2-ranked  from  the  conspicuous  twist  near  their  base  and  spread- 
ing at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  branch,  or  pointing  forward  on  upper  fertile  branches, 
l|'-2j'  long,  on  leading  shoots  standing  out  at  almost  right  angles,  rounded  on  the  upper 
surface,  more  or  less  incurved  above  the  middle,  l|'-lf'  long,  about  |'  wide.  Flowers: 
male  produced  in  great  numbers  near  the  base  of  the  branchlets  on  branches  from  the 
middle  of  the  tree  upward,  pale  yellow;  female  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  of  the 


Fig.  61 


upper  branches  only,  with  oblong  scales  rounded  above  and  nearly  as  long  as  their  cuneate 
obcordate  yellow-green  bracts  ending  in  slender  elongated  awns.  Fruit  on  stout  peduncles 
sometimes  \'  long,  oval  or  subcylindric,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  pale  pur- 
ple-brown, 3'-4'  long,  with  thin  scales  strongly  incurved  above,  obtusely  short-pointed 
at  apex,  obscurely  denticulate  on  the  thin  margins,  about  one  third  longer  than  their 
oblong-obovate  obcordate  pale  yellow-brown  bracts  terminating  in  flat  rigid  tips  I'-lf '  long, 
above  the  middle  of  the  cone  pointing  toward  its  apex  and  often  closely  appressed  to  its 
sides,  below  the  middle  spreading  toward  its  base  and  frequently  much  recurved,  firmly 
attached  to  the  cone-scales  and  deciduous  with  them  from  the  thick  conical  sharp-pointed 
axis  of  the  cone;  seeds  dark  red-brown,  about  f  long,  and  nearly  as  long  as  their  oblong- 
obovate  pale  reddish  brown  lustrous  wings  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  100°-150°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  short 
slender  usually  pendulous  branches  furnished  with  long  sinuous  rather  remote  lateral 
branches  sparsely  clothed  with  foliage,  forming  a  broad-based  pyramid  abruptly  narrowed 
15°-20°  from  the  top  of  the  tree  into  a  thin  spire-like  head,  and  stout  glabrous  light  reddish 
brown  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  £'-!' 
long,  \-\'  thick,  with  very  thin,  loosely  imbricated,  pale  chestnut-brown,  acute,  boat-shaped 
scales.  Bark  becoming  near  the  base  of  the  tree  z'-f '  thick,  light  reddish  brown,  slightly 


PINACE^E  61 

and  irregularly  fissured  and  broken  into  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
not  hard,  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with  paler  sapwood. 

Distribution.  In  the  moist  bottoms  of  canons  and  on  dry  rocky  summits,  usually  at 
elevations  of  about  3000°  above  the  sea  on  both  slopes  of  the  outer  western  ridge  of  the 
Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  Monterey  County,  California. 

Occasionally  and  successfully  grown  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  milder  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  in  northern  Italy;  not  hardy  in  the  eastern  United  States. 

7.    SEQUOIA  Endl. 

Resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  tall  massive  lobed  trunks,  thick  bark  of  2  layers,  the  outer 
composed  of  fibrous  scales,  the  inner  thin,  close  and  firm,  soft,  durable,  straight-grained 
red  heartwood,  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  short  stout  horizontal  branches,  terete  lateral 
branchlets  deciduous  in  the  autumn,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  linear  and  spreading  in  2  ranks  especially  on  young  trees  and  branches,  or  linear,  acute, 
compressed,  keeled  on  the  back  and  closely  appressed  or  spreading  at  apex,  the  two 
forms  appearing  sometimes  on  the  same  branch  or  on  different  branches  of  the  same  tree. 
Flowers  minute,  solitary,  monoecious,  appearing  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the 
previous  autumn,  the  male  terminal  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  oblong  or  ovoid,  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  numerous  imbricated  ovate,  acute,  and  apiculate  bracts,  with 
numerous  spirally  disposed  filaments  dilated  into  ovoid  acute  subpeltate  denticulate  connec- 
tives bearing  on  their  inner  face  2-5  pendulous  globose  2-valved  anther-cells;  the  female 
terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong,  composed  of  numerous  spirally  imbricated  ovate  scales  abruptly 
keeled  on  the  back,  the  keels  produced  into  short  or  elongated  points  closely  adnate  to  the 
short  ovule-bearing  scales  rounded  above  and  bearing  below  their  upper  margin  in  2  rows 
5-7  ovules  at  first  erect,  becoming  reversed.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  short-oblong  pendulous 
cone  maturing  during  the  first  or  second  season,  persistent  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds, 
its  scales  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  united  flower  and  ovuliferous  scales,  becoming 
woody,  bearing  large  deciduous  resin-glands,  gradually  enlarged  upward  and  widening 
at  the  apex  into  a  narrow  thickened  oblong  disk  transversely  depressed  through  the  middle 
and  sometimes  tipped  with  a  small  point.  Seeds  5-7  under  each  scale,  oblong-ovoid,  com- 
pressed; seed-coat  membranaceous,  produced  into  broad  thin  lateral  wings;  cotyledons 
4-6,  longer  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Sequoia,  widely  scattered  with  several  species  over  the  northern  hemisphere  during  the 
cretaceous  and  tertiary  epochs,  is  now  confined  to  the  coast  of  Oregon  and  California  and 
the  mountains  of  California,  where  two  species  exist. 

The  name  of  the  genus  is  formed  from  Sequoiah,  the  inventor  of  the  Cherokee  alphabet. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves   mostly  spreading  in  2  ranks;  cones  maturing  in  one  season;  buds  scaly. 

1.  S.  sempervirens  (G). 

Leaves  slightly  spreading  or   appressed;   cones  maturing  in  their  second  season;  buds 
naked.  2.  S.  gigantea  (G). 

1.  Sequoia  sempervirens  Endl.    Redwood. 

Leaves  of  secondary  branches  and  of  lower  branches  of  young  trees  lanceolate,  more  or 
less  falcate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  usually  tipped  with  slender  rigid  points,  slightly  thick- 
ened on  the  revolute  margins,  decurrent  at  the  base,  spreading  in  2  ranks  by  a  half-turn  at 
their  base,  j'— |'  l°ng>  about  f '  wide,  obscurely  keeled  and  marked  above  by  2  narrow  bands 
of  stomata,  glaucous  and  stomatiferous  below  on  each  side  of  their  conspicuous  mid- 
rib, on  leading  shoots  disposed  in  many  ranks,  more  or  less  spreading  or  appressed,  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  incurved  at  the  rounded  apiculate  apex,  thickened,  rounded,  and  stoma- 
tiferous on  the  lower  surface,  concave,  prominently  keeled  and  covered  with  stomata 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


on  the  upper  surface,  usually  about  \'  long;  dying  and  turning  reddish  brown  at  least 
two  years  before  falling.  Flowers  opening  in  December  or  January;  male  oblong,  obtuse; 
female  with  about  20  broadly  ovate  acute  scales  tipped  with  elongated  and  incurved  or 
short  points.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  oblong,  f '-!'  long,  £'  broad,  its  scales  gradually 

enlarged  from  slender 
stipes  abruptly  dilat- 
ed above  into  disks 
penetrated  by  deep 
narrow  grooves,  and 
usually  without  tips; 
seeds  about  ^V  long, 
light  brown,  with 
wings  as  broad  as 
their  body. 

A  tree,  from  200°- 
340°  high,  with  a 
slightly  tapering  and 
irregularly  lobed 
trunk  usually  free  of 
branches  for  75°- 
100°,  usually  10°-15°, 
rarely  28°  in  diame- 
ter at  the  much  but- 
tressed base,  slender 

branches,  clothed  with  branchlets  spreading  in  2  ranks  and  forming  while  the  tree  is  young 
an  open  narrow  pyramid,  on  old  trees  becoming  stout  and  horizontal,  and  forming  a  nar- 
row rather  compact  and  very  irregular  head  remarkably  small  in  proportion  to  the  height 
and  size  of  the  trunk,  and  slender  leading  branchlets  covered  at  the  end  of  three  or  four 
years  after  the  leaves  fall  with  cinnamon-brown  scaly  bark  ;  when  cut  producing  from  the 
stump  numerous  vigorous  long-lived  shoots.  Buds  with  numerous  loosely  imbricated 
ovate  acute  scales  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet.  Bark  6'-12'  thick,  divided  into 
rounded  ridges  and  separated  on  the  surface  into  long  narrow  dark  brown  fibrous  scales 
often  broken  transversely  and  in  falling  disclosing  the  bright  cinnamon-red  inner  bark. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  easily  split  and  worked,  very  durable  in  con- 
tact with  the  soil,  clear  light  red;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  shingles, 
fence-posts,  railway-ties,  wine-butts,  and  in  buildings. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Chetco  River,  Oregon,  8  miles  north  of  the  California  state 
line,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Monterey  County,  California;  rarely  found  more  than 
twenty  or  thirty  miles  from  the  coast,  or  beyond  the  influence  of  the  ocean  fogs,  or  over 
3000°  above  the  sea-level;  often  forming  in  northern  California  pure  forests  occupying  the 
sides  of  ravines  and  the  banks  of  streams;  southward  growing  usually  in  small  groves  scat- 
tered among  other  trees;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  north  of  Cape  Mendocino. 
Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  temperate  countries  of  Europe,  and  occa- 
sionally in  the  southeastern  United  States. 


Fig.  62 


2.  Sequoia  gigantea  Decne.    Big  Tree. 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia  Seem. 

Leaves  ovate  and  acuminate,  or  lanceolate,  rounded  and  thickened  on  the  lower  surface, 
concave  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  by  bands  of  stomata  on  both  sides  of  the  obscure 
midrib,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  decurrent  below,  spreading  or  closely  appressed  above  the 
middle,  f'-|'  or  on  leading  shoots  \'  long.  Flowers  opening  in  late  winter  and  early 
spring;  male  in  great  profusion  over  the  whole  tree,  oblong-ovoid,  with  ovate  acute  or  acumi- 
nate connectives;  female  with  25-40  pale  yellow  scales  slightly  keeled  on  the  back  and  grad- 


PINACE.E 


63 


ually  narrowed  into  long  slender  points.  Fruit  maturing  in  the  second  year,  ovoid-oblong, 
2'-3|'  long,  l£'-2j'  wide,  dark  reddish  brown,  the  scales  gradually  thickened  upward  from 
the  base  to  the  slightly  dilated  apex,  f-'-l  j'  long,  and  j'-?'  wide,  deeply  pitted  in  the  middle, 
often  furnished  with  an  elongated  reflexed  tip  and  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base  with 
two  or  three  large  deciduous  resin-glands;  seeds  linear-lanceolate,  compressed,  |'-j'  long, 
light  brown,  surrounded  by  laterally  united  wings  broader  than  the  body  of  the  seed,  apicu- 
late  at  the  apex,  often  very  unequal. 

A  tree,  at  maturity  usually  about  275°  high,  with  a  trunk  20°  in  diameter  near  the  ground, 
occasionally  becoming  320°  tall,  with  a  trunk  35°  in  diameter,  much  enlarged  and  buttressed 


Fig.  63 


at  base,  fluted  with  broad  low  rounded  ridges,  in  old  age  naked  often  for  150°  with  short 
thick  horizontal  branches,  slender  leading  branchlets  becoming  after  the  disappearance  of 
the  leaves  reddish  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple  and  covered  with  thin  close  or 
slightly  scaly  bark  and  naked  buds.  Bark  l°-2°  thick,  divided  into  rounded  lobes  4°-5° 
wide,  corresponding  to  the  lobes  of  the  trunk,  separating  into  loose  light  cinnamon-red 
fibrous  scales,  the  outer  scales  slightly  tinged  with  purple.  Wood  very  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  brittle  and  coarse-grained,  turning  dark  on  exposure;  manufactured  into  lumber 
and  used  for  fencing,  in  construction,  and  for  shingles. 

Distribution.  Western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  in  an  interrupted  belt 
at  elevations  of  5000°-8400°  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  from  the  middle  fork  of  the  Ameri- 
can River  to  the  head  of  Deer  Creek  just  south  of  latitude  36°;  north  of  King's  River  in 
isolated  groves,  southward  forming  forests  of  considerable  extent,  and  best  developed  on 
the  north  fork  of  the  Tule  River. 

Universally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  all  the  countries  of  western  and  southern 
Europe;  and  occasionally  in  the  middle  eastern  United  States. 

8.  TAXODIUM  Rich.    Bald  Cypress. 

Resinous  trees,  with  furrowed  scaly  bark,  light  brown  durable  heartwood,  thin  white 
sapwood,  erect  ultimately  spreading  branches,  deciduous  usually  2-ranked  lateral  branch- 
lets,  scaly  globose  buds,  and  stout  horizontal  roots  often  producing  erect  woody  projec- 
tions (knees).  Leaves  spirally  disposed,  pale  and  marked  with  stomata  below  on  both 
sides  of  the  obscure  midrib,  dark  green  above,  linear-lanceolate,  spreading  in  2  ranks,  or 
scale-like  and  appressed  on  lateral  branchlets,  the  two  forms  appearing  on  the  same  or  on 
different  branches  of  the  same  tree  or  on  separate  trees,  deciduous.  Flowers  unisexual, 
from  buds  formed  the  previous  year;  male  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  bracts  in  long  terminal 
drooping  nanicles,  with  6-8  stamens  opposite  in  2  ranks,  their  filaments  abruptly  enlarged 


64  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

into  broadly  ovate  peltate  yellow  connectives  bearing  on  their  inner  face  in  2  rows  4-9  2- 
valved  pendulous  anther-cells;  female  scattered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  pre- 
vious year,  subglobose,  composed  of  numerous  ovate  spirally  arranged  long-pointed  scales, 
adnate  below  to  the  thickened  fleshy  ovuliferous  scales  bearing  at  their  base  2  erect  bottle- 
shaped  ovules.  Fruit  a  globose  or  obovoid  short-stalked  woody  cone  maturing  the  first 
year  and  persistent  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  formed  from  the  enlargement  and  union 
of  the  flower  and  ovule-bearing  scales  abruptly  dilated  from  slender  stipes  into  irregularly 
4-sided  disks  often  mucronate  at  maturity,  bearing  on  the  inner  face,  especialh7  on  the 
stipes,  large  dark  glands  filled  with  blood-red  fragrant  liquid  resin.  Seeds  in  pairs  under 
each  scale,  attached  laterally  to  the  stipes,  erect,  unequally  3-angled;  seed-coat  light  brown 
and  lustrous,  thick,  coriaceous  or  corky,  produced  into  3  thick  unequal  lateral  wings  and 
below  into  a  slender  elongated  point;  cotyledons  4-9,  shorter  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Taxodium,  widely  distributed  through  North  America  and  Europe  in  Miocene  and  Plio- 
cene times,  is  now  confined  to  the  southern  United  States  and  Mexico.  Two  species  are 
distinguished. 

The  generic  name,  from  rd£oj  and  eidos,  indicates  a  resemblance  of  the  leaves  to  those 
of  the  Yew-tree. 

1.  Taxodium  distichum  Rich.    Bald  Cypress.    Deciduous  Cypress. 
Leaves  on  distichously  spreading  branchlets,  apiculate,  ^'-f '  long,  about  iV  wide,  light 
bright  yellow-green  or  occasionally  silvery  white  below;  or  on  the  form  with  pendulous 


Fig.  64 


compressed  branchlets  long-pointed,  keeled  and  stomatiferous  below,  concave  above 
more  or  less  spreading  at  the  free  apex,  about  \'  long;  in  the  autumn  turning  with  the 
branchlets  dull  orange-brown  before  falling.  Flowers:  panicles  of  stamina te  flowers 
4'-5'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  with  slender  red-brown  stems,  obovoid  flower-buds  nearly  f '  long, 
pale  silvery-gray  during  winter  and  purple  when  the  flowers  expand  in  the  spring.  Fruit 
usually  produced  in  pairs  at  the  end  of  the  branch  or  irregularly  scattered  along  it  for  several 
inches,  nearly  globose  or  obovoid,  rugose,  about  1'  in  diameter,  the  scales  generally  destitute 
of  tips;  seeds  with  wings  nearly  \'  long,  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  with  a  tall  lobed  gradually  tapering  trunk,  rarely  12°  and  generally  4°-5°  in  di- 
ameter above  the  abruptly  enlarged  strongly  buttressed  usually  hollow  base,  occasionally 
150°  tall,  in  youth  pyramidal,  with  slender  branches  often  becoming  elongated  and  slightly 
pendulous,  in  old  age  spreading  out  into  a  broad  low  rounded  crown  often  100°  across,  and 
slender  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  light  red-brown  and  rather  lustrous 


PINACE.E  65 

during  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  the  following  year,  the  lateral  branchlets  de- 
ciduous, 3'-4'  long,  spreading  at  right  angles  to  the  branch,  or  in  the  form  with  acicular 
leaves  pendulous  or  erect  and  often  6'  long.  Bark  l'-2'  thick,  light  cinnamon-red  and 
divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  long  thin 
closely  appressed  fibrous  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  easily  worked,  light  or  dark 
brown,  sometimes  nearly  black;  largely  used  for  construction,  railway-ties,  posts,  fences, 
and  in  cooperage. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  usually  submerged  during  several  months  of  the  year, 
low  wet  banks  of  streams,  and  the  wet  depressions  of  Pine-barrens  from  southern  New 
Jersey  and  southern  Delaware  southward  generally  near  the  coast  to  the  Everglade  Keys, 
southern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf-coast  region  to  the  valley  of  Devil  River,  Texas, 
through  Louisiana  to  southern  Oklahoma,  through  southern  and  western  Arkansas  to 
southeastern  Missouri,  and  through  western  and  northern  Mississippi  to  Tishomingo  County, 
and  in  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  to  southern  Illinois  and  southwestern  Indiana; 
most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  '*n  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  often  covering 
with  nearly  pure  forests  great  river  swamps.  From  the  coast  of  North  Carolina  to  southern 
Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  eastern  and  western  Louisiana  the  form  with  acicular 
leaves  (Taxodium  distichum  var.  imbricarium,  Sarg.)  is  not  rare  as  a  small  tree  in  Pine- 
barren  ponds  and  swamps. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  United  States,  and  in  the  coun- 
tries of  temperate  Europe,  especially  the  var.  imbricarium  (as  Glyptostrobus  sinensis  Hort. 
not  Endl.). 


9.  LIBOCEDRUS  Endl. 

Tall  resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  scaly  bark,  spreading  branches,  flattened  branchlets 
disposed  in  one  horizontal  plane  and  forming  an  open  2-ranked  spray  and  often  ultimately 
deciduous,  straight-grained  durable  fragrant  wood,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  scale-like,  in 
4  ranks,  on  leading  shoots  nearly  equally  decussate,  closely  compressed  or  spreading,  dying 
and  becoming  woody  before  falling,  on  lateral  flattened  branchlets  much  compressed, 
conspicuously  keeled,  and  nearly  covering  those  of  the  other  ranks;  on  seedling  plants 
linear-lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flowers  monoecious,  solitary,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  on 
different  branchlets;  male  oblong,  with  12-16  decussate  filaments  dilated  into  broad  con- 
nectives usually  bearing  4  subglobose  anther-cells;  female  oblong,  subtended  at  base  by 
several  pairs  of  leaf-life  scales  slightly  enlarged  and  persistent  under  the  fruit,  composed 
of  6  acuminate  short-pointed  scales,  those  of  the  upper  and  middle  ranks  much  larger 
than  those  of  the  lower  rank,  ovate  or  oblong,  fertile  and  bearing  at  the  base  of  a  minute 
accrescent  ovuliferous  scale  2  erect  ovules.  Fruit  an  oblong  cone  maturing  in  one  season, 
with  subcoriaceous  scales  marked  at  the  apex  by  the  free  thickened  mucronulate  border 
of  the  enlarged  flower-scales,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  ovate,  thin,  reflexed,  much  shorter 
than  the  oblong  thicker  scales  of  the  second  pair  widely  spreading  at  maturity;  those  of 
the  third  pair  confluent  into  an  erect  partition.  Seeds  in  pairs,  erect  on  the  base  of  the 
scale;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  of  2  layers,  produced  into  thin  unequal  lateral  wings,  one 
narrow,  the  other  broad,  oblique,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale;  cotyledons  2,  about  as  long 
as  the  superior  radicle. 

Libocedrus  is  confined  to  western  North  America,  western  South  America,  where  it  is 
distributed  from  Chili  to  Patagonia,  New  Zealand,  New  Caledonia,  New  Guinea,  Formosa, 
and  southwestern  China.  Eight  species  are  distinguished. 

Libocedrus,  from  Xi/3ds  and  Cedrus,  relates  to  the  resinous  character  of  these  trees. 

1 .  Libocedrus  decurrens  Torr.    Incense  Cedar. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  decurrent  and  closely  adnate  on  the  branchlets  except  at  the 
callous  apex,  £'  long  on  the  ultimate  lateral  branchlets  to  nearly  \'  long  on  leading  shoots, 
those  of  the  lateral  ranks  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  keeled  and  glan- 


66 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


dular  on  the  back,  and  nearly  covering  the  flattened  obscurely  glandular-pitted  and  abruptly 
pointed  leaves  of  the  inner  ranks.  Flowers  appearing  in  January  on  the  ends  of  short  lat- 
eral brarichlets  of  the  previous  year;  male  tingeing  the  tree  with  gold  during  the  winter 
and  early  spring,  ovate,  nearly  \'  long,  with  nearly  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate  connectives, 
rounded,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex  and  slightly  erose  on  the  margins;  female  sub- 
tended by  2-6  pairs  of  leaf-like  scales,  with  ovate  acute  light  yellow-green  slightly  spread- 
ing scales.  Fruit  ripening  and  discharging  its  seeds  in  the  autumn,  oblong,  f '-!'  long,  pen- 
dulous, light  red-brown;  seeds  oblong-lanceolate,  %'-%'  long,  semiterete  and  marked  below 
by  a  conspicuous  pale  basal  hilum;  inner  layer  of  the  seed-coat  penetrated  by  elongated 
resin-chambers,  filled  with  red  liquid  balsamic  resin. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  or  rarely  150°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  slightly  and  irregularly 
lobed  trunk  tapering  from  a  broad  base,  3°  or  4°  or  occasionally  6°  or  7°  in  diameter, 


Fig.  65 


slender  branches  erect  at  the  top  of  the  tree,  below  sweeping  downward  in  bold  curves, 
forming  a  narrow  open  feathery  crown  becoming  in  old  age  irregular  in  outline  by  the 
greater  development  of  a  few  ultimately  upright  branches  forming  secondary  stems,  and 
stout  branchlets  somewhat  flattened  and  light  yellow-green  at  first,  turning  light  red-brown 
during  the  summer  and  ultimately  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  the  lateral  branch- 
lets  much  flattened,  4'-6'  long,  and  usually  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  second  or  third 
season.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  and  broken  into  irregular  ridges  covered 
with  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained  very  durable  in 
contact  with  the  soil,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  often  injured 
by  dry  rot  but  largely  used  for  fencing,  laths  and  shingles,  the  interior  finish  of  buildings, 
for  furniture,  and  in  the  construction  of  flumes. 

Distribution.  Singly  or  in  small  groves  from  the  southeastern  slope  of  Mt.  Hood,  Ore- 
gon, and  southward  along  the  Cascade  Mountains;  on  the  high  mountains  of  northern 
California,  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  in  Alpine  County  on  their 
eastern  slope,  on  the  Washoe  Mountains,  western  Nevada,  in  the  California  coast  ranges 
from  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  Monterey  County  to  the  high  mountains  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state;  on  the  Sierra  del  Pimal  and  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains, 
Lower  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  of  central 
California  at  elevations  of  5000°-7000°  above  the  sea. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  where  it  grows 
rapidly  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size;  hardy  and  occasionally  planted  in  the  New 
England  and  middle  Atlantic  states. 


PINACE.E  67 

10.  THUJA  L.    Arbor-vitae. 

Resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  soft  durable  straight-grained  heartwood, 
thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  slender  spreading  or  erect  branches,  pyramidal  heads,  flat- 
tened lateral  pendulous  branchlets  disposed  in  one  horizontal  plane,  forming  a  flat  frond- 
like  spray  and  often  finally  deciduous,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  decussate,  scale-like, 
acute,  stomatiferous  on  the  back,  on  leading  shoots  appressed  or  spreading,  rounded  or 
slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  narrowed  into  long  slender  points,  on  lateral  branchlets  much 
compressed  in  the  lateral  ranks,  prominently  keeled  and  nearly  covering  those  of  the  other 
ranks;  on  seedling  plants  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Flowers 
minute,  monoecious,  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn,  terminal,  solitary,  the  two 
sexes  usually  on  different  branchlets;  male  ovoid,  with  4-6  decussate  filaments,  enlarged 
into  suborbicular  peltate  connectives  bearing  on  their  inner  face  2-4  subglobose  anther- 
cells;  female  oblong,  with  8-12  oblong  acute  scales  opposite  in  pairs,  the  ovuliferous  scales 
at  their  base  bearing  usually  2  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Fruit  an  ovoid-oblong  erect 
pale  cinnamon-brown  cone  maturing  in  one  season,  its  scales  thin  (thick  in  one  species), 
leathery,  oblong,  acute,  marked  near  the  apex  by  the  thickened  free  border  of  the  enlarged 
flower-scales,  those  of  the  2  or  3  middle  ranks  largest  and  fertile.  Seeds  usually  2,  erect 
on  the  base  of  the  scale,  ovoid,  acute,  compressed,  light  chestnut-brown;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous,  produced  except  in  one  species  into  broad  lateral  wings  distinct  at  the  apex; 
cotyledons  2,  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Thuja  is  confined  to  northeastern  and  northwestern  America,  to  Japan,  Korea  and 
northern  China.  Five  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  Chinese  Thuja 
orientalis,  L.,  with  many  varieties  produced  by  cultivation,  is  frequently  planted  in  the 
United  States,  especially  in  the  south  and  west,  for  the  decoration  of  gardens,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  species  by  the  thick  umbonate  scales  of  the  cone,  only  the  4 
lower  scales  being  fertile,  and  by  the  thick  rounded  dark  red-purple  seeds  without  wings. 

Thuja  is  the  classical  name  of  some  coniferous  tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruit  with  usually  4  fertile  scales.  1.  T.  occidentalis  (A). 

Fruit  with  usually  6  fertile  scales.  2.  T.  plicate.  (B,  F,  G). 

1.  Thuja  occidentalis  L.     White  Cedar.    Arbor-vitae. 

Leaves  on  leading  shoots  often  nearly  \'  long,  long-pointed  and  usually  conspicuously 
glandular,  on  lateral  branchlets  much  flattened,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  without 
glands  or  obscurely  glandular-pitted,  about  £'  long.  Flowers  opening  in  April  and  May, 
liver  color.  Fruit  ripening  and  discharging  its  seeds  in  the  early  autumn,  \'-\'  long; 
seeds  f '  long,  the  thin  wings  as  wide  as  the  body. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  often  lobed  and  buttressed  trunk,  occasionally  6° 
although  usually  not  more  than  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  divided  into  2  or  3  stout  secondary 
stems,  short  horizontal  branches  soon  turning  upward  and  forming  a  narrow  compact 
pyramidal  head,  light  yellow-green  branchlets  paler  on  the  lower  surface  than  on  the 
upper,  changing  with  the  death  of  the  leaves  during  their  second  season  to  light  cinnamon- 
red,  growing  darker  the  following  year,  gradually  becoming  terete  and  abruptly  enlarged 
at  the  base  and  finally  covered  with  smooth  lustrous  dark  orange-brown  bark,  and  marked 
by  conspicuous  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  short  pendulous  lateral  branchlets.  Bark  £'- 
\'  thick,  light  red-brown  often  tinged  with  orange  color  and  broken  by  shallow  fissures  into 
narrow  flat  connected  ridges  separating  into  elongated  more  or  less  persistent  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  durable,  fragrant,  pale  yellow-brown;  largely  used 
in  Canada  and  the  northern  states  for  fence-posts,  rails,  railway-ties,  and  shingles.  Fluid 
extracts  and  tinctures  made  from  the  young  branchlets  are  sometimes  used  in  medicine. 

Distribution.     Frequently  forming  nearly  impenetrable  forests  on  swampy  ground  or 


68 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


often  occupying  the  rocky  banks  of  streams,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  north- 
westward to  the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  eastern  Canada 
to  southern  New  Hampshire,  central  Massachusetts,  New  York,  central  Ohio,  northern 


Fig.  66 


Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  Minnesota;  occasionally  on  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia, 
West  Virginia,  and  northeastern  Tennessee,  and  on  the  mountains  of  western  Burke 
County,  North  Carolina,  at  an  altitude  of  3000  feet;  very  common  at  the  north,  less 
abundant  and  of  smaller  size  southward. 

Often  cultivated,  with  many,  often  dwarf,  forms  produced  in  nurseries,  as  an  ornamental 
tree  and  for  hedges;  and  in  Europe  from  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

2.  Thuja  plicata  D.  Don.    Red  Cedar.    Canoe  Cedar. 

Leaves  on  leading  shoots  ovate,  long-pointed,  often  conspicuously  glandular  on  the 
back,  frequently  \'  long,  on  lateral  branchlets  ovate,  apiculate,  without  glands  or  obscurely 
glandular-pitted,  usually  not  more  than  |'  long,  mostly  persistent  2-5  years.  Flowers 
about  iV  long,  dark  brown. 
Fruit  ripening  early  in  the 
autumn,  clustered  near  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  much 
reflexed,  \'  long,  with  thin 
leathery  scales,  conspicuously 
marked  near  the  apex  by  the 
free  border  of  the  flower-scale 
furnished  with  short  stout 
erect  or  recurved  dark  mu- 
cros;  seeds  often  3  under  each 
fertile  scale,  rather  shorter 
than  their  usually  slightly 
unequal  wings  about  \'  long. 

A    tree,    frequently    200° 
high,  with  a  broad  gradually 

taper  ing  buttressed  base  some-  Fig.  67 

times  15°  in  diameter  at  the 

ground  and  in  old  age  often  separating  toward  the  summit  into  2  or  3  erect  divisions, 
short  horizontal  branches,  usually  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  dense  narrow  py- 
ramidal head,  and  slender  much  compressed  branchlets  often  slightly  zigzag,  light  bright 


PINACE.E  69 

yellow-green  during  their  first  year,  then  cinnamon-brown,  and  after  the  falling  of  the 
leaves,  lustrous  and  dark  reddish  brown  often  tinged  with  purple,  the  lateral  branchlets 
5'-6'  long,  light  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  somewhat  paler  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, turning  yellow  and  falling  generally  at  the  end  of  their  second  season.  Bark  bright 
cinnamon-red,  £'-f '  thick,  irregularly  divided  by  narrow  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges 
rounded  on  the  back  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  long  narrow  rather  loose  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  easily  split,  dull  brown  tinged 
with  red ;  largely  used  in  Washington  and  Oregon  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  doors, 
sashes,  fences,  shingles,  and  in  cabinet-making  and  cooperage.  From  this  tree  the  Indians 
of  the  northwest  coast  split  the  planks  used  in  the  construction  of  their  lodges,  carved 
the  totems  which  decorate  their  villages,  and  hollowed  out  their  great  war  canoes,  and 
from  the  fibres  of  the  inner  bark  made  ropes,  blankets,  and  thatch  for  their  cabins. 

Distribution.  Singly  and  in  small  groves  on  low  moist  bottom-lands  or  near  the  banks 
of  mountain  streams,  from  the  sea-level  to  elevations  of  6000°  in  the  interior,  from  Baranoff 
Island,  Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  western  Washing- 
ton, and  Oregon,  where  it  is  the  most  abundant  and  grows  to  its  largest  size,  and  through 
the  California-coast  region  to  Mendocino  County,  ranging  eastward  along  many  of  the 
interior  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  northern  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Montana  to  the 
western  slope  of  the  continental  divide. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  western  and  central 
Europe  where  it  has  grown  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  occasionally  in  the  middle  and 
north  Atlantic  states. 

11.  CUPRESSUS  L.    Cypress. 

Resinous  trees,  with  bark  often  separating  into  long  shred-like  scales,  fragrant  durable 
usually  light  brown  heartwood,  pale  yellow  sapwood,  stout  erect  branches  often  becoming 
horizontal  in  old  age,  slender  4-angled  branchlets,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  scale-like, 
ovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  with  slender  spreading  or  appressed 
tips,  thickened,  rounded,  and  often  glandular  on  the  back,  opposite  in  pairs,  becoming 
brown  and  woody  before  falling;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  and  young  plants  needle-shaped 
or  linear-lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flowers  minute,  monoecious,  terminal,  yellow,  the  two 
sexes  on  separate  branchlets;  the  male  oblong,  of  numerous  decussate  stamens,  with  short 
filaments  enlarged  into  broadly  ovate  connectives  bearing  2-6  globose  pendulous  anther- 
•cells;  female  oblong  or  subglocose,  composed  of  6-10  thick  decussate  scales  bearing  in  several 
rows  at  the  base  of  the  ovuliferous  scale  numerous  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Fruit  an 
erect  nearly  globose  cone  maturing  in  the  second  year,  composed  of  the  much  thickened 
•ovule-bearing  scales  of  the  flower,  abruptly  dilated,  clavate  and  flattened  at  the  apex, 
bearing  the  remnants  of  the  flower-scales  developed  into  a  short  central  more  or  less  thick- 
ened mucro  or  boss;  long-persistent  on  the  branch  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds.  Seeds 
numerous,  in  several  rows,  erect,  thick,  and  acutely  angled  or  compressed,  with  thin  lateral 
wings;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  inner  thicker  and 
•crustaceous;  cotyledons  3  or  4,  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Cupressus  with  ten  or  twelve  species  is  confined  to  Pacific  North  America  and  Mexico 
in  the  New  World  and  to  southeastern  Europe,  southwestern  Asia,  the  Himalayas,  and 
China  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  exotic  species  Cupressus  sempercirens  L.,  of  southeastern 
Europe  and  southwestern  Asia,  and  especially  its  pyramidal  variety,  are  often  planted 
for  ornament  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Pacific  states. 

Cupressus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Cypress- tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES 

JLeaves  dark  green. 

Leaves  eglandular  or  obscurely  glandular  on  the  back. 

Leaves  obtusely  pointed;  cones  puberulous,  !'-!£'  in  diameter;  seeds  light  chestnut- 
brown.  1.  C.  macrocarpa  (G). 


70 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Leaves  acutely  pointed;  cones  \'-\'  in  diameter;  seeds  dark  brown  or  black. 

2.  C.  Goveniana  (G). 
Leaves  glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  acute. 

Cones  f'-l'  in  diameter;  seeds  brown,  often  glaucous.  3.  C.  Sargentii  (G). 

Cones  \'-V  in  diameter,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  seeds  dark  chestnut- 
brown.  4.  C.  Macnabiana  (G). 
Leaves  pale  bluish  green. 

Leaves  obtusely  pointed,  with  small  gland-pits;  bark  of  the  trunk  smooth,  lustrous, 
mahogany  brown;  branches  bright  red.  5.  C.  guadaloupensis  (G). 

Leaves  acute,  eglandular  or  occasionally  obscurely  glandular  (in  var.  glabra  con- 
spicuously glandular);  bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  separating  into  long 
narrow  persistent  fibres;  branchlets  gray.  6.  C.  arizonica  (H). 

1.  Cupressus  macrocarpa  Gord.    Monterey  Cypress. 

Leaves  dark  green,  bluntly  pointed,  eglandular,  and  j'— |'  long;  deciduous  at  the  end  of 
three  or  four  years.  Flowers  opening  late  in  February  or  early  in  March,  yellow.  Fruit 

clustered  on  short  stout 
stems  subglobose,  slightly 
puberulous,  l'-l|'  in  diam- 
eter, composed  of  4  or  6 
pairs  of  scales,  with  broadly 
ovoid  thickened  or  occasion- 
ally on  the  upper  scales  sub- 
conical  bosses,  the  scales  of 
the  upper  and  lower  pairs 
being  smaller  than  the  others 
and  sterile;  seeds  about  20 
under  each  fertile  scale,  an- 
gled, light  chestnut-brown, 
about  iV  long. 

'/  *  A  tree,  often  60°-70°  high, 

with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  or 

Fig.  68  exceptionally  5°-6°  in  diam- 

eter, slender  erect  brandies 

forming  a  narrow  or  broad  bushy  pyramidal  head,  becoming  stout  and  spreading  in  old 
age  into  a  broad  flat-topped  crown,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  when  the  leaves  fall  at 
the  end  of  three  or  four  years  with  thin  light  or  dark  reddish  brown  bark  separating  into 
small  papery  scales.  -  Bark  f'-l'  thick  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  flat  connected 
ridges  separating  freely  into  narrow  elongated  thick  persistent  scales,  dark  red-brown  on 
young  stems  and  upper  branches,  becoming  at  last  almost  white  on  old  and  exposed  trunks. 
Wood  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  very  durable,  close-grained. 

Distribution.  .Coast  of  California  south  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  occupying  an  area 
about  two  miles  long  and  two  hundred  yards  wide  from  Cypress  Point  to  the  shores  of 
Carmel  Bay,  with  a  small  grove  on  Point  Lobos,  the  southern  boundary  of  the  bay. 

Universally  cultivated  in  the  Pacific  states  from  Vancouver  Island  to  Lower  California, 
and  often  used  in  hedges  and  for  wind-breaks;  occasionally  planted  in  the  southeastern 
states;  much  planted  in  western  and  southern  Europe,  temperate  South  America,  and  in 
Australia  and  New  Zealand. 


2.  Cupressus  Goveniana  Gord. 
Cupressus  pygmcea  Sarg. 

Leaves  acutely  pointed,  dark  green.     Flowers:  male  obscurely  4-angled,  with  broadly 
ovate  peltate  connectives :  female  with  6-10  ovate  pointed  scales.     Fruit  usually  sessile> 


PINACE^E 


71 


subglobose  \'-\r  in  diameter,  its  scales  terminating  in  small  bosses;   seeds  compressed, 
black,  or  dark  brown,  papillose,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree  rarely  75°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  up  to  2°  10'  in  diameter,  often  not  more  than  25° 
high,  more  often  a  shrub  with  numerous  stems  1°-15°  tall,  ascending  branches,  and  compara- 
tively stout  bright  reddish  brown  branchlets,  becoming  purple  and  ultimately  dark  reddish 


Fig.  69 

brown  ;  often  beginning  to  produce  fertile  cones  when  only  1°  or  2°  tall.  Bark  bright  red- 
dish brown,  about  |'  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  flat  ridges  separating  on 
the  surface  into  long  thread-like  scales.  Wood  soft?,  very  coarse-grained,  pale  reddish  brown. 
Distribution.  California:  pine  barrens  on  the  western  slope  of  Point  Pinos  Ridge  two 
miles  west  of  Monterey,  and  on  alkaline  soil  in  a  narrow  belt  beginning  about  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  from  the  shore  of  Mendocino  County  and  extending  inland  for  three  or  four 
miles  from  Ten  Mile  Run  on  the  north  to  the  Navarro  River  on  the  south;  arborescent 
and  also  of  its  smallest  size  only  in  this  northern  station. 

3.  Cupressus  Sargentii  Jeps.    Sargent's  Cypress. 
Cupressus  Goveniana  Engelm.  not  Gord.  (Silva  N.  Am.  x.  107  t.  527) 

Leaves  obscurely  glandular  or  without  glands,  dark  green,  pungently  aromatic,  iV~i' 

long,  turning  bright  red- 
brown  in  drying  and 
falling  at  the  end  of 
three  or  four  years  ;  on 
young  plants  f'-i'  long. 
Flowers:  male  with  thin 
slightly  erose  connec- 
tives: female  of  6  or  8 
acute  slightly  spreading 
scales.  Fruit  often  in 
crowded  clusters,  short- 
stalked,  subglobose,  \'- 
V  in  diameter,  reddish 
brown  or  purple,  lus- 

Fig.  70  trous,  puberulous,  its  6 

or  8  scales  with  broadly 

ovoid  generally  rounded  and  flattened  and  rarely  short-obconic  bosses;  seeds  brown, 
lustrous,  often  glaucous,  with  an  acute  margin,  \'  long,  about  20  under  each  fertile  scale. 


72  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  shrub,  or  small  bushy  tree  rarely  more  than  15°  or  16°  high,  with  a  short  trunk 
2°  in  diameter,  slender  erect  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  open  head,  and 
thin  branchlets  covered  with  close  smooth  bark,  at  first  orange-colored,  becoming  bright 
reddish  brown,  and  ultimately  purple  or  dark  brown.  Bark  ?'-%'  thick,  dark  grayish 
brown,  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  ridges  covered  with  thin  persistent  oblong  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  California:  dry  mountain  slopes  usually  between  altitudes  of  1300°  and 
2300°  in  few  widely  isolated  stations,  Red  Mountain,  Mendocino  County,  to  Mt.  Tamal- 
pais,  Marin  County;  Cedar  Mountain,  Alameda  County;  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  Santa 
Cruz  County;  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  Monterey  County;  often  covering  great  areas  on 
the  hills  of  Marin  County  with  dense  thickets  only  a  few  feet  high. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  C.  Goveniana  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  orna- 
mental tree. 

4.  Cupressus  Macnabiana  A.  Murr.    Cypress. 

Cupressus  Bakeri  Jeps. 
Cupressus  nevadensis  Abrams. 

Leaves  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  and  conspicuously  glandular  on  the  back, 
deep  green,  often  slightly  glaucous,  usually  not  more  than  ^y  long.  Flowers  in  March 
and  April,  male  nearly  cylindric,  obtuse,  with  broadly  ovate  rounded  connectives: 
female  subglobose,  with  broadly  ovate  scales  short-pointed  and  rounded  at  apex. 
Fruit  oblong,  subsessile  or  raised  on  a  slender  stalk,  \'-l'  long,  dark  reddish  brown  more  or 
less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  slightly  puberulous,  especially  along  the  margins  of 
the  6  or  rarely  8  scales,  their  prominent  bosses  thin  and  recurved  on  the  lower  scales,  and 
much  thickened,  conical,  and  more  or  less  incurved  on  the  upper  scales;  seeds  dark  chest- 
nut-brown, usually  rather  less  than  ^V  long,  with  narrow  wings. 

A  tree  in  Oregon  occasionally  80°  high  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  31°  in  diameter, 
southward  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender 
branches  covered  with  close  smooth  compact  bark,  bright  purple  after  the  falling  of  the 
leaves,  soon  beooming  dark  brown;  more  often  a  shrub  with  numerous  stems  6°-12°  tall 
forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head.  Bark  thin,  dark  reddish  brown,  broken  into  brown 

flat  ridges,  and  separating 
on  the  surface  into  elon- 
gated thin  slightly  attached 
long-persistent  scales.  Wood 
•light,  soft,  very  close- 
grained. 

Distribution.  Rare  and 
local,  usually  in  small  groves; 
dry  ridges  of  Mount  Steve 
and  adjacent  mountains  up 
to  altitudes  of  5300°,  Jo- 
sephine County,  southwest- 
ern Oregon;  California;  on 
lava  beds,  southeastern  Sis- 
kiyou  and  southwestern  Mo- 
Fig.  7 1  no  Counties  (C.  Bakeri) ;  dry 

hills  and   low   slopes,    Mt. 

jEtna,  in  central  Napa  County;  through  Lake  County  to  Red  Mountain  on  the  east  side 
of  Ukiah  Valley,  Mendocino  County;  in  Trinity  County  between  Shasta  and  Whiskey- 
town;  and  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  (Red  Hill,  Piute  Mountains  near  Bodfish)  Kern  County, 
at  an  altitude  of  5000°  (C.  nevadensis). 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


PINACE^E  73 

5.  Cupressus  guadaloupensis  S.  Wats.    Tecate  Cypress. 

Leaves  acute,  rounded  and  minutely  glandular-pitted  or  eglandular  on  the  back,  light 
blue-green,  about  ^V  long.  Fruit  on  stout  stems  j'-jj'  in  length,  subglobose  to  short-ob- 
long, f  '-1  j'  in  diameter,  puberulous  especially  along  the  margins  of  the  six  or  eight  scales, 
with  prominent  flattened  or  conic  acute  often  incurved  bosses;  seeds  about  70  under  each 
scale,  short-oblong,  nearly  square,  light  chestnut-brown  up  to  \'  in  length,  with  a  narrow 
wing. 

A  tree  in  California  sometimes  20°-25°  in  height,  with  a  short  slender  or  on  exposed 
mountain  slopes  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  or  3°  in  diameter,  few  short  spreading  or  as- 


Fig.  72 

cending  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  light  red-brown  lustrous  branchlets  becoming 
purplish.  Bark  smooth,  lustrous,  without  resin  or  fibres,  mahogany  brown,  the  thin  scales 
in  falling  leaving  pale  marks. 

Distribution.  San  Diego  County,  California,  rare  and  local;  valley  of  the  San  Luis  Rey 
River  between  Valley  Centre  and  Pala;  at  altitudes  between  1100°  and  4000°  in  the  gulches 
and  on  the  summit  of  Mtr  Tecate  on  the  border  between  the  United  States  and  Lower 
California;  on  a  mountain  below  Descanso  and  Pine  Valley;  in  Cedar  Cafion  between  El- 
nido  and  Dulzura;  in  Lower  California  on  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountain  and  Guadaloupe 
Island.  The  insular  form  is  a  larger  tree  often  with  larger  gland-pits  on  the  leaves,  and 
now  often  cultivated  in  California,  western  Europe,  and  in  other  countries  with  temperate 
climates. 

6.  Cupressus  arizonica  Greene.    Cypress. 

Leaves  obtusely  pointed,  rounded,  eglandular  or  rarely  glandular-pitted  on  the  back, 
pale  green,  ^ ''  long,  dying  and  turning  red-brown  in  their  second  season,  generally  falling 
four  years  later.  Flowers:  male  oblong,  obtuse,  their  6  or  8  stamens  with  broadly  ovate 
acute  yellow  connectives  slightly  erose  on  the  margins:  female  not  seen.  Fruit  on  stout 
pedicels  \'-%  in  length,  subglobose,  rather  longer  than  broad,  wrinkled,  dark  red-brown 
and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  the  six  or  eight  scales  with  stout  flattened  incurved 
prominent  bosses;  seeds  oblong  to  nearly  triangular,  dark  red-brown,  iV~i'  l°ng  with  a 
thin  narrow  wing. 

A  conical  tree  40° -70°  high  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading  branches 
covered  with  bark  separating  into  thin  plates,  leaving  a  smooth  red  surface,  and  branchlets 


74 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


dark  gray  after  the  leaves  fall.     Bark  on  young  trunks  separating  into  large  irregular  curl- 
ing thin  scales,  on  old  trees  becoming  dark  red-brown  and  fibrous. 
Distribution.     Mountains  above  Clifton,  Greenlee  County,  eastern   Arizona;  on   the 


Fig.  73 

San  Francisco  Mountains,  Socorro  County,  and  San  Luis  Mountains,  Grant  County,  west- 
ern New  Mexico;  and  in  Chihuahua.     Passing  into 

Cupressus  arizonica  var.  bonita  Lemm. 
Cupressus  glabra  Sudw. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  the  prominent  oblong  or  circular  glandular  depressions  on  the 
backs  of  the  leaves. 

A  tree  30°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-24'  or  rarely  5°  in  diameter,  erect  branches  forming 
a  rather  compact  conical  head.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  thin,  smooth,  dark 


Fig.  74 


reddish  brown,  separating  into  small  curled  scale-like  plates,  becoming  on  old  trees  dark 
gray  and  fibrous.     Wood  heavy,  hard,  pale  straw  color  with  lighter-colored  sapwood, 


PINACE.E  75 

durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  somewhat  used  for  fence-posts,  corral-piles,  mine- 
timbers  and  in  log  cabins. 

Distribution.  Gravelly  slopes  and  moist  gulches  often  in  groups  of  considerable  size 
at  altitudes  between  4000°  and  7000°,  Arizona;  near  Camp  Verde,  Tonto  Basin;  Natural 
Bridge,  Payson,  etc.;  on  the  Chiracahua  Mountains  (J.  W.  Tourney,  July,  1894);  on 
the  Santa  Rita  and  Santa  Catalina  Mountains,  and  in  Oak  Creek  Canon  twenty  miles 
south  of  Flagstaff  (P.  Lowell,  June,  1911). 

Now  often  cultivated  in  western  Europe  as  C.  arizonica. 

12.  CHAMJECYPARIS. 

Tall  resinous  pyramidal  trees.,  with  thin  scaly  or  deeply  furrowed  bark,  nodding  leading 
shoots,  spreading  branches,  flattened,  often  deciduous  or  ultimately  terete  branchlets 
2-ranked  in  one  horizontal  plane,  pale  fragrant  durable  heartwood,  thin  nearly  white 
sap-wood,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  scale-like,  ovate,  acuminate,  with  slender  spreading  or 
appressed  tips,  opposite  in  pairs,  becoming  brown  and  woody  before  falling,  on  vigorous 
sterile  branches  and  young  plants  needle-shaped  or  linear-lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flow- 
ers minute,  monoecious,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  on  separate  branchlets  ;  the  male  oblong, 
of  numerous  decussate  stamens,  with  short  filaments  enlarged  into  ovate  connectives  de- 
creasing in  size  from  below  upward  and  bearing  usually  2  pendulous  globose  anther-cells; 
the  female  subglobose,  composed  of  usually  6  decussate  peltate  scales  bearing  at  the  base 
of  the  ovuliferous  scales  2-5  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Fruit  an  erect  globose  cone  ma- 
turing at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  sterile  lower  scales  of 
the  flowers,  and  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  ovule-bearing  scales,  abruptly  dilated, 
club-shaped  and  flattened  at  the  apex,  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  flower-scales  as  short 
prominent  points  or  knobs;  persistent  on  the  branches  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds.  Seeds 
1-5,  erect  on  the  slender  stalk-like  base  of  the  scale,  subcylindric  and  slightly  compressed; 
seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  inner  thicker  and  crustaceous, 
produced  into  broad  lateral  wings;  cotyledons  2,  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Chamsecyparis  is  confined  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast  regions  of  North  America, 
and  to  Japan  and  Formosa.  Six  species  are  distinguished.  Of  exotic  species  the  Japan- 
ese Retinosporas,  Chamcecyparis  obtusa  Endl.,  and  Chamcecyparis  pisifera  Endl.,  with 
their  numerous  abnormal  forms  are  familiar  garden  plants  in  all  temperate  regions. 

Chamcecyparis  is  from  xa/"a^  °n  the  ground,  and  KVTrd/Htrcros,  cypress. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Bark  thin,  divided  into  flat  ridges; 

Branchlets  slender,  often  compressed;   leaves  dull  blue-green,  usually  conspicuously 

glandular.  1.  C.  thyoides  (A,  C). 

Branchlets  stout,  slightly  flattened  or  terete;  leaves  dark  blue-green,  usually  without 

glands.  2.  C.  nootkatensis  (B,  G). 

Bark  thick,  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges;  branchlets  slender,  compressed;  leaves 

bright  green,  conspicuously  glandular.  3.  C.  Lawsoniana  (G). 

1.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  B.  S.  P.    White  Cedar. 
Cupressus  thyoides  L. 

Leaves  closely  appressed,  or  spreading  at  the  apex  especially  on  vigorous  leading  shoots, 
keeled  and  glandular  or  conspicuously  glandular-punctate  on  the  back,  dark  dull  blue- 
green  or  pale  below,  at  the  north  becoming  russet-brown  during  the  winter,  iV-i'  long, 
dying  during  the  second  season  and  then  persistent  for  many  years.  Flowers:  male  com- 
posed of  5  or  6  pairs  of  stamens,  with  ovate  connectives  rounded  at  apex,  dark  brown 
below  the  middle,  nearly  black  toward  the  apex:  female  subglobose,  with  ovate  acute 


76  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

spreading  pale  liver-colored  scales  and  black  ovules.  Fruit  \r  in  diameter,  sessile  on  a 
short  leafy  branch,  light  green,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  fully  grown,  later 
bluish  purple  and  very  glaucous,  finally  becoming  dark  red-brown,  its  scales  terminat- 
ing in  ovate  acute,  often  reflexed  bosses;  seeds  1  or  2  under  each  fertile  scale,  ovoid,  acute, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  slightly  compressed,  gray-brown,  about  \'  long,  with  wings 
as  broad  as  the  body  of  the  seed  and  dark  red-brown. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  about  2  and  occasionally  3°-4°  in  diam- 
eter, or  northward  much  smaller,  slender  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  spire-like 
head,  and  2-ranked  compressed  branchlets  disposed  in  an  open  fan-shaped  more  or  less  de- 


Fig.  75 

ciduous  spray,  the  persistent  branchlets  gradually  becoming  terete,  light  green  tinged  with 
red,  light  reddish  brown  during  their  first  winter,  and  then  dark  brown,  their  thin  close 
bark  separating  slightly  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years  into  small  papery  scales.  Bark 
f'-l'  thick,  light  reddish  brown,  and  divided  irregularly  into  narrow  flat  connected  ridges 
often  spirally  twisted  round  the  stem,  separating  on  the  surface  into  elongated  loose 
or  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  slightly 
fragrant,  light  brown  tinged  with  red;  largely  used  in  boat-building  and  cooperage,  for 
woodenware,  shingles,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  fence-posts,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  Cold  swamps  usually  immersed  during  several  months  of  the  year,  often 
forming  dense  pure  forests;  near  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  southern  Maine,  southward 
only  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  westward  to  southwestern  Mississippi;  most 
abundant  south  of  Massachusetts  Bay;  comparatively  rare  east  of  Boston  and  west  of 
Mobile  Bay. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  the  countries 
of  temperate  Europe. 

2.  Chamaecyparis  nootkatensis  Sudw.    Yellow  Cypress.    Sitka  Cypress. 
Cupressus  nootkatensis  Lamb. 

Leaves  rounded,  eglandular  or  glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  dark  blue-green,  closely 
appressed,  about  f  long,  on  vigorous  leading  branchlets  somewhat  spreading  and  often 
\'  long,  with  more  elongated  and  sharper  points,  beginning  to  die  at  the  end  of  their  second 
year  and  usually  falling  during  the  third  season.  Flowers:  male  on  lateral  branchlets  of  the 
previous  year,  composed  of  4  or  5  pairs  of  stamens,  with  ovate  rounded  slightly  erose  light 
yellow  connectives:  female  clustered  near  the  ends  of  upper  branchlets,  dark  liver  color, 
the  fertile  scales  each  bearing  2-4  ovules.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October, 


PINACE.E 


-  77 


Fig.  76 


nearly  \'  in  diameter,  dark  red-brown,  with  usually  4  or  6  scales  tipped  with  prominent 
erect  pointed  bosses  and  frequently  covered  with  conspicuous  resin-glands;  seeds  2-4 
under  each  scale,  ovoid, 
acute,  slightly  flattened, 
about  \'  long,  dark  red- 
brown,  with  thin  light  red- 
brown  wings  often  nearly 
twice  as  wide  as  the  body 
of  the  seed. 

A  tree,  frequently  120° 
high,  with  a  tall  trunk 
5°-6°  in  diameter,  hori- 
zontal branches  forming  a 
narrow  pyramidal  head, 
stout  distichous  somewhat 
flattened  or  terete  light 
yellow  branchlets  often 
tinged  with  red  at  first, 
dark  or  often  bright  red- 
brown  during  their  third 
season,  ultimately  paler  and  covered  with  close  thin  smooth  bark.  Bark  \'-\'  thick, 
light  gray  tinged  with  brown,  irregularly  fissured,  and  separated  on  the  surface  into  large 
thin  loose  scales.  Wood  hard,  rather  brittle,  very  close-grained,  exceedingly  durable, 
bright  clear  yellow,  with  very  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  fragrant  with  an  agreeable 
resinous  odor;  used  in  boat  and  shipbuilding,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture. 

Distribution.  Islands  of  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska,  and  southward  over  the  coast 
mountains  of  Alaska  and  British  Columbia,  and  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  to  the  northeastern  slopes  of  Mt.  Jefferson,  extending  eastward  to 
the  headwaters  of  the  Yakima  River  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  range;  on  Whiskey 
Peak  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  Josephine  County,  Ore- 
gon and  about  two  miles  from  the  California  line;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
near  the  coast  of  Alaska  and  northern  British  Columbia,  ranging  from  the  sea-level  up 
to  altitudes  of  3000°;  at  high  elevations  on  the  Cascade  Mountains  sometimes  a  low 
shrub. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  with  its  several  abnormal  forms,  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the 
middle  Atlantic  states  and  in  California,  and  commonly  in  the  countries  of  western  and 
central  Europe. 

3.  Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana  Parl.    Port  Orford  Cedar.    Lawson  Cypress. 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana  A.  Murr. 

Leaves  bright  green  or  pale  below,  conspicuously  glandular  on  the  back,  usually  not  more 
than  iV  long  on  lateral  branchlets,  on  leading  shoots  often  spreading  at  the  apex,  f  to 
nearly  £'  long,  usually  dying,  turning  bright  red-brown  and  falling  during  their  third  year. 
Flowers:  male  with  bright  red  connectives  bearing  usually  2  pollen-sacs:  female  with  dark 
ovate  acute  spreading  scales,  each  bearing  2-4  ovules.  Fruit  clustered  on  the  upper 
lateral  branchlets  and  produced  in  great  profusion,  ripening  in  September  and  October, 
about  £'  in  diameter,  green  and  glaucous  when  full  grown,  red-brown  and  often  covered 
with  a  bloom  at  maturity,  its  scales  with  thin  broadly  ovate  acute  reflexed  bosses;  seeds 
2-4  under  each  fertile  scale,  ovoid,  acute,  slightly  compressed,  j'  long,  light  chestnut-brown, 
with  broad  thin  wings. 

A  tree,  often  200°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  frequently  12°  in  diameter  above  its  abruptly 
enlarged  base,  a  spire-like  head  of  small  horizontal  or  pendulous  branches  clothed  with 


78  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


remote  flat  spray  frequently  6'-8'  long.  Bark  often  10'  thick  at  the  base  of  old  trees  and 
3'-4'  thick  on  smaller  stems,  dark  reddish  brown,  with  2  distinct  layers,  the  inner  £'-$' 
thick,  darker,  more  compact,  and  firmer  than  the  outer,  divided  into  great  broad-based 
rounded  ridges  separated  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  abounding  in  fragrant  resin,  durable,  easily  worked, 


Fig.  77 

light  yellow,  or  almost  white,  with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  largely  manufactured 
into  lumber  used  for  the  interior  finish  and  flooring  of  buildings,  railway-ties,  fence-posts, 
and  boat  and  shipbuilding,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  almost  exclusively  for  matches.  The 
resin  is  a  powerful  diuretic. 

Distribution.  Usually  scattered  in  small  groves  from  the  shores  of  Coos  Bay,  south- 
western Oregon,  south  to  the  mouth  of  the  Klamath  River,  California,  ranging  inland 
usually  for  about  thirty  miles;  near  Waldorf,  in  Josephine  County,  Oregon,  on  the  slopes 
of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  and  on  the  southern  flanks  of  Mt.  Shasta,  California;  most  abun- 
dant north  of  Rogue  River  on  the  Oregon  coast  and  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  foothills,  forming  between  Point  Gregory  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Coquille  River  a  nearly  continuous  forest  belt  twenty  miles  long. 

Often  cultivated  with  the  innumerable  forms  originated  in  nurseries,  in  the  middle 
Atlantic  states  and  California,  in  all  the  temperate  countries  of  Europe,  and  in  New  Zealand. 

13.  JUNIPERUS  L.    Juniper. 

Pungent  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  thin  shreddy  bark,  soft  close-grained 
durable  wood,  slender  branches,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds.  Leaves  sessile,  in  whorls  of 
3,  persistent  for  many  years,  convex  on  the  lower  side,  concave  and  stomatiferous  above, 
linear-subulate,  sharp-pointed,  without  glands  (Oxycedrus) ;  or  scale-like,  ovate,  opposite 
in  pairs  or  ternate,  closely  imbricated,  appressed  and  adnate  to  the  branch,  glandular  or 
eglandular  on  the  back,  becoming  brown  and  woody  on  the  branch,  but  on  young  plants 
and  vigorous  shoots  often  free  and  awl-shaped  (Sabind).  Flowers  minute,  dioecious, 
axillary  or  terminal  on  short  axillary  branches  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn  on 
branches  of  the  year;  the  male  solitary,  oblong-ovoid,  writh  numerous  stamens  decussate 
or  in  3's,  their  filaments  enlarged  into  ovate  or  peltate  yellow  scale-like  connectives  bear- 
ing near  the  base  2-6  globose  pollen-sacs;  the  female  ovoid,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  many 
minute  scale-like  bracts  persistent  and  unchanged  under  the  fruit,  composed  of  2-6  op- 
posite or  ternate  pointed  scales  alternate  with  or  bearing  on  their  inner  face  at  the  base 
on  a  minute  ovuliferous  scale  1  or  2  ovules.  Fruit  a  berry-like  succulent  fleshy  blue,  blue- 


PINACE.E  79 

black,  or  red  strobile  formed  by  the  coalition  of  the  flower-scales,  inclosed  in  a  membra- 
naceous  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  ripening  during  the  first,  second,  or  rarely 
during  the  third  season,  smooth  or  marked  by  the  ends  of  the  flower-scales,  or  by  the  pointed 
tips  of  the  ovules,  closed,  or  open  at  the  top  and  exposing  the  apex  of  the  seeds.  Seeds 
1-12,  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  terete  or  variously  angled,  often  longitudinally  grooved  by 
depressions  caused  by  the  pressure  of  resin-cells  in  the  flesh  of  the  fruit,  smooth  or  rough- 
ened and  tuberculate,  chestnut-brown,  marked  below  by  the  large  conspicuous  usually 
2-lobed  hilum;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thick  and  bony,  the  inner  thin,  membra- 
naceous  or  crustaceous;  cotyledons  2,  or  4-6,  about  as  long  as  the  superior  radicle. 

Juniperus  is  widely  scattered  over  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the 
highlands  of  Mexico,  Lower  California,  and  the  West  Indies  in  the  New  World,  and  to  the 
Azores  and  Canary  Islands,  northern  Africa,  Abyssinia,  the  mountains  of  east  tropical 
Africa,  Sikkim,  central  China,  Formosa,  Japan  and  the  Bonin  Islands  in  the  Old  World. 
About  thirty -five  species  are  now  distinguished.  Of  the  exotic  species  cultivated  in  the 
United  States  the  most  common  are  European  forms  of  Juniperus  communis  L.  with  fas- 
tigiate  branches,  and  dwarf  forms  of  the  European  Juniperus  Sabina  L.,  and  of  Juniperus 
chinensis  L. 

Juniperus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Juniper. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  axillary;  stamens  decussate;  ovules  3,  alternate  with  the  scales  of  the  flower,  their 
tips  persistent  on  the  fruit;  seeds  usually  3;  leaves  ternate,  linear-lanceolate,  prickle- 
pointed,  jointed  at  the  base,  eglandular,  dark  yellow-green,  channeled, -stomatose,  and 
glaucous  above;  fruit  maturing  in  the  third  year,  subglobose,  bright  blue,  covered  with 
a  glaucous  bloom;  buds  scaly  (Oxycedrus).  1.  J.  communis. 

Flowers  terminal  on  short  axiliary  branchlets;  stamens  decussate  or  in  3's;  ovules  in  the 
axils  of  small  fleshy  scales  often  enlarged  and  conspicuous  on  the  fruit;   seeds   1-12; 
leaves  ternate  or  opposite,  mostly  scale-like,  crowded,  generally  closely  appressed, 
free  and  awl-shaped  on  vigorous  shoots  and  young  plants;  buds  naked  (Sabina.) 
Fruit  red  or  reddish  brown. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  separating  into  long  thin  persistent  scales;  fruit  maturing  in  one 

season. 
Leaves  closely  appressed  to  the  branchlet,  obtusely  pointed. 

Leaves  conspicuously  glandular-pitted,  ternate  or  opposite;  fruit  red,  subglobose, 
\'  in  diameter.  2.  J.  Pinchotii  (C,  H). 

Leaves  eglandular  or  slightly  glandular;  fruit  reddish  brown. 

Leaves  ternate,  rarely  opposite;  fruit  short-oblong,  \'-\'  in  diameter. 

3.  J.  californica  (G). 

Leaves  opposite,  rarely  ternate;   fruit  subglobose,  i'-j',  in  one  form  f  in 
diameter.  4.  J.  utahensis  (F,  G). 

Leaves  not  closely  appressed,  spreading  at  the  apex,  long-pointed,  glandular  or 
eglandular;  fruit  subglobose,  \'-\'  in  diameter.  5.  J.  flaccida  (L). 

Bark  of  the  trunk  divided  into  thick  nearly  square  plates;  leaves  eglandular  or  oc- 
casionally glandular-pitted;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  \'  in  diameter,  ripen- 
ing at  the  end  of  its  second  season.  6.  C.  pachyphlaea  (H). 
Fruit  blue  or  blue-black,  with  resinous  juicy  flesh,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  iV~i'  m 

diameter;  seeds,  1-4;  cotyledons  2. 

Leaves  denticulately  fringed,  opposite  or  ternate;  fruit  maturing  in  one  season. 
Branchlets  about  -£%  in  diameter;  leaves  acute,  conspicuously  glandular;  fruit  short- 

»  oblong,  \'-\'  in  diameter;  seeds  2  or  3.  7.  J.  occidental's  (B.  G). 

Branchlets  not  more  than  •£%  in  Diameter;  leaves  usually  ternate;  fruit  short-oblong. 
Seeds  1  or  rarely  2,  pale  chestnut-brown,  obtuse,  prominently  ridged;  leaves 
acute  or  acuminate,  usually  glandular.  8.  J.  monosperma  (F). 


80  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Seeds   1    or  2,  dark  chestnut-brown,  acute,  obscurely  ridged;   leaves  obtusely 
pointed,  often  eglandular.  9.  J.  mexicana  (C). 

Leaves  naked  on  the  margins,  mostly  opposite,  glandular  or  eglandular;  fruit  sub- 
globose. 
Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  first  season. 

Fruit  £'-$'  in  diameter;  seeds  1  or  2,  rarely  3  or  4;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate; 

branches  spreading  or  erect.  10.  J.  virginiana  (A,  C). 

Fruit  iV~e'  m  diameter;  seeds  1  or  2;  leaves  acute;  branches  usually  pendulous. 

11.  J.  lucayana  (C). 

Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  j'— |'  in  diameter;  seeds  1  or  2; 
leaves  acute  or  acuminate.  12.  J.  scopulorum  (B,  F). 

1.  Juniperus  communis  L.    Juniper. 

Leaves  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  branchlets,  \'-\'  long,  about  gV  wide, 
turning  during  winter  a  deep  rich  bronze  color  on  the  lower  surface,  persistent  for  many 
years.  Flowers :  male  composed  of  5  or  6  whorls  each  of  3  stamens,  with  broadly  ovate  acute 
and  short-pointed  connectives,  bearing  at  the  very  base  3  or  4  globose  anther-cells;  female 


Fig.  78 

surrounded  by  5  or  6  whorls  of  ternate  leaf-like  scales,  composed  of  3  slightly  spreading  ovules 
abruptly  enlarged  and  open  at  the  apex,  with  3  minute  obtuse  fleshy  scales  below  and  alter- 
nate with  them.  Fruit  maturing  in  the  third  season,  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  about 
\'  in  diameter,  with  soft  mealy  resinous  sweet  flesh  and  1-3  seeds;  often  persistent  on  the 
branches  one  or  two  years  after  ripening;  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  irregularly  angled  or  flattened, 
deeply  penetrated  by  numerous  prominent  thin-walled  resin-glands,  about  f '  long,  the 
outer  coat  thick  and  bony,  the  inner  membranaceous. 

In  America  only  occasionally  tree-like  and  10°-20°  tall,  with  a  short  eccentric  irregularly 
lobed  trunk  rarely  a  foot  in  diameter,  erect  branches  forming  an  irregular  open  head,  slen- 
der branchlets,  smooth,  lustrous,  and  conspicuously  3-angled  between  the  short  nodes  dur- 
ing their  first  and  second  years,  light  yellow  tinged  with  red,  gradually  growing  darker, 
their  dark  red-brown  bark  separating  in  the  third  season  into  small  thin  scales,  and  ovoid 
acute  buds  about  \'  long  and  loosely  covered  with  scale-like  leaves;  more  often  a  shrub, 
with  many  short  slender  stems  prostrate  at  the  base  and  turning  upward  and  forming  a 
broad  mass  sometimes  20°  across  and  3°  or  4°  high  (var.  depressa  Pursh.) ;  at  high  elevations 
and  in  the  extreme  north  prostrate,  with  long  decumbent  stems  and  shorter  and  more 
crowded  leaves  (var.  montana  Ait.)  passing  into  the  var.  Jackii  Rehdr  with  long  trailing 
branches  and  broader  incurved  leaves.  Bark  about  ty  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  sepa- 


PINACE.E 


81 


rating  irregularly  into  many  loose  papery  persistent  scales.  Wood  hard,  close-grained, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown,  with  pale  sapwood.  In  northern  Europe 
the  sweet  aromatic  fruit  of  this  tree  is  used  in  large  quantities  to  impart  its  peculiar  flavor 
to  gin;  occasionally  employed  in  medicine. 

Distribution.     Occasionally  arborescent  in  New  England,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  on 
the  high  mountains  of  North   Carolina;  the  var.  depressa,  common  in  poor  rocky  soil, 
Newfoundland  to  southern  New  England,  and  to  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  north- 
westward; the  var.  montana  from  the  coast  of  Greenland  to  northern  New  England,  on 
the  high  Appalachian  Mountains,  North  Carolina,  and  to  northern  Nebraska,  along  the 
Rocky  Mountains  from  Alberta  to  western  Texas,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  Alaska, 
southward  along  mountain  ranges  to  the  high  Sierras  of  central  California,  extending 
eastward  to  the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  on  the  high  peaks  of 
northern  Arizona  up  to  altitudes  of  10,000°-!  1,500°  (P.  Lowell);  the  var.  Jackii  on  the 
j  coast  mountains  from  northern  California  to  Vancouver  Island;  in  the  Old  World  widely 
|  distributed  in  many  forms  through  all  the  northern  hemisphere  from  arctic  Asia  and  Eu- 
j  rope  to  Japan,  the  Himalayas  and  the  mountains  of  the  Mediterranean  Basin. 

Often  planted,  especially  in  several  of  its  pyramidal  and  dwarf  forms,  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  in  the  countries  of  western,  central,  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Juniperus  Pinchotii  Sudw. 

Leaves  ternate,  obtusely  pointed,  rounded  and  glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  T\'  long, 
dark  yellow-green,  turning  light  red-brown  before  falling;  on  vigorous  shoots  and  seedling 


Fig.  79 


plants  linear-lanceolate,  thin,  acuminate,  eglandular,  \'-\'  in  length.  Fruit  ripening  in 
one  season,  subglobose,  bright  red,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  skin  and  thick  dry  mealy  res- 
inous flesh  and  1  seed;  seed  ovoid,  bluntly  pointed,  deeply  grooved,  irregularly  marked  by 
the  usually  two-lobed  hilum,  \'-\'  long  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree  rarely  20  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  1  foot  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head  and  thick  branchlets  covered  with  dark  gray-brown  scaly 
bark,  their  ultimate  divisions  about  ^  in  diameter;  more  often  a  shrub  with  several  stems 
1°  to  12°  tall.  Bark  thin,  light  brown,  separating  into  long  narrow  persistent  scales. 

Distribution.      Dry  rocky  slopes  and  the  rocky  sides  of  canons,  Panhandle  of  western 


82  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Texas  (Armstrong,  Potter  and  Hartley  Counties),  and  in  Hardaman,  Garza,  Tom  Green, 
Kemble,  Valverde  and  Menard  Counties;  on  Comanche  Peak  near  Granbury,  Hood  County, 
Texas;  in  central  and  on  the  mountains  of  southern  Arizona. 

3.  Juniperus  californica  Carr.    Desert  White  Cedar.    Sweet-berried  Cedar. 

Leaves  usually  in  3's,  closely  appressed,  thickened,  slightly  keeled  and  conspicuously 
glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  pointed  at  apex,  cartilaginously  fringed  on  the  margins, 
light  yellow-green,  about  £'  long,  dying  and  turning  brown  on  the  branch  at  the  end  of  two 
or  three  years;  on  vigorous  shoots  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  i'-f  long,  whitish 

on  the  upper  surface. 
Flowers  from  Janu- 
ary to  March;  male 
of  18-20  stamens,  dis- 
posed in  3's,  with 
rhomboidal  short- 
pointed  connectives; 
scales  of  the  female 
flower  usually  6,  ovate, 
acute,  spreading,  ob- 
literated or  minute  on 
the  fruit.  Fruit  short- 
oblong  or  ovoid,  \'-\' 
long,  reddish  brown, 
with  a  membrana- 
ceous  loose  skin  cov- 
ered with  a  thick 
Fig.  80  glaucous  bloom,  thick 

fibrous  dry  sweet  flesh, 

and  1  or  2  seeds;  seeds  ovoid,  obtusely  pointed,  irregularly  lobed  and  angled,  and  4-6 
cotyledons. 

A  conical  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  straight,  large-lobed  unsymmetrical  trunk 
l°-2°  in  diameter;  more  often  shrubby,  with  many  stout  irregular  usually  contorted  stems 
forming  a  broad  open  head.  Bark  thin  and  divided  into  long  loose  plate-like  scales  ashy 
gray  on  the  outer  surface  and  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood  soft,  close-grained,  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  used  for  fencing  and  fuel.  The  fruit  is  eaten  by  Indians  fresh  or  ground  into 
flour. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  slopes  and  hills  at  altitudes  between  400°  and  4000°,  from 
Moraga  Pass  and  Mt.  Diabolo,  Contra  Costa  County,  California,  southward  on  the  coast 
ranges,  spreading  inland  to  their  union  with  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  at  low  alti- 
tudes along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierras  to  Kern  and  Mariposa  Counties;  on  the 
desert  slopes  of  the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  the  northern  foothills  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains,  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Jacinto  and  Cayamaca  Ranges,  and  south- 
ward in  Lower  California  to  Agua  Dulce;  arborescent  and  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
Mohave  Desert. 

4.  Juniperus  utahensis  Lemm.    Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  3's,  rounded,  usually  glandular,  acute  or  often  acuminate,  light 
yellow-green,  rather  less  than  \'  long,  persistent  for  many  years.  Flowers:  male  with 
18-24  opposite  or  tenate  stamens,  their  connectives  rhomboidal;  scales  of  the  female  flower 
acute,  spreading,  often  in  pairs.  Fruit  ripening  during  the  autumn  of  the  second  season, 
subglobose  or  short-oblong,  marked  by  the  more  or  less  prominent  tips  of  the  flower-scales, 
reddish  brown,  with  a  thick  firm  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  closely  in- 


PINACE.E 


83 


vesting  the  thin  dry  sweet  flesh,  J'-f '  long,  with  1  or  rarely  2  seeds;  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  ob- 
tusely angled,  marked  to  the  middle  by  the  hilum,  with  a  hard  bony  shell,  and  4-6  cotyle- 
dons. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  exceeding  20°  in  height,  with  a  short  usually  eccentric  trunk  some- 
times 2°  in  diameter,  generally  divided  near  the  ground  by  irregular  deep  fissures  into 
broad  rounded  ridges,  many  erect  contorted  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  slender 
light  yellow-green  branchlets  covered  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves  with  thin  light  red- 
brown  scaly  bark;  more  often  with  numerous  stems  spreading  from  the  ground  and  fre- 
quently not  more  than  8°-10°  high.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  ashy  gray  or  sometimes  nearly 


Fig.  81 

white,  and  broken  into  long  thin  persistent  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  slightly  fragrant^ 
with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  used  locally  for  fuel  and  fencing.  The  fruit  is 
eaten  by  Indians  fresh,  or  ground  and  baked  into  cakes. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Wyoming  (J.  Knightii  A.  Nels.),  southwestern  Idaho  (Po- 
catello,  Bannock  County),  western  Colorado,  eastern  Utah,  and  western  New  Mexico  to 
northern  Arizona  and  southeastern  California  at  altitudes  from  5000°  to  8000°;  the  most 
abundant  and  generally  distributed  tree  of  the  Great  Basin,  forming  in  the  valleys  open 
forests  of  stunted  trees  and  shrubs,  and  on  arid  slopes  more  numerous  and  of  larger  size 
in  dense  nearly  pure  forests. 

A  variety  (var.  megalancocarpa  Sarg.)  occurs  in  eastern  New  Mexico  and  northern 
Arizona,  with  fruit  sometimes  f '  in  diameter.  A  tree  often  40°  high  with  a  single  erect 
stem  sometimes  3°  in  diameter. 


5.  Juniperus  flaccida  Schlecht.    Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite,  acuminate  and  long-pointed,  spreading  at  the  apex,  glandular  or 
eglandular  on  the  back,  light  yellow-green,  about  £-'  long,  turning  cinnamon-red  and  dy- 
ing on  the  branch ;  on  vigorous  young  shoots  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  \'  long,  with 
elongated  rigid  callous  tips.  Flowers:  male  slender,  composed  of  16-20  stamens,  with 
ovate  pointed  connectives  prominently  keeled  on  the  back;  female  with  acute  or  acumin- 
ate spreading  scales.  Fruit  subglobose,  dull  red-brown,  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom,  i'— I'  in  diameter,  with  a  close  firm  skin  and  thick  resinous  flesh;  seeds 
4-12,  pointed  at  apex,  slightly  ridged,  often  abortive  and  distorted,  |'-j'  long,  with  2 
cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  gracefully  spreading  branches  and  long  slender  droop- 
ing branchlets,  covered  after  the  leaves  fall  with  thin  bright  cinnamon-brown  bark  separat- 


84 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ing  into  thin  loose  papery  scales;  often  a  shrub.   Bark  about  \'  thick,  reddish  brown,  sepa- 
rating into  long  narrow  loosely  attached  scales. 


Fig.  82 

Distribution.  In  the  United  States  only  on  the  slopes  of  the  Chisos  Mountains,  in 
Brewster  County,  southern  Texas;  common  in  northeastern  Mexico,  growing  at  elevations 
of  6000°-8000°  on  the  hills  east  of  the  Mexican  table-lands. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  southern  France  and  of  Algeria. 

6.  Juniperus  pachyphlaea  Ton.    Juniper.    Checkered-bark  Juniper. 

Leaves  appressed,  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex,  thickened,  obscurely  keeled  and  glan- 
dular on  the  back,  bluish  green,  rather  less  than  \ '  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  and  young 
branchlets  linear-lanceolate,  tipped  with  slender  elongated  points,  and  pale  blue-green  like 
the  young  branchlets.  Flowers  opening  in  February  and  March:  the  male  stout,  \'  long, 
with  10  or  12  stamens,  their  connectives  broadly  ovate,  obscurely  keeled  on  the  back,  short- 


F,g.  83 

pointed:  scales  of  the  female  flower,  ovate,  acuminate,  and  spreading.  Fruit  ripening  in 
the  autumn  of  its  second  season,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  irregularly  tuberculate, 
\'-\'  in  diameter,  usually  marked  with  the  short  tips  of  the  flower-scales,  occasionally 
opening  and  discharging  the  seeds  at  the  apex,  dark  red-brown,  more  or  less  covered  with 


PINACE.E 


85 


a  glaucous  bloom,  especially  during  the  first  season  and  then  occasionally  bluish  in  color, 
with  a  thin  skin  closely  investing  the  thick  dry  mealy  flesh,  and  usually  4  seeds;  seeds 
acute  or  obtusely  pointed,  conspicuously  ridged  and  gibbous  on  the  back,  with  a  thick 
shell  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  often  oO°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-5°  in  diameter^,  long  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad-based  pyramidal  or  ultimately  a  compact  round-topped  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  covered  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves  with  thin  light  red- 
brown  usually  smooth  close  bark  occasionally  broken  into  large  thin  scales.  Bark  f '-4' 
thick,  on  young  stems  reddish  brown  becoming  on  old  trunks  whitish,  deeply  fissured  and 
divided  into  nearly  square  plates  1'-%'  long,  and  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  clear  light 
red  often  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  often  producing  vigorous 
shoots  from  the  base  of  the  trunk  or  from  the  stumps  of  felled  trees. 

Distribution.  Dry  arid  mountain  slopes  usually  at  elevations  of  4000°-6000°  above  the 
sea,  from  the  Eagle  and  Limpio  mountains  in  southwestern  Texas,  westward  along  the 
desert  ranges  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  extending  northward  to  the  lower  slopes  of 
many  of  the  high  mountains  of  northern  Arizona,  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

7.  Juniperus  occidentalis  Hook.    Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  closely  appressed,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  and  con- 
spicuously glandular  on  the  back,  denticulately  fringed,  gray-green,  about  £'  long.  Flow- 
ers: male  stout,  obtuse,  with  12-18  stamens,  their  connectives  broadly  ovoid,  rounded, 


Fig.  84 

acute  or  apiculate  and  scarious  or  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins:  scales  of  the  female 
flower  ovate,  acute,  spreading,  mostly  obliterated  from  the  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose  or 
short-oblong,  £'-f '  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  firm  blue-black  skin  coated  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  thin  dry  flesh  filled  with  large  resin-glands,  and  2  or  3  seeds;  seeds  ovoid,  acute, 
rounded  and  deeoly  grooved  or  pitted  on  the  back,  flattened  on  the  inner  surface,  about 
I'  long,  with  a  thick  bony  shell,  a  thin  brown  inner  seed-coat,  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  more  often 
not  more  than  20°  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10°  in  diameter,  enormous 
branches,  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  and  forming  a  broad  low  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  covered  after  the  leaves  fall  with  thin  bright  red-brown  bark  broken  into  loose 
papery  scales;  frequently  when  growing  on  dry  rocky  slopes  and  toward  the  northern 
limits  of  its  range  a  shrub,  with  many  short  erect  or  semi-prostrate  stems.  Bark  about 


86  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

\'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  divided  by  broad  shallow  fissures  into  wide  flat  irregularly 
connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  lustrous  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
very  close-grained,  exceedingly  durable,  light  red  or  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  used  for  fencing  and  fuel.  The  fruit  is  gathered  and  eaten  by  the  California  Indians. 
Distribution.  Mountain  slopes  and  high  prairies  of  western  Idaho  and  of  eastern  Wash- 
ington to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  eastern  and  southern  Oregon  up 
to  altitudes  of  4500°;  along  the  summits  and  upper  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  southward  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  here  abundant  in  Bear  and 
Holcomb  valleys;  attaining  its  greatest  trunk  diameter  on  the  wind-swept  peaks  of  the 
California  sierras,  usually  at  altitudes  between  6000°  and  10,000°  above  the  sea. 

8.  Juniperus  monosperma  Sarg.    Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  often  slightly  spreading  at  apex,  acute  or  occasionally 
acuminate,  much  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  glandular,  denticulately 
fringed,  gray-green,  rather  less  than  \'  long,  turning  bright  red-brown  before  falling;  on 
vigorous  shoots  and  young  plants  ovate,  acute,  tipped  with  long  rigid  points,  thin,  con- 


Fig.  85 

spicuously  glandular  on  the  back,  often  \'  long.  Flowers:  male  with  8-10  stamens,  their 
broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  pointed  connectives  slightly  erose  on  the  margins:  female  with 
spreading  pointed  scales.  Fruit  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  \'-\'  long,  dark  blue  or  per- 
haps occasionally  light  chestnut-brown  with  a  thick  firm  skin  covered  with  a  thin  glau- 
cous bloom,  thin  flesh,  and  1  or  rarely  2  seeds;  seeds  often  protruding  from  the  top  of 
the  fruit,  ovoid,  often  4-angled,  somewhat  obtuse  at  apex,  with  a  small  hilum,  and 
2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  stout  much-lobed  and  buttressed  trunk  some- 
times 3°  in  diameter,  short  stout  branches  forming  an  open  very  irregular  head,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  covered  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves  with  light  red-brown  bark  spreading 
freely  into  thin  loose  scales;  more  often  a  much  branched  shrub  sometimes  only  a  few  feet 
high.  Bark  ashy  gray,  divided  into  irregularly  connected  ridges,  separating  into  long 
narrow  persistent  shreddy  scales.  Wood  heavy,  slightly  fragrant,  light  reddish  brown, 
with  nearly  white  sap  wood  and  eccentric  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fencing 
and  fuel.  The  fruit  is  ground  into  flour  and  baked  by  the  Indians,  who  use  the  thin 
etrips  of  fibrous  bark  in  making  saddles,  breechcloths,  and  sleeping-mats. 

Distribution.  Along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  the  valley  of  the 
flatte  River,  Wyoming  (near  Alcova,  Natrona  County)  and  the  divide  between  the 


PINACE^ 


87 


Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers  in  Colorado;  western  Oklahoma  (near  Kenton,  Cimarron 
County,  common)  and  western  Texas;  on  the  Colorado  plateau,  northern  Arizona;  over  the 
mountain  ranges  of  southwestern  Wyoming,  Nevada,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  often  covering,  with  the  Nut  Pine,  in  southern 
Colorado  and  Utah,  and  in  northern  and  central  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  great 
areas  of  rolling  hills  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea-level;  reaching  its  largest  size  in  northern 
Arizona. 

9.  Juniperus  mexicana  Spreng.    Cedar.    Rock  Cedar. 

Juniperus  sabinoides  Nees. 

Leaves  usually  opposite  or  ternate,  thickened  and  keeled  on  the  back,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  apex,  mostly  without  glands,  denticulately  fringed,  rather  more  than  iV  long,  dark 
blue-green,  on  vigorous  young  shoots  and  seedling  plants  lanceolate,  long-pointed,  rigid, 


Fig.  86 


£'-f '  long.  Flowers:  male  with  12-18  stamens,  their  connectives  ovoid,  obtuse,  or  slightly 
cuspidate:  scales  of  the  female  flower  ovate,  acute,  and  spreading,  very  conspicuous  when 
the  fruit  is  half  grown,  becoming  obliterated  at  its  maturity.  Fruit  short-oblong  to  subglo- 
bose,  j'~j'  in  diameter,  dark  blue,  with  a  thin  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sweet 
resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  2  seeds;  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  slightly  ridged,  rarely  tuberculate,  dark 
chestnut-brown,  with  a  small  hilum,  a  thin  outer  seed-coat,  a  membranaceous  dark  brown 
inner  coat,  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  but  generally  not  more  than  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  or  elon- 
gated slightly  lobed  trunk  seldom  exceeding  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches 
forming  a  wide  round-topped  open  and  irregular  or  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  slender 
sharply  4-angled  branchlets  becoming  terete  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves,  light  reddish 
brown  or  ashy  gray,  with  smooth  or  slightly  scaly  bark;  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous 
spreading  stems.  Bark  on  old  trees  j'-|'  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into 
long  narrow  slightly  attached  scales  persistent  for  many  years  and  clothing  the  trunk  with 
a  loose  thatch-like  covering.  Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  slightly  fragrant,  brown 
streaked  with  red;  largely  used  for  fencing,  fuel,  telegraph-poles,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  From  Brazos  County  over  the  low  limestone  hills  of  western  and  south- 
ern Texas,  and  southward  into  Mexico;  forming  great  thickets  and  growing  to  its  largest 
size  on  the  San  Bernardo  River;  much  smaller  farther  westward,  and  usually  shrubby  at  the 
limits  of  vegetation  on  the  high  mountains  of  central  Mexico. 


88  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

10.  Juniperus  virginiana  L.    Red  Cedar.    Savin. 

Leaves  usually  opposite,  acute  or  acuminate  or  occasionally  obtuse,  rounded  and  glandu- 
lar or  eglandular  on  the  back,  about  iV  long,  dark  blue-green  or  glaucous  (var.  glaucaCarr.), 
at  the  north  turning  russet  or  yellow-brown  during  the  winter,  beginning  in  their  third 
season  to  grow  hard  and  woody,  and  remaining  two  or  three  years  longer  on  the  branches, 
on  young  plants  and  vigorous  branchlets  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  light  yellow- 
green,  without  glands,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers:  dioecious  or  very  rarely  monoecious:  male 
with  10  or  12  stamens,  their  connectives  rounded  and  entire,  with  4  or  occasionally  5 
or  6  pollen-sacs;  scales  of  the  female  flower  violet  color,  acute  and  spreading,  becoming 
obliterated  from  the  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  pale  green  when  fully 
grown,  dark  blue  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  at  maturity,  with  a  firm  skin,  thin 


Fig.  87 

sweetish  resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  2  or  rarely  3  or  4  seeds;  seeds  acute  and  occasionally 
apiculate  at  apex,  \'-\'  long,  with  a  comparatively  small  2-lobed  hilum,  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  often  lobed  and  eccentric, 
and  frequently  buttressed  toward  the  base,  generally  not  more  than  40°-50°  tall,  with  short 
slender  branches  horizontal  on  the  lower  part  of  the  tree,  erect  above,  forming  a  narrow 
compact  pyramidal  head,  in  old  age  usually  becoming  broad  and  round-topped  or  irregular, 
and  slender  branchlets  terete  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves  and  covered  with  close 
dark  brown  bark  tinged  with  red  or  gray;  on  exposed  cliffs  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  sometimes 
only  a  few  inches  high  with  long  branches  forming  broad  dense  mats.  Bark  \'-\'  thick, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  separated  into  long  narrow  scales  fringed  on  the  margins, 
and  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood  light,  close-grained,  brittle,  not  strong,  dull  red, 
with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  very  fragrant,  easily  worked;  largely  used  for  posts,  the 
sills  of  buildings,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  the  lining  of  closets  and  chests  for  the  preser- 
vation of  woolens  against  the  attacks  of  moths,  and  largely  for  pails  and  other  small 
articles  of  woodenware.  A  decoction  of  the  fruit  and  leaves  is  used  in  medicine,  and  oil  of 
red  cedar  distilled  from  the  leaves  and  wood  as  a  perfume. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  rocky  ridges,  often  immediately  on  the  seacoast, 
from  southern  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  the  coast  of  Georgia,  the  interior  of 
southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ottawa  River, 
southern  Michigan,  eastern  North  and  South  Dakota,  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  and  eastern 
Texas,  not  ascending  the  mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York  nor  the  high  southern 
Alleghanies;  in  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 


PINACEvE  89 

covering  great  areas  of  low  rolling  limestone  hills  with  nearly  pure  forests  of  small  bushy 
trees. 

Often  cultivated,  in  several  forms,  in  the  northern  and  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental 
tree  and  occasionally  in  the  gardens  of  western  and  central  Europe. 

11.  Juniperus  lucayana  Britt.    Red  Cedar. 
Juniperus  barbadensis  Sarg.  not  L. 

Leaves  usually  opposite,  narrow,  acute,  or  gradually  narrowed  above  the  middle  and 
acuminate,  marked  on  the  back  by  conspicuous  oblong  glands.  Flowers  opening  in  early 
March:  male  elongated,  f  to  nearly  j'  long,  with  10  or  12  stamens,  their  connectives 
rounded,  entire,  and  bearing  usually  3  pollen-sacs :  female  with  scales  gradually  narrowed 
above  the  middle,  acute  at  apex,  and  obliterated  from  the  ripe  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose 
to  short-oblong,  dark  blue,  covered  when  ripe  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  about  ^'  in  diameter, 
with  a  thin  skin,  sweet  resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  2  seeds;  seeds  acute,  prominently  ridged. 


Fig.  88 

A  tree,  sometimes  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  small  branches 
erect  when  the  tree  is  crowded  in  the  forest,  spreading  when  it  has  grown  in  open  ground 
and  forming  a  broad  flat-topped  head  often  30°  or  40°  in  diameter,  long  thin  secondary 
branches  erect  at  the  top  of  the  tree  and  pendulous  below,  and  pendulous  branchlets 
about  -^  in  diameter,  becoming  light  red-brown  or  ashy  gray  at  the  end  of  four  or  five 
years  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves.  Bark  thin,  light  red-brown,  separating  into 
long  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  close,  straight-grained,  fragrant,  dull  red;  formerly  exclu- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  best  lead  pencils. 

Distribution.  Inundated  river  swamps  from  southern  Georgia,  southward  to  the  shores 
of  the  Indian  River,  Florida,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  from  the  northern  shores 
of  Charlotte  Harbor  to  the  valley  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  often  forming  great  thickets 
under  the  shade  of  larger  trees;  along  streams  and  creeks  in  low  woods  near  Houston,  Harris 
County,  and  Milano,  Milano  County,  Texas  (E.  J.  Palmer} ;  common  in  the  Bahamas,  San 
Domingo,  eastern  Cuba,  and  on  the  mountains  of  Jamaica  and  Antigua. 

Often  planted  for  the  decoration  of  squares  and  cemeteries  in  the  cities  and  towns  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from  Florida  to  western  Louisiana,  and  now  often  natural- 
ized beyond  the  limits  of  its  natural  range  on  the  Gulf  coast;  occasionally  cultivated  in 
the  temperate  countries  of  Europe,  and  in  cultivation  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Junipers. 


90 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


12.  Juniperus  scopulorum  Sarg.    Red  Cedar. 

Leaves  usually  opposite,  closely  appressed,  acute  or  acuminate,  generally  marked  on  the 
back  by  obscure  elongated  glands,  dark  green,  or  often  pale  and  very  glaucous.  Flowers: 
male  with  about  6  stamens,  their  connectives  rounded  and  entire,  bearing  4  or  5  anther- 
sacs:  scales  of  the  female  flower  spreading,  acute  or  acuminate,  and  obliterated  from  the 
mature  fruit.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  nearly  globose,  \'-\'  in 
diameter,  bright  blue,  with  a  thin  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sweet  resinous 
flesh,  and  1  or  usually  2  seeds;  seeds  acute,  prominently  grooved  and  angled,  about  T3e' 
long,  with  a  thick  bony  outer  coat  and  a  small  2-lobed  hilum. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  often  divided 
near  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  spreading  stems,  thick  spreading  and  ascending 


branches  covered  with  scaly  bark,  forming  an  irregular  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
4-angled  branchlets  becoming  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years  terete  and  clothed  with 
smooth  pale  bark  separating  later  into  thin  scales.  Bark  dark  reddish  brown  or  gray 
tinged  with  red,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  flat  connected  ridges  broken  on  the 
surface  into  persistent  shredded  scales. 

Distribution.  Scattered  often  singly  over  dry  rocky  ridges,  usually  at  altitudes  of 
5000°  or  6000°  but  occasionally  ascending  in  Colorado  to  9000°  above  the  sea,  from  the 
eastern  foothill  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Alberta  to  the  Black  Hills  of  South 
Dakota,  the  valley  of  the  Niobrara  River,  Sheridan  County,  northwestern  Nebraska  ( J.  M. 
Bates)  and  to  western  Texas  and  eastern  and  northern  New  Mexico,  and  westward  to 
eastern  Oregon,  Nevada,  and  northern  Arizona;  descending  to  the  sea- level  in  Washing- 
ton on  the  shores  of  the  northern  part  of  Puget  Sound  and  on  the  islands  and  mainland 
about  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  British  Columbia. 


H.  TAXACEJE. 

Slightly  resinous  trees  and  shrubs,  producing  when  cut  vigorous  stump  shoots,  with 
fissured  or  scaly  bark,  light-colored  durable  close-grained  wood,  slender  branchlets,  linear- 
lanceolate  entire  rigid  acuminate  spirally  disposed  leaves,  usually  appearing  2-ranked 
by  a  twist  in  their  short  compressed  petioles  and  persistent  for  many  years,  and  small 
ovoid  acute  buds.  Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the  previous  au- 
tumn, dioecious  or  monoecious,  axillary  and  solitary,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  decus- 
sate scales  of  the  buds,  the  male  composed  of  numerous  filaments  united  into  a  column, 


TAXACE.E  91 

each  filament  surmounted  by  several  more  or  less  united  pendant  pollen-cells;  the  female 
of  a  single  erect  ovule,  becoming  at  maturity  a  seed  with  a  hard  bony  shell,  raised  upon  or 
more  or  less  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  and  fleshy  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower;  embryo  axile, 
in  fleshy  ruminate  or  uniform  albumen;  cotyledons  2,  shorter  than  the  superior  radicle. 
Of  the  ten  genera  widely  distributed  over  the  two  hemispheres,  two  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Filaments  dilated  into  4  pollen-sacs  united  into  a  half  ring;  seeds  drupe-like,  green  or 
purple,  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season;  albumen  ruminate.  1.  Torreya. 

Filaments  dilated  into  a  globose  head  of  4-8  connate  pollen-sacs;  seeds  berry-like,  scarlet, 
ripening  at  the  end  of  the  first  season;  albumen  uniform.  2.  Taxus. 

1.  TORREYA  ARN. 
Tumion  Raf. 

Glabrous  foetid  or  pungent  aromatic  trees,  with  fissured  bark  and  verticillate  or  oppo- 
site spreading  or  drooping  branches.  Leaves  thin,  long-pointed,  abruptly  contracted 
at  base,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  slightly  rounded  above,  thickened  and  revolute  on  the 
margins,  with  pale  bands  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  midvein  on  the  lower  surface. 
Flowers  dioecious;  the  male  crowded  in  the  axils  of  adjacent  leaves,  on  shoots  of  the 
previous  year,  oval  or  oblong,  composed  of  6  or  8  close  whorls  each  of  4  stamens,  sub- 
verticillately  arranged  on  a  slender  axis;  filaments  stout  and  expanded  above  into  4  globose 
yellow  pollen-sacs  united  into  a  half  ring,  their  connectives  produced  above  the  cells;  the 
female  on  shoots  of  the  year  less  numerous  and  scattered,  sessile,  the  ovule  surrounded  by 
and  finally  inclosed  in  an  ovoid  urn-shaped  fleshy  sac,  and  becoming  at  the  end  of  the  second 
season  an  oblong-ovate  yellow-brown  seed,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  acute  and 
marked  at  base  by  the  large  dark  hilum;  seed-coat  thick  and  woody,  its  inner  layer  folded 
into  the  thick  white  albumen,  surrounded  and  finally  inclosed  in  the  thick  green  or  purple 
enlarged  disk  of  the  flower  composed  of  thin  flat  easily  separable  fibers,  splitting  longitudin- 
ally when  ripe  into  two  parts  and  separating  from  the  basal  scales  persistent  on  the 
short  stout  stalk  of  the  seed. 

Torreya  is  now  confined  to  Florida  and  Georgia,  western  California,  Japan,  the  island  of 
Quelpart,  and  central  and  northern  China.  Four  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic 
species  the  Japanese  Torreya  nucifera  S.  &Z.  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  Torrey,  the  distinguished  American  botanist. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  slightly  rounded  on  the  back,  pale   below;  leaves,  branches,  and  wood  foetid; 

branchlets  gray  or  yellowish  green.  1.  T.  taxifolia  (C). 

Leaves  nearly  flat,  green  below;  leaves,  branches  and  wood  pungent-aromatic;  branchlets 

reddish  brown.  2.  T.  calif ornica  (G). 

1.  Torreya  taxifolia  Am.    Stinking  Cedar.    Torreya. 
Tumion  taxifolium  Greene. 

Leaves  slightly  falcate,  1^'  long,  about  |'  wide,  somewhat  rounded,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  and  marked  below  with  broad  bands  of  stomata.  Flowers  appearing  in  March 
and  April;  male  with  pale  yellow  anthers;  female  broadly  ovoid,  with  a  dark  purple  fleshy 
covering  to  the  ovule,  |'  long,  and  inclosed  at  the  base  by  broad  thin  rounded  scales.  Seed 
fully  grown  at  midsummer,  slightly  obovoid,  dark  purple,  I'-lJ'  long,  f '  thick,  with  a  thin 
leathery  covering,  a  light  red-brown  seed-coat  furnished  on  the  inner  surface  with  2  opposite 


92  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

longitudinal  thin  ridges  extending  from  the   base  toward  the  apex,  and  conspicuously 
ruminate  albumen. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  whorls  of  spreading 
slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  open  pyramidal  head  tapering  from  a  broad 
base.  Bark  \'  thick,  brown  faintly  tinged  with  orange  color,  and  irregularly  divided  by 


Fig.  90 


broad  shallow  fissures  into  wide  low  ridges  slightly  rounded  on  the  back  and  covered  with 
thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  clear  bright  yellow,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sap  wood;  largely  used  for  fence-posts. 

Distribution.  On  bluffs  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida, 
from  River  Junction  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol,  Liberty  County,  and  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  Decatur  County,  Georgia  (R.  M.  Harper).  Rare  and  local. 

Now  often  planted  in  the  public  grounds  and  gardens  of  Tallahassee,  Florida. 

2.  Torreya  californica  Torr.    California  Nutmeg. 
Tumion  californicum  Greene. 

Leaves  slightly  falcate,  nearly  flat,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  somewhat 
paler  and  marked  below  with  a  narrow  band  of  stomata,  tipped  with  slender  callous 


Fig.  91 


TAXACE.E  93 

points,  l'-3|'  long,  yV-i'  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  March  and  April;  male  with  broadly 
ovate  acute  scales;  female  nearly  \'  long,  with  oblong-ovate  rounded  scales.  Seed  ovoid  or 
oblong-ovoid,  l'-l|'  long,  light  green  more  or  less  streaked  with  purple. 

A  tree,  50°-70°  but  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  or  rarely  4°  in  diameter, 
and  whorls  of  spreading  slender  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  pyram- 
idal and  in  old  age  a  round-topped  head.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  gray-brown  tinged  with 
orange  color,  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  by  broad  fissures  into  narrow  ridges  covered 
with  elongated  loosely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  clear 
light  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  occasionally  used  for  fence-posts. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  mountain  streams,  California,  nowhere  common  but  widely 
distributed  from  Mendocino  County  to  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  in  the  coast  region  and 
along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Eldorado  to  Tulare  Counties  at  alti- 
tudes of  3000°-5000°  above  the  sea;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  northern 
coast  ranges. 

Rarely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  California  and  western  Europe. 

2.  TAXUS  L.    Yew. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  brown  or  dark  purple  scaly  bark,  and  spreading  usually  horizontal 
branches.  Leaves  flat,  often  falcate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  dark  green,  smooth 
and  keeled  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  papillate,  and  stomatiferous  on  the  lower  surface, 
their  margins  slightly  thickened  and  revolute.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious:  the  male 
composed  of  a  slender  stipe  bearing  at  the  apex  a  globular  head  of  4-8  pale  yellow  stamens 
consisting  of  4-6  conic  pendant  pollen-sacs  peltately  connate  from  the  end  of  a  short 
filament;  the  female  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  scale-like  bracts  of  a  short  axillary 
branch,  the  ovule  erect,  sessile  on  a  ring-like  disk,  ripening  in  the  autumn  into  an  ovoid- 
oblong  seed  gradually  narrowed  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  marked  at  base  by  the  much- 
depressed  hilum,  about  \'  long,  entirely  or  nearly  surrounded  by  but  free  from  the  now 
thickened  succulent  translucent  sweet  scarlet  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower  open  at  apex; 
seed-coat  thick,  of  two  layers,  the  outer  thin  and  membranaceous  or  fleshy,  the  inner  much 
thicker  and  somewhat  woody;  albumen  uniform. 

Taxus  with  six  or  seven  species,  which  can  be  distinguished  only  by  their  leaf  characters 
and  habit,  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  found  in  eastern 
North  America  where  two  species  occur,  in  Pacific  North  America,  Mexico,  Europe,  north- 
ern Africa,  western  and  southern  Asia,  China,  and  Japan.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  Euro- 
pean, African,  and  Asiatic  Taxus  baccata  L.,  and  its  numerous  varieties,  is  often  cultivated 
in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  more  temperate  parts  of  the  country,  and  is  replaced 
with  advantage  by  the  hardier  Taxus  cuspidata  S.  &  Z.,  of  eastern  Asia  in  the  northern 
states,  where  the  native  shrubby  Taxus  canadensis  Marsh,  with  monoecious  flowers  is 
sometimes  cultivated. 

Taxus,  from  rd^'os,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Yew-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  usually  short,  yellow-green.  1.  T.  brevifolia  (G). 

Leaves  elongated,  usually  falcate,  dark  green.  2.  T.  floridana  (C). 

1.  Taxus  brevifolia  Nutt.    Yew. 

Leaves  |'-1'  long,  about  -jV  wide,  dark  yellow-green  above,  rather  paler  below,  with 
stout  midribs,  and  slender  yellow  petioles  ^V  long,  persistent  for  5-12  years.  Flowers 
and  fruit  as  in  the  genus. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  70°-80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  l°-2° 
or  rarely  4^°  in  diameter,  frequently  unsymmetrical,  with  one  diameter  much  exceeding 
the  other,  and  irregularly  lobed,  with  broad  rounded  lobes,  and  long  slender  horizontal  or 
slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  open  conical  head.  Bark  about  \'  thick 


94 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  covered  with  small  thin  dark  red-purple  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  bright 
red,  with  thin  light  yellow  sap  wood;  used  for  fence-posts  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  north- 
west coast  for  paddles,  spear-handles,  bows,  and  other  small  articles. 


Fig.  92 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams,  deep  gorges,  and  damp  ravines,  growing  usu- 
ally under  large  coniferous  trees;  nowhere  abundant,  but  widely  distributed  usually  in 
single  individuals  or  in  small  clumps  from  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Alaska,  southward 
along  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon,  where  it  attains  its 
greatest  size;  along  the  coast  ranges  of  California  as  far  south  as  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  and 
along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare  County  at  altitudes  between 
5000°  and  8000°  above  the  sea-level,  ranging  eastward  in  British  Columbia  to  the  Selkirk 
Mountains,  and  over  the  mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of 
the  continental  divide  in  northern  Montana;  in  the  interior  much  smaller  than  near  the 
coast  and  often  shrubby  in  habit. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe. 

2.  Taxus  floridana  Chapm.    Yew. 

Leaves  usually  conspicuously  falcate,  f '  to  nearly  1'  long,  3^  '-iV  wide,  dark  green  above, 
pale  below,  with  obscure  midribs  and  slender  petioles  about  iV  in  length.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing in  March.  Fruit  ripening  in  October. 


Fig.  93 


TAXACE.E  95 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  1°  in  diameter,  and  numer- 
ous stout  spreading  branches;  more  often  shrubby  in  habit  and  12°-15°  tall.  Bark  £' 
thick,  dark  purple-brown,  smooth,  compact,  occasionally  separating  into  large  thin  irregu- 
lar plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  River  bluffs  and  ravines  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Apalachicola  River, 
in  Gadsden  County,  Florida,  from  Aspalaga  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol. 


96  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


CLASS  2.    ANGIOSPER1VLE. 

Carpels  or  pistils  consisting  of  a  closed  cavity  containing  the  ovules  and  be- 
coming the  fruit. 

DIVISION  1.     MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  with  woody  fibres  distributed  irregularly  through  them,  but  without 
pith  or  annual  layers  of  growth.  Parts  of  the  flower  in  3's;  ovary  superior; 
embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  alternate,  long-per- 
sistent, without  stipules. 

m.  PALMJE. 

Trees,  growing  by  a  single  terminal  bud,  with  stems  covered  with  a  thick  rind,  usually 
marked  below  by  the  ring-like  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks,  and  clothed  above  by  their  long- 
persistent  sheaths;  occasionally  stemless.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  plaited 
in  the  bud,  fan-shaped  or  pinnate,  their  rachis  sometimes  reduced  to  a  narrow  border, 
long-stalked,  with  petioles  dilated  into  clasping  sheaths  of  tough  fibres  (vaginas};  on  fan- 
shaped  leaves,  furnished  at  the  apex  on  the  upper  side  with  a  thickened  concave  body 
(ligule).  Flowers  minute,  perfect  or  unisexual,  in  the  axils  of  small  thin  mostly  deciduous 
bracts,  in  large  compound  clusters  (spadix)  surrounded  by  boat-shaped  bracts  (spathes); 
sepals  and  petals  free  or  more  or  less  united;  stamens  usually  6;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse, 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  3-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell;  styles  1-3.  Fruit 
a  drupe  or  berry;  embryo  cylindric  in  a  cavity  of  the  hard  albumen  near  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  seed.  Of  the  130  genera  now  usually  recognized  and  chiefly  inhabitants  of  the 
tropics,  seven  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Leaves  fan-shaped. 
Leaf -stalks  unarmed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  united  into  a  short  6-lobed  perianth. 

Fruit  white,  drupaceous;  albumen  even.  1.  Thrinax. 

Fruit  black,  baccate;  albumen  channeled.  2.  Coccothrinax. 

Calyx  and  corolla  distinct ;  fruit  baccate.  3.  Sabal. 

Leaf-stalks  armed  with  marginal  spines. 

Filaments  slender,  free;  fruit  baccate.  4.  Washingtonia. 

Filaments  triangular,  united  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla;  fruit 
drupaceous.  5.  Acoelorraphe. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Flower-clusters  produced  on  the  stem  below  the  leaves;  fruit  violet-blue. 

6.  Roystonea. 
Flower-clusters  produced  from  among  the  leaves;  fruit  bright  orange-scarlet. 

7.  Pseudophoenix. 

1.  THRINAX  Sw. 

Small  unarmed  trees,  with  stems  covered  with  pale  gray  rind.  Leaves  orbicular,  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  thick  and  firm,  usually  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  divided 


PALM.E  97 

to  below  the  middle  into  narrow  acuminate  parted  segments  with  thickened  margins  and 
midribs;  rachis  a  narrow  border,  with  thin  usually  undulate  margins;  ligule  thick,  con- 
cave, pointed,  lined  while  young  with  hoary  tomentum;  petioles  compressed,  rounded  above 
and  below,  thin  and  smooth  on  the  margins,  with  large  clasping  bright  mahogany-red 
sheaths  of  slender  matted  fibres  covered  with  thick  hoary  tomentum.  Spadix  interfoliar, 
stalked,  its  primary  branches  short,  alternate,  flattened,  incurved,  with  numerous  slender 
rounded  flower-bearing  branchlets;  spathes  numerous,  tubular,  coriaceous,  cleft  and  more  or 
less  tomentose  at  the  apex.  Flowers  opening  in  May  and  June,  and  occasionally  irregularly 
in  the  autumn,  solitary,  perfect;  perianth  6-lobed;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  peri- 
anth, with  subulate  filaments  thickened  and  only  slightly  united  at  the  base,  or  nearly  trian- 
gular and  united  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  perianth,  and  oblong  anthers;  ovary  1 -celled,  grad- 
ually narrowed  into  a  stout  columnar  style  crowned  by  a  large  funnel-formed  flat  or  oblique 
stigma ;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  globose  drupe  with  juicy  bitter  ivory-white  flesh  easily 
separable  from  the  thin-shelled  tawny  brown  nut.  Seed  free,  erect,  slightly  flattened  at 
the  ends,  with  an  oblong  pale  conspicuous  subbasilar  hilum,  a  short-branched  raphe,  a  thin 
coat,  and  uniform  albumen  more  or  less  deeply  penetrated  by  a  broad  basal  cavity;  embryo 
lateral. 

Thrinax  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  southern 
Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  the  shores  of  Central  America.  Seven  or  eight  species 
are  now  generally  recognized. 

The  wood  of  the  Florida  species  is  light  and  soft,  with  numerous  small  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  the  exterior  of  the  stem  being  much  harder  than  the  spongy  interior.  The  stems 
are  used  for  the  piles  of  small  wharves  and  turtle-crawls,  and  the  leaves  for  thatch,  and  in 
making  hats,  baskets,  and  small  ropes. 

Thrinax,  from  dplva.%,  is  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  on  elongated  pedicels;  perianth  obscurely  lobed;  stamens  much  exserted,  their 
filaments  subulate,  barely  united  at  base;  stigma  oblique;  cavity  of  the  seed  extending 
to  the  apex. 

Perianth  obscurely  lobed;  style  abruptly  enlarged  into  a  large  oblique  stigma;  leaves 
silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface.  1.  T.  floridana  (D). 

Perianth  deeply  lobed;  style  narrowed  gradually  into  a  small  oblique  stigma;  leaves  green 
on  both  surfaces.  2.  T.  Wendlandiana  (D). 

Flowers  on  short  pedicels;  lobes  of  the  perianth  ovate,  acuminate;  filaments  nearly  trian- 
gular, united  below  into  a  cup;  stigma  flat;  cavity  of  the  seed  extending  only  to  the 
middle. 
Seeds  pale  chestnut-brown;  spadix  about  6°  long;  leaves  3°-4°  in  diameter. 

3.  T.  keyensis  (D). 
Seeds  dark  chestnut-brown;  spadix  less  than  3°  long;  leaves  not  over  2°  in  diameter. 

4.  T.  microcarpa  (D). 

1.  Thrinax  floridana  Sarg.    Thatch. 

Leaves  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  rather  longer  than  broad,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  with  a  long-pointed,  bright  orange-colored 
ligule  f  long  and  broad;  petioles  4°-4£°  long,  pale  yellow-green  or  orange  color  toward 
the  apex,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  deciduous  tomentum,  much  thickened  and  to- 
mentose toward  the  base.  Flowers:  spadix  3°-3|°  long,  the  primary  branches  6'-8'  long 
and  ivory-white,  flower-bearing  branches  l|'-2'  in  length;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels 
nearly  \'  long,  ivory-white,  very  fragrant,  with  an  obscurely-lobed  perianth,  much  ex- 
serted stamens  barely  united  at  the  base,  and  a  large  stigma.  Fruit  f '  in  diameter, 
somewhat  depressed  at  the  ends;  seed  from  f  to  nearly  \'  in  diameter,  dark  chestnut- 
brown. 


98 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  with  a  slightly  tapering  stem  20°-30°  high  and  4'-6'  in  diameter,  clothed  to  the 
middle  and  occasionally  almost  to  the  ground  with  the  sheaths  of  dead  leaf-stalks. 


Fig.  94 

Distribution.     Florida,  dry  coral  ridges  and  sandy  shores  of  keys  from  Long  Key  to 
Torch  Key,  and  on  the  mainland  from  Cape  Romano  to  Cape  Sable. 

2.  Thrinax  Wendlandiana  Becc.    Thatch. 

Leaves  2|°-3°  in  diameter,  orbicular,  pale  yellow-green,  lustrous  above,  with  a  thick 
concave  ligule,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex;  petioles  2°-4°  long,  much  thick- 


Fig.  95 


ened  and  tomentose  toward  the  base.  Flowers:  spadix  stalked,  2°-4°  long,  its  primary 
branches  short,  flattened,  incurved,  with  numerous  terete  flower-bearing  branchlets; 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels  iV"!'  long,  with  a  deeply  lobed  perianth,  the  lobes  nearly 


PALM.E  99 

triangular,  acuminate,  and  a  small  stigma.  Fruit  J'-f '  in  diameter,  globose;  seed  from 
I'- 1'  in  diameter,  dark  chestnut-brown. 

A  tree,  in  Florida,  with  a  smooth  pale  trunk  20°-25°  high  and  3'-4'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Florida:  Dade  County,  Madeira  Hummock,  Pumpkin  Key,  Flamingo, 
and  northwest  of  Cape  Sable;  also  in  Cuba  and  on  Mugueres  Island,  Gulf  of  Honduras. 

3.  Thrinax  keyensis  Sarg.    Thatch. 

Leaves  rather  longer  than  broad,  3°-4°  long,  the  lowest  segments  parallel  with  the 
petiole  or  spreading  from  it  nearly  at  right  angles,  light  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  with  bright  orange-colored  margins,  below  coated  while  young  with  decidu- 
ous hoary  tomentum  and  pale  blue-green  and  more  or  less  covered  with  silvery  white  pu- 
bescence at  maturity,  with  a  thick  pointed  ligule  1'  long  and  wide,  lined  at  first  with  hoary 
tomentum;  petioles  flattened  above,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  lower  surface,  tomentose 
while  young,  pale  blue-green,  3°-4°  long.  Flowers:  spadix  usually  about  6°  long,  spreading 
and  gracefully  incurved,  with  spathes  more  or  less  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  large 
compressed  primary  branches,  and  short  bright  orange-colored  flower-bearing  branches; 


Fig,  96 

flowers  on  short  thick  disk-like  pedicels,  about  |'  long,  white,  slightly  fragrant,  with  a  tu- 
bular perianth,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate  and  acute,  stamens  with  nearly  triangular  filaments 
united  at  the  base,  and  a  flat  stigma.  Fruit  iV  to  nearly  £'  in  diameter;  seed  brown,  iV 
in  diameter. 

A  tree,  with  a  stem  often  25°  high  and  10'-14'  in  diameter,  raised  on  a  base  of  thick 
matted  roots  2°-3°  high  and  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and  a  broad  head  of  leaves,  the  upper  erect, 
the  lower  pendulous  and  closely  pressed  against  the  stem. 

Distribution.  Dry,  sandy  soil  close  to  the  beach  on  the  north  side  of  the  largest  of  the 
Marquesas  Keys,  and  on  Crab  Key,  a  small  island  to  the  westward  of  Torch  Key,  one  of 
the  Bahia  Honda  group,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas. 

4.  Thrinax  microcarpa  Sarg.  Silvertop  Palmetto.  Brittle  Thatch. 
Leaves  2°-3°  across,  pale  green  above,  silvery  white  below,  more  or  less  thickly  coated 
while  young  with  hoary  tomentum,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  divided  near  the  base 
almost  to  the  rachis,  with  an  orbicular  thick  concave  ligule  lined  with  a  thick  coat  of  white 
tomentum;  petioles  thin  and  flexuose.  Flowers:  spadix  elongated,  with  short,  com- 
pressed erect  branches  slightly  spreading  below,  numerous  slender  pendulous  flower-bearing 
branches,  and  long  acute  spathes  deeply  parted  at  the  apex,  coriaceous  and  coated  above 
the  middle  with  thick  hoary  tomentum;  flowers  on  short  thick  disk-like  pedicels,  with  a 


100  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

cupular  perianth,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate  and  acute,  stamens  with  thin  nearly  triangular 
exserted  filaments  slightly  united  at  base  and  oblong  anthers  becoming  reversed  and 
extrorse  at  maturity,  and  a  deep  orange-colored  ovary  narrowed  above  into  a  short  thick 


Fig.  97 

style  dilated  into  a  large  funnel-formed  stigma.  Fruit  globose,  |'  in  diameter;  seed  sub- 
globose,  bright  to  dark  chestnut-brown,  depressed. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Dry  coral  soil,  on  the  shores  of  Sugar  Loaf  Sound,  and  on  No  Name  and 
Bahia  Honda  keys,  Florida;  in  Cuba. 

2.  COCCOTHRINAX  Sarg. 

Small  unarmed  trees,  with  simple  or  clustered  stems  or  rarely  stemless.  Leaves  orbicu- 
lar, or  truncate  at  base,  pale  or  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  divided  into  narrow 
obliquely  folded  segments  acuminate  and  divided  at  apex;  rachis  narrow;  ligules  thin, 
free,  erect,  concave,  pointed  at  the  apex;  petioles  compressed,  slightly  rounded  and 
ridged  above  and  below,  thin  and  smooth  on  the  margins,  gradually  enlarged  below  into 
elongated  sheaths  of  coarse  fibres  forming  an  open  network  covered  while  young  by  thick 
hoary  tomentum.  Spadix  interfoliar,  paniculate,  shorter  than  the  leaf-stalks,  its  primary 
branches  furnished  with  numerous  short  slender  pendulous  flower-bearing  secondary 
branches;  spathes  numerous,  papery,  cleft  at  the  apex.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  jointed 
on  elongated  slender  pedicels;  perianth  cup-shaped,  obscurely  lobed;  stamens  9,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  perianth,  with  subulate  filaments  enlarged  and  barely  united  at  the  base, 
and  oblong  anthers;  ovary  1 -celled,  narrowed  into  a  slender  style  crowned  by  a  funnel- 
formed  oblique  stigma;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  subglobose  berry  raised  on  the  thick- 
ened torus  of  the  flower,  with  thick  juicy  black  flesh.  Seed  free,  erect,  depressed-globose, 
with  a  thick  hard  vertically  grooved  shell  deeply  infolded  in  the  bony  albumen;  hilum 
subbasilar,  minute;  raphe  hidden  in  the  folds  of  the  seed-coat;  embryo  lateral. 

Coccothrinax  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World.  Two  species,  of  which  one  is 
stemless,  inhabit  southern  Florida,  and  at  least  two  other  species  are  scattered  over  several 
of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

Coccothrinax,  from  K6/ocoy  and  Thrinax,  is  in  allusion  to  the  berry-like  fruit. 

1.  Coccothrinax  jucunda  Sarg.    Brittle  Thatch. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  the  lower  segments  usually  parallel  with  the  petiole,  thin  and 
brittle,  18'-24'  in  diameter,  divided  below  the  middle  of  the  leaf  or  toward  its  base  nearly 


PAL3VLE 


101 


to  the  ligule,  with  much-thickened  bright  orange-colored  midribs  ana  margins,  pale  yellow- 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  bright  silvery  white  and  coated  at  first  on  the 
lower  surface  with  hoary  deciduous  pubescence,  with  a  thin  undulate  obtusely  short-pointed 
dark  orange-colored  rachis,  and  a  thin  concave  crescent-shaped  often  oblique  slightly  un- 
dulate short-pointed  and  light  or  dark  orange-colored  ligule  f  wide,  \'  deep;  petioles 
slender,  pale  yellow-green,  2|°-3°  long.  Flowers:  spadix  18'-24'  long,  with  flattened 
stalks,  slender  much-flattened  primary  branches  8'- 10'  long,  light  orange-colored  slen- 
der terete  flower-bearing  branches  l|'-3'  long,  and  pale  reddish  brown  spathes  coated 
toward  the  ends  with  pale  pubescence;  flowers  opening  in  June  and  irregularly  also  in 
the  autumn  on  ridged  spreading  pedicels  £'  long,  with  an  orange-colored  ovary  surmounted 
by  an  elongated  style  dilated  into  a  rose-colored  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  six 


Fig.  98 

months,  from  |'-f  in  diameter,  bright  green  at  first  when  fully  grown,  becoming  deep  vio- 
let color,  with  succulent  very  juicy  flesh,  ultimately  black  and  lustrous;  seed  light  tawny 
brown. 

A  tree,  with  a  stem  slightly  enlarged  from  the  ground  upward,  15°-25°  high,  4'-6'  thick, 
covered  with  pale  blue  rind,  and  surmounted  by  a  broad  head  of  leaves  at  first  erect,  then 
spreading  and  ultimately  pendulous.  Wood  used  for  the  piles  of  small  wharves  and  turtle- 
crawls.  The  soft  tough  young  leaves  are  made  into  hats  and  baskets. 

Distribution.  Dry  coral  ridges  and  sandy  flats  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  along 
many  of  the  southern  keys  to  the  Marquesas  group  (var.  marquesensis  Becc.)  Florida; 
and  on  the  Bahamas  (var.  macrosperma  Becc.). 

3.  SABAL  Adans.    Palmetto. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  stout  columnar  stems  covered  with  red-brown  rind.  Leaves  fla- 
bellate,  tough  and  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  narrow  long-pointed  parted  segments 
plicate ly  folded  at  base,  often  separating  on  the  margins  into  narrow  threads;  rachis 
extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  leaves,  rounded  and  broadly  winged  toward  the 
base  on  the  lower  side,  thin  and  acute  on  the  upper  side;  ligule  adnate  to  the  rachis, 
acute,  concave,  with  thin  incurved  entire  margins;  petioles  rounded  and  concave  on  the 
lower  side,  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  upper  side,  acute  and  entire  on  the  margins,  with 
elongated  chestnut-brown  shining  sheaths  of  stout  fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  stalked, 
decompound,  with  a  flattened  stem,  short  branches,  slender  densely  flowered  ultimate 
branches,  and  numerous  acuminate  spathes,  the  outer  persistent  and  becoming  broad  and 


102 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


woody.  Mowers  solitary,  perfect;  calyx  tabular,  unequally  lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud;  corolla  deeply  lobed,  with  narrow  ovate-oblong  concave  acute  lobes 
valvate  at  the  apex  in  the  bud;  stamens  6,  those  opposite  the  corolla  lobes  rather  longer 
than  the  others,  with  subulate  filaments  united  below  into  a  shallow  cup  adnate  to 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and  ovoid  anthers,  their  cells  free  and  spreading  at  the  base; 
ovary  of  3  carpels,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  3-lobed  style 
truncate  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  small  black  1  or  2  or  3- 
lobed  short-stemmed  berry  with  thin  sweet  dry  flesh.  Seed  depressed-globose,  marked  on 
the  side  by  the  prominent  micropyle,  with  a  shallow  pit  near  the  minute  basal  hilum,  a  thin 
seed-coat,  and  a  ventral  raphe;  embryo  minute,  dorsal,  in  horny  uniform  albumen  pene- 
trated by  a  hard  shallow  basal  cavity  filled  by  the  thickening  of  the  seed-coat. 

Sabal  belongs  to  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed  from  the  Bermuda  Islands  and  the 
South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  of  North  America  through  the  West  Indies  to  Venezuela 
and  Mexico. 

Of  the  eight  species  now  recognized  four  inhabit  the  United  States;  of  these  two  are  small 
stemless  plants. 

The  generic  name  is  of  uncertain  origin. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Spadix  short;  fruit  subglobose,  1-celled;  seed-coat  light  chestnut  color.     1.  S.  Palmetto  (C). 
Spadix  elongated;  fruit  often  2  or  3-lobed,  with  2  or  3  seeds;  seed-coat  dark  cliestnut-brown. 

.2.  S.  texana  (E). 

1.  Sabal  Palmetto  R.  &  S.    Cabbage  Tree.    Cabbage  Palmetto. 

Leaves  5°-6°  long  and  7°-8°  broad,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  deeply  divided  into  narrow 
parted  recurved  segments,  with  ligules  4'  long  and  more  or  less  unsymmetrical  at  apex; 
petioles  6°-7°  long  and  \\'  wide  at  apex.  Flowers:  spadix  2°-2-|°  long,  with  slender  incurved 


Fig.  99 

branches,  slender  ultimate  divisions,  and  thin  secondary  spathes  flushed  with  red  at  apex 
and  conspicuously  marked  by  pale  slender  longitudinal  veins;  flowers  in  the  axils  of 
minute  deciduous  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  perianth,  opening  in  June.  Fruit 
ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  subglobose  or  slightly  obovoid,  gradually  narrowed  at 
base,  1-seeded,  about  \'  in  diameter;  seed  light  bright  chestnut-colored,  \'  broad. 

A  tree,  often  40°-50°  and  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  clear  trunk  often  2°  in 
diameter,  sometimes  branched  by  the  destruction  of  the  terminal  bud,  divided  by  shallow 


PALM.E 


103 


irregular  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  ridges,  with  a  short  pointed  knob-like  under- 
ground stem  surrounded  by  a  dense  mass  of  contorted  roots  often  4°  or  5°  in  diameter  and 
5°  or  6°  deep,  from  which  tough  light  orange-colored  roots  often  nearly  £'  in  diameter  pene- 
trate the  soil  for  a  distance  of  15°  or  20°,  and  a  broad  crown  of  leaves  at  first  upright, 
then  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  and  finally  pendulous.  Wood  light, 
soft,  pale  brown,  or  occasionally  nearly  black,  with  numerous  hard  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
the  outer  rim  about  2'  thick  and  much  lighter  and  softer  than  the  interior.  In  the  southern 
states  the  trunks  are  used  for  wharf-piles,  and  polished  cross  sections  of  the  stem  some- 
times serve  for  the  tops  of  small  tables;  the  wood  is  largely  manufactured  into  canes.  From 
the  sheaths  of  young  leaves  the  bristles  of  scrubbing-brushes  are  made.  The  large  succulent 
leaf-buds  are  cooked  and  eaten  as  a  vegetable,  and  coarse  hats,  mats,  and  baskets  are  made 
from  the  leaves.  Pieces  of  the  spongy  bark  of  the  stem  are  used  as  a  substitute  for 
scrubbing-brushes. 

Distribution.  Sandy  soil  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Cape  Hatteras  and  Smith  Island  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Caro- 
lina, southward  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida;  in  Florida  extending  across  the  penin- 
sula and  south  to  Upper  Metacomb  Key,  and  along  the  west  coast  to  Saint  Andrews  Bay; 
most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Florida  peninsula. 

Often  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  cities  of  the  southern  states. 

2.  Sabal  texana  Becc.    Palmetto. 

Sabal  mexicana  S.  Wats.,  not  Mart. 

Leaves  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  5°-6°  long,  often  7°  wide,  divided  nearly  to  the 
middle  into  narrow  divided  segments,  with  thickened  pale  margins  separating  into  long 


Fig.  100 

thin  fibres,  with  ligules  about  6'  long;  petioles  7°-8°  long,  1^'  wide  at  the  apex.  Flowers: 
spadix  7°-8°  long,  with  stout  ultimate  divisions;  flowers  in  Texas  appearing  in  March  or 
April  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  perianth.  Fruit  ripening  early  in 
the  summer,  globose,  often  2  or  3-lobed;  seeds  nearly  \'  broad  and  \'  wide,  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  with  a  broad  shallow  basal  cavity,  and  a  conspicuous  orange-colored  hilum. 

A  tree,  with  a  trunk  30°-50°  high,  often  2£°  in  diameter,  and  a  broad  head  of  erect  ul- 
timately pendulous  leaves.  Wood  light,  soft,  pale  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
light-colored  rather  inconspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  outer  rim  1'  thick,  soft,  and 
light  colored.  On  the  Gulf  coast  the  trunks  are  used  for  wharf -piles,  and  on  the  lower 
Rio  Grande  the  leaves  for  the  thatch  of  houses. 


104 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.  Rich  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  on  the  Bernado  River,  Cameron  County, 
and  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  and  southward  in  Mexico  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast. 

Frequently  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  towns  in  the  lower  Rio  Grande  valley. 

4.  WASHINGTONIA  H.  Wendl. 

Trees,  with  stout  columnar  stems  and  broad  crowns  of  erect  and  spreading  finally  pen- 
dulous leaves.  Leaves  flabellate,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  many  narrow  deeply 
parted  recurved  segments  separating  on  the  margins  into  numerous  slender  pale  fibres; 
rachis  short,  slightly  rounded  on  the  back,  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  with 
concave  margins  furnished  below  with  narrow  erect  wings,  and  slender  and  acute  above; 
ligule  elongated,  oblong,  thin  and  laciniate  on  the  margins;  petioles  elongated,  broad  and 
thin,  flattened  or  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  side,  rounded  on  the  lower,  armed  irregu- 
larly with  broad  thin  large  and  small  straight  or  hooked  spines  confluent  into  a  thin  bright 
orange-colored  cartilaginous  margin,  gradually  enlarged  at  base  into  thick  broad  con- 
cave bright  chestnut-brown  sheaths  composed  of  a  network  of  thin  strong  fibres.  Spadix 
interfoliar,  stalked,  elongated,  paniculate,  with  pendulous  flower-bearing  ultimate  divisions 
and  numerous  long  spathes.  Flowers  perfect,  jointed  on  thick  disk-like  pedicels;  calyx 
tubular,  scarious,  thickened  at  base,  gradually  enlarged  and  slightly  lobed  at  apex,  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  funnel-formed,  with  a  fleshy  tube  inclosed  in  the 
calyx  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  lobes  thickened  and  glandular  on  the  inner 
surface  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  with 
free  filaments  thickened  near  the  middle  and  linear-oblong  anthers;  ovary  3-lobed,  3- 
celled,  with  slender  elongated  flexuose  styles  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  lateral,  erect. 
Fruit  a  small  ellipsoidal  short-stalked  black  berry  with  thin  dry  flesh.  Seed  free,  erect, 
oblong-ovoid,  concave  above,  with  a  flat  base  depressed  in  the  centre,  a  minute  sublateral 
hilum,  a  broad  conspicuous  rachis,  a  minute  lateral  micropyle,  and  a  thin  pale  chestnut- 
brown  inner  coat  closely  investing  the  simple  horny  albumen;  embryo  minute,  lateral,  with 
the  radicle  turned  toward  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

Three  species  of  Washingtonia  are  known:  one  inhabits  the  interior  dry  region  of  south- 
ern California  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Lower  California,  and  the  others  the  mountain 
canons  of  western  Sonora  and  southern  Lower  California. 

The  genus  is  named  for  George  Washington. 

1.  Washingtonia  filamentosa  O.  Kuntze.    Desert  Palm.    Fan  Palm. 
Leaves  5°-6°  long  and  4°-5°  wide,  light  green,  slightly  tomentose  on  the  folds;  petioles 


Fig.  101 


PALM.E  105 

4°-6°  long  and  about  2'  broad  at  apex,  with  sheaths  16'-18'  long  and  12'-14'  wide,  and 
ligules  4'  long  and  cut  irregularly  into  long  narrow  lobes.  Flowers:  spadix  10°-12°  long, 
3  or  4  being  produced  each  year  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  the  outer  spathe  inclosing 
the  bud,  narrow,  elongated,  and  glabrous,  those  of  the  secondary  branches  coriaceous,  yel- 
low tinged  with  brown,  and  laciniate  at  apex;  flowers  slightly  fragrant,  opening  late  in 
May  or  early  in  June.  Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  ripening  in  September,  J'  long; 
seed  1'  long,  f '  thick. 

A  tree,  occasionally  75°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  50°-60°  tall  and  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
covered  with  a  thick  light  red-brown  scaly  rind  and  clothed  with  a  thick  thatch  of  dead 
pendant  leaves  descending  in  a  regular  cone  from  the  broad  crown  of  living  leaves  some- 
times nearly  to  the  ground.  Wood  light  and  soft,  with  numerous  conspicuous  dark  orange- 
colored  fibro- vascular  bundles.  The  fruit  is  gathered  and  used  as  food  by  the  Indians. 

Distribution.  Often  forming  extensive  groves  or  small  isolated  clumps  in  wet  usually 
alkali  soil  in  depressions  along  the  northern  and  northwestern  margins  of  the  Colorado 
Desert  in  southern  California,  sometimes  extending  for  several  miles  up  the  canons  of  the 
San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains;  and  in  Lower  California. 

Now  largely  cultivated  in  southern  California,  New  Orleans,  southern  Europe,  and 
other  temperate  regions. 

5.  ACCELORRAPHE  H.  Wendl. 

Trees,  with  tall  slender  often  clustered  stems  clothed  for  many  years  with  the  sheathing 
bases  of  the  petioles  of  fallen  leaves.  Leaves  suborbicular,  divided  into  numerous  two- 
parted  segments  plicately  folded  at  the  base;  rachis  short,  acute;  ligule  thin,  concave,  fur- 
nished with  a  broad  membranaceous  dark  red-brown  deciduous  border;  petioles  slender, 
flat  or  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  side,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  lower  side,  with  a  broad 
high  rounded  ridge,  thickened  and  cartilaginous  on  the  margins,  more  or  less  furnished  with 
stout  or  slender  flattened  teeth;  vagina  thin  and  firm,  bright  mahogany  red,  lustrous, 
closely  infolding  the  stem,  its  fibres  thin  and  tough.  Spadix  paniculate,  interpetiolar,  its 
rachis  slender,  compressed,  ultimate  branches,  numerous,  slender,  elongated,  gracefully 
drooping,  hoary-tomentose,  the  primary  branches  flattened,  the  secondary  terete  in  the 
axils  of  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  bracts;  spathes  flattened,  thick  and  firm,  deeply  two- 
cleft  and  furnished  at  apex  with  a  red-brown  membranaceous  border,  inclosing  the 
rachis  of  the  panicle,  each  primary  branch  with  its  spathe  and  the  node  of  the  rachis  below 
it  inclosed  in  a  separate  spathe,  the  whole  surrounded  by  the  larger  spathe  of  the  node 
next  below.  Flowers  perfect,  minute,  sessile  on  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  spadix, 
in  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  caducous  bracts,  solitary  toward  the  end  of  the 
branches  and  in  two-  or  three-flowered  clusters  near  their  base;  calyx  truncate  at  base, 
divided  into  three  broadly  ovate  sepals  dentate  on  the  margins,  valvate  in  aestivation,  en- 
larged and  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  three-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  its  divisions 
valvate  in  aestivation,  oblong-ovate,  thick,  concave  and  thickened  at  apex,  deciduous; 
stamens  six,  included;  filaments  nearly  triangular,  united  below  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the 
short  tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers  short-oblong,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle, 
introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  obovoid,  of  three  carpels, 
each  with  two  deep  depressions  on  their  outer  face,  united  into  a  slender  style;  stigma 
minute,  terminal,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  ovule  solitary,  erect  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell, 
anatropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  subglobose,  one-seeded,  black  and  lustrous;  exocarp  thin 
and  fleshy;  endocarp  thin,  crustaceous;  seed  erect,  free,  subglobose,  light  chestnut-brown; 
testa  thin  and  hard;  hilum  small,  suborbicular;  raphe  ventral,  oblong,  elongated,  black, 
slightly  prominent,  without  ramifications;  embryo  lateral;  albumen  homogeneous. 

Two  species  of  Accelorraphe  have  been  distinguished;  they  inhabit  southern  Florida, 
and  one  species  occurs  also  in  Cuba  and  on  the  Bahama  Islands. 

The  generic  name,  from  d  priv.,  KOI \os  and  pa<fyf),  refers  to  the  character  of  the  seed. 


106 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Petioles  furnished  with  stout  marginal  teeth  throughout  their  entire  length;  leaves  green 
on  both  surfaces,  their  primary  divisions  extending  to  the  middle,  secondary  divisions 
only  from  3£'-9'  long;  stems  forming  large  thickets.  1.  A.  Wrightii  (D). 

Petioles  furnished  with  thinner  teeth,  usually  unarmed  toward  the  apex;  leaves  green  or 
glaucescent  on  the  lower  surface,  their  primary  divisions  extending  nearly  to  the  base, 
secondary  divisions  often  10'  long  or  more;  stems  often  prostrate.  2.  A.  arborescens  (D) . 

1.  Acoelorraphe  Wrightii  Becc. 

Leaves  30'-36'  in  diameter,  thin,  light  green,  divided  only  to  the  middle,  the  divisions 

of  the  primary  lobes  3^'-9'  long;  petioles  thin,  gradually  tapering  from  the  base,  40'-60' 


Fig.  102 

in  length,  armed  throughout  with  stout  straight  or  incurved  teeth.  Flowers:  spadix  4°- 
6°  long;  flowers  £'-£'  long,  with  a  light  chestnut-brown  calyx  and  a  pale  yellow-green  corolla. 
Fruit  j'  in  diameter. 

A  tree  with  numerous  stems,  in  Florida  sometimes  10  metnes  high,  forming  great  thickets. 

Distribution.  Dade  County,  Florida,  from  the  rear  of  Madeira  Hummock  to  Cape; 
Sable,  in  swamps  of  fresh  or  brackish  water  at  some  distance  from  the  coast;  also  in  Cuba 
and  on  the  Bahamas. 

2.  Acoelorraphe  arborescens  Becc. 
Serenoa  arborescens  Sarg. 

Leaves  about  2°  in  diameter,  light  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  blue-green  or 
glaucescent  on  the  lower  surface,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  numerous  lobes  slightlj 
thickened  at  the  pale  yellow  midribs  and  margins;  petioles  18'-24'  long,  armed,  excepl 
toward  the  apex,  with  stout  flattened  curved  orange-colored  teeth.  Flowers:  spadi> 


PALM^E 


107 


3°-4°  long,  with  a  slender  much-flattened  stalk,  panicled  lower  branches  18'-20'  in  length, 
and  6-8  thick  firm  pale  green  conspicuously  ribbed  spathes  dilated^  at  apex  into  a 
narrow  border;  flowers  with  a  light  chestnut-brown  calyx  and  a  pale  yellow-green  corolla. 
Fruit  globose,  f '  in  diameter;  seed  somewhat  flattened  below,  with  a  pale  vertical  mark 
on  the  lower  side,  and  a  hilum  joined  to  the  micropyle  by  a  pale  band. 

A  tree,  from  30°-40°  high,  with  1  or  several  clustered  erect  inclining  or  occasionally  semi- 
prostrate  stems  3'-4'  in  diameter,  covered  almost  to  the  ground  by  the  closely  clasping 
bases  of  the  leaf-stalks  and  below  with  a  thick  pale  rind. 


Fig.  103 

Distribution.  Low  undrained  soil  covered  for  many  months  of  every  year  in  water 
from  l'-18'  deep,  occasionally  occupying  almost  exclusively  areas  of  several  acres  in  ex- 
tent or  more  often  scattered  among  Cypress-trees  or  Royal  Palms,  in  the  swamps  and 
along  the  hummocks  adjacent  to  the  Chokoloskee  River  and  its  tributaries  and  at  the  head 
of  East  River,  Whitewater  Bay,  in  southwestern  Florida. 

6.  ROYSTONEA  Cook.    Royal  Palm. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  massive  stems  enlarged  near  the  middle,  and  terminating  in  long 
slender  bright  green  cylinders  formed  by  the  densely  imbricated  sheaths  of  the  leaf-stalks. 
Leaves  equally  pinnate,  with  linear-lanceolate  long-pointed  unequally  cleft  plicately-folded 
pinnae  inserted  obliquely  on  the  upper  side  of  the  rachis,  folded  together  at  the  base,  with 
thin  midribs  and  margins;  rachis  convex  on  the  back,  broad  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf 
and  acute  toward  its  apex;  petioles  semicylindric,  gradually  enlarged  into  thick  elon- 
gated green  sheaths.  Spadix  large,  decompound,  produced  near  the  base  of  the  green 
part  of  the  stem,  with  long  pendulous  branches  a»d  2  spathes,  the  outer  semicylindric  and 
as  long  as  the  spadix,  the  inner  splitting  ventrally  and  inclosing  the  branches  of  the  spadix. 
Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  loose  spiral,  toward  the  base  of  the  branch  in  3-flowered  clusters, 
with  a  central  staminate  and  smaller  lateral  pistillate  flowers,  higher  on  the  branch  the 
stamina te  in  2-flowered  clusters;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  of  minute  broadly  ovate 
obtuse  scarious  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla;  petals  nearly 
equal,  valvate  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  coriaceous; 
stamens.  6,  9,  or  12,  with  subulate  filaments  united  below  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  and  large  ovate-sagittate  anthers,  the  cells  free  below;  ovary  rudimentary,  sub- 
globose  or  3-lobed;  pistillate  flowers  much  smaller,  ovoid-conic;  sepals  obtuse;  corolla 
erect,  divided  to  the  middle  into  acute  erect  lobes  incurved  at  apex;  staminodia  6, 
scale-like,  united  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  corolla;  ovary  subglobose,  obscurely  2  or  3-lobed, 


108 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


2  or  3-celled,  gibbous,  the  cells  crowned  with  a  3-lobed  stigma  becoming  subbasilar  on  the 
fruit;  ovule  ascending.  Fruit  a  short-stalked  drupe  with  thin  crustaceous  flesh.  Seed  ob- 
long-reniform,  marked  by  the  conspicuous  fibrous  reticulate  branches  of  the  raphe  radiating 
from  the  narrow  basal  hilum,  and  covered  with  a  thin  crustaceous  coat;  embryo  minute, 
cylindric,  lateral,  in  uniform  albumen. 

Roystonea  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  where  two  or  three  species  occur. 

The  genus  as  here  limited  was  named  for  General  Roy  Stone  of  the  United  States  army. 

1.  Roystonea  regia  Cook.    Royal  Palm. 

Oreodoxa  regia  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  10°-12°  long,  closely  pinnate,  the  pinnae,  2£°-3°  long,  1|'  wide  near  the  base  of 
the  leaf,  and  gradually  decreasing  in  size  toward  its  apex,  deep  green  with  slender  conspicu- 
ous veins,  and  covered  below  with  minute  pale  glandular  dots;  petioles  almost  terete, 
concave  near  the  base,  with  thin  edges  separating  irregularly  into  pale  fibres,  and  enlarged 


into  bright  green  cylindrical  clasping  bases  8°  or  9°  long  and  more  or  less  covered  with  dark 
chaffy  scales.  Flowers:  spadix  about  2°  long,  with  a  nearly  terete  stem  and  slightly 
ridged  primary  and  secondary  branches  compressed  above,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base, 
and  simple  slender  flexuose  long-pointed  flower-bearing  branchlets  3'-6'  long,  pendant  and 
closely  pressed  against  the  secondary  branches;  flowers  opening  in  Florida  in  January 
and  February,  the  staminate  nearly  \'  long  and  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  pis- 
tillate. Fruit  oblong-obovoid,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  violet-blue, 
about  £'  long,  with  a  thin  outer  coat  and  a  light  red-brown  inner  coat,  loose  and  fibrous  on 
the  outer  surface,  and  closely  investing  the  thin  light  brown  seed. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  rising  from  an  abruptly  enlarged  base,  gradually 
tapering  from  the  middle  to  the  ends  and  often  2°  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray  rind 
tinged  with  orange  color,  marked  with  dark  blotches  and  irregularly  broken  into  minute 
plates,  the  green  upper  portion  8°-10°  long,  and  a  broad  head  of  gracefully  drooping  leaves. 
Wood  of  the  interior  of  the  stem  spongy,  pale  brown,  much  lighter  than  the  hard  exterior 
rim,  containing  numerous  dark  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles.  The  outer  portion  of 
the  stem  is  made  into  canes,  and  the  trunks  are  sometimes  used  for  wharf -piles  and  in  con- 
struction. 

Distribution.  Florida,  hummocks  on  Rogue  River  twenty  miles  east  of  Caximbas  Bay, 
on  some  of  the  Everglades  Keys,  Long's  Key,  and  formerly  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne 
near  the  mouth  of  Little  River;  common  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

Largely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  tropical  countries,  and  often  planted  to  form 
avenues,  for  which  its  tall  pale  columnar  stems  and  noble  heads  of  graceful  foliage  make  it 
valuable. 


PALM.E 


109 


7.  PSEUDOPHGEN1X  H.  Wendl. 

A  tree,  with  a  slender  stem  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  or  tapering  from  the  middle  to 
the  ends,  covered  with  thin  pale  blue  or  nearly  white  rind,  and  conspicuously  marked  by 
the  dark  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks.  Leaves  erect,  abruptly  pinnate,  with  crowded  linear- 
lanceolate  acuminate  leaflets  increasing  in  length  and  width  from  the  ends  to  the  middle  of 
the  leaf,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below; 
rachis  convex  on  the  lower  side,  concave  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base  of  the  leaf,  with 
thin  margins,  becoming  toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf  flat  and  narrowed  below  and  acute  above, 
marked  on  the  sides  at  the  base  with  dark  gland-like  excrescences;  petioles  short,  concave 
above,  with  thin  entire  margins  separating  into  slender  fibres,  gradually  enlarged  into  broad 
thick  sheaths  of  short  brittle  fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  compound,  pendulous,  stalked, 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  spreading  primary  branches,  stout  and  much  flattened 
toward  the  base,  slender  and  rounded  above  the  middle,  furnished  at  the  base  with  a 
thickened  ear-like  body,  slender  secondary  branches,  short  thin  rigid  densely  flowered 
ultimate  divisions,  and  compressed  light  green  double  spathes  erose  on  their  thin  dark 
brown  margins.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  articulate  by  an  expanded  base,  widely 
scattered  on  the  ultimate  branches  of  the  spadix,  staminate  and  bisexual  in  the  same  in- 
florescence; calyx  reduced  to  the  saucer-like  rim  of  the  thickened  receptacle,  undulate  on 
the  margin,  the  rounded  angles  alternating  with  the  petals;  petals  3,  valvate  in  the  bud,  ob- 
long, rounded  at  apex,  thick  conspicuously  longitudinally  veined,  persistent;  stamens 
6,  with  short  flattened  nearly  triangular  filaments  slightly  united  at  the  base  into  a  narrow 
fleshy  disk,  and  triangular  cordate  anthers  attached  at  the  base  in  a  cavity  on  their  outer 
face,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  by  lateral  slits;  styles  of  the  perfect  flower  3-lobed  at  the 
apex  with  obtuse  appressed  lobes,  that  of  the  sterile  flower  as  long  or  longer  than  that  of  the 
perfect  flower,  more  slender  and  tapering  into  a  narrow  3-pointed  apex.  Fruit  a  stalked 
globose  2  or  3-lobed  orange-scarlet  thin-fleshed  drupe  marked  by  the  lateral  style  and  sur- 
rounded' below  by  the  withered  remnants  of  the  flower;  pedicel  abruptly  enlarged  at 
base,  articulate  from  a  persistent  cushion-like  body  furnished  in  the  centre  with  a  minute 
point  penetrating  a  cavity  in  the  base  of  the  pedicel.  Seed  subglobose,  free,  erect,  with 
a  basal  hilum  and  a  thin  light  red-brown  coat  marked  by  the  pale  conspicuous  ascend- 
ing 2  or  3-branched  raphe;  embryo  minute,  basal,  in  uniform  horny  albumen. 

Pseudophcenix  with  a  single  species  inhabits  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  and  the 
Bahamas. 

The  generic  name  is  in  allusion  to  a  fancied  resemblance  to  Phoenix,  a  genus  of  Palms. 

1.  Pseudophrenix  vinifera  Becc. 
Leaves  5°-6°  long,  with  pinnae  often  18'  long  and  1'  wide  near  the  middle  of  the  leaf, 


Fig.  105 


110  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

becoming  at  its  extremities  not  more  than  half  as  long  and  wide;  petioles  6'-8'  in  length. 
Flowers:  spadix  3°  long  and  2|°  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in  May  and  June,  £'-f'  in  diameter 
on  a  peduncle  \'  long;  seed  \'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Florida,  east  end  of  Elliot's  Key,  and  east  end  of  Key  Largo  near  the  south- 
ern shore,  here  forming  a  grove  of  200  or  300  plants;  more  common  on  the  Bahamas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  southern  Florida. 

IV.  LILIACEJE. 

YUCCLE. 

Leaves,  alternate,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  sepals  and  petals 
nearly  similar,  subequal,  withering-persistent;  ovary  with  more  or  less  deeply  introduced 
dorsal  partitions;  ovules  numerous,  2-ranked  in  each  cell;  embryo  subulate,  obliquely  placed 
across  the  seed;  cotyledon  arched  in  germination. 

Yuccse  as  here  limited  consists  of  two  American  genera,  Hesperaloe,  with  two  species, 
low  plants  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  Yucca. 

i.  YUCCA  L. 

Trees  with  simple  or  branched  stems  prolonged  by  axillary  naked  buds,  dark  thick  corky 
bark,  light  fibrous  wood  in  concentric  layers,  and  large  stout  horizontal  roots;  or  often 
stemless.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  at  first  erect,  usually  becoming  reflexed,  abruptly 
narrowed  above  the  broad  thickened  clasping  base,  usually  widest  near  the  middle,  con- 
cave on  the  upper  surface,  involute  toward  the  horny  usually  sharp-pointed  apex,  convex 
and  often  slightly  keeled  toward  the  base  on  the  lower  surface,  the  margins  serrulate  or 
filamentose,  light  or  dull  green.  Flowers  fertilized  by  insects  and  opening  for  a  single 
night,  on  slender  pedicels  in  2  or  3-flowered  clusters  or  singly  at  the  base  of  the  large  com- 
pound panicle  furnished  with  conspicuous  leathery  white  or  slightly  colored  bracts,  those  at 
the  base  of  the  pedicels  thin  and  scarious;  perianth  cup-shaped,  with  thick  ovate-lanceo- 
late creamy  white  segments  more  or  less  united  at  base,  usually  furnished  with  small  tufts 
of  white  hairs  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  outer  rank  narrower,  shorter,  and  more  colored  than 
the  more  delicate  petal-like  segments  of  the  inner  rank;  stamens  6,  in  2  series,  free,  shorter 
than  the  ovary  (as  long  in  1),  white,  with  club-shaped  fleshy  filaments,  obtuse  and  slightly 
3-lobed  at  the  apex,  and  cordate  emarginate  anthers  attached  on  the  back,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally,  curling  backward  and  expelling  the  large  globose  powdery  pollen- 
grains;  ovary  oblong,  6-sided,  sessile  or  stalked,  with  nectar-glands  within  the  partitions, 
dull  greenish  white,  3-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  or  elongated  3-lobed  ivory- 
white  style  forming  a  triangular  stigmatic  tube.  Fruit  oblong  or  oval,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly 6-angled,  6-celled,  usually  beaked  at  the  apex,  baccate  and  indehiscent  or  capsular 
and  3-valved,  the  valves  finally  separating  at  the  apex;  pericarp  of  2  coats,  the  outer  at 
maturity  thick,  succulent  and  juicy,  thin,  dry  and  leathery,  or  thin  and  woody.  Seeds 
compressed,  triangular,  obovoid,  or  obliquely  ovoid  or  orbicular,  thick,  with  a  narrow 
2-edged  rim,  or  thin,  with  a  wide  or  narrow  brittle  margin;  seed-coat  thin,  black,  slightly 
rugose  or  smooth;  embryo  in  plain  or  rarely  ruminate  hard  farinaceous  oily  albumen;  coty- 
ledon much  longer  than  the  short  radicle  turned  toward  the  small  oblong  white  hilum. 

Yucca  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  Bermuda  and  the  eastern 
Antilles,  through  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  to  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas,  and 
through  New  Mexico  and  northward  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
South  Dakota,  westward  to  middle  California,  and  southward  through  Arizona,  Mexico, 
and  Lower  California  to  Central  America.  About  thirty  species  with  many  varieties 
and  probable  hybrids  are  recognized.  Of  the  species  which  inhabit  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  nine  assume  the  habit  and  attain  the  size  of  small  trees.  The  root-stalks 
of  Yucca  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  ropes,  baskets,  and  mats  are  made  from 
the  tough  fibres  of  the  leaves.  Many  of  the  species  are  cultivated,  especially  in  countries^ 
of  scanty  rainfall,  for  their  great  clusters  of  beautiful  flowers,  or  in  hedges  to  protect  gar- 
dens from  cattle. 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  Carib  name  of  the  root  of  the  Cassava. 


LILIACE.E 


111 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ABORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flower-clusters  usually  sessile,  or  short-stalked. 

Fruit  pendulous,  with  thick  succulent  flesh;  seeds  thick;  albumen  ruminate. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  slightly  united  at  the  base. 
Panicle  glabrous  or  puberulous. 

Ovary  stipitate;  leaves  sharply  toothed  on  their  horny  margins,  smooth,  dark 
green,  slightly  concave.  1.  Y.  aloifolia  (C). 

Ovary  sessile. 

Leaves  concave,  blue-green,  rough  on  the  lower  surface.    2.  Y.  Treculeana  (E) . 
Leaves  concave  above  the  middle,  light  yellow-green,  smooth. 

Style  elongated.  3.  Y.  macrocarpa  (E,  H). 

Style  short.  4.  Y.  mohavensis  (G,  H). 

Panicle  coated  with  hoary  tomentum;  leaves  concave,  smooth,  light  yellow-green. 

5.  Y.  Schottii  (H). 

Segments  of  the  perianth  united  below  into  a  narrow  tube;  leaves  flat,  smooth,  dark 
green.  6.  Y.  Faxoniana  (E). 

Fruit  erect  or  spreading,  the  flesh  becoming  thin  and  dry  at  maturity;  seeds  thin;  albu- 
men entire. 

Leaves  rigid,  concave  above  the  middle,  blue-green,  sharply  serrate. 

7.  Y.  brevifolia  (F,  G). 

Leaves  thin,  flat  or  concave  toward  the  apex,  nearly  entire,  rough  on  the  lower 

surface,  dull  or  glaucous  green.  8.  Y.  gloriosa  (C). 

Flower-clusters  long-stalked;  fruit  capsular,  erect,  finally  splitting  between  the  carpels 

and  through  their  backs  at  the  apex;  seeds  thin;  albumen  entire;  leaves  thin,  flat, 

filamentose  on  the  margins,  smooth,  pale  yellow-green.  9.  Y.  elata  (E,  H). 

i.  Yucca  aloifolia  L.    Spanish  Bayonet. 

Leaves  18'-32'  long,  lj'-2^'  wide,  erect,  rigid,  conspicuously  narrowed  above  the  light 
green  base,  widest  above  the  middle,  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  surface,  smooth,  dark 


Fig.  106 


rich  green,  with  a  stiff  dark  red-brown  tip,  and  horny  finely  and  irregularly  serrate  mar- 
gins; long-persistent.  Flowers  from  June  until  August  on  stout  pedicels,  in  nearly  sessile 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  panicles  18'-24'  long;  perianth  l'-l£'  in  length  and  3'  or  4' 
across  when  fully  expanded,  the  segments  ovate,  thick  and  tumid  toward  the  base,  those 
of  the  outer  rank  rounded  and  often  marked  with  purple  at  apex,  the  inner  acuminate 


112 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  short-pointed;  stamens  as  long  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  the  light  green  ovary 
raised  on  a  short  stout  stipe.  Fruit  ripening  from  August  to  October,  elongated,  ellipsoidal, 
hexagonal,  3'-4'  long,  1\'-\%'  thick,  light  green  when  fully  grown,  and  in  ripening  turning 
dark  purple,  the  outer  and  inner  coats  forming  a  thick  succulent  mass  of  bitter-sweet  juicy 
flesh,  finally  becoming  black  and  drying  on  its  stalk;  seeds  \'-\'  wide,  about  iV  thick, 
with  a  thin  narrow  ring-like  border  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  usually  much  smaller,  with  an  erect  or  more  or  less  inclining 
simple  or  branched  trunk  slightly  swollen  at  base,  and  rarely  more  than  6'  in  diameter; 
sometimes  with  numerous  clustered  stems.  Bark  near  the  base  of  the  trunk  thick,  rough, 
dark  brown,  marked  above  by  scars  left  by  falling  leaves. 

Distribution.  Sand  dunes  of  the  coast  from  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Louisiana;  west 
of  the  Apalachicola  River  attaining  its  largest  size  and  sometimes  ranging  inland  through 
Pine-forests  for  thirty  or  forty  miles;  and  in  Yucatan  (var.  yucatana  Trel.). 

A  common  garden  plant  in  all  countries  with  a  temperate  climate,  and  long  naturalized 
in  the  southern  states  far  beyond  the  limits  of  its  natural  range,  in  some  of  the  West  Indian 
islands  and  on  the  Gulf  coast  of  Mexico.  Forms  with  leaves  variously  striped  with  white, 
yellow,  and  red  or  with  recurving  leaves  are  frequent  in  cultivation. 

2.  Yucca  Treculeana  Carr.    Spanish  Bayonet.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2^°-4°  long,  2'-3j'  wide,  slightly  or  not  at  all  contracted  above  the  dark  red 
lustrous  base,  concave,  stiff,  rigid,  dark  blue-green,  rough  on  the  lower  surface,  nearly 
smooth  on  the  upper,  with  a  short  stout  dark  red-brown  tip,  and  dark  brown  margins 
roughened  by  minute  deciduous  teeth  and  ultimately  separating  into  slender  dark  fibres; 


Fig.  107 


persistent  for  many  years,  the  dead  leaves  hanging  closely  appressed  against  the  trunk 
below  the  terminal  crown  of  closely  imbricated  living  leaves.  Flowers  in  March  and  April 
on  slender  pedicels,  in  dense  many-flowered  glabrous  or  puberulous  panicles  2°-4°  long  and 
raised  on  short  stout  stalks;  perianth  l'-2'  long,  2'-4'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded, 
with  narrow  elongated  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate  segments,  \'  wide,  acute,  thin  and  delicate, 
furnished  at  apex  with  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  short  pale  hairs;  filaments  slightly  papillose, 
about  as  long  as  the  prismatic  ovary  gradually  narrowed  above  and  crowned  by  the  deeply 
divided  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  summer,  3'-4'  long,  about  1'  thick,  dark 
reddish  brown  or  ultimately  black,  with  thin  succulent  sweetish  flesh;  seeds  about  |' 
wide,  nearly  iV  thick,  with  a  narrow  border  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter  and  numerous 
stout  wide-spreading  branches;  usually  smaller  and  often  forming  broad  low  thickets  4°- 


LILIACE.E 


113 


5°  tall.  Bark  on  old  trunks  |'-£'  thick,  dark  red-brown  and  broken  into  thin  oblong  plates 
covered  by  small  irregular  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  fibrous,  spongy, 
heavy,  difficult  to  cut  and  work. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  southward  through  western  Texas  into  Nuovo 
Leon,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains  of 
western  Texas;  forming  open  stunted  forests  on  the  coast  dunes  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande;  farther  from  the  coast  often  spreading  into  great  impenetrable  thickets. 

Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  gardens  of  central  and  western  Texas  and 
in  other  southern  States,  and  occasionally  in  those  of  southern  Europe. 

3.  Yucca  macrocarpa  Coville.  Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  lf°-2°  long,  l'-2'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  dark  red  lustrous  base  to 
above  the  middle,  rigid,  concave,  yellow-green,  rough  on  the  lower  surface  and  frequently 
also  on  the  upper  surface,  with  a  stout  elongated  dark  tip,  and  thickened  margins  sep- 


Fig.  108 


arated  into  stout  gray  filaments.  Flowers  in  March  and  April  in  densely  flowered  sessile 
or  short-stalked  glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent  panicles;  perianth  usually  about  2' 
long,  with  acuminate  segments,  those  of  the  outer  and  inner  rows  nearly  of  the  same  size; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  elongated  style.  Fruit  3'-4'  long,  about  \\'  thick,  abruptly 
contracted  at  apex  into  a  stout  point,  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  with  sweet  succulent 
flesh;  seeds  about  \'  wide,  |'  thick,  with  a  narrow  border  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15°  in  height,  with  a  usually  simple  stem  6' '-8'  in  diameter,  and 
often  clothed  to  the  ground  with  living  leaves.  Bark  dark  brown  and  scaly. 

Distribution.  Arid  plains  from  western  Texas  to  eastern  Arizona  and  southward  in 
Chihuahua. 

4.  Yucca  mohavensis  Sarg.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  18'-20'  long,  about  1^'  wide,  abruptly  contracted  above  the  dark  red  lustrous 
base,  gradually  narrowed  upward  to  above  the  middle,  thin  and  concave  except  toward  the 
slightly  thickened  base  of  the  blade,  dark  green,  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  with  a  stout  rigid 
sharp-pointed  tip,  and  entire  bright  red-brown  margins  soon  separating  into  numerous 
pale  filaments.  Flowers  from  March  to  May  on  slender  erect  ultimately  drooping  pedicels 
l'-l|'  long,  in  densely  flowered  sessile  or  short-stemmed  panicles  12'-18'  in  length;  perianth 
l'-2'  long,  the  segments  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube,  thickened  and  hood-shaped  at 
the  apex,  those  of  the  outer  rank  often  deeply  flushed  with  purple,  but  little  longer  than  the 
less  prominently  ribbed  usually  wider  and  thinner  segments  of  the  inner  rank;  stamens 


114 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


with  more  or  less  pilose  filaments  nearly  as  long  as  the  short  style.     Fruit  ripening  in  Au- 
gust and  September,  3'-4'  long,  about  l£'  thick,  usually  much  constricted  near  the  middle, 


abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  stout  point,  dark  dull  brown  or  nearly  black, 
with  flesh  often  nearly  \'  thick;  seeds  \'  wide,  rather  less  than  \'  thick,  with  a  narrow  border 
to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15°  in  height,  with  a  trunk  usually  simple  or  occasionally  fur- 
nished with  short  spreading  branches,  and  6'-8'  in  diameter,  usually  surrounded  by  a  clus- 
ter of  shorter  more  or  less  spreading  stems  and  often  clothed  to  the  ground  with  living  leaves. 
Bark  dark  brown  and  scaly.  Wood  soft,  spongy,  light  brown. 

Distribution.  Southern  Nevada  and  northwestern  Arizona  across  the  Mohave  Desert 
to  the  California  coast,  extending  northward  to  the  neighborhood  of  Monterey,  California, 
and  southward  into  northern  Lower  California;  common  and  attaining  its  largest  size 
on  the  Mohave  Desert,  and  sometimes  ascending  arid  mountain  slopes  to  altitudes  of  4000° 
above  the  sea. 

5.  Yucca  Schottii  Engelm.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2^°-3°  long,  about  \\'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  upward  from  the  comparatively 
thin  lustrous  red  base  to  above  the  middle,  flat  except  toward  the  apex,  smooth,  light 


Fig.  110 


LILIACEJE 


115 


yellow-green,  with  a  long  rigid  sharp  light  red  tip,  and  thick  entire  red-brown  margins 
finally  separating  into  short  thin  brittle  threads.  Flowers  from  July  to  September  in  erect 
stalked  tomentose  panicles;  perianth  I'-l-f  long,  the  broad  oval  or  oblong-obovate  thin 
segments  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface  toward  the  base  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with 
conspicuous  clusters  of  white  tomentum;  stamens  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
with  filaments  pilose  at  the  base,  and  only  slightly  enlarged  at  the  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in 
October  and  November,  obscurely  angled,  3^'-4'  long,  about  lj'  thick,  often  narrowed 
above  the  middle,  with  a  stout  thick  point,  and  thin  succulent  flesh;  seeds  \'  wide,  about 
\'  thick,  with  a  thin  conspicuous  marginal  rim. 

A  tree,  in  Arizona  rarely  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  crooked  or  slightly  inclining 
and  simple  or  furnished  with  2  or  3  short  erect  branches,  covered  below  with  dark  brown 
scaly  bark,  roughened  for  many  years  by  persistent  scars  of  fallen  leaves,  and  clothed  above 
by  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  seasons. 

Distribution.  Dry  slopes  of  the  mountain  ranges,  of  Arizona  near  the  Mexican  boundary 
usually  at  altitudes  between  5000°  and  6000°,  and  southward  into  Sonora. 

6.  Yucca  Faxoniana  Sarg.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2^°-4°  long,  2^'-3'  wide,  abruptly  contracted  above  the  conspicuously  thickened 
lustrous  base,  widest  above  the  middle,  flat  on  the  upper  surface,  thickened  and  rounded 
on  the  lower  surface  toward  the  base,  rigid,  smooth  and  clear  dark  green,  with  a  short  stout 


Fig.  1 1 1 


dark  tip,  and  brown  entire  margins  breaking  into  numerous  stout  gray  or  brown  fibres 
short  and  spreading  near  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  longer,  more  remote,  and  forming  a  thick 
cobweb-like  mass  at  their  base.  Flowers  appearing  in  April  on  thin  drooping  pedicels, 
in  dense  many-flowered  glabrous  panicles  3°-4°  long,  with  elongated  pendulous  branches; 
perianth  2|'  long,  the  segments  thin,  concave,  widest  above  the  middle,  narrowed  at  the  ends, 
united  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  those  of  the  outer  rank  being  about  half  as  wide  as  those 
of  the  inner  rank  and  two  thirds  as  long;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  with  slender 
filaments  pilose  above  the  middle  and  abruptly  dilated  at  apex;  ovary  conspicuously 
ridged,  light  yellow  marked  with  large  pale  raised  lenticels,  and  gradually  narrowed  into 
an  elongated  slender  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  summer,  slightly  or  not  at  all  angled, 
abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  or  short  hooked  beak,  3'-4'  long,  \'-\\'  thick,  light 
orange-colored  and  lustrous  when  first  ripe,  becoming  nearly  black,  with  thick  succulent 
bitter-sweet  flesh;  seeds  \'  long,  about  \'  thick,  with  a  narrow  nearly  obsolete  margin  to 
the  rim. 

A  tree,  often  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter  above  the  broad  abruptly 


116 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


enlarged  base,  unbranched  or  divided  into  several  short  branches,  and  covered  above  by  a 
thick  thatch  of  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  seasons;  frequently  smaller  and  until  ten  or 
twelve  years  old  clothed  from  the  ground  with  erect  living  leaves.  Bark  near  the  base  of  old 
trees  dark  reddish  brown,  $'-£'  thick,  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  loose  scales. 
Distribution.  Common  on  the  high  desert  plateau  of  southwestern  Texas. 

7.  Yucca  brevifolia  Engelm.    Joshua  Tree. 

Yucca  arbor escens  Trel. 

Leaves  5'-8'  or  on  young  plants  rarely  10'-12'  long,  |'-|'  wide,  rigid,  crowded  in  dense 
clusters,  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  from  the  bright  red-brown  lustrous  base,  bluish 
green  and  glaucous,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened,  concave  above  the  middle,  with  a  sharp 
dark  brown  tip,  and  thin  yellow  margins  armed  with  sharp  minute  teeth;  persistent 


Fig.  112 

for  many  years.  Flowers  appearing  from  March  until  the  beginning  of  May,  the  creamy 
white  closely  imbricated  bracts  of  the  nearly  sessile  pubescent  panicle  forming  before 
its  appearance  a  conspicuous  cone-like  bud  8'  or  10'  long;  perianth  globose  to  oblong, 
l'-2'  long,  greenish  white,  waxy,  dull  or  lustrous,  its  segments  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
keeled  on  the  back,  thin  below  the  middle,  gradually  thickened  upward  into  the  concave 
incurved  rounded  tip,  those  of  the  outer  rank  rather  broader,  thicker,  and  more  prominently 
keeled  than  those  of  the  inner  rank,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  stamens  about  half  as  long  as 
the  ovary,  with  filaments  villose-papillate  from  the  base;  ovary  conic,  3-lobed  above  the 
middle,  bright  green,  with  narrow  slightly  developed  septal  nectar-glands,  and  a  sessile 
nearly  equally  6-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  May  or  June,  spreading  or  more  or  less 
pendant  at  maturity,  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  slightly  3-angled,  2'-4'  long,  \\'-%  thick,  light 
red  or  yellow-brown,  the  outer  coat  becoming  dry  and  spongy  at  maturity;  seeds  nearly 
\'  long,  rather  less  than  ^'  thick,  with  a  broad  well-developed  margin  to  the  rim,  and  a 
large  conspicuous  hilum. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  rising  abruptly  from  a  broad  thick- 
basal  disk,  thick  tough  roots  descending  deeply  into  the  soil,  and  stout  branches  spreading 
into  a  broad,  often  symmetrical  head  formed  by  the  continued  forking  of  the  branches  at 
the  base  of  the  terminal  flower-clusters;  the  stem  until  8°-10°  high  simple  and  clothed  to  the 
ground  with  leaves  erect  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  first  flowers,  then  spreading  at 
right  angles  and  finally  becoming  reflexed.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  oblong 
plates  frequently  2°  long.  Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work,  light  brown  or 
nearly  white;  sometimes  cut  into  thin  layers  and  used  as  wrapping  material  or  manufac- 
tured into  boxes  and  other  small  articles.  The  seeds  are  gathered  and  eaten  by  Indians. 


LILIACE^E 


117 


Distribution.  Southwestern  Utah  to  the  western  and  northern  rim  of  the  Mohave  Desert 
in  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  foothills  on  the  desert  slope  of 
the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  California. 

8.  Yucca  gloriosa  L.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2°-2|°  long,  gradually  narrowed  above  the  broad  base  and  then  gradually  broad- 
ened to  above  the  middle,  thin,  flat  or  slightly  concave  toward  the  apex,  frequently 
longitudinally  folded,  dull  often  glaucous  green,  roughened  on  the  under  surface  especially 
above  the  middle,  with  a  stout  dark  red  tip,  and  pale  margins  serrulate  toward  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  with  minute  early  deciduous  teeth,  or  occasionally  separating  into  thin  fibres. 
Flowers  in  October,  in  pubescent  or  glabrate  panicles,  2°-4°  long,  on  stout  stalks  sometimes 


Fig.  113 

t 

3°-4°  in  length,  their  large  creamy  white  bracts  forming  before  the  panicle  emerges  a  con- 
spicuous egg-shaped  bud  4'-6'  long;  perianth  when  fully  expanded  3^'-4'  across,  its  seg- 
ments thin,  ovate,  acute,  or  lance-ovate,  often  tinged  with  green  or  purple,  slightly 
united  at  the  base,  pubescent  at  apex;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  with  hispid  or 
slightly  papillose  filaments  and  deeply  emarginate  anthers;  ovary  slightly  lobed,  6-sided, 
light  green,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  spreading  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  very 
rarely  produced,  prominently  6-ridged,  pendulous,  3'  long,  1'  in  diameter,  cuspidate,  raised 
on  a  short  stout  stipe,  with  a  thin  leathery  almost  black  outer  coat;  seeds  \'  wide  and  about 
•§•-$'  thick,  with  a  smooth  coat  and  a  narrow  marginal  rim. 

A  tree,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  6°-8°  high  and  4'-6'  in  diameter,  simple  or  rarely  fur- 
nished with  a  few  short  branches  and  usually  clothed  to  the  base  with  pendant  dead  leaves; 
in  cultivation  often  becoming  much  larger,  with  a  stout  trunk  covered  with  smooth  light 
gray  bark,  and  erect  or  in  one  form  (var.  recurvifolia  Engelm.)  pendulous  leaves. 

Distribution.  Sand  dunes  and  the  borders  of  beaches  of  the  seacoast  from  North  Caro- 
lina to  northern  Florida. 

Often  cultivated  with  many  forms  in  the  gardens  and  pleasure-grounds  of  all  temperate 
countries. 

9.  Yucca  elata  Engelm.    Spanish  Dagger. 
1.  Yucca  radiosa  Trel. 

Leaves  20'-30'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  rigid,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  thin  base,  tapering 
toward  the  apex,  or  sometimes  somewhat  broadest  at  the  middle,  thin,  flat  on  the  upper 
surface,  slightly  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  lower  surface  toward  the  base,  smooth,  pale 


118 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


yellow-green,  with  a  slender  stiff  red-brown  tip,  and  thickened  entire  pale  margins  soon 
splitting  into  long  slender  filaments.  Flowers  in  May  and  June  on  slender  spreading  more 
or  less  recurved  pedicels,  in  glabrous  much-branched  panicles  4°-6°  long,  raised  on  stout 
naked  stem  3°-7°  in  length;  perianth  ovoid  and  acute  in  the  bud,  when  fully  expanded 
3|'-4'  across,  its  segments  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  slender  distinct  tube,  ovate  or 
slightly  obovate,  those  of  the  outer  rank  usually  acute,  not  more  than  half  as  broad  as  those 
of  the  inner  rank;  stamens  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  ovary,  with  slender  nearly 
terete  filaments;  ovary  sessile,  almost  terete,  pale  green,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  stout 
elongated  style.  Fruit  an  erect  oblong  capsule  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  ends,  tipped  by 
a  short  stout  mucro,  conspicuously  3-ribbed,  with  rounded  ridges  on  the  back  of  the  car- 
pels, Ij'-Z'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  with  a  thin  firm  light  brown  ligneous  outer  coat  closely  ad- 


Fig.  114 

herent  to  the  lustrous  light  yellow  inner  coat,  in  ripening  splitting  from  the  top  to  the 
bottom  between  the  carpels,  and  through  their  backs  at  the  apex;  seeds  3'  wide  and  about 
^2'  thick,  with  a  smooth  coat  and  a  thin  brittle  wide  margin  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  with  a  rough  much-branched  underground  stem  penetrating  deep  into  the  soil 
and  a  trunk  often  15°-20°  high  and  7'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  above  with  a  thick  thatch 
of  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  years,  simple,  or  branched  at  the  top  with  a  few  short 
stout  branches  densely  covered  with  leaves  at  first  erect,  then  spreading  nearly  at  right 
angles,  and  finally  pendulous.  Bark  dark  brown,  irregularly  fissured,  broken  into  thin 
plates,  about  |'  thick.  Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  pale  brown  or  yellow. 

Distribution.  High  desert  plateaus  from  southwestern  Texas  to  southern  Arizona; 
southward  into  northern  Mexico;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  continental  divide  in  southern  New  Mexico  and  along  the  northern  rim  of  the 
Tucson  Desert  in  Arizona. 

DIVISION  II.  DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  by  the  addition  of  an 
annual  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark.  Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  4's  and 
o's;  embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons.  Leaves  netted-veined. 

Subdivision  1.  Apetalse.  Flowers  without  a  corolla  and  sometimes  with- 
out a  calyx  (with  a  corolla  in  Olacacece). 

Section  1.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments  (female  flowers  of  Juglans  and 
Quercus  solitary  or  in  spikes} ;  ovary  inferior  (superior  in  Leitneriaceoe)  when 
calyx  is  present. 


SALIC  ACE,E  119 

V.  SALICACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  simple  stalked  deciduous  leaves  with  stip- 
ules, soft  light  usually  pale  wood,  astringent  bark,  scaly  buds,  and  often  stoloniferous  roots. 
Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  usually  before  the  leaves,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales 
of  unisexual  aments  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  male  and 
female  on  different  plants;  perianth  0;  stamens  1,  2  or  many,  their  anthers  introrse,  2-celled, 
the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  styles  usually  short  or  none;  stigmas  2-4,  often  2-lobed. 
Fruit  a  1-celled  2-4-valved  capsule,  with  2-4  placentas  bearing  below  their  middle  numer- 
ous ascending  anatropous  seeds  without  albumen  and  surrounded  by  tufts  of  long  white 
silky  hairs  attached  to  the  short  stalks  of  the  seeds  and  deciduous  with  them;  embryo 
straight,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  short 
radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

The  two  genera  of  this  family  are  widely  scattered  but  most  abundant  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  with  many  species,  and  are  often  conspicuous  features  of  vegetation. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  aments  laciniate;  flowers  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  often  oblique  disk; 

stamens  numerous;  buds  with  numerous  scales.  1.  Populus. 

Scales  of  the  aments  entire;  disk  a  minute  gland-like  body;  stamens  1,  2  or  many;  buds  with 

a  single  scale.  2.  Salix. 

1.  POPULUS  L.    Poplar. 

Large  fast-growing  trees,  with  pale  furrowed  bark,  terete  or  angled  branchlets,  resinous 
winter-buds  covered  by  several  thin  scales,  those  of  the  first  pair  small  and  opposite,  the 
others  imbricated,  increasing  in  size  from  below  upward,  accrescent  and  marking  the  base 
of  the  branchlet  with  persistent  ring-like  scars,  and  thick  roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  usually  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  dentate  with  usually  glandular  teeth,  or 
lobed,  penni veined,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  long,  often  laterally  com- 
pressed, sometimes  furnished  at  the  apex  on  the  upper  side  with  2  nectariferous  glands, 
leaving  in  falling  oblong  often  obcordate,  elliptic,  arcuate,  or  shield-shaped  leaf-scars 
displaying  the  ends  of  3  nearly  equidistant  fibre- vascular  bundles;  stipules  caducous,  those 
of  the  first  leaves  resembling  the  bud-scales,  smaller  higher  on  the  branch,  and  linear- 
lanceolate  and  scarious  on  the  last  leaves.  Flowers  in  pendulous  stalked  aments,  the  pis- 
tillate lengthening  and  rarely  becoming  erect  before  maturity;  scales  obovate,  gradually 
narrowed  into  slender  stipes,  dilated  and  lobed,  palmately  cleft  or  fimbriate  at  apex,  mem- 
branaceous,  glabrous  or  villose,  more  crowded  on  the  staminate  than  on  the  pistillate 
ament,  usually  caducous;  disk  of  the  flower  broadly  cup-shaped,  often  oblique/  entire, 
dentate  or  irregularly  lobed,  fleshy  or  membranaceous,  stipitate,  usually  persistent  under 
the  fruit;  stamens  4-12  or  12-60  or  more,  inserted  on  the  disk,  their  filaments  free,  short, 
light  yellow;  anthers  ovoid  or  oblong,  purple  or  red;  ovary  sessile  in  the  bottom  of  the  disk, 
oblong-conical,  sub-globose  or  ovoid-oblong,  cylindric  or  slightly  lobed,  with  2  or  3  or 
rarely  4  placentas;  styles  usually  short;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  placentas,  divided  into  fili- 
form lobes  or  broad,  dilated,  2-parted  or  lobed.  Fruit  ripening  before  the  full  growth  of 
the  leaves,  greenish,  reddish  brown,  or  buff  color,  oblong-conic,  subglobose  or  ovoid-oblong, 
separating  at  maturity  into  2-4  recurved  valves.  Seeds  broadly  obovoid  or  ovoid,  rounded 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  light  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons  elliptic. 

Populus  in  the  extreme  north  often  forms  great  forests,  and  is  common  on  the  alluvial 
bottom-lands  of  streams  and  on  high  mountain  slopes,  ranging  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to 
northern  Mexico  and  Lower  California  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  in  the  New 
World,  and  to  northern  Africa,  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Himalayas,  central  China,  and 


120  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  thirty-four  species  now  generally  recognized  fifteen  are 
found  in  North  America.  The  wood  of  many  of  the  American  species  is  employed  in  large 
quantities  for  paper-making,  and  several  species  furnish  wood  used  in  construction  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  small  articles  of  woodenware.  The  bark  contains  tannic  acid  and  is 
used  in  tanning  leather  and  occasionally  as  a  tonic,  and  the  fragrant  balsam  contained  in 
the  buds  of  some  species  is  occasionally  used  in  medicine.  The  rapidity  of  their  growth, 
their  hardiness  and  the  ease  with  which  they  can  be  propagated  by  cuttings,  make  many  of 
the  species  useful  as  ornamental  trees  or  in  wind-breaks,  although  planted  trees  often  suffer 
severely  from  the  attacks  of  insects  boring  into  the  trunks  and  branches.  Of  the  exotic 
species,  the  Abele,  or  White  Poplar,  Populus  alba  L.,  of  Europe  and  western  Asia,  and  its 
fastigiate  form,  and  the  so-called  Lombardy  Poplar,  a  tree  of  pyramidal  habit  and  a  form 
of  the  European  and  Asiatic  Populus  nigra  L.,  and  one  of  its  hybrids,  have  been  largely 
planted  in  the  United  States.  . 

Populus,  of  obscure  derivation,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Poplar. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Stigmas  2,  2-lobed,  their  lobes  filiform;  leaf  stalks  elongated,  laterally  compressed;  buds 

slightly  resinous. 

Leaves  finely  serrate;  winter-buds  glabrous.  1.  P.  tremuloides  (A,  B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  coarsely  serrate;  winter-buds  tomentose  or  pubescent.         2.  P.  grandidentata. 
Stigmas  2-4,  2-lobed  and  dilated,  their  lobes  variously  divided;  buds  resinous. 
Leaf-stalks  round. 

Leaves  tomentose  below  early  in  the  season,  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex. 

3.  P.  heterophylla  (A,  C). 
Leaves  glabrous  or  pilose  below. 

Leaves  dark  green  above,  pale,  rarely  pilose  below. 

Ovary  and  capsule  glabrous.  4.  P.  tacamahacca  (A,  B,  F). 

Ovary  and  capsule  tomentose  or  pubescent.  5.  P.  trichocarpa  (B,  F). 

Leaves  light  green  on  both  surfaces,  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate.  6.  P.  angustifolia  (F). 

Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate  to  ovate.  7.  P.  acuminata  (F). 

Leaf-stalks  laterally  compressed. 

Leaves  without  glands  at  apex  of  the  petiole,  coarsely  serrate,  thick. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  fruit. 
Disk  cup-shaped. 

Branchlets  stout;  capsule  £'-£'  long.  8.  P.  Fremontii  (G,  H). 

Branchlets  slender;  capsule  not  more  than  \'  long.         9.  P.  arizonica  (F,  H). 
Disk  minute. 

Branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  broad-ovate  to  deltoid,  long-pointed  and  acum- 
inate at  apex.  10.  P.  texana  (C). 
Branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  broad-ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed 'or  acute  at 
apex.                                                                    11.  P.  McDougallii  (G,  H). 
Pedicels  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  fruit;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  short- 
pointed.                                                                           12.  P.  Wislizenii  (E,  F). 
Leaves  furnished  with  glands  at  apex  of  the  petiole. 
Branchlets  stout;  leaves  thick. 

Winter-buds  puberulous;  leaves  coarsely  serrate;  branchlets  light  yellow. 

13.  P.  Sargentii  (F). 

Winter-buds  glabrous;  leaves  less  coarsely  serrate;  branchlets  gray  or  reddish 

brown.  14.  P.  balsamifera  (A,  C). 

Branchlets  slender;  leaves  thin,  ovate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate. 

15.  P.  Palmeri  (E). 


SALICACE^E  121 

1.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.    Aspen.     Quaking  Asp. 

Leaves  ovate  to  broad-ovate  or  rarely  reniform  (var.  reniformis  Tidestrom)  abruptly  short- 
pointed  or  acuminate  at  apex  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  wide  base,  closely  crenately 
serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  thin,  green  and  lustrous  above,  dull  green  or  rarely  pale  below, 
up  to  4|'  long  and  broad  with  a  prominent  midrib,  slender  primary  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  compressed  laterally,  l|'-3'  long.  Flowers:  aments 
l|'-2f  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4'  in  length  at  maturity;  scales  deeply  divided  into 
3-5  linear  acute  lobes  fringed  with  long  soft  gray  hairs;  disk  oblique,  the  staminate  entire, 
the  pistillate  slightly  crenate;  stamens  6-12;  ovary  conic,  with  a  short  thick  style  and  erect 
stigmas  thickened  and  club-shaped  below  and  divided  into  linear  diverging  lobes.  Fruit 
maturing  in  May  and  June,  oblong-conic,  light  green,  thin-walled,  nearly  £'  long;  seeds 
obovoid,  light  brown,  about  jz'  in  length. 

A  tree,  20°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  slender  remote  and  often  con- 
torted branches  somewhat  pendulous  toward  the  ends,  forming  a  narrow  symmetrical 


Fig.  115 

round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  with  scattered  oblong  orange-colored 
lenticels,  bright  red-brown  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  gradually  turning 
light  gray  tinged  with  red,  ultimately  dark  gray,  and  much  roughened  for  two  or  three 
years  by  the  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  slightly  resinous,  conic,  acute,  often  in- 
curved, about  \'  long,  narrower  than  the  more  obtuse  flower-buds,  with  6  or  7  lustrous 
glabrous  red-brown  scales  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  thin,  pale  yellow-brown  or 
orange-green,  often  roughened  by  horizontal  bands  of  circular  wart-like  excrescences,  fre- 
quently marked  below  the  branches  by  large  rows  of  lunate  dark  scars.  Wood  light 
brown,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Southern  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay  and  north- 
westerly to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  through  the  northern  states  to  the  moun- 
tains of  Pennsylvania,  northern  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  eastern  and  central  Iowa 
and  northeastern  Missouri;  common  and  generally  distributed  usually  on  moist  sandy 
soil  and  gravelly  hillsides;  most  valuable  in  the  power  of  its  seeds  to  germinate  quickly  in 
soil  made  infertile  by  fire  and  of  its  seedlings  to  grow  rapidly  in  exposed  situations;  west- 
ward passing  into  the  var.  aurea  Daniels,  with  thicker  rhombic  to  semiorbicular  or  broad- 
ovate  generally  smaller  leaves,  usually  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  rounded  or  acute  and 
minutely  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  often  entire  with  slightly 


122 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


thickened  margins,  or  occasionally  coarsely  crenately  serrate,  with  inconspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets,  turning  bright  golden  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling. 

A  tree  occasionally  100°  high  with  a  trunk  up  to  3°  in  diameter,  with  pale  often  white 
bark,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  stems  2'  thick,  nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  into 
broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Yukon  River  to  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the 
mountain  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  southern  New  Mexico,  the  San  Francisco 
Mountains  of  Arizona,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Skeena  River,  British  Columbia, 
western  Washington  and  Oregon,  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  high 
mountains  of  southern  California,  and  eastward  to  North  and  South  Dakota  and  western 
Nebraska;  on  the  mountains  of  Chihuahua,  and  on  the  Sierra  de  Laguna,  Lower  California. 

Populus  tremuloides  var.  vancouveriana  Sarg. 
Populus  vancouveriana  Trel. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  semiorbicular,  abruptly  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex, 
rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  and  sometimes 
obscurely  crispate  on  the  margins,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  and  on  the  petioles  with 


Fig.  116 

a  thick  coat  of  long  matted  pale  hairs,  and  slightly  villose,  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  above, 
soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  dark  green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface, 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4^'  long  and  broad,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary 
veins;  petioles  slender,  compressed,  becoming  glabrous,  2'-3'  in  length.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  aments  slightly  villose;  pedicels  pubescent;  disk  of  the  flower  puberulous  toward  the 
base;  flowers  as  in  the  species;  pistillate  aments  2'-2£'  long,  becoming  3-3^'  in  length  at 
maturity;  the  rachis,  pedicels  and  slightly  lobed  disk  of  the  flower  densely  villose-pubes- 
cent;  ovary  conic,  pubescent,  with  a  short  style  and  stigma  divided  into  narrow  divergent 
lobes.  Fruit  on  pedicel  not  more  than  ^V  in  length,  oblong-conic,  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
¥  long. 

A  tree  30°-36°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-16'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming 
a  round-topped  head,  stout,  reddish  brown  pubescent  or  puberulous  branchlets  often  be- 
coming glabrous  during  their  first  summer.  Winter-buds  acute,  tomentose,  pubescent 
or  glabrous. 


SALICACE.E 

Coast  of  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia  and  shores  of  Puget  Sound;  Tualitin, 
Washington  County,  and  valley  of  the  Willamette  River  at  Corvallis,  Benton  County, 
Oregon. 

2.  Populus  grandidentata  Michex.    Poplar. 

Leaves  semiorbicular  to  broad-ovate,  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate 
or  rarely  truncate  at  the  broad  entire  base,  coarsely  repand-dentate  above  with  few  stout 
incurved  teeth,  covered  like  the  petioles  early  in  the  season  with  white  tomentum,  soon 
glabrous,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  above,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long, 
2'-2^'  wide,  with  a  prominent  yellow  midrib,  conspicuously  forked  veins,  and  reticulate 
veinlets;  petioles  slender,  laterally  compressed,  l£'-2|'  long.  Flowers:  aments  pubescent, 
1^'-2|'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4 '-5'  long  at  maturity;  scales  pale  and  scarious  below, 
divided  above  into  5  or  6  small  irregular  acute  lobes  covered  with  soft  pale  hairs;  disk  shal- 
low, oblique,  the  staminate  entire,  the  pistillate  slightly  crenate;  stamens  6-12,  with  short 
slender  filaments  and  light  red  anthers ;  ovary  oblong-conic,  bright  green,  puberulous,  with 


Fig.  117 

a  short  style,  and  spreading  stigmas  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  elongated  filiform  lobes. 
Fruit  ripening  before  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  often  more  or  less  curved  above  the  mid- 
dle, light  green  and  puberulous,  thin-walled,  2-valved,  about  |'  long;  pedicel  slender, 
pubescent,  about  iV  in  length;  seeds  minute  dark  brown. 

A  tree,  often  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  slender  rather  rigid 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  scattered 
oblong  orange-colored  lenticels.  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  thick  hoary  deciduous 
tomentum,  becoming  during  their  first  year  dark  red-brown  or  dark  orange-colored,  gla- 
brous, lustrous,  or  covered  with  a  delicate  gray  pubescence,  and  in  their  second  year  dark 
gray  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  green  and  much  roughened  by  the  elevated  3-lobed 
leaf -scars;  generally  smaller,  and  usually  not  more  than  30°-40°  tall.  Winter-buds  terete, 
broadly  ovoid,  acute,  with  light  bright  chestnut-brown  scales,  pubescent  during  the  winter 
especially  on  their  thin  scarious  margins,  about  f  long  and  not  more  than  half  the  size  of 
the  flower-buds.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light  gray  tinged  with  green,  becoming  near  the  base 
of  old  trunks  f'-l'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  irregularly  fissured  and  divided  into 
broad  flat  ridges  roughened  on  the  surface  by  small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  sandy  soil  near  the  borders  of  swamps  and  streams;  Nova 
Scotia,  through  New  Brunswick,  southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  northern  Minnesota, 


124 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


southward  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsylvania,  northern  Ohio,  and  eastern  (Mus- 
catine  County)  and  central  Iowa,  and  westward  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee; 
passing  into  the  var.  meridwnalis  Tidestrom  with  broad-ovate  acuminate  leaves  with  more 
numerous  teeth,  often  4'-5'  long  and  3'  wide;  the  common  form  in  Maryland,  northern 
Delaware,  the  piedmont  region  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  southern  Ohio,  and  south- 
ern Indiana  and  Illinois;  rare  northward  to  northern  New  England. 

3.  Populus  heterophylla  L.  Swamp  Cottonwood.  Black  Cottonwood. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex, 
slightly  cordate  or  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  wide  base,  usually  furnished  with  a  narrow 
deep  sinus,  finely  or  coarsely  crenately  serrate  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  covered  as  they 
unfold  with  thick  hoary  deciduous  tomentum,  becoming  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark 
deep  green  above,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  forked  veins  and 
conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  4'-7'  long,  3'-6'  wide;  petioles  slender  terete  tomentose  or 
nearly  glabrous  2£'-3|  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  broad,  densely  flowered, 
1'  long,  erect  when  the  flowers  first  open,  becoming  pendulous  and  2'-2f  long;  scales  nar- 
rowly oblong-obovate,  brown,  scarious  and  glabrous  below,  divided  into  numerous  elon- 


Fig.  118 


gated  filiform  light  red-brown  lobes;  disk  oblique,  slightly  concave;  stamens  12-20,  with 
slender  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  large  dark  red  anthers;  pistillate  aments  slender, 
pendulous,  few-flowered,  l'-2'  long,  becoming  erect  and  4'-6'  long  before  maturing,  their 
scales  concave  and  infolding  the  flowers,  linear-obovate,  brown  and  scarious,  laterally 
lobed,  fimbriate  above  the  middle,  caducous;  disk  thin,  irregularly  divided  in  numerous 
triangular  acute  teeth,  long-stalked;  ovary  ovoid,  terete  or  obtusely  3-angled,  with  a  short 
stout  elongated  style  and  2  or  3  much-thickened  dilated  2  or  3-lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  on 
elongated  pedicels,  ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  ovoid,  acute,  dark 
red-brown,  rather  thick-walled,  2  or  3-valved,  about  \'  long;  seeds  obovoid,  minute,  dark 
red-brown. 

A  tree,  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  short  rather  slender  branches 
forming  a  comparatively  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets,  marked  by 
small  elongated  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  caducous  tomentum,  becoming 
dark  brown  and  rather  lustrous  or  ashy  gray,  or  rarely  pale  orange  color  and  glabrous  or 
slightly  puberulous,  or  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  in  their  first  winter,  growing  darker 
in  their  second  year  and  much  roughened  by  the  large  thickened  leaf-scars;  usually  much 
smaller  and  at  the  north  rarely  more  than  40°  tall.  Winter-buds  slightly  resinous,  broadly 
ovoid,  acute,  with  bright  red-brown  scales,  about  \'  long  and  about  one  half  the  size  of  the 


SALICACE^E  125 

flower-buds.  Bark  on  young  trunks  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  sepa- 
rating on  the  surface  into  thick  plate-like  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  f'-l'  thick,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  into  long  narrow  plates  attached  only  at  the  middle  and 
sometimes  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood  dull  brown,  with  thin  lighter  brown  sapwood 
of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth;  now  often  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  River  and  in  the  Gulf  states,  and  as  black  poplar  used  in  the  interior  finish  of 
buildings. 

Distribution.  Southington,  Connecticut,  and  Northport,  Long  Island,  southward  near 
the  coast  to  southern  Georgia,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River,  Florida, 
through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  and  through  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Mis- 
souri, western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  and  in  central  and 
northern  Ohio  (Williams,  Otta-wa  and  Lake  Counties) ;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  in  low 
wet  swamps,  rare  and  local;  more  common  south  and  west  on  the  borders  of  river  swamps; 
very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  in  southeastern 
Missouri,  eastern  Arkansas,  and  western  Mississippi. 

4.  Populus  tacamahacca  Mill.    Balsam.    Tacamahac. 
Populus  balsamifera  Du  Roi,  not  L. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  base,  or  narrow-elliptic  and  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  ends,  finely  crenately  serrate,  with 
slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  the  gummy  secretions 


Fig.  119 

of  the  bud,  glabrous,  or  puberulous  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib,  becoming  thin  and  firm 
in  texture,  deep  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  green  or  glaucous  and  more  or  less 
rusty  and  conspicuously  reticulate- venulose  below,  3'-5'  long,  l^'-3'  wide,  with  thin  veins 
running  obliquely  almost  to  the  margins;  petioles  slender,  terete,  \\'  long,  glabrous  or 
rarely  puberulous.  Flowers :  aments  long-stalked,  the  pistillate  becoming  4 '-5'  long  before 
the  fruit  ripens,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  scales  broadly  obovate,  light  brown  and  scarious, 
often  irregularly  3-parted  at  apex,  cut  into  short  thread-like  brown  lobes;  disk  of  the 
staminate  flower  oblique,  short-stalked;  stamens  20-30,  with  short  filaments  and  large 
light  red  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped;  ovary  ovoid,  slightly  2-lobed, 
with  two  nearly  sessile  large  oblique  dilated  crenulate  stigmas.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  acute 
and  often  curved  at  apex,  2-valved,  light  brown,  about  \'-\r  long,  nearly  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  i'— I'  in  length;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  pointed  at  apex,  narrowed  and  truncate  at 
base,  light  brown,  about  tV  long. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6°-7°  in  diameter,  stout  erect  branches  usually 


126  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

more  or  less  contorted  near  the  ends,  forming  a  comparatively  narrow  open  head,  and 
glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent  branchlets  marked  by  oblong  bright  orange-colored 
lenticels,  much  roughened  by  the  thickened  leaf-scars,  at  first  red-brown  and  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  becoming  bright  and  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  dark  orange-colored  in  their 
second  year,  and  finally  gray  tinged  with  yellow-green;  usually  much  smaller  toward  the 
southern  limits  of  its  range.  Winter-buds  saturated  with  a  yellow  balsamic  sticky  exuda- 
tion, ovoid,  terete,  long-pointed;  terminal  I'  long,  f  broad;  axillary  about  f  long,  iV 
broad,  with  5  oblong  pointed  concave  closely  imbricated  thick  chestnut-brown  lustrous 
scales.  Bark  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  smooth  or  roughened  by  dark  excrescences,  be- 
coming on  old  trunks  f'-l'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded 
ridges  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Low  often  inundated  river-bottom  lands  and  swamp  borders;  Labrador 
to  latitude  65°  north  in  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  and  to  the  Alaskan  coast,  south 
to  northern  New  England  and  New  York,  central  Michigan,  Minnesota  (except  in  southern 
and  southwestern  counties),  Turtle  Mountains,  Rolette  County,  North  Dakota,  the  Black 
Hills  of  South  Dakota,  northwestern  Nebraska  (basin  of  Hat  Creek),  and  in  Colorado;  the 
characteristic  tree  on  the  streams  of  the  prairie  region  of  British  America,  attaining  its 
greatest  size  on  the  islands  and  banks  of  the  Peace,  Athabasca,  and  other  tributaries  of  the 
Mackenzie;  common  in  all  the  region  near  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
from  Maine  to  the  western  limits  of  the  Atlantic  forests;  the  largest  of  the  sub-Arctic 
American  trees,  and  in  the  far  north  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  vegetation;  passing 
into  the  variety  Michauxii  Farwell,  with  more  cordate  leaves,  slightly  pilose  on  the  under 
side  of  the  midrib  and  veins;  common  from  Aroostook  County,  Maine,  to  the  Province  of 
Quebec,  Newfoundland,  and  the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay. 

Often  planted  at  the  north  for  shelter  or  ornament. 

Populus  candicans  Ait.,  the  Balm  of  Gilead  of  which  only  the  pistillate  tree  is  known, 
lias  often  been  considered  a  variety  of  the  North  American  Balsam  Poplar.  This  tree  has 
been  long  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  country  and  has  sometimes  escaped 
from  cultivation  and  formed  groves  of  considerable  extent,  as  on  the  banks  of  Cullasagee 
Creek  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  Macon  County,  North  Carolina.  The 
fact  that  only  one  sex  is  known  suggests  hybrid  origin  but  of  obscure  and  possibly  partly 
of  foreign  origin. 

5.  Populus  trichocarpa  Hook.    Black  Cottonwood.    Balsam  Cottonwood. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  base, 
finely  crenately  serrate,  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  pale  and  rusty  or  silvery  white  and 
conspicuously  reticulate- venulose  below,  3'-4'  long,  2'-2f  wide;  petioles  slender,  pubes- 
cent, puberulous,  pilose  or  rarely  glabrous,  l£'-2'  in  length.  Flowers:  aments  stalked, 
villose-pubescent,  the  staminate  densely  flowered,  l£'-2'  long,  $'  thick,  the  pistillate  loosely 
flowered,  2^'-3'  long,  becoming  4'-5'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens;  scales  dilated  at  the  apex, 
irregularly  cut  into  numerous  filiform  lobes,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer 
surface;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad,  slightly  oblique;  stamens  40-60,  with  slender 
elongated  filaments  longer  than  the  large  light  purple  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower 
deep  cup-shaped,  with  irregularly  crenate  or  nearly  entire  revolute  margins;  ovary  sub- 
globose,  coated  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  with  3  nearly  sessile  broadly  dilated  deeply 
lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  subglobose,  nearly  sessile,  pubescent,  thick-walled,  3-valved;  seeds 
obovoid,  apiculate  at  the  gradually  narrowed  apex,  light  brown,  puberulous  toward  the 
ends,  iV  long. 

A  tree,  30°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-3°  in  diameter,  erect  branches  forming  an  open 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  terete  or  slightly  angled  while  young,  marked  by  many  orange- 
colored  lenticels,  glabrous  or  when  they  first  appear  coated  with  deciduous  rufous  or  pale 
pubescence,  reddish  brown  during  their  first  year,  gradually  becoming  dark  gray,  and 
roughened  by  the  greatly  enlarged  and  thickened  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  resin- 


SALICACE.E 


ous,  fragrant,  ovoid,  long-pointed,  frequently  curved  above  the  middle,  £'  long  and  \f 
thick,  with  6  or  7  light  orange-brown  slightly  puberulous  scales  scarious  on  the  margins. 
Bark  %'-%%'  thick,  ashy  gray,  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the 
surface  into  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  dull  brown,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sap  wood. 


Fig.  120 

Distribution.  In  California  in  small  groves  with  widely  scattered  individuals  on  the 
coast  ranges,  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  6000°-8000°,  and 
on  the  southern  mountains  to  Mt.  Palomar  in  San  Diego  County;  on  the  California  islands, 
and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Pedro  Matir  Mountains,  Lower  California. 

On  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  northern  California  passing  into  the  var.  hastata  A. 
Henry,  differing  in  its  thicker  leaves,  usually  longer  in  proportion  to  their  width,  often 
long-acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  frequently  5'  or  6'  long  and  3'  or  4'  wide,  with 
glabrous  petioles  and  larger  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  capsules  on  glabrous  or  pubescent 
aments,  sometimes  10'-12'  in  length,  and  in  its  glabrous  young  branchlets. 

A  tree  sometimes  200°  high,  with  a  trunk  7°-8°  in  diameter,  and  the  largest  deciduous- 
leaved  tree  of  northwestern  North  America.  The  wood  is  largely  used  in  Oregon  and 
Washington  for  the  staves  of  sugar  barrels  and  in  the  manufacture  of  woodenware. 

Distribution.  In  open  groves  on  rich  bottom  lands  of  streams  from  Siskiyou  County, 
California,  to  southern  Alaska;  eastward  in  the  United  States  through  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  western  and  southern  Idaho;  and  to  the  mountains  of  western  Nevada; 
in  British  Columbia  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  River;  on  the  banks  of  the  east  fork  of 
the  Kaweah  River,  Tulare  County,  California,  at  10,000°  above  the  sea. 

6.  Populus  angustifolia  James.    Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood. 
Populus  fortissimo  A.  Nels  &  Macbr. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  elliptic  or  rarely  obovate,  narrowed  to  the  taper- 
ing acute  or  rounded  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  finely 
or  on  vigorous  shoots  coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  firm,  bright  yellow-green  above, 
glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  and  paler  below,  2'-3'  long,  |'-1'  wide,  or  on  vigorous  shoots 
occasionally  6'-7'  long,  and  1-|'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  numerous  slender- 
oblique  primary  veins  arcuate  and  often  united  near  the  slightly  thickened  revolute  mar- 
gins; petioles  slender,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  upper  side,  and  in  falling  leaving  small 
nearly  oval  obcordate  scars.  Flowers:  aments  densely  flowered,  glabrous,  short-stalked, 
%'-9>\'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  2|'-4'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens;  scales  broadly 
obovate,  glabrous,  thin,  scarious,  light  brown,  deeply  and  irregularly  cut  into  numerous 


128  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

dark  red-brown  filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  cup-shaped,  slightly  oblique, 
short-stalked;  stamens  12-20,  with  short  filaments  and  large  light  red  anthers;  disk  of  the 
pistillate  flower  shallow,  cup-shaped,  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed,  short-stalked;  ovary 
ovoid,  more  or  less  2-lobed,  with  a  short  or  elongated  style  and  2  oblique  dilated  irregu- 
larly lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  broadly  ovoid,  often  rather  abruptly  contracted  above  the 
middle,  short-pointed,  thin-walled,  2-valved;  pedicels  often  \'  long;  seeds  ovoid  or  obovoid, 
rather  obtuse,  light  brown,  nearly  $'  long. 


Fig.  121 


A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diameter,  slender  erect  branches 
forming  a  narrow  and  usually  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous 
branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  at  first  light  yellow-green,  becoming  bright  or  dark 
orange  color  in  their  first  season,  pale  yellow  in  their  second  winter,  and  ultimately  ashy 
gray.  Winter-buds  very  resinous,  ovoid,  long-pointed,  covered  by  usually  5  thin  concave 
chestnut-brown  scales;  terminal  \'-\'  long  and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds. 
Bark  f '-!'  thick,  light  yellow-green,  divided  near  the  base  of  old  trees  by  shallow  fissures 
into  broad  flat  ridges,  smooth  and  much  thinner  above.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sap  wood  of  10-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  usually  at  altitudes  of  5000°-10,000°  above  the  sea; 
southern  Alberta  to  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota  and  northwestern  Nebraska  (basin 
of  Hat  Creek)  westward  through  Wyoming,  Montana  and  Idaho  to  Yakima  County, 
Washington,  and  southward  to  central  Nevada,  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Silver  City, 
Grant  County)  and  northern  Arizona;  the  common  Cottonwood  of  northern  Colorado, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  southern  Montana,  and  eastern  Idaho;  on  the  mountains  of  Chihuahua. 

7.  Populus  acuminata  Rydb.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate  to  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate,  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  the  mostly  entire 
base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  except  near  the  apex,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  dull 
green  below,  2'-4'  long,  f '-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  thin  remote  primary  veins 
and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  l'-3'  long.  Flowers: 
aments  slender,  short-stalked,  2'-3'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4'  or  5'  long  before  the 
fruit  ripens;  scales  scarious,  light  brown,  glabrous,  dilated  and  irregularly  divided  into 
filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  wide,  oblique,  and  membranaceous;  stamens 
numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  dark  red  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  deep 
cup-shaped;  ovary  broad-ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  above,  with  large  laciniately  lobed 
nearly  sessile  stigmas.  Fruit  pedicellate,  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  thin-walled,  slightly  pitted, 


SALICACE.E 


129 


about  \'  long,  3  or  rarely  2-valved;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  rounded  at  the  apex,  light 
brown,  about  TV  m  length. 

A  tree,  usually  about  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  and 
ascending  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  or  slightly 
4-angled  pale  yellow-brown  branchlets  roughened  for  two  or  three  years  by  the  elevated 
oval  horizontal  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  resinous,  about  £'  long,  with  6  or  7 
light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  large  branches  smooth, 
nearly  white,  becoming  on  old  trunks  pale  gray-brown,  about  \'  thick,  deeply  divided 
into  broad  flat  ridges. 


Fig.  122 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  arid  eastern  foothill  region  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains; Assiniboia  to  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  northwestern  Nebraska,  eastern 
Wyoming,  southern  Colorado,  and  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Fort  Bayard,  Grant 
County);  in  Colorado  crossing  the  Continental  Divide  to  southeastern  Utah;  passing  into 
the  var.  Rehderi  Sarg.  differing  in  the  larger  leaves  on  longer  petioles,  and  in  the  pubes- 
cent branchlets  and  winter-buds.  Borders  of  streams  southeastern  New  Mexico. 

Sometimes  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  cities  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

X  Populus  Andrewsii  Sarg.  intermediate  in  its  character  between  P.  acuminata  and  P. 
'Sargentii  and  believed  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  of  these  species  has  been  found  growing 
naturally  near  Boulder  and  Walsenburg,  Colorado,  and  as  a  street  tree  in  Montrose, 
Colorado. 

8.  Populus  Fremontii  S.  Wats.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  deltoid  or  reniform,  generally  contracted  into  broad  short  entire  points,  or  rarely 
rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  truncate,  slightly  cordate  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate,  with  few  or  many  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth, 
coated  like  the  petioles  when  they  unfold  with  short  spreading  caducous  pubescence,  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous  bright  green  and  lustrous,  2'-2^'  long,  2|'-3'  wide,  with  a 
thin  yellow  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  veins;  petioles  flattened,  yellow,  l|'-3'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  densely  flowered,  l|'-2'  long,  nearly  \*  thick,  with  slender 
glabrous  stems,  the  pistillate  sparsely  flowered,  with  stout  glabrous  or  puberulous  stems, 
becoming  before  the  fruit  ripens  4'  or  5'  long;  scales  light  brown,  thin  and  scarious,  dilated 
and  irregularly  cut  at  apex  into  filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad,  oblique, 
slightly  thickened  on  the  entire  re  volute  margin;  stamens  60  or  more,  with  large  dark  red 


130 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped;  ovary  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  with  3  or 
rarely  4  broad  irregularly  crenately  lobed  stigmas.     Fruit  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,,  slightly 


Fig.  123 


pitted,  thick-walled,  3  or  rarely  4-valved,  \'-%'  long;  pedicel  stout,  from  ^'-^  long;  seeds 
ovoid,  acute,  light  brown,  nearly  \'  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5°-6°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  pendulous  at  the  ends  and  forming  a  broad  rather  open  graceful  head,  and  slender 
terete  branchlets  light  green  and  glabrous,  becoming  light  yellow  before  winter,  dark  or 


Fig.  124 


light  gray  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow  in  their  second  year,  and  only  slightly  roughened 
by  the  small  3-lobed  leaf-scars.    Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  with  light  green  lustrous 


SALICACE.E  131 

scales,  the  terminal  usually  about  \'  long  and  usually  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the 
lateral  buds.  Bark  on  young  stems  light  gray-brown,  thin,  smooth  or  slightly  fissured, 
becoming  on  old  trees  l|'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  into  broad  connected  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River  southward 
through  western  California  to  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California;  most 
abundant  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  ascending  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Sierra  Nevada  to  altitudes  of  3000°. 

Often  planted  in  southern  California  as  a  shade-tree,  and  for  the  fuel  produced  quickly 
and  abundantly  from  pollarded  trees. 

In  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego  Counties,  California,  generally  replaced  by  the  var. 
pubescens  Sarg.,  differing  in  its  pubescent  branchlets  and  ranging  eastward  to  southwestern 
Nevada  and  southern  Utah.  In  southern  Arizona  and  near  Silver  City,  Grant  County, 
New  Mexico,  represented  by  the  var.  Thornberii  Sarg.,  differing  from  the  typical  P.  Fre- 
montii  in  the  more  numerous  serratures  of  the  leaves,  in  the  ellipsoidal  not  ovoid  capsules 
with  smaller  disk  and  shorter  pedicels,  and  by  the  var.  Toumeyi  Sarg.,  differing  from  the 
type  in  the  shallow  cordate  base  of  the  leaves,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  to  the  in- 
sertion of  the  petiole,  and  in  the  larger  disk  of  the  fruit  (Fig.  124).  The  var.  macrodisca 
Sarg.  with  a  broad  disc  nearly  inclosing  the  ellipsoidal  fruit  is  known  only  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Silver  City. 

X  Populus  Parryi  Sarg.,  a  probable  hybrid  of  P.  Fremontii  and  P.  trichocarpa,  with  char- 
acters intermediate  between  those  of  its  supposed  parents,  grows  naturally  along  Cotton- 
wood  Creek  on  the  west  side  of  Owens  Lake,  Inyo  County,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Fort  Tejon,  Kern  County,  and  as  a  street  tree  is  not  rare  in  San  Bernardino,  California. 

9.  Populus  arizonica  Sarg.    Cottonwood. 

Populus  mexicana  Sarg.  not  Wesm. 

Leaves  deltoid  or  reniform,  gradually  or  abruptly  long-pointed  at  the  acuminate  entire 
apex,  truncate  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  wide  base,  finely  serrate  with  numerous  teeth,  as 


Fig.  125 

they  unfold  dark  red  covered  below  with  pale  pubescence,  pubescent  above,  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  thin,  glandular  with  bright  red  caducous  glands,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  at 


132 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  yellow-green,  very  lustrous,  U'-2'  long  and  broad,  with  a 
slender  yellow  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins;  petioles  laterally  compressed,  sparingly 
villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  H'-2'  long;  leaves  on  vigorous  leading  shoots 
often  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  and  often  2'  long  and  3'  wride,  with  petioles  often 
3'  in  length.  Flowers:  stamina te  aments  dense,  cylindric,  l'-lf  long,  the  pistillate 
slender,  many-flowered,  l^'-2'  long,  becoming  3'-4'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens;  disk  of  the 
staminate  flower  broad-oblong;  stamens  numerous:  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  deep  cup- 
shaped,  nearly  entire;  ovary  ovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  3  or  4-angled,  short-stalked, 
nearly  inclosed  in  the  cup-shaped  membranaceous  disk.  Fruit  on  short  stout  pedicels, 
round-ovoid,  buff  color,  slightly  3  or  4-lobed,  deeply  pitted,  thin-walled,  about  i'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  gracefully  spreading  and 
ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head  of  wide-spreading  branches,  and  slender  often 
pendulous  branchlets,  pale  green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
becoming  glabrous,  and  light  yellow  during  their  first  season.  Winter-buds  narrow,  acute, 
light  orange-brown,  puberulous  toward  the  base  of  the  outer  scales,  the  terminal  about  j' 
long,  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  much-compressed  oblong  lateral  buds.  Bark 
pale  gray  or  rarely  white,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  southwestern  California  (Mill  Creek,  above 
Forest  Home,  San  Bernardino  Mountains)  and  southern  and  central  Arizona;  widely  dis- 
tributed through  northern  Mexico  (var.  Jonesii  Sarg.) ;  well  distinguished  from  the  other 
Cottonwoods  of  the  United  States  by  its  small  fruit. 

Often  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  towns  of  southern  Arizona. 

10.  Populus  texana  Sarg. 

Leaves  thin,  glabrous,  broadly  ovate,  gradually  narrowed,  long-pointed  and  acuminate 
at  apex,  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  below  the  middle,  entire  above,  3'-3j' 


Fig.  126 

long  and  2j'-2£'  wide;  petioles  slender,  compressed,  l£'-2^'  in  length.  Flowers  not  seen. 
Fruit:  aments  slender,  glabrous,  2^'-3'  long;  fruit  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  deeply  pitted, 
glabrous,  thin-walled,  3-valved,  %'  in  length;  disk  slightly  lobed;  pedicel  slender,  -rV~f  m 
length;  seeds  ovoid,  acuminate,  Ty  long. 

A  tree  up  to  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  stout  more  or  less  pendu- 
lous branches  and  stout  glabrous  pale  yellow-brown  branchlets.  Winter-buds  acuminate, 
glabrous. 

In  canons  and  along  the  streams  of  northwestern  Texas,  where  it  appears  to  be  the 
onlv  Cottonwood. 


SALICACE^E 


133 


11.  Populus  McDougallii  Rose. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed  or  acute  at  apex,  broadly  or  acutely 
cuneate  or  truncate,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  base,  finely  or  often 
coarsely  crenately  serrate,  bluish  green,  thin,  pubescent  on  the  under  sides  of  the  midrib 
and  primary  veins  early  in  the  season,  otherwise  glabrous,  lj'-3'  long  and  broad,  with  slen- 
der midribs  and  veins;  petioles  slender,  slightly  compressed,  pubescent  early  in  the  season, 
becoming  glabrous,  H'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  not  seen.  Fruit:  aments  glabrous,  short- 
stalked,  2'-2|'  long;  fruit  ovoid  and  acute  at  apex  to  ellipsoidal  and  acute  or  acuminate  at 
ends,  glabrous,  slightly  pitted,  thin-walled,  3-valved,  ^'-\'  long;  disk  not  more  than  \' 
in  diameter;  pedicels  glabrous,  \'-\'  in  length;  seeds  oblong-ovoid,  acuminate,  \'  long. 


Fig.  127 

A  tree  rarely  90°-110°  high,  usually  much  smaller,  with  erect  branches  and  slender 
branchlets  pubescent  or  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  sometimes  becoming  glabrous 
during  their  first  season,  and  sometimes  pubescent  during  two  years. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  springs,  San  Bernardino  County,  California  (Cot- 
tonwood  Springs,  Meca,  etc.),  and  eastward  to  the  bottoms  of  the  Colorado  River  from 
Clark  County,  Nevada,  to  Yuma,  Arizona,  and  probably  the  only  Cottonwood  in  this 
arid  region. 

Often  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  towns  of  southwestern  California  and  of  adjacent 
Nevada  and  Arizona. 

12.  Populus  Wislizenii  Sarg.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  short-  or  long-pointed  at  apex,  truncate  or  sometimes 
cordate  at  the  broad  entire  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  crenately  serrate  except  toward 
the  entire  apex,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  2'-2|'  long,  usually  about 
3'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  thin  remote  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  l|'-2'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  3^'-4'  long  and 
wide  with  petioles  3£'-4'  in  length.  Flowers:  aments  2'-4'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming 
4'-5'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens;  scales  scarious,  light  red,  divided  at  the  apex  into  elon- 
gated filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad  and  oblique;  stamens  numerous, 
with  large  oblong  anthers  and  short  filaments;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped, 


134 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


irregularly  dentate,  inclosing  to  the  middle  the  long  stalked  ovary  full  and  rounded  at  apex, 
with  3  broad  crenulate  lobed  stigmas  raised  on  the  short  branches  of  the  style.  Fruit 
oblong-ovoid,  thick-walled,  acute,  3  or  4-valved,  slightly  ridged,  buff  color,  |'  long;  pedi- 
cels slender,  £'-f '  in  length  and  placed  rather  remotely  on  the  slender  glabrous  rachis  of 
the  ament. 

A  large  tree,  with  wide-spreading  branches,  and  stout  light  orange-colored  glabrous  branch- 


Fig.  128 

lets.  Winter-buds  acute  lustrous,  puberulous.  Bark  pale  gray-brown,  deeply  divided 
into  broad  flat  ridges.  Wood  used  as  fuel,  for  fence-posts  and  the  rafters  of  Mexican 
houses. 

Distribution.  Western  Texas  through  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  Grand  River,  west- 
ern Colorado  (Grand  Junction,  Mesa  County);  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
in  western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  tree  in  New  Mexico. 


13.  Populus  Sargentii  Dode. 
Popidus  deltoides  var.  occidentalis  Rydb. 

Leaves  ovate,  usually  longer  than  broad,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  entire 
acuminate  point  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  and 
coarsely  crenately  serrate,  as  they  unfold  slightly  villose  above  and  tomentose  on  the  mar- 
gins, soon  glabrous,  light  green  and  very  lustrous,  3'-3|'  long,  3|'-4'  wide,  with  a  thin  mid- 
rib slender  primary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets  occasionally  furnished  on  the  upper  side 
at  the  insertion  of  the  petiole  with  one  or  two  small  glands;  petioles  slender,  compressed 
laterally,  2£'-3£'  long.  Flowers:  aments  short-stalked,  glabrous,  the  staminate  2,'-ZV  in 
length,  the  pistillate  becoming  4 '-8'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens;  scales  fimbriately  divided 
at  apex,  scarious,  light  brown;  disk  of  the  staminate  flowrer  broad,  oblique,  slightly  thickened 
on  the  margins;  stamens  20  or  more,  with  short  filaments  and  yellow  anthers;  disk  of  the 
pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  slightly  lobed  on  the  margin;  ovary  subglobose,  with  3  or  4 
sessile  dilated  or  laciniately  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid,  gradually  or  abruptly 
narrowed  to  the  blunt  apex,  thin-walled,  about  f- '  long  and  three  or  four  times  longer  than 
the  pedicel;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  about  TV  in  length. 

A  tree  60°-90°  tall  with  a  trunk  often  6°  or  7°  in  diameter,  erect  and  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  stout  glabrous  light  yellow  often  angular  branchlets 
conspicuously  roughened  by  the  elevated  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 


SALICACE.E 


135 


acute,  with  light  orange-brown  puberulous  scales.    Bark  pale,  thick,  divided  by  deep  fissures 
into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  into  closely  appressed  scales. 


Fig.  129 

Distribution.  The  common  Cottonwood  along  the  streams  in  the  eastern  foothill  region 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Saskatchewan  to  New  Mexico,  and  ranging  east  to  the  Da- 
kotas,  western  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  street  tree  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  states;  hardy  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

14.  Populus  balsamifera  L.    Cottonwood. 

Populus  angulata  Michx.  f. 

Leaves  ovate,  longer  than  broad,  abruptly*  acuminate  and  often  long-pointed  at  apex, 
subcordate  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  wide  base,  finely  crenately  serrate  with  glandular 
teeth,  furnished  on  the  upper  surface  at  the  insertion  of  the  petiole  with  two  glands,  thick, 
glabrous,  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  below,  5'-7'  long  and  4 '-5'  wide, 
with  stout  midribs  and  conspicuous  primary  veins  sometimes  sparingly  pilose  below  early 
in  the  season;  petioles  much  compressed  laterally,  often  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  3'-4' 
in  length.  Flowers:  aments  glabrous,  short-stalked,  the  staminate  densely  flowered, 
H'-2'  long,  $'-£'  in  diameter,  the  pistillate  slender,  sparsely  flowered,  3'-3£'  in  length; 
scales  scarious,  light  brown,  glabrous,  dilated  and  irregularly  divided  at  apex  into  filiform 
lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad,  oblique,  slightly  thickened  and  revoliite  on 
the  margins;  stamens  60  or  more,  with  short  filaments  and  large  dark  red  anthers;  disk 
of  the  pistillate  flower  broad,  slightly  crenate,  inclosing  about  \'  of  the  ovoid  obtusely 
pointed  ovary,  with  3  or  4  sessile  dilated  lacinately  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  on  aments  8 '-12'  in 
length,  ellipsoidal,  pointed,  thin-walled,  3  or  4-valved,  \'  long,  the  disk  little  enlarged; 
pedicels  jy'-|'  in  length;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  light  brown,  about 
T2r  long. 

A  large  tree  with  massive  spreading  branches  and  stout  yellow-brown  often  angular 
branchlets.  Winter-buds  resinous,  acute,  \'  long  with  light  chestnut  brown  lustrous 
scales. 


136  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Lake  Champlain  (Shelburne  Point,  Chittenden  County),  Ver- 
mont; western  New  York;  Island  of  the  Delaware  River  above  Easton,  Northampton 
County,  Pennsylvania;  Baltimore  County,  and  Bare  Hills,  Maryland;  northern  banks  of 


Fig.  130 


the  Potomac  River  opposite  Plummer's  Island  near  Washington,  D.C.;  Artisia,  Lowndes 
County,  and  Starkville,  Oktibbeha  County,  Mississippi;  rare  and  local. 

Populus  balsamifera  var.  virginiana  Sarg.    Cottonwood. 

Populus  deltoidea  Marsh,  at  least  in  part. 
Populus  nigra  /3  virginiana  Castiglioni. 

Leaves  deltoid  to  ovate-deltoid,  acuminate  with  entire  points,  truncate,  slightly  cordate 
or  occasionally  abruptly  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  crenately  serrate  above,  with  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  fragrant  with  a  balsamic  odor,  glabrous,  thick  and  firm,  light  bright  green 
and  lustrous,  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  broad,  with  a  stout 
yellow  midrib  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the  base,  raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper 
side,  and  conspicuous  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  pilose  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  com- 
pressed laterally,  yellow  often  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  2£'-3£'  long.  Flowers  and 
Fruit:  as  on  the  type. 

A  tree,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  7°-8°  in  diameter,  divided  often 
20°-30°  above  the  ground  into  several  massive  limbs  spreading  gradually  and  becoming 
pendulous  toward  the  ends,  and  forming  a  graceful  rather  open  head  frequently  100°  across, 
or  on  young  trees  nearly  erect  above  and  spreading  below  almost  at  right  angles  with  the 
stem,  and  forming  a  symmetrical  pyramidal  head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  with  long 
pale  lenticels,  terete,  or,  especially  on  vigorous  trees,  becoming  angled  in  their  second  year, 
with  thin  more  or  less  prominent  wings  extending  downward  from  the  two  sides  and  from 
the  base  of  the  large  3-lobed  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  very  resinous,  ovoid,  acute,  the  lateral 
much  flattened,  %  long,  with  6  or  7  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales.  Bark  thin, 
smooth,  light  yellow  tinged  with  green  on  young  stems  and  branches,  becoming  on  old 
trunks  l£'-2'  thick,  ashy  gray,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  into 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  warping 
badly  in  drying  and  difficult  to  season. 


SALICACE^E 


137 


Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  often  forming  extensive  open  groves,  and  toward  the 
western  limits  of  its  range  occasionally  in  upland  ravines  and  on  bluffs;  Province  of  Quebec 
and  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  through  western  New  England,  western  New  York, 
Pennsylvania  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  and  westward  to  southern  Minnesota, 
North  and  South  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas,  and 
southward  through  the  Atlantic  states  from  Delaware  to  western  Florida,  and  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  western  Texas  (Brown  County).  In  the  south  Atlantic  states  and  the  valley 
of  the  Lower  Ohio  River  and  southward  sometimes  replaced  by  a  variety  with  leaves  covered 
above  when  they  unfold  with  soft  white  hairs  and  below  with  close  pubescence  more  or  less 
persistent  during  the  season  especially  on  the  midribs  and  veins  (var.  pUosa  Sarg.). 


Fig.  131 

Often  planted  for  shelter  and  ornament  on  the  treeless  plains  and  prairies  between  the 
Mississippi  River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  largely  in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

X  Populus  canadensis  Moench,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  the  northern  glabrous 
form  of  P.  balsamifera  and  the  European  P.  nigra  L.,  with  several  varieties,  is  cultivated  in 
Europe  and  occasionally  in  the  United  States.  The  best  known  of  these  varieties,  X  P.  cana- 
densis var.  Eugenie  Schelle,  the  Carolina  Poplar  of  American  nurseries,  believed  to  be  a 
hybrid  of  the  northern  Cottonwood  with  the  Lombardy  Poplar,  has  been  planted  in  the 
United  States  in  immense  numbers. 

X  Populus  Jackii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  the  northern  Cottonwood  with  P. 
tacamahacca,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  its  supposed  parents,  grows 
spontaneously  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chateaugay  River  and  at  Beauharnois,  Province  of 
Quebec,  and  at  South  Haven,  Michigan,  and  is  now  occasionally  cultivated. 

15.  Populus  Palmeri  Sarg. 

Leaves  thin,  ovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  narrow  acuminate 
entire  point,  cutieate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  finely  serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  ciliate 
on  the  margins  when  they  unfold,  otherwise  glabrous,  2£'-5'  long  and  l%'-2\'  wide;  petioles 
slender,  glabrous,  l|'-2£'  in  length.  Flowers  not  seen.  Fruit:  aments  glabrous,  12-15cm. 
long;  fruit  ovoid,  obtuse,  slightly  pitted,  puberulous,  thin-walled,  4-valved,  £'-£'  long,  the 
disk  deeply  lobed;  pedicel  slender,  \'-\'  in  length. 

A  tree  60°  tall,  with  a  straight  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  erect  smooth  pale  branches  forming 
an  open  pyramidal  head,  the  lower  branches  smaller,  horizontal  or  pendulous,  and  slender 
glabrous  branchlets  light  reddish  brown  early  in  the  season,  becoming  pale  grayish  brown 


138 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


in  their  second  year.     Bark  pale,  3'-4'  thick,  deeply  divided  by  wide  fissures  into  narrow 
ridges. 

Distribution.     In  moist  fertile  soil  near  springs,  at  the  base  of  high  chalky  bluffs  of 


Fig.  132 

Nueces  Canon  of  the  upper  Nueces  River,  Uvalde  County,  growing  with  Salix  nigra  var. 
Lindheimeri,  Carya  pecan,  Morus  rubra  and  Ulmus  crassifolia,  and  at  Strawn,  Palo  Pinto 
County,  Texas. 


2.  SALIX  L.    Willow. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  bark,  soft  wood,  slender  terete  tough  branchlets 
often  easily  separated  at  the  joints,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  a  single  scale  of  2  coats, 
the  inner  membranaceous,  stipular,  rarely  separable  from  the  outer,  inclosing  at  its  base 
2  minute  opposite  lateral  buds  alternate  with  2  small  scale-like  caducous  leaves  coated 
with  long  pale  or  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  variously  folded  in  the  bud,  alternate,  simple, 
lanceolate,  obovate,  rotund  or  linear,  penniveined ;  petioles  sometimes  glandular  at 
the  apex,  and  more  or  less  covering  the  bud,  in  falling  leaving  U-shaped  or  arcuate 
elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  small  equidistant  fibro- vascular  bundles; 
stipules  oblique,  serrate,  small  and  deciduous,  or  foliaceous  and  often  persistent,  generally 
large  and  conspicuous  on  vigorous  young  branches,  leaving  in  falling  minute  persistent 
scars.  Flowers  in  sessile  or  stalked  aments,  terminal  and  axillary  on  leafy  branchlets; 
scales  of  the  ament  lanceolate,  concave,  rotund  or  obovate,  entire  or  glandular-dentate, 
of  uniform  color  or  dark-colored  toward  the  apex,  more  or  less  hairy,  deciduous  or  per- 
sistent; disk  of  the  flower  nectariferous,  composed  of  an  anterior  and  posterior  or  of  a  single 
posterior  gland-like  body ;  stamens  3-1 2  or  I  or  2,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  scale,  with  slender 
filaments  free  or  rarely  united  and  usually  light  yellow,  glabrous,  or  hairy  toward  the  base, 
and  small  ovoid  or  oblong  anthers  generally  rose-colored  before  anthesis,  becoming  orange 
or  purple;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate,  conic,  obtuse  to  subulate-rostrate,  glandular  at  the 
base,  glabrous,  tomentose  or  villose,  with  an  abbreviated  style  divided  into  2  short  re- 
curved retuse  or  2-parted  stigmas;  ovules  4-8  on  each  of  the  2  placentas.  Fruit  an  acum- 
inate 1 -celled  capsule  separating  at  maturity  into  2  recurved  valves.  Seeds  minute,  nar- 
rowed at  the  ends,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black;  cotyledons  oblong. 

Salix  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  low  moist  ground,  the  alpine  summits  of  moun- 


SALICACE^:  139 

tains,  and  the  Arctic  and  sub- Arctic  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  ranging  south 
in  the  New  World,  with  a  few  species,  through  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America  to 
Brazil,  and  the  Andes  of  Chili,  and  in  the  Old  World  to  Madagascar,  southern  Africa, 
the  Himalayas,  Burmah,  the  Malay  peninsula,  Java,  and  Sumatra.  Of  the  160  or  170  species 
which  are  now  recognized  about  seventy  are  found  in  North  America.  Of  these  twenty- 
four  attain  the  size  and  habit  of  trees,  the  others  being  small  and  sometimes  prostrate 
shrubs.  Of  exotic  species,  Salix  alba,  L.,  and  Salixfragilis  L.,  important  European  timber- 
trees,  are  now  generally  naturalized  in  the  northeastern  states.  The  flexible  tough  branches 
of  several  species  are  used  in  making  baskets;  the  bark  is  rich  in  tannic  acid  and  is  used  in 
tanning  leather  and  yields  salicin,  a  bitter  principle  valuable  as  a  tonic.  Many  of  the 
species  are  cultivated  as  ornamental  trees. 
Salix  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Willow-tree. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES 

Scales  of  the  flowers  deciduous,  pale  straw  color. 
Stamens  3  or  more. 

Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces;  petioles  without  glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaves; 
branchlets  easily  separable. 

Branchlets  reddish  or  grayish  purple;  leaves  mostly  narrow-lanceolate;  capsule 
glabrous.  1.  S.  nigra  (A,  C,  E). 

Branchlets  yellowish-gray;  leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate;  capsule  often 
more  or  less  pubescent.  2.  S.  Gooddingii  (F,  G,  H). 

Leaves  (at  least  when  fully  grown)  pale  or  glaucous  below. 
Petioles  without  glands. 
Branchlets  easily  separable. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate  to  lanceolate;  petioles  less  than  £'  long. 

3.  S.Harbisonii(C). 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  caudate;  petioles  £'-f '  long. 

4.  S.  amygdaloides  (A,  B). 
Branchlets  not  easily  separable. 

Capsules  short-stalked  (pedicels  hardly  more  than  ^'  long),  ovoid-conic,  up 
to  5'  in  length;  leaves  more  or  less  narrow-lanceolate,  petioles  glabrous  or 
nearly  so.  5.  S.  Bonplandiana  (H). 

Capsules  long-stalked  (pedicels  ri'-e'  long),  more  or  less  acuminate. 
Petioles  puberulous;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  stipules  without 
glands  on  their  inner  surface;  capsules  hardly  more  than  \'  long. 

6.  S.laevigata  (G,  F). 

Petioles  hairy-tomentose;  leaves  lanceolate;  stipules  glandular  on  their  inner 
surface;  capsules  \'-\'  long.  7.  S.  longipes  (C,  D.) 

Petioles  glandular;  leaves  lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,  caudate;  branchlets  easily 
separable. 
Leaves  distinctly  pale  or  glaucous  below,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

8.  S.  lasiandra  (B,  G). 

Leaves  pale  green  below,  ovate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  abruptly  caudate-acu- 
minate. 9.  S.  lucida  (A). 
Stamens  2. 

Stigmas  linear,  4  or  5  times  longer  than  broad. 

Leaves  linear,  hardly  more  than  \'  long;  anthers  very  small,  globose;  aments  small, 

in  fruit  hardly  up  to  *'  in  length.  10.  S.  taxifolia  (H). 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate;  up  to  2'  in  length;  anthers  ellipsoid; 

aments  longer  11.  S.  sessilifolia  (B,  G). 

Stigmas  short,  hardly  2  or  3  times  longer  than  broad. 


140  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Mature  leaves  covered  below  with  appressed  white  silky  hairs,  those  of  flowering 
branchlets  entire  or  barely  denticulate.  12.  S.  exigua  (B,  F,  G). 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  below,  those  of  flowering  branchlets   more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly denticulate.  13.  S.  longifolia  (A,  F). 
Scales  of  the  flowers  persistent,  dark  brown  or  fuscous,  at  least  toward  the  apex  (in  <S. 

Bebbiana  more  or  less  straw-colored  or  tawny). 
Stamens  2. 

Ovaries  glabrous. 

Leaves  more  or  less  denticulate  or  serrate;  styles  short. 
Base  of  leaf  cuneate  or  rounded. 

Leaves  acute,  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  lanceolate;  filaments  mostly  united 
below.  14.  S.  lasiolepis  (G). 

Leaves  mostly  acuminate;  filaments  free. 

Branchlets  glabrous,  lustrous;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  obovate, 
up  to  2'  in  length;  pedicels  $'-£'  long;  stipules  small. 

15.  S.  Mackenzieana  (A,  G). 

Branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  4'-6' 

long;  pedicels  1.5-2.5  mm.  long.  16.  S.  missouriensis  (A). 

Base  of  leaf  mostly  more  or  less  cordate;  leaves  glabrous;  filaments  free;  pedicels 

long.  17.  S.  pyrifolia  (A). 

Leaves  entire,  oval  to  broad-obovate;  branchlets  villose-pubescent  during  their  first 

season.  18.  S.  amplifolia. 

Ovaries  pubescent  (glabrous  often  in  No.  23). 

Leaves  covered  with  a  soft  dense  felt-like  tomentum,  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic- 
lanceolate.  19.  S.  alaxensis  (B). 
Leaves  glabrous  or  more  or  less  villose-pubescent  below. 

Bracts  of  the  flowers  pale  or  tawny,  often  reddish  at  the  tip;  pedicels  up  to 
£'  in  length;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  obovate,  reticulate  beneath  in 
age,  pubescent  or  glabrate.  20.  S.  Bebbiana. 

Bracts  of  the  flowers  brown  or  fuscous. 

Stipules  more  or  less  distinctly  developed;  pedicels  several  times  longer 

than  the  short  styles. 
Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblong-elliptic;  mostly  glabrous  in  age. 

21.  S.  discolor  (A,  B,  F). 

Leaves   oblanceolate  to  cuneate-obovate,    covered  beneath  with   short 
hairs  or  at  maturity  with  a  gray  villose-pubescence. 

22.  S.  Scouleriana  (A,  B). 

Stipules  usually  wanting;  pedicels  hardly  longer  than  the  distinct  styles; 

leaves  broad-elliptic  to  obovate-oblong,  more  or  less  grayish  villose 

beneath.  23.  S.  Hookeriana  (B,  G). 

Stamens  usually  1;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  densely  covered  below  with  lustrous  silvery 

white  silky  tomentum.  24.  S.  sitchensis  (B,  G). 

1.  Salix  nigra  Marsh.    Black  Willow. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  often  falcate,  gradually  cuneate  or  rounded  at 
base,  finely  serrate,  thin  bright  light  green,  rather  lustrous,  with  obscure  reticulate  veins, 
glabrous  or  often  pubescent  on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  veins  and  on  the  short 
slender  petioles,  3'-6'  long,  |'-f  wide;  at  the  north  turning  light  yellow  before  falling  in 
the  autumn;  stipules  semicordate,  acuminate,  foliaceous,  persistent,  or  ovoid,  minute, 
and  deciduous.  Flowers:  aments  terminal  on  leafy  pubescent  branches,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric,  l'-3'  long;  scales  yellow,  elliptic  to  obovate,  rounded  at  apex  and  coated  on  the  inner 
surface  with  pale  hairs;  stamens  3-5,  with  filaments  hairy  toward  the  base;  ovary  ovoid, 
short-stalked,  glabrous,  gradually  narrowed  above  the  middle  to  the  apex,  with  nearly 
sessile  slightly  divided  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ovoid-conic,  short-stalked,  glabrous,  about 
£'  long,  light  reddish  brown. 


SALICACE.E  141 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  usually  several  clustered  stout  stems,  thick  spreading 
upright  branches  forming  a  broad  somewhat  irregular  open  head,  and  reddish  brown  or 
gray-brown  branchlets  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  and  easily  separated 
at  the  joints.  Winter-buds  acute,  about  £'  long.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  separating  freely  into 


Fig.  133 


thick  plate-like  scales  and  becoming  shaggy  on  old  trunks.  Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  light 
reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  now  sawed  into  lumber  in  the  valley  of 
the  lower  Mississippi  River  and  largely  used  for  packing  cases,  cellar  and  barn  floors,  in 
furniture,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  toys  and  other  purposes  where  strength  is  not  im- 
portant as  it  does  not  warp,  check  or  splinter. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  alluvial  banks  of  streams  and  lakes ;  southern  New  Brunswick 
through  southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  the  region  north  of  Lake  Superior,  southward  to 
northern  and  western  North  Carolina,  through  the  Piedmont  region  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia  to  eastern  and  central  Alabama,  and  westward  to  southeastern  North  Dakota, 
eastern  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  the  valley  of  Wichita  River,  Oklahoma,  and 
central  and  western  Texas  to  Valverde  County. 

In  southern  Arkansas,  in  Louisiana  and  in  eastern  Texas  Salix  nigra  is  often  replaced  by 
var.  altissima  Sarg.,  differing  from  the  type  in  the  more  pubescent  young  branchlets,  leaves 
and  petioles,  in  the  more  acute  base  of  the  leaves  and  longer  petioles,  and  in  its  later 
flowering.  A  tree  sometimes  120  feet  high  and  the  tallest  of  American  Willows. 

Salix  nigra  var.  Lindheimeri  Schn. 

Salix  Wrightii  Sarg.  not  Anders. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  often  slightly  falcate,  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate 
at  base,  finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous,  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  below, 
4 '-5'  long,  \'-%  wide;  petioles  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  ^'— |'  in 
length.  Flowers:  aments  slender,  densely  villose,  2'-3'  long;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  rarely 
rounded  at  apex,  covered  with  matted  white  hairs,  more  abundant  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  4  or  5;  filaments  villose  below  the  middle;  ovary  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
apex,  the  2-lobed  stigmas  nearly  sessile.  Fruit  ovoid-conic;  pedicels  about  i'  long. 

Atree,50°-70°,high  with  a  trunk  often  3°  in  diameter,  large  erect  spreading  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  green  and  slightly  pubescent 


142 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  orange  or  yellow-brown  and  lustrous.  Bark  thick, 
pale  yellow-brown,  deeply  furrowed,  the  surface  sometimes  separating  into  long  plate-like 
scales. 


Fig.  134 


Distribution.  River  banks,  central  and  western  Texas  from  Grayson  and  Dallas  Coun- 
ties and  the  lower  valley  of  the  Brazos  River  to  the  valleys  of  the  San  Antonio  and  upper 
Guadalupe  Rivers;  in  Coahuila,  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas. 

2.  Salix  Gooddingii  Ball. 
Salix  vallicola  Britt. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrow  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  acutely  cuneate  at 
base,  finely  glandular-serrate,  often  slightly  falcate,  silky  pubescent  when  they  unfold  es- 
pecially below,  glabrous  and  dull  green  at  maturity,  l^'-S'  long,~y'— |'  wide,  or  on  vigorous 
shoots  5'  or  6'  long  and  f  wide;  petioles  pubescent,  usually  becoming  glabrous,  i'-j'  in 


Fig.  135 


SALICACE.E 


143 


length;  stipules  orbicular-cordate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  pubescent.  Flowers:  aments 
pubescent  terminal  on  leafy  pubescent  branchlets,  narrow-cylindric,  l'-2'  long;  scales 
linear-oblanceolate,  acute,  yellow,  hoary  tomentose;  stamens  3-5;  filaments  villose  toward 
the  base;  ovary  ovoid-conic,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acuminate  apex,  pubescent  or 
glabrous;  style  distinct,  2-lobed.  Fruit  ovoid,  acute,  light  reddish  brown,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  |'  long;  pedicels  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent,  iV~l'  in  length. 

A  tree,  25°-50°  high,  with  slender  light  orange-colored  or  grayish  glabrous  or  pubescent 
easily  separable  branchlets.  Bark  rough,  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  sometimes  nearly  black. 

Distribution.  River  banks;  Reed  Creek,  Shasta  County,  and  Red  Bluff,  Tehama 
County,  California,  southward  in  the  interior  valleys  and  on  the  western  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountain  valleys  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  to  north- 
ern Lower  California ;  eastward  through  central  and  southern  Arizona;  in  southeastern 
Nevada;  through  southern  New  Mexico  to  western  Texas  (El  Paso,  El  Paso  County,  and 
Fort  Davis,  Jeff  Davis  County) ;  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

3.  Salix  Harbisonii  Schn. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrow-elliptic  or  rarely  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  obtusely  or  acutely  cuneate  at  the  base,  and  finely  glandular  dentate;  when  the 
flowers  open  more  or  less  pubescent  especially  below  or  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  green  on 


Fig.  136 


the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous,  4'  or  5'  long,  f '  broad;  petioles  villose 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  \'  in  length,  minutely  glandular  at  apex;  stipules 
wanting  or  minute,  semicordate,  acute,  pubescent  on  vigorous  leading  branches  and  some- 
times \'  long.  Flowers:  aments  terminal  on  leafy  branchlets,  2|'-3'  in  length,  their  rachis 
villose-pubescent ;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute;  stamens  usually  5-7,  rarely 
3-9;  filaments  densely  villose;  ovary  ovoid,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  long-stalked;  style 
short,  distinct,  2-lobed.  Fruit  acuminate  and  long-pointed,  acute  at  base,  \f  long  and 
about,  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

A  tree,  30°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'  or  12'  in  diameter,  with  often  pendulous  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  or  tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  and  dark  reddish  purple  in  their  second  season, 


144 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  easily  separable  at  the  joints;  often  only  a  large  shrub.     Bark  thick,  deeply  furrowed, 
dark  red-brown,  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  the  borders  of  swamps ;  Dismal  Swamp,  Norfolk  County, 
Virginia;  near  Goldsboro,  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina;  common  in  the  coast  region  of 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  extending  up  the  Savannah  River  at  least  as  far  as  Augusta, 
Richmond  County,  and  through  southern  Georgia  to  the  valley  of  the  Flint  River;  swamps 
near  Jacksonville,  Duval  County,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Apalachicola,  Florida. 

4.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Peach  Willow.  Almond  Willow. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  frequently  falcate,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed into  a  long  slender  point,  cuneate  or  gradually  rounded  and  often  unequal  at  base, 
finely  serrate,  slightly  puberulous  when  they  unfold,  becoming  at  maturity  thin  and  firm 
in  texture,  light  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below,  2|'-4'  long,  f'-lj' 
wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  or  orange-colored  midrib,  prominent  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets; 
petioles  slender,  nearly  terete  |'-f  in  length;  stipules  reniform,  serrate,  often  \'  broad  on 
vigorous  shoots,  usually  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  on  leafy  branchlets,  elongated,  cylin- 
dric,  slender,  arcuate,  stalked,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  2'-3'  long;  scales  yellow,  sparingly 
villose  on  the  outer,  densely  villose  on  the  inner  face,  the  staminate  broadly  ovate,  rounded 


Fig.  137 

at  the  apex,  the  pistillate  oblong-obovate,  narrower,  caducous ;  stamens  5-9,  with  free  fila- 
ments slightly  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  oblong-conic,  long-stalked,  glabrous,  with  a  short 
style  and  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  globose-conic,  light  reddish  yellow,  about  \'  in  length. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°-70°  high,  with  a  single  straight  or  slightly  inclining  trunk  rarely 
more  than  2°  in  diameter,  straight  ascending  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  or  rarely 
pilose  (f.  pilosiuscula  Schn.)  branchlets  marked  with  scattered  pale  lenticels,  dark  orange 
color  or  red-brown  and  lustrous,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  orange-brown.  Win- 
ter-buds broadly  ovoid,  gibbous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous  above  the  middle, 
light  orange-brown  below,  $'  long.  Bark  |'-f  thick,  brown  somewhat  tinged  with  red, 
and  divided  by  irregular  fissures  into  flat  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into 
thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  Province  of  Quebec  from  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal 
to  Winnipeg,  and  along  the  fiftieth  degree  of  north  latitude  to  southeastern  British  Colum- 
bia, and  to  central  New  York,  along  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and  through  northern 
Ohio  to  northern  Indiana,  southwestern  Illinois,  northern  and  central  Missouri,  and  to 


SALICACE.E 


145 


Kansas,  northwestern  Oklahoma  and  northwestern  Texas;  in  Colorado,  Utah  and  Nevada 
to  central  Oregon  and  southeastern  Washington. 

> 

Salix  amygdaloides  var.  Wrightii  Schn. 

Salix  Wrightii  Anders. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  finely 
serrate,  occasionally  slightly  falcate,  glabrous,  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on 
the  lower  surface,  l|'-2'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  summer  shoots  sometimes  4'  or  5' 
long  and  %'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  and  Fruit  as  in  the 
species. 


Fig.  138 

A  small  or  large  tree  best  distinguished  from  S.  amygdaloides  by  the  distinctly  yellow  or 
yellowish  brown  glabrous  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Barstow,  Ward  County,  common  along  the  Rio  Grande  near  El  Paso 
and  at  Belon,  El  Paso  County,  and  on  Amarillo  Creek,  Potter  County,  western  Texas; 
through  southern  New  Mexico  to  the  Sacramento  Mountains,  Otero  County. 

15.  Salix  Bonplandiana  var.  Toumeyi  Schn. 
Salix  Toumeyi.     Britt. 
Leaves  4 '-6'  long,  ^'-f  wide,  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  with  a 
ng  slender  point  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  often  unequal  at  the  cuneate  base, 
obscurely  serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  or  entire  with  revolute  margins,  thick  and  firm, 
reticulate-venulose,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  silvery  white  below,  with  a  broad 
yellow  midrib;  falling    irregularly   during  the  winter;  petioles   stout,  grooved,   reddish; 
stipules  ovate,  rounded,  slightly  undulate,  thin  and  scarious,  \'-\'  broad,  often  persistent 
during  the  summer.     Flowers:  aments  on  leafy  branchlets,  cylindric,  erect,  slender,  short- 
stalked,   the  staminate  I'-l^'  long   and  somewhat   longer  than  the  pistillate;    scales 
broadly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  yellow,  viljose  on  the  outer  surface  and  glabrous 
or  slightly  hairy  above  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually  3,  with  free  fila- 
ments slightly  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  slender,  oblong-conic,  short-stalked,  glabrous,  with 
nearly  sessile  much- thickened  club-shaped  stigmas,  sometimes  nearly  encircled  below  by 
the  large  broad  ventral  gland.     Fruit  ovoid-conic,  rounded  at  base,  light  reddish  yellow. 
A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender  erect  and 
spreading  branches  often  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and 


146 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


slender  glabrous  branchlets  marked  with  occasional  pale  lenticels,  light  yellow,  becoming 
light  or  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  paler  orange-brown  in  their  second  year.  Win- 
ter-buds narrowly  ovoid,  long-pointed,  more  or  less  falcate,  bright  red-brown,  lustrous, 
j'  long.  Bark  |'-f  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  by  narrow 
fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  closely  appressed  scales. 


Fig.  139 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  canons  of  the  mountains  of  central  and  southern 
Arizona  (Sicamore  Canon  near  Flagstaff  and  Sabino  Canon,  Santa  Catalina  Mountains); 
and  southwestern  New  Mexico  (canon,  Saint  Louis  Mountains,  Grant  County);  in  Chi- 
huahua, Sonora  and  Lower  California. 

The  typical  S.  Bonplandiana  H.  B.  K.  with  broader  and  more  coarsely  serrate  leaves, 
and  flower-aments  appearing  from  July  to  January  from  the  axils  of  mature  leaves  is 
widely  distributed  in  Mexico  and  ranges  to  Guatemala. 

6.  Salix  laevigata  Bebb.    Red  Willow. 

Leaves  obovate,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  acute  and  mucronate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base, 
with  slightly  revolute  obscurely  serrate  margins,  on  sterile  branches  lanceolate  or  oblong- 


Fig.  140 


SALICACE^E  147 

lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  when  they  unfold  light  blue-green  and  coated  on  the  lower 
surface  with  long  pale  or  tawny  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  blue-green  and 
lustrous  above,  paler  and  glaucous  below,  S'-Y  long,  f'-l|'  wide,  with  a  broad  flat  yel- 
low midrib;  petioles  broad,  grooved,  puberulous,  rarely  \'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute, 
finely  serrate,  usually  small  and  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  cylindric,  slender,  lax, 
elongated,  2'-4'  long,  on  leafy'branchlets;  scales  peltate,  dentate  at  apex,  covered  with 
long  pale  hairs,  the  staminate  obovate,  rounded,  the  pistillate  narrower  and  more  or  less 
truncate;  stamens  usually  5  or  6,  with  free  filaments  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  conic,  acute, 
rounded  below,  short-stalked,  glabrous,  with  broad  spreading  emarginate  stigmatic  lobes. 
Fruit  elongated,  conic,  long-stalked,  nearly  \'  in  length. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  light  or  dark  orange-colored  or  bright  red-brown  glabrous,  or  in  one  form 
tomentose  or  villose  (f.  araquipa  Jeps.)  branchlets;  often  much  smaller,  with  an  average 
height  of  20°-30°.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  somewhat  obtuse,  pale  chestnut-brown,  J'-£'  long. 
Bark  f'-l'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  deeply  divided  into  irregular 
connected  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  western  California  from  the  Oregon  boundary  to  the 
southern  borders  of  the  state,  ascending  to  altitudes  of  4500°  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
southern  Sierra  Nevada,  and  eastward  to  Mohave  and  Yavapai  Counties,  Arizona,  south- 
eastern Nevada  and  southwestern  Utah. 

7.  Salix  longipes  Shuttl. 
Salix  amphibia  Small. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  on  fertile  branches  occasionally  rounded  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  hoary-tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becom- 
ing glabrous  above,  and  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below,  2'-4'  long,  £'-f '  wide;  peti- 


Fig.  141 


oles  hoary-tomentose,  \'~¥  long!  stipules  minute,  ovate,  acute,  hoary-tomentose,  caducous, 
on  vigorous  shoots  foliaceous,  reniform,  serrate  above  the  middle,  often  f '  in  diameter. 
Flowers:  aments  terminal  on  leafy  tomentose  or  glabrous  branchlets,  narrow-cylindric,  3' 
or  4'  long;  scales  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  yellow,  densely  villose-pubescent;  sta- 
mens 3-7,  usually  5  or  6,  the  filaments  hairy  toward  the  base;  ovary  ovoid-conic,  acute, 
cuneate  at  the  base  with  a  short  2-lobed  style,  and  pedicels  up  to  £'  in  length.  Fruit  ovoid, 
often  rather  abruptly  contracted  above  the  middle,  \'  in  length. 


148 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  20°-30°,  high  with  a  trunk  occasionally  12'-18'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches, 
and  glabrous  or  pubescent  red-brown  or  gray-brown  branchlets;  or  more  often  a  shrub. 
Bark  dark,  sometimes  nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into  broad  ridges  covered  by  small 
closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  streams;  coast  of  North  Carolina  southward  to 
the  Everglade  Keys  of  Florida,  ranging  westward  in  Florida  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint 
Marks  River,  Wakulla  County;  in  Cuba. 

A  variety  with  narrower  summer  leaves  and  longer  petioles  is  var.  venulosa  Schn. 

Distribution.  Newbern,  Craven  County,  North  Carolina,  southward  near  the  coast  to 
northern  and  western  Florida,  ranging  inland  in  Georgia  to  the  banks  of  the  Savannah 
River  near  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  and  to  Traders  Hill,  Charlton  County;  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana  (Drummond) ;  in  southwestern  Oklahoma  and  in 
western  Texas  (Blan,co,  Kendall,  Kerr,  Bandera  and  Uvalde  Counties). 

A  variety  with  obtuse  stipules,  usually  glabrous  branchlets  and  lanceolate  or  narrow 
elliptic-lanceolate  leaves  is  distinguished  as  var.  Wardii  Schn. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  the  Potomac  River,  District  of  Columbia,  and  Alleghany 
County,  Maryland  to  Natural,  Rockbridge,  Fairfax  and  Elizabeth  Counties,  Virginia; 
northern  Kentucky;  northern  Tennessee;  northeastern  Mississippi  (near  luka,  Tishamingo 
County);  St.  Clair  and  Madison  Counties,  Illinois;  more  abundant  in  Missouri  from  Pike 
County  southward  to  southwestern  Kansas,  western  Arkansas  and  eastern  Oklahoma. 

8.  Salix  lasiandra  Benth.    Yellow  Willow. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  often  slightly  falcate,  finely  serrate,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  below,  l^'-3'  long,  about  \'  wride,  on  vigorous  summer  shoots  often 


Fig.  142 

<>'  or  7'  long  and  1^'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  glandular  at  apex,  \'  in  length,  or  on 
summer  shoots  stout  and  \'-\\'  long;  stipules  reniform,  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  ter- 
minal on  leafy  puberulous  branchlets,  narrow-cylindric,  2f '-3'  in  length;  scales  pale  pubes- 
cent, those  of  the  staminate  ament  lanceolate-acuminate  to  obovate  and  rounded  at  apex 
and  entire,  those  of  the  pistillate  ament  obovate  and  usually  dentate  near  the  apex;  sta- 
mens 5-9 ;  filaments  hairy  below  the  middle;  ovary  rather  abruptly  narrowed  above  the 
middle  and  acuminate,  long-stalked;  style  short  with  slightly  emarginate  lobes.  Fruit 
light  red-brown,  \'  long;  pedicels  about  tV  in  length. 


SALICACEvE 


149 


Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Yukon  River  near  Dawson,  Yukon,  Vancouver  Island, 
and  southward  near  the  coast  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  on  the  western  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  and  on  the  coast  ranges  to  southern  California,  ranging  from  the  sea- 
level  to  altitudes  of  8500°  on  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada;  in  New  Mexico  (Glenwood, 
Soccoro  County,  and  Santa  Fe,  Santa  Fe  County) ;  in  Colorado  (Buena  Vista,  Chaff ee 
County,  Alice  Eastwood).  Passing  into  var.  caudata  Sudw.,  distinguished  by  its  caudate- 
acuminate  leaves  green  on  both  surfaces,  and  by  its  bright  yellow  or  orange-yellow  branch- 
lets,  and  ranging  from  northeastern  Oregon  and  eastern  Washington  through  Idaho,  and 
from  northern  Wyoming  to  southern  Colorado,  Utah  and  Nevada. 

A  variety  (var.  lancifolia  Bebb),  differing  from  the  typical  S.  lasiandra  in  the  gray  or 
rusty  villose  pubescence  covering  the  branchlets  during  their  first  and  sometimes  their 
second  season  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  young  leaves,  is  distributed  from  Dawson  in  the 
valley  of  the  Yukon  River  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Nesqually  River,  Wash- 
ington, to  the  valley  of  the  Willamette  River  (Salem,  Oregon),  to  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Cruz 
County,  and  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California. 

9.  Salix  lucida  Muehl.    Shining  Willow. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  or  narrow  lanceolate  (f.  angustifolia  Anders.),  acuminate  and 
long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate,  3'-5'  long,  l'-l£'  wide, 
covered  when  they  unfold  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs,  at  maturity  coriaceous, 
smooth  and  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  with  a  broad  yellow  midrib,  and  slender 


Fig.  143 

primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  puberulous, 
glandular  at  the  apex,  with  several  dark  or  yellow  conspicuous  glands,  \'-\'  long;  stipules 
nearly  semicircular,  glandular-serrate,  membranaceous,  \'-\'  wide,  often  persistent  during 
the  summer.  Flowers:  aments  erect,  tomentose,  on  stout  puberulous  peduncles  terminal 
on  short  leafy  branchlets,  the  staminate  oblong-cylindric,  densely  flowered,  about  1^'  in 
length,  the  pistillate  slender,  elongated,  l£'-2'  long,  often  persistent  until  late  in  the  season; 
scales  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded,  entire,  erose  or  dentate  at  apex,  light  yellow,  nearly 
glabrous  or  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  often  ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamens 
usually  5,  with  elongated  free  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  base;  ovary  narrowly  cylindric,  long- 
stalked,  elongated,  glabrous,  with  nearly  sessile  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit:  cylindric,  lus- 
trous, about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  erect  branches  forming 
a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange  color 


150 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  lustrous  in  their  first  season,  becoming  darker  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  the 
following  year;  usually  smaller  and  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter-buds  narrowly  ovoid,  acute, 
light  orange-brown,  lustrous,  about  £'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  dark  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  swamps;  Newfoundland  to  the  shores  of  Hudson's 
Bay  and  northwestward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  southward  to  southern  Pennsylvania,  northeastern  Iowa,  the  Turtle 
Mountains,  North  Dakota,  and  eastern  Nebraska;  very  abundant  at  the  north,  rare  south- 
ward; a  variety  from  extreme  northeastern  New  England  and  adjacent  New  Brunswick  and 
Quebec  (var.  intonsa  Fernald)  is  distinguished  by  its  often  linear  leaves  rufous  pubescent 
during  the  season  on  the  under  side  of  the  veins  and  by  its  pubescent  branchlets;  a  shrub 
or  tree  up  to  25°. 

10.  Salix  taxifolia  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute,  slightly  falcate,  mucronate  at  the 
apex,  entire  or  rarely  obscurely  dentate  above  the  middle,  coated  as  they  unfold  with  long 


Fig.  144 

soft  white  hairs,  at  maturity  pale  gray-green,  slightly  puberulous,  I'-H'  long,  rV'-l'  wide, 
with  a  slender  midrib,  thin  arcuate  veins,  and  thickened  slightly  re  volute  margins;  petioles 
stout,  puberulous,  rarely  yV  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  scarious,  minute,  caducous.  Flow- 
ers: aments  densely  flowered,  oblong-cylindric  or  subglobose,  \'-\'  long,  terminal,  or  ter- 
minal and  axillary  on  the  staminate  plant,  on  short  leafy  branchlets;  scales  oblong  or 
obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  sometimes  apiculate  at  apex,  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
with  hoary  tomentum  and  pubescent  or  glabrous  on  the  inner;  stamens  2,  with  free  fila- 
ments hairy  below  the  middle;  ovary  ovoid-conic,  short-stalked  or  subsessile,  villose,  with 
nearly  sessile  deeply  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  cylindric,  long-pointed,  bright  red-brown, 
more  or  less  villose,  short-stalked,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  often  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  erect  and  drooping  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  during  their  first  season  with 
hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  reddish  or  purplish  brown  and  much  roughened  by  the 
elevated  persistent  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  dark  chestnut-brown,  puberu- 
lous, about  TS'  long  and  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-!'  thick,  light  gray- 
brown,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  minute  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales. 

Distribution.     Near  El  Paso,  Texas;  southwestern  New  Mexico,  and  along  mountain 


SALICACE.E 


151 


streams  in  southern  Arizona;  southward  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala,  and  on  the  Sierra 
de  la  Victoria,  Lower  California. 

11.  Salix  sessilifolia  Nutt. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  at 
base,  entire  or  furnished  above  the  middle  with  a  few  remote  apiculate  glandular  teeth, 
bluish  green  and  thickly  covered  with  silky  white  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  midrib,  l'-2'  long,  £'-£'  wide,  or  on  vigorous  summer  shoots  often  4'  long  and  1  j'  wide; 
petioles  densely  villose-pubescent,  yV'-i'  in  length;  stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  en- 
tire or  denticulate.  Flowers:  aments  appearing  after  the  leaves,  terminal  on  leafy 
branchlets,  densely  hoary-tomentose,  1|'-2|'  long;  scales  broadly  elliptic,  acute  or  rounded 


Fig.  145 

at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  densely  villose-tomentose;  stamens  2;  filaments  villose  below  the 
middle;  ovary  sessile,  villose,  the  stigmas  sessile,  deeply  2-lobed.  Fruit  ovoid-acuminate, 
densely  villose,  pubescent. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  occasionally  20°  high,  with  short  hairy  tomentose  branchlets. 

Distribution.  River  banks,  southwestern  British  Columbia;  Whitcomb  County,  Wash- 
ington, and  on  the  TJmpqua  and  Willamette  Rivers,  western  Oregon.  Southward  passing 
into 

Var.  Hindsiana  Anders.,  a  large  shrub  with  numerous  stems  often  20°  high,  differing  in  its 
more  linear  or  narrow  lanceolate  usually  entire  leaves  on  longer  petioles,  smaller  aments 
and  pubescent,  not  tomentose,  branchlets;  and  distributed  from  the  valleys  of  central  Cali- 
fornia to  southwestern  Oregon.  A  shrubby  form  of  S.  sessilifolia  (var.  leucodendroides 
Schn.)  with  longer  and  broader  leaves  is  common  on  the  banks  of  streams  in  southern 
California. 


12.  Salix  exigua  Nutt. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  often  slightly  falcate,  minutely 
glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  bluish  green  and  glabrous  above,  covered  below  with 
appressed  silky  white  hairs,  l^'-S'  long,  £'-j'  wide,  or  on  summer  shoots  sometimes  4|'  long 
and  1%'  wide;  petioles  glabrous,  iV  long  or  less;  stipules  minute  or  wanting  Flowers: 
aments  terminal  and  solitary  or  terminal  and  axillary,  on  leafy  glabrous  branchlets,  l'-2' 
in  length;  scales  hoary  pubescent,  lanceolate  and  acute  on  staminate  aments,  often  wider, 
obovate  and  rounded  at  the  apex  on  pistillate  aments;  stamens,  2,  filaments  hairy 


152 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


below  the  middle;  ovary  sessile,  villose,  the  stigmatic  lobes  sessile.     Fruit  ovoid,  acuminate, 
glabrous. 

A  shrub  with  stems  10°  or  12°  tall,  or  rarely  a  tree  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'  or  6'  in 
diameter,  thin  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  red- 
brown  branchlets.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  longitudinally  fissured,  grayish  brown. 


Fig.  146 

Distribution.  Southern  Alberta  and  valley  of  the  Fraser  River  (Clinton),  British  Colum- 
bia, southward  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  to  San  Diego  County,  California, 
and  southeastern  Nevada,  and  eastward  to  southern  Idaho,  central  Nevada  and  western 
Wyoming  (Yellowstone  National  Park). 

Apparently  only  truly  a  tree  on  the  banks  of  the  Palouse  and  other  streams  of  eastern 
Washington. 

Several  shrubby  forms  of  S.  exigua  found  in  Nevada,  Arizona,  Colorado,  western  Ne- 
braska and  in  Lower  California  are  distinguished. 

13.  Salix  longifolia  Muehl.    Sand  Bar  Willow. 

Salix  fluviatalis  Sarg.  not  Nutt. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  long- 
pointed,  dentate  with  small  remote  spreading  callous  glandular  teeth,  2'-6'  long,  \'~\' 
wide,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  soft  lustrous  silky  hairs,  at  maturity  thin,  gla- 
brous, light  yellow-green,  darker  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  surface,  with  a  yellow  mid- 
rib, slender  arcuate  primary  veins,  and  slender  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  grooved,  f'-y' 
long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  about  \'  long,  deciduous  Flowers:  aments 
cylindric  on  leafy  branchlets,  pubescent,  the  stamina te  about  1'  long,  \'  broad,  terminal  and 
axillary,  the  pistillate  elongated,  2'  or  3'  long,  about  \'  broad;  scales  obovate-oblong,  en- 
tire, erose  or  dentate  above  the  middle,  light  yellow-green,  densely  villose  on  the  outer 
surface,  slightly  hairy  on  the  inner;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  the  base; 
ovary  oblong-cylindric,  acute,  short-stalked,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  large  sessile 
deeply  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  light  brown,  glabrous  or  villose,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  about  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  spreading  by 
stoloniferous  roots  into  broad  thickets,  short  slender  erect  branches,  and  slender  glabrous 
light  or  dark  orange-colored  or  purplish  red  branchlets,  growing  darker  after  their  first  sea- 
son; occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter;  often  a  shrub  not  more  than 
5°-6°  tall.  Winter-buds  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  chestnut-brown,  about  \'  long.  Bark 


SALICACE^E  153 

i'-j'  thick,  smooth,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  small  closely 
appressed  irregularly  shaped  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thin  light  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  River  banks,  sand  bars  and  alluvial  flats;  shores  of  Lake  St.  John, 
Quebec  to  Manitoba,  and  southward  through  western  New  England  to  northeastern  Vir- 
ginia, southern  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  wrestern  Kentucky,  south  Tennessee,  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  westward  to  southwestern  South  Dakota,  southwestern 
Wyoming,  northeastern  Colorado,  western  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  northern  Texas. 


Fig.  147 


From  central  and  northwestern  Texas  to  northeastern  Mexico  and  southern  New  Mexico 
represented  by  var.  angustissima  Anders.,  differing  in  the  absence  of  a  dorsal  gland  in  the 
male  flowers  and  in  the  silky  pubescence  of  the  young  ovary. 

In  the  northern  Rocky  Mountains  region  replaced  by  var.  pedunculata  Anders.,  differ- 
ing from  the  type  in  its  narrower  linear  leaves,  glabrous  ovaries  and  longer  pedicels  of  the 
fruit,  and  ranging  from  western  South  Dakota  and  northwestern  Wyoming,  through  eastern 
Montana,  Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta,  to  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Dawson. 

A  shrubby  form  with  leaves  densely  covered  with  silky  pubescence  (var.  Wheeleri  Schn.) 
is  distributed  from  New  Brunswick  to  North  Dakota,  Nebraska  and  Beckham  County, 
Oklahoma. 

14.  Salix  lasiolepis  Benth.    Arroyo  Willow. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  often  inequilateral  and  occasionally  falcate, 
acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  at 
base,  entire  or  remotely  serrate,  pilose  above  and  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum 
when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thick  and  subcoriaceous,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose, 
dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  below,  3'-6' 
long,  £'-1'  wide,  with  a  broad  yellow  midrib  and  slender  arcuate  veins  forked  and  united 
within  the  slightly  thickened  and  re  volute  margins;  petioles  slender,  f— |'  long;  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  minute  and  caducous,  or  sometimes  folia- 
ceous,  semilunar,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate,  dark  green  above,  pale  below, 
persistent.  Flowers:  aments  erect,  cylindric,  slightly  flexuose,  densely  flowered,  nearly 
sessile  on  short  tomentose  branchlets,  1|'  long,  the  staminate  %'  thick,  and  nearly  twice  as 
thick  as  the  pistillate;  scales  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  dark- 
colored,  clothed  with  long  crisp  white  hair?,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with 
elongated  glabrous  filaments  more  or  less  united  below  the  middle;  ovary  narrow,  cylindric 


154 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


acute  and  long-pointed,  dark  green,  glabrous,  with  a  short  style  and  broad  nearly  sessile 
stigmas.     Fruit  oblong-cylindric,  light  reddish  brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  3'-7'  in  diameter,  slender  erect  branches  forming  a 
loose  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  bright  yellow  or 
dark  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  or  pubescent  during  their  first  year,  becoming  darker 


Fig.  148 

and  glabrous  in  their  second  season;  or  often  at  the  north  and  at  high  altitudes  a  low  shrub. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  compressed,  contracted  laterally  into  thin  wing-like  margins, 
light  brownish  yellow,  glabrous  or  puberulous.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  on  the  branches 
thin,  smooth,  light  gray-brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  dark,  about  f '  thick,  roughened 
by  small  lenticels  and  broken  into  broad  flat  irregularly  connected  ridges.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  in  southern  California 
often  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  low  moist  ground;  valley  of  the  Klamath  River, 
California,  southward  along  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  central  valley,  and  on 
the  Coast  Ranges  to  southern  California;  on  Santa  Catalina  Island  and  on  the  mountains  of 
southern  Arizona;  on  the  Sierra  de  Laguna,  Lower  California;  occasionally  ascending 
to  altitudes  of  4000°  above  the  sea. 

15.  Salix  Mackenzieana  Barr. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  or  elliptic,  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded 
at  base,  finely  crenately  serrate,  reddish  and  pilose  with  caducous  pale  hairs  when  they  un- 
fold, at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  light  green  above,  pale  below,  If '-2'  long,  about 
£'-£'  wide,  on  summer  shoots,  often  4'  long  and  If  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib, 
arcuate  veins,  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  thin,  yellow,  about  $'  long;  stipules 
reniform,  conspicuously  veined,  about  T^'  broad.  Flowers:  aments  densely  .flowered,  gla- 
brous, erect,  often  more  or  less  curved,  about  If  long,  terminal  on  short  leafy  branchlets; 
scales  oblanceolate,  acute,  dark-colored;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  free  glabrous  filaments; 
ovary  cylindric,  long-stalked,  elongated,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  style,  with  spread- 
ing emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  ovoid,  acuminate,  light  brown,  about  f '  long;  pedicels 
about  £'  in  length. 

A  small  tree,  with  a  slender  trunk,  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  shapely  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  marked  with  scattered  lenticels,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous 
and  often  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  yellow  and  lustrous,  grow- 
ing lighter  colored  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  rounded  on  the  back,  com- 
pressed and  acute  at  the  apex,  bright  orange  color,  about  f  long. 


SALICACE^E  155 

Distribution.     Borders  of  streams  and  swamps;  shores  of  Great  Slave  Lake  southward 
through  the  region  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Saskatchewan,  northern 


Fig.  149 


Idaho,  and  northwestern  Wyoming,  and  to  western  Nevada  (Lake  County;  M .  S.  Bebb),  and 
on  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  in  Calaveras  and  Mariposa  Counties,  California  (W.  L.Jepsori). 

16.  Salix  missouriensis  Bebb. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  above  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  or  rounded  base,  finely  glandular-serrate, 
coated  with  pale  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  when  they  un- 


fold, soon  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  pale  and 
often  silvery  white  below,  4'-6'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  slender  veins  often  united  near  the 
margins  and  connected  by  coarse  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  pubescent  or  tomen- 
tose,  ^'-f'*long;  stipules  foliaceous,  semicordate,  pointed  or  rarely  reniform  and  obtuse, 
serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  side,  coated  on  the  lower 
with  hoary  tomentum,  reticulate-venulqse,  often  %'  long,  deciduous  or  persistent  during 


156 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


the  season.  Flowers:  aments  oblong-cylindric,  densely  flowered,  appearing  early  in  Feb- 
ruary on  short  leafy  brarichlets,  the  staminate  1^'  long  and  nearly  \'  wide  and  rather  longer 
than  the  more  slender  pistillate  aments  becoming  at  maturity  lax  and  3'-4'  long;  scales 
oblong-obovate,  light  green,  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  long  straight  white 
hairs;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindric,  short-stalked, 
beaked,  glabrous,  with  a  short  style  and  spreading  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  stigmas. 
Fruit  narrow,  long-pointed,  light  reddish  bro\vn,  \'  in  length;  pedicels  about  half  the  length 
of  the  scales. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  10'-12'  or  rarely  18'  in  diameter,  rather 
slender  upright  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  symmetrical  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  marked  by  small  scattered  orange-colored  lenticels,  light  green  and 
coated  during  their  first  year  with  thick  pale  pubescence,  becoming  reddish  brown  and 
glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  second  winter.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  round,  or  flattened, 
acute  at  the  apex,  reddish  brown,  hoary- to mentose,  nearly  1'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth, 
light  gray,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  covered  with  minute  closely  appressed  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  dark  red-brown,  with  thin  pale  sap  wood;  durable,  used  for  fence-posts. 

Distribution.  Deep  sandy  alluvial  bottom-lands  of  the  Missouri  River  in  southwestern 
Nebraska  to  western  Missouri;  through  northeastern  Kansas  and  eastern  Oklahoma  to 
Cache  Creek,  Comanche  County  (G.  W.  Stevens);  and  from  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis 
to  southeastern  and  western  Iowa. 

17.  Salix  pyrifolia  Anders. 

Scdix  balsamifera  Barr. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  broad  and  rounded  and  usually  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  finely  glandular  serrulate,  balsamic  particularly  while  young,  when 
they  unfold  thin,  pellucid,  red  and  coated  below  with  long  slender  caducous  hairs,  at  ma- 
turity thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below,  2'-4'  long,  l'-l|'  wide, 


Fig.  151 

with  a  yellow  midrib  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  reddish  or  yellow,  %'-%' 
long;  stipules  often  wanting  or  on  vigorous  shoots  foliaceous,  broadly  ovate  and  acute. 
Flowers:  aments  cylindric,  l'-l|'  long,  on  short  leafy  branchlets,  the  staminate  l'-lj' 
long  and  f  in  diameter  and  shorter  and  broader  than  the  pistillate  ament;  scales  obovate, 
rose-colored,  coated  with  long  white  hairs;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments  and  reddish  ulti- 
mately yellow  anthers;  ovary  narrow-ovoid,  long-stalked,  gradually  contracted  above  the 
middle,  with  a  short  style  and  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  ovoid-conic,  |'  long,  dark 
orange  color;  pedicels  £'  in  length. 


SALICACE^E 


157 


Usually  a  shrub,  often  making  clumps  of  crowded  slender  erect  stems  generally  destitute 
of  branches  except  near  the  top,  rarely  arborescent,  with  a  height  of  25°,  a  trunk  12'-14'  in 
diameter,  erect  branches,  and  comparatively  stout  reddish  brown  branchlets  becoming 
olive-green  in  their  second  year  and  marked  with  narrow  slightly  raised  leaf-scars.  Winter- 
buds  acute,  much-compressed,  bright  scarlet,  very  lustrous,  about  j'  long.  Bark  thin, 
smooth,  dull  gray. 

Distribution.  Cold  wret  bogs;  Newfoundland  and  the  coast  of  Labrador  to  the  valley 
of  the  Saskatchewan  and  the  Mackenzie,  and  British  Columbia,  and  to  northern  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  New  York,  Michigan,  and  northeastern  South  Dakota;  reported  to 
become  arborescent  only  near  Fort  Kent  on  the  St.  John  River,  Aroostook,  Maine. 

18.  Salix  amplifolia  Cov. 

Leaves  oval  to  broadly  obovate,  rounded  or  broadly  pointed  at  apex,  gradually  or 
abruptly  narrowed  at  the  cuneate  base,  dentate-serrulate  or  entire,  densely  villose  when 
they  unfold,  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  at  maturity  nearly  glabrous,  pale  yellow-green 
above,  slightly  glaucous  below,  2'-2|'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  with  a  midrib  broad  and  hoary- 
tomentose  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  thin  and  glabrous  above  the  middle;  petioles 


Fig.  152 


slender,  tomentose.  Flowers:  aments  appearing  about  the  middle  of  June,  stout,  peduncu- 
late, tomentose,  on  leafy  branchlets,  the  staminate  l^'-2'  long  and  shorter  than  the  pis- 
tillate; scales  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  covered  with  long  pale 
hairs;  stamens  2,  with  slender  elongated  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  ovoid-lanceolate,  short- 
stalked,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  slender  style 
crowned  with  a  2-lobed  slender  stigma.  Fruit  ovoid-lanceolate,  glabrous,  short-stalked, 

\'  long- 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets  con- 
spicuously roughened  by  the  large  elevated  U-shaped  leaf-scars,  and  marked  by  occasional 
pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  thick  villose  pubescence,  becoming  during  their  second 
and  third  years  dark  dull  reddish  purple. 

Distribution.  Sand  dunes  on  the  shores  of  Yakutat  Bay  and  Disenchantment  Bay, 
Alaska. 

19.  Salix  alaxensis  Cov.    Feltleaf  Willow. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  thick  petiole,  coated  above  as  they  unfold  with  thin 
pale  deciduous  tomentum  and  covered  below  with  a  thick  mass  of  snowy  white  lustrous 


158 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


hairs  persistent  on  the  mature  leaves,  entire,  often  somewhat  wrinkled,  dull  yellow-green 
above,  2'-4'  long,  l'-lf  wide,  with  a  broad  yellow  midrib;  stipules  linear-lanceolate  to  fili- 
form, entire,  £'-f  long,  usually  persistent  until  midsummer.  Flowers:  aments  appearing 
in  June  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown,  stout,  erect,  tomentose,  stalked,  on  leafy 
branchlets,  the  staminate  l'-l?'  long,  much  shorter  than  the  pistillate;  scales  oblong- 
ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  dark-colored,  and  coated  with  long  silvery  white  soft  hairs; 
stamens  2,  with  slender  elongated  filaments;  ovary  acuminate,  short-stalked,  covered  with 
soft  pale  hairs,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  slender  style,  with  2-lobed  stigmas. 
Fruit  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  acuminate  covered  with  close  dense  pale  tomentum,  j'  long. 
A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets  thickly 


Fig.  153 

coated  at  first  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  in  their  second  year  glabrous,  dark 
purple,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  elevated  pale  scattered  lenticels  and  much  roughened  by 
large  U-shaped  leaf-scars;  often  shrubby,  and  in  the  most  exposed  situations  frequently 
only  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  semiprostrate  stems. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska  from  the  Alexander  Archipelago  to  Cape  Lisbourne,  and 
eastward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and  to  the  shores  of  Coronation  Gulf;  the 
only  arborescent  Willow  in  the  coast  region  west  and  north  of  Kadiak  Island;  attaining  its 
largest  size  from  the  Shumagin  Islands  eastward. 

20.  Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong-elliptic  or  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  short-pointed  or 
acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  remotely  and  irregularly 
serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  or  rarely  entire,  when  they  unfold  pale  gray-green, 
glabrous  or  villose,  and  often  tinged  with  red  on  the  upper  surface  and  coated  on  the  lower 
with  pale  tomentum  or  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dull  green  and  glabrous 
or  puberulous  above,  blue  or  silvery  white  and  covered  with  pale  rufous  pubescence  below, 
especially  along  the  midrib,  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  l'-3'  long,  |'-1' 
wide;  petioles  slender,  often  pubescent,  reddish,  i'-|'  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  semicordate, 
glandular-dentate,  sometimes  nearly  \'  long  on  vigorous  shoots,  deciduous.  Flowers: 
aments  terminal  on  short  leafy  branchlets;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  broader 
on  the  staminate  than  on  the  pistillate  plant,  yellow  below,  rose  color  at  apex,  villose  with 
long  pale  silky  hairs,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  staminate  aments  cyhndric,  obovoid,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  densely  flowered,  f'-l'  long,  \'-\'  thick;  pistillate  aments  oblong-cylindric, 
loosely  flowered,  l'-l|'  long,  \'  thick;  stamens  2,  with  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary 


SALICACE^E 


159 


cylindric,  villose;  with  long  silky  white  hairs,  gradually  narrowed  at  apex,  with  broad  sessile 
entire  or  emarginate  spreading  yellow  stigmas;  pedicel  villose,  about  £'  in  length,  and 
about  as  long  as  the  scale.  Fruit  elongated-cylindric,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  thin 
beak,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  sometimes  |'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending 
branches  forming  a  broad  round  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary 
deciduous  tomentum,  varying  during  their  first  winter  from  reddish  purple  to  dark  orange- 
brown,  marked  by  scattered  raised  lenticels  and  roughened  by  conspicuous  elevated  leaf- 
scars,  growing  lighter-colored  and  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year;  usually  much  smaller 
and  often  shrubby  in  habit.  Bark  thin,  reddish  or  olive-green  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  and 


Fig.  154 

slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Winter-buds  oblong, 
gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  full  and  rounded  on  the  back,  bright  light  chest- 
nut-brown, nearly  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  swamps,  and  lakes,  hillsides,  open  woods  and  forest 
margins,  usually  in  moist  rich  soil;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  shores  of  Hud- 
son's Bay,  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  within  the  Arctic  Circle,  Cook  Inlet,  Alaska, 
and  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  forming  in  the  region  west  of  Hudson's  Bay  al- 
most impenetrable  thickets,  with  twisted  and  often  inclining  stems;  common  in  all  the 
northern  states,  ranging  southward  to  Pennsylvania  and  westward  to  Minnesota  and 
through  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  western  Idaho  and  northern  Montana  to  north- 
ern North  Dakota,  eastern  South  Dakota,  northeastern  and  central  Iowa,  and  western 
Nebraska,  and  southward  through  Colorado  to  northern  Arizona;  ascending  as  a  low  shrub 
in  Colorado  to  an  altitude  of  10,000°. 

21.  Salix  discolor  Muehl.    Glaucous  Willow. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  remotely  crenulate-serrate, 
as  they  unfold  thin,  light  green  often  tinged  with  red,  pubescent  above  and  coated  with  a 
pale  tomentum  below,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  conspicuously  reticulate- venu- 
lose,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  or  silvery  white  below,  3'-5'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with 
a  broad  yellow  midrib  and  slender  arcuate  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  £'-!'  long;  stip- 
ules foliaceous,  semilunar,  acute,  glandular-dentate,  about  j'  long,  deciduous.  Flowers: 
aments  appearing  late  in  winter  or  in  very  early  spring,  erect,  terminal  on  short  scale- 
bearing  branchlets  coated  with  thick  white  tomentum,  oblong-cylindric,  about  1'  long  and 
j'  thick,  the  staminate  soft  and  silky  before  the  flowers  open  and  densely  flowered;  scales 


160 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


oblong-obovate,  dark  reddish  brown  toward  the  apex,  covered  on  the  back  with  long  silky 
silvery  white  hairs;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  oblong-cylindric, 
narrowed  above  the  middle,  villose,  with  a  short  distinct  style  and  broad  spreading  entire 
stigmas;  pedicel  glabrous,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  scale.  Fruit  cylindric,  more  or 
less  contracted  above  the  middle,  long-pointed,  light  brown,  coated  with  pale  pubescence. 
A  tree,  rarely  more  than  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  about  1°  in  diameter,  stout  ascending 


Fig.  155 


branches  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  occasional 
orange-colored  lenticels,  dark  reddish  purple  and  coated  at  first  with  pale  deciduous  pubes- 
cence; more  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  tall  straggling  stems.  Winter-buds  semiterete, 
flattened  and  acute  at  the  apex,  about  f '  long,  dark  reddish  purple  and  lustrous.  Bark  |' 
thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  thin  plate-like 
oblong  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  brown  streaked  with  red,  with  lighter 
brown  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Moist  meadows  and  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  Nova  Scotia  to 
Manitoba,  and  southward  to  Delaware,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  eastern  and  south- 
western Iowa,  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  and  northeastern  Missouri;  common. 

A  form  of  Salix  discolor  with  more  densely  flowered  and  more  silvery  pubescent  aments 
is  described  as  var.  eriocephala  Schn.  and  a  form  writh  loosely  flowered  aments  with  less 
tomentose  fruits  with  longer  styles  and  with  narrower  leaves  as  var.  prinoides  Schn. 

22.  Salix  Scouleriana  Barr.    Black  Willow. 
Salix  Nuttallii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate  with  a  short  or  long- 
pointed  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  often  unsymmetrical  base,  entire  or 
remotely  and  irregularly  crenately  serrate,  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  or  pilose  below,  1  J'-4'  long,  |'-1|'  wide,  with  a  broad 
yellow  pubescent  midrib  and  slender  veins  forked  and  arcuate  within  the  slightly  thickened 
and  revoiute  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender, 
puberulous,  \'-\'  in  length;  stipules  foliaceous,  semilunar,  glandular-serrate,  \'-\'  long,  ca- 
ducous. Flowers:  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  nearly  sessile 
on  short  tomentose  scale-bearing  branchlets,  the  staminate  about  1'  long  and  rather  more 
than  \'  thick,  the  pistillate  \\'  long,  about  tV  thick;  scales  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends, 
dark-colored,  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with  free 


SALICACE^ 


161 


glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindric,  short-stalked,  with  a  distinct  style  and  broad  emar- 
ginate  stigmas:  pedicels  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  scale,  villose.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid, 
acuminate,  light  reddish  brown,  pale  pubescent,  about  $'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  1°  in  diameter,  slender 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  compact  round-topped  shapely  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  marked  by  scattered  yellow  lenticels,  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale 
early  deciduous  pubescence,  becoming  bright  yellow  or  dark  orange  color,  and  in  their 
second  year  dark  red-brown  and  much  roughened  by  the  conspicuous  leaf -scars;  or  more 
often  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  nearly  terete  or  slightly  flattened,  with  narrow 
lateral  wing-like  margins,  light  or  dark  orange  color,  glabrous  or  pilose  at  the  base,  about 


Fig.  156 


long.  Bark  thin,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges. 
Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Cook's  Inlet,  coast  of  Alaska,  and  valley  of  the  Yukon  River  near  Daw- 
son  southward  through  western  British  Columbia  to  northern  California,  ranging  eastward 
through  Washington  and  northwestern  Oregon  to  northern  Idaho  and  Montana. 

From  central  California  to  San  Bernardino  County  represented  by  the  variety  crassijulis 
Andr.  (S.  brachystachys  Benth.)  with  shorter  and  broader  obovate  leaves  rounded  at  apex, 
pubescent  and  tomentose  branchlets  and  larger  pubescent  winter-buds.  A  tree  sometimes 
70°  high  with  a  trunk  often  2|°  in  diameter. 

On  the  high  Sierra  Nevada  eastward  to  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ot 
Colorado  and  to  northern  New  Mexico,  northern  Wyoming  and  the  Black  Hills  of  South 
Dakota  represented  by  the  var.  flavescens  Schn.  A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree  with  obo- 
vate rounded  yellowish  leaves  and  branchlets. 

23.  Salix  Hookeriana  Barr. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  or  rarely  rounded  and 
frequently  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  coarsely 
crenately  serrate,  especially  those  on  vigorous  shoots,  or  entire,  when  they  unfold  vil- 
lose with  pale  hairs,  or  tomentose  above  and  clothed  below  with  silvery  white  tomentum, 
at  maturity  tLin  and  firm,  bright  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  nearly  glabrous  or  tomentose 
on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glaucous  and  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
especially  along  the  midrib  and  slender  arcuate  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets,  2'-6'  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  |'— |'  long.  Flowers:  aments 


162 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


oblong-cylindric,  erect,  rather  lax,  often  more  or  less  curved,  about  1|'  long,  on  short 
tomentose  scale-bearing  branchlets,  the  staminate  f  thick  and  rather  thicker  than  the 
pistillate;  scales  oblong-obovate,  yellow,  coated  with  long  pale  hairs,  the  staminate  rounded 
above  and  rather  shorter  than  the  more  acute  scales  of  the  pistillate  ament  persistent  under 
the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with  free  elongated  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  conic,  glabrous,  stalked, 
with  a  slender  stalk  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  scale,  gradually  narrowed  above,  with  a 
slender  elongated  bright  red  style  and  broad  spreading  entire  stigmas.  Fruit  oblong- 
cylindric,  narrowed  above,  about  \'  long. 


Fig.  157 


A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  about  1°  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets 
marked  by  large  scattered  orange-colored  lenticels,  covered  during  their  first  season  with 
hoary  tomentum  and  rather  bright  or  dark  red-brown  and  pubescent  in  then*  second  sum- 
mer; more  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  stems  4'-8'  thick  and  15°-20°  high;  frequently  a 
low  bush,  with  straggling  almost  prostrate  stems.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  nearly  terete, 
dark  red,  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  about  \'  long.  Bark  nearly  \'  thick,  light  red- 
brown,  slightly  fissured  and  divided  into  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  salt  marshes  and  ponds  and  sandy  coast  dunes;  Vancouver 
Island  southward  along  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  southern 
Oregon. 

24.  Salix  sitchensis  Sanson. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  entire  or  minutely  glandular  dentate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  or  rounded  and  short-pointed,  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
cuneate  at  base,  when  they  unfold  pubescent  or  tomentose  on  the  upper  surface,  and  coated 
on  the  lower  with  lustrous  white  silky  pubescence  or  tomentum  persistent  during  the 
season  or  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  leaves  of  vigorous  young  shoots,  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  with  the  exception  of  the  pubescent 
midrib,  2'-5'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  conspicuous  slender  veins  arcuate  and  united  within 
the  margins  and  prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  rarely  \'  long; 
stipules  rarely  produced,  foliaceous,  semilunar,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  glandular- 
dentate,  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum,  often  \'  long,  caducous.  Flowers:  aments 
cylindric,  densely  flowered,  erect  on  short  tomentose  leafy  branchlets,  the  staminate 
H'-2'  long  and  \'  thick,  the  pistillate  2|'-3'  long,  and  \'  thick;  scales  yellow  or  tawny,  the 
staminate  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  much  longer 
than  the  more  acute  pubescent  scales  of  the  pistillate  ament:  stamen  1,  with  an  elongated 


MYRICACE^E 


163 


glabrous  filament,  or  very  rarely  2,  with  filaments  united  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the 
apex;  ovary  short-stalked,  ovoid,  conic,  acute,  pubescent  and  gradually  narrowed  into 
the  elongated  style,  with  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  short  stigmas.  Fruit  ovoid,  nar- 
rowed above,  light  red-brown,  pubescent  about  \'  long. 


Fig.  158 

A  much-branched  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  contorted  often  inclining 
trunk  sometimes  1°  in  diameter,  and  slender  brittle  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary 
tomentum,  pubescent  and  tomentose  and  dark  red-brown  or  orange  color  during  then-  first 
winter,  becoming  darker,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  and  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  in  their  second  season;  more  often  shrubby  and  6°-15°  tall.  Winter-buds  acute, 
nearly  terete,  light  red-brown,  pubescent  or  puberulous,  about  \'  long.  Bark  about  £' 
thick  and  broken  into  irregular  closely  appressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood 
light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  in  low  moist  ground;  Cook  Inlet  and  Kadiak  Island, 
Alaska,  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  Santa  Barbara,  California;  on  the 
Marble  Creek  of  the  Kaweah  River  at  6900°  altitude  (f.  Ralphiana  Jeps.) 

VI.  MYRICACEJE. 

Aromatic  resinous  trees  and  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  terete  branches,  and  small  scaly 
buds.  Leaves  alternate,  re  volute  in  the  bud,  serrate,  resinous-punctate,  persistent  in  our 
species,  in  falling  leaving  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf -scars  showing  the  ends  of  three  nearly 
equidistant  fibro- vascular  bundles.  Flowers  unisexual,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  usually 
subtended  by  minute  bractlets,  in  the  axils  of  the  deciduous  scales  of  unisexual  or  androgy- 
nous simple  oblong  aments  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  opening  in  early 
spring,  the  staminate  below  the  pistillate  in  androgynous  aments;  staminate,  perianth  0; 
stamens  4  or  many,  inserted  on  the  thickened  base  of  the  scales  of  the  ament;  filaments 
slender,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe;  anthers  ovoid,  erect,  2-celled,  introrse,  open- 
ing longitudinally;  ovary  rudimentary  or  0;  pistillate  flowers  single  or  in  pairs;  ovary  ses- 
sile, 1-celled;  styles  short,  divided  into  2  elongated  filiform  stigmas  stigmatic  on  the  inner 
face;  ovule  solitary,  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  orthotropous,  the  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  a  globose  or  ovoid  dry  drupe  usually  covered  with  waxy  exudations;  nut  hard,  thick- 
walled.  Seed  erect,  with  a  thin  coat,  without  albumen;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  plano- 
convex, fleshy;  radicle  short,  superior,  turned  away  from  the  minute  basal  hilum. 

The  family  consists  of  the  genus  Myrica  L.,  of  about  thirty  or  forty  species  of  small 


164  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

trees  and  shrubs,  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  warmer  parts  of  both 
hemispheres.  Of  the  seven  North  American  species  three  are  trees.  Wax  is  obtained 
from  the  exudations  of  the  fruit  of  several  species.  The  bark  is  astringent,  and  sometimes 
used  in  medicine,  in  tanning,  and  as  an  aniline  dye.  Myrica  rubra  Sieb  and  Zacc.,  of 
southern  Japan  and  China,  is  cultivated  for  its  succulent  aromatic  red  fruit. 

The  generic  name  is  probably  from  the  ancient  name  of  some  shrub,  possibly  the  Tam- 
arisk. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  dioecious. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  usually  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  mostly  coarsely  serrate 

above  the   middle,   yellow-green,   coated   below  with  conspicuous  orange-colored 

glands.  1.  M.  cerifera  (A,  C). 

Leaves  usually  broadly  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  entire,  dark 

green  and  lustrous.  2.  M.  inodora  (C). 

Flowers  monoecious;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green 

and  lustrous.  3.  M.  califomica  (G). 

1.  Myrica  cerifera  L.    Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  rarely  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  rarely  gradually  narrowed 
and  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  decurrent  on  short  stout  petioles,  coarsely  serrate 
above  the  middle  or  entire,  yellow-green,  covered  above  by  minute  dark  glands  and  below 


Fig.  159 


by  bright  orange-colored  glands,  l|'-4'  long  and  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  slender  pale  midrib  often 
puberulous  below,  and  few  obscure  arcuate  veins,  fragrant  with  a  balsamic  resinous  odor; 
gradually  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  first  year.  Flowers  in  small  oblong  aments.  with 
ovate  acute  ciliate  scales,  those  of  the  staminate  plant  |'-f  long,  about  twice  as  long  as 
those  of  the  pistillate  plant;  stamens  few,  with  oblong  slightly  obcordate  anthers  at  first 
tinged  with  red,  becoming  yellow;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  2  slender  spreading  stig- 
mas longer  than  its  scale.  Fruit  in  short  spikes,  ripening  in  September  and  October  and 
persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  irregularly  deciduous  in  the  spring  and  early 
summer,  globose,  about  \'  in  diameter,  slightly  papillose,  light  green,  coated  with  thick 
pale  blue  wax;  seed  pale,  minute. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  upright  or 
slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 


MYRICACE^E 


165 


marked  by  small  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  loose  rufous  tomentum  and  caducous 
orange-colored  glands,  bright  red-brown  or  dark  brown  tinged  with  gray,  usually  lustrous 
and  nearly  glabrous  during  their  first  winter,  finally  becoming  dark  brown;  generally 
smaller,  frequently  shrubby.  Winter-buds  oblong,  acute,  YV~i'  l°ng>  with  numerous 
ovate  acute  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  scales  becoming  nearly  %'  long,  and  often  persistent 
until  the  young  branch  has  completed  its  growth.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'  thick,  compact, 
smooth,  light  gray.  Wood  light,  soft  and  brittle,  dark  brown,  with  thin  lighter-colored 
sap  wood. 

Distribution.  In  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  Cape  May,  New  Jersey,  southern 
Delaware  and  Maryland  to  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
the  shores  of  Aranzas  Pass,  San  Patricio  County,  Texas,  ranging  inland  to  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Natchez,  Jackson  County,  Mississippi,  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  (Natchitoches, 
Louisiana  and  Fulton,  Arkansas),  and  to  Cherokee  County,  Texas,  and  northward  to  the 
valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Arkansas;  on  the  Bermuda  and  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several 
of  the  Antilles;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts 
in  sandy  swamps  and  pond  holes;  the  most  common  woody  plant  and  forming  great  thickets 
on  the  Everglades  east  of  Lake  Okeechobee,  Florida;  in  the  sandy  soil  of  Pine-barrens  and 
on  dry  arid  hills  of  the  interior,  often  only  a  few  inches  in  height,  var.  pumila  Michx. 

2.  Myrica  inodora  W.  Bartr.    Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  broadly  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  ovate,  rounded  or  sometimes  pointed  and  occa- 
sionally apiculate  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  decurrent  on  short  stout  petioles,  entire  or 


Fig.  160 


rarely  obscurely  toothed  toward  the  apex,  thick  and  coriaceous,  glandular-punctate,  dark 
green  and  very  lustrous  above,  bright  green  below,  2'-4'  long,  f '-1|'  wide,  with  a  broad  con- 
spicuously glandular  midrib  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  side,  and  few  remote  slender 
obscure  primary  veins  forked  and  arcuate  near  the  much-thickened  and  revolute  margins; 
gradually  deciduous  from  May  until  midsummer.  Flowers  in  aments  £'-!'  long,  with 
ovate  acute  glandular  scales;  stamens  numerous,  with  oblong  slightly  emarginate  yellow 
anthers;  pistillate  flowers  usually  in  pairs,  with  an  ovate  glabrous  ovary  and  slender  bright 
red  styles.  Fruit  produced  sparingly  in  elongated  spikes,  oblong,  ¥-^  long,  papillose, 
black,  and  covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  white  wax:  seed  oblong-oval,  acute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  f '  long,  bright  orange-brown,  with  a  pale  yellow  hilum. 

Usually  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  occasionally  arborescent  and  18°-20° 
high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6°-8°  tall  and  2'-3'  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets  roughened 


166 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


by  small  scattered  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  dense  pale  tomentum,  soon  becoming 
bright  red-brown,  scurfy,  and  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  nearly 
f '  long,  with  numerous  loosely  imbricated  lanceolate  acute  red-brown  scurfy-pubescent 
scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  nearly  white. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps,  Round  Lake,  Jackson  County,  and  Appalachicola,  and 
Saint  Andrews  Bay,  Florida;  near  Mobile  and  Stockton,  Alabama;  near  Poplarville,  Pearl 
County,  Mississippi,  and  Bogalusa,  Washington  Parish,  Louisiana. 

3.  Myrica  californica  Cham.    Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  remotely  serrate  except  at  the 
gradually  narrowed  base  with  small  incurved  teeth,  decurrent  on  a  short  stout  petiole, 
thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  puberulous  and 


Fig.  161 


marked  by  minute  black  glandular  dots  below,  2'-4'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  narrow  yellow 
midrib  and  numerous  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  thickened  and  revolute 
margins,  slightly  fragrant,  gradually  deciduous  after  the  end  of  their  first  year.  Flowers 
subtended  by  conspicuous  bractlets,  those  of  the  two  sexes  on  the  same  plant;  staminate 
in  oblong  simple  aments  often  1'  long,  pistillate  in  shorter  aments  in  the  axils  of  upper 
leaves,  androgynous  aments  occurring  between  the  two  with  staminate  flowers  at  their  base 
and  pistillate  flowers  above,  or  with  staminate  flowers  also  mixed  with  the  pistillate  at  then- 
apex;  scales  of  the  aments  ovate,  acute,  coated  with  pale  tomentum;  stamens  numerous, 
with  oblong  slightly  emarginate  dark  red-purple  anthers  soon  becoming  yellow;  ovary  ovoid, 
with  bright  red  exserted  styles.  Fruit  in  short  crowded  spikes  ripening  in  the  early  au- 
tumn and  usually  falling  during  the  winter,  globose,  papillose,  dark  purple,  covered  with 
a  thin  coat  of  grayish  white  wax;  seed  pale  reddish  brown,  minute. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  14'-15'  in  diameter,  short  slender  branches 
forming  a  narrow  compact  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
loose  tomentum,  dark  green  or  light  or  dark  red-brown,  glabrous  or  pubescent  during  their 
first  season,  becoming  in  their  second  year  much  roughened  by  the  elevated  leaf -scars,  darker 
and  ultimately  ashy  gray;  usually  smaller  at  the  north  and  toward  the  northern  and  south- 
ern limits  of  its  range  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  often  only  3°-4°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  about  \'  thick,  with  loosely  imbricated  ovate  acute  dark  red-brown  tomentose  scales 
nearly  \'  long  when  fully  grown  and  long-persistent  on  the  branch.  Bark  smooth,  compact, 
xV~i'  thick,  dark  gray  or  light  brown  on  the  surface  and  dark  red-brown  internally.  Wood 
heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  light  rose  color,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood. 


LEITNEBIACE^E  U)7 

Distribution.  Ocean  sand-dunes  and  moist  hillsides  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast  from  the 
shores  of  Puget  Sound  to  the  neighborhood  of  Santa  Monica,  Los  Angeles  County,  Cali- 
fornia; of  its  largest  size  on  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

Occasionally  used  in  California  as  a  garden  plant. 

VH.    LEITNERIACE^:. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  pale  slightly  fissured  bark,  scaly  buds,  stout  terete  pithy  branchlets 
marked  by  pale  conspicuous  nearly  circular  lenticels  and  by  elevated  crescent-shaped 
angled  or  obscurely  3-lobed  leaf-scars,  very  light  soft  wood,  and  thick  fleshy  stoloniferous 
yellow  roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
acute  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  entire,  with  slightly  revolute 
undulate  margins,  penniveined  with  remote  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the 
margins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  petiolate,  at  first  coated  on  the  lower  surface 
and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  thick 
and  firm  at  maturity,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  villose-pubescent  below, 
deciduous.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments,  with  ovate  acute  concave  tomentose  scales,  the 
male  and  female  on  different  plants,  opening  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the  previous 
autumn  and  covered  with  acute  chestnut-brown  hairy  scales;  the  staminate  clustered  near 
the  end  of  the  branches,  their  scales  bearing  on  the  thickened  stipe  a  ring  of  3-12  stamens, 
with  slender  incurved  filaments  and  oblong  light  yellow  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening 
longitudinally;  perianth  0;  pistillate  aments  scattered,  shorter  and  more  slender  than  the 
staminate,  their  scales  bearing  in  their  axils  a  short-stalked  pistil  surrounded  by  a  rudi- 
mentary perianth  of  small  gland-fringed  scales,  the  2  larger  lateral,  the  others  next  the  axis 
of  the  inflorescence;  ovary  superior,  pubescent,  1-celled,  with  an  elongated  flattened  style 
inserted  obliquely,  curving  inward  above  the  middle  in  anthesis,  grooved  and  stigmatic  on 
the  inner  face;  ovule  solitary,  attached  laterally,  ascending,  semianatropous;  micropyle 
directed  upward.  Fruit  an  oblong  compressed  dry  drupe  thick  and  rounded  on  the  ventral, 
narrowed  on  the  dorsal  edge,  rounded  at  base,  thin  and  pointed  at  apex,  chestnut-brown, 
rugose,  with  a  thick  dry  exocarp  closely  investing  the  thin-walled  light  brown  crustaceous 
rugose  nutlet.  Seed  flattened,  rounded  at  the  ends,  light  brown,  marked  on  the  thick 
edge  with  the  oblong  nearly  black  hilum;  embryo  erect,  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albu- 
men; cotyledons  oblong,  flattened;  radicle  superior,  conical,  short,  and  fleshy. 

The  family  consists  of  a  single  genus,  Leitneria  Chapm.,  with  one  species  of  the  south- 
ern United  States,  named  for  a  German  naturalist  killed  in  Florida  during  the  Seminole 
War. 

1.  Leitneria  floridana  Chapm.     Cork  Wood. 

Leaves  4'^6'  long,  1|'-2|'  wide,  with  petioles  l'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  at  the 
end  of  February  or  early  in  March;  staminate  aments  I'-lj'  long,  \'  thick,  and  twice  as 
long  as  the  pistillate.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-4,  ripening  when  the  leaves  are 
about  half  grown,  f  long,  \'  wide. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  slender  straight  trunk  4'-5'  in  diame- 
ter above  the  swollen  gradually  tapering  base,  spreading  branches  forming  a  loose  open 
head,  and  branchlets  at  first  light  reddish  brown  and  thickly  coated  with  gradually  decidu- 
ous hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  glabrous  or  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  ends, 
and  dark  red-brown.  Winter-buds:  terminal  broad,  conic,  \r  long,  covered  by  10  or  12 
oblong  nearly  triangular  closely  imbricated  scales  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  long- 
persistent  at  the  base  of  the  branch;  lateral  scattered,  ovoid,  flattened.  Bark  about  TV 
thick,  dark  gray  faintly  tinged  with  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  rounded 
ridges.  Wood  soft,  exceedingly  light,  close-grained,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  hardty 
distinguishable,  pale  yellow,  without  trace  of  heartwood;  occasionally  used  for  the  floats  of 
fishing-nets. 

Distribution.     Borders  of  swamps  of  the  lower  Altamaha  River,  Georgia  (C.  L.  Boyntori)', 


168 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


muddy  saline  shores  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near  Apalachicola,  Florida; 
swampy  prairies,  Velasco  (E.  J.  Palmer),  and  swamps  of  the  Brazos  River  near  Columbia, 
Brazoria  County,  Texas;  Varner,  Lincoln  County  (B.  F.  Bush),  and  Moark,  Clay  County 


Fig.  162 


(E.  J.  Palmer)  Arkansas;  and  in  Butler  and  Dunklin  Counties,  southeastern  Missouri,  here 
sometimes  occupying  muddy  sloughs  of  considerable  extent  to  the  exclusion  of  other  woody 
plants. 

VIE.  JTJGLANDACE^:. 

Aromatic  trees,  with  watery  juice,  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  the  lateral  buds  often 
superposed,  2-4  together,  and  alternate  unequally  pinnate  deciduous  leaves  with  elongated 
grooved  petioles  and  without  stipules,  the  leaflets  increasing  in  size  from  the  lowest  up- 
ward, penniveined,  sessile,  short-stalked  or  the  terminal  usually  long-stalked.  Flowers 
monoecious,  opening  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  lateral  aments  and 
composed  of  a  3-6-lobed  calyx  in  the  axil  of  and  adnate  to  an  ovate  acute  bract,  and  numer- 
ous stamens  inserted  on  the  inner  and  lower  face  of  the  calyx  in  2  or  several  rows,  with 
short  distinct  filaments  and  oblong  anthers  opening  longitudinally;  the  pistillate  in  a  spike 
terminal  on  a  branch  of  the  year  and  composed  ot  a  1-3-celled  ovary  subtended  by  an  in- 
volucre free  toward  the  apex  and  formed  by  the  union  of  an  anterior  bract  and  2  lateral 
bractlets,  a  1  or  4-lobed  calyx  inserted  on  the  ovary,  a  short  style  with  2  plumose  stigmas 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  and  a  solitary  erect  orthotropous  ovule.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
the  exocarp  (husk)  indehiscent  or  4-valved,  inclosing  a  thick-  or  thin-shelled  nut  divided 
by  partitions  extending  inward  from  the  shell,  and  like  the  shell  more  or  less  penetrated 
by  internal  longitudinal  cavities  often  filled  with  dry  powder.  Seed  solitary,  2-lobed 
from  the  apex  nearly  to  the  middle,  light  brown,  its  coat  thin,  of  2  layers,  without  albumen; 
cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily,  sinuose  or  corrugated,  2-lobed;  radicle  short,  superior,  filling 
the  apex  of  the  nut.  Of  the  six  genera  of  the  Walnut  family  two  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  simple;  husk  of  the  fruit  indehiscent;  nut  sculptured;  pith  in 
plates.  1.  Juglans. 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  branched;  husk  of  the  fruit  4-valved;  nut  not  sculptured; 
pith  solid.  2.  Carya 


JUGLANDACE.E  169 

1.  JUGLANS  L.    Walnut. 

Trees,  with  furrowed  scaly  bark,  durable  dark-colored  wood,  stout  branchlets,  laminate 
pith,  terminal  buds  with  2  pairs  of  opposite  more  or  less  open  scales  often  obscurely  pinnate 
at  apex,  those  of  the  inner  pair  more  or  less  leaf-like,  and  obtuse  slightly  flattened  axillary 
buds  formed  before  midsummer  and  covered  with  4  ovate  rounded  scales,  closed  or  open 
during  winter.  Leaves  with  numerous  leaflets,  and  terete  petioles  leaving  in  falling  large 
conspicuous  elevated  obcordate  3-lobed  leaf-scars  displaying  3  equidistant  U-shaped  clus- 
ters of  dark  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  leaflets  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  mostly  unequal  at  base,  with  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins. 
Aments  of  the  staminate  flowers  many-flowered,  elongated,  solitary  or  in  pairs  from  lower 
axillary  buds  of  upper  nodes,  appearing  from  between  persistent  bud-scales  in  the  autumn 
and  remaining  during  the  winter  as  short  cones  covered  by  the  closely  imbricated  bracts  of 
the  flowers;  calyx  3-6-lobed,  its  bract  free  only  at  the  apex;  stamens  8-40,  in  2  or  several 
ranks,  their  anthers  surmounted  by  a  conspicuous  dilated  truncate  or  lobed  connective; 
pistillate  flowers  in  few-flowered  spikes,  their  involucre  villose,  free  only  at  the  apex  and 
variously  cut  into  a  laciniate  border  (cwolla?)  shorter  than  the  erect  calyx-lobes;  ovary 
rarely  of  3  carpels;  stigmas  club-shaped,  elongated,  fimbriately  plumose.  Fruit  ovoid, 
globose  or  pyriform,  round  or  obscurely  4-angled,  with  a  fleshy  indehiscent  glabrate 
or  hirsute  husk;  nut  ovoid  or  globose,  more  or  less  flattened,  hard,  thick-walled,  longitu- 
dinally and  irregularly  rugose,  the  valves  alternate  with  the  cotyledons,  and  more  or  less 
ribbed  along  the  dorsal  sutures  and  in  some  species  also  on  the  marginal  sutures.  Seed 
more  or  less  compressed,  gradually  narrowed  or  broad  and  deeply  lobed  at  base,  with  con- 
spicuous dark  veins  radiating  from  the  apex  and  from  the  minute  basal  hilum. 

Juglans  is  confined  to  temperate  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  South  America  from 
Venezuela  to  Peru,  western  and  northern  China,  Korea,  Manchuria,  Japan,  and  Formosa^ 
Eleven  species  are  known.  Of  exotic  species  Juglans  regia  L.,  an  inhabitant  probably 
originally  of  China,  is  cultivated  in  the  middle  Atlantic  and  southern  states  and  largely 
in  California  for  its  edible  nuts,  which  are  an  important  article  ot  commerce.  The  wood 
of  several  species  is  valued  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  for  furniture. 

Juglans,  from  Jupiter  and  glands,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Walnut-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruit  racemose;  nut  4-ribbed  at  the  sutures 'with  smaller  intermediate  ribs,  2-celled  at  the 

base;  heartwood  light  brown;  leaflets  11-17,  oblong-lanceolate.         1.  J.  cinera  (A,  C). 

Fruit  usually  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  without  sutural  ribs,  4-celled  at  the  base;  heartwood 

dark  brown. 

Nuts  prominently  and  irregularly  ridged  with  often  interrupted  ridges;  leaflets  15-23, 
ovate-lanceolate.  2.  J.  nigra  (A,  C) 

Nuts  more  or  less  deeply  longitudinally  grooved. 

Nuts  up  to  l£'  in  diameter;  leaflets  9-13,  rarely  19,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, coarsely  serrate.  3.  J.  major  (F,  H). 
Nuts  not  more  than  f '  in  diameter. 

Leaflets  17-23,  narrow-lanceolate,  long-pointed.  4.  J.  rupestris  (C) . 

Leaflets  11-15  or  rarely  19,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  often 

rounded  at  the  apex.  5.  J.  californica  (G). 

Nuts  obscurely  or  not  at  all  grooved,  up  to  2'  in  diameter;  leaflets  15-19,  ovate-lanceolate 

to  lanceolate,  long-pointed.  6.  J.  Hindsii  (G). 

1.  Juglans  cinerea  L.  Butternut. 

Leaves  15'-30'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  petioles,  and  11-17  oblong-lanceolate  acute 
or  acuminate  leaflets  2'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  finely  serrate  except  at  the  unequal  rounded 


170 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


base,  glandular  and  sticky  as  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin,  yellow-green  and  rugose  above, 
pale  and  soft-pubescent  below;  turning  yellow  or  brown  and  falling  early  in  the  autumn. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  thick  aments  3'-5'  long;  calyx  usually  6-lobed,  light  yellow-green, 
puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  f  long,  its  bract  rusty-pubescent,  acute  at  apex; 
stamens  8-12,  with  nearly  sessile  dark  brown  anthers  and  slightly  lobed  connectives; 
pistillate  in  6-8-flowered  spikes,  constricted  above  the  middle,  about  %'  long,  its  bract 
and  bractlets  coated  with  sticky  white  or  pink  glandular  hairs  and  rather  shorter  than 
the  linear-lanceolate  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  bright  red,  \'  long.  Fruit  in  3-5  fruited  droop- 
ing clusters,  obscurely  2  or  rarely  4-ridged,  ovoid-oblong,  coated  with  rusty  clammy 
matted  hairs,  l^'-2^'  long  with  a  thick  husk;  nut  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  and  acu- 
minate at  apex,  with  4  prominent  and  4  narrow  less  conspicuous  ribs,  light  brown,  deeply 
sculptured  between  the  ribs  into  thin  broad  irregular  longitudinal  plates,  2-celled  at  the 
base  and  1-celled  above  the  middle;  seed  sweet,  very  oily,  soon  becoming  rancid. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  some- 
times free  of  branches  for  half  its  height;  more  frequently  divided  20°  or  30°  above  the 
ground  into  many  stout  limbs  spreading  horizontally  and  forming  a  Moad  low  symmetrical 


Ffe.  163 


round-topped  head,  and  dark  orange-brown  or  bright  green  rather  lustrous  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  rufous  pubescence,  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  pale  lenticels, 
gradually  becoming  puberulous,  brown  tinged  with  red  or  orange  in  their  second  year  and 
marked  by  light  gray  leaf-scars  with  large  black  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars  and  elevated 
bands  of  pale  tomentum  separating  them  from  the  lowest  axillary  bud.  Winter-buds: 
terminal  ^'-f  long,  |'  wide,  flattened  and  obliquely  truncate  at  apex,  their  outer  scales 
coated  with  short  pale  pubescence;  axillary  buds  ovoid,  flattened,  rounded  at  apex,  £'  long, 
covered  with  rusty  brown  or  pale  pubescence.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches 
smooth  and  light  gray,  becoming  on  old  trees  f'-l'  thick,  light  brown,  deeply  divided  into 
broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  turning  darker  with  exposure,  with 
thin  light-colored  sapwood  composed  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth ;  largely  employed 
in  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  and  for  furniture.  The  inner  bark  possesses  mild  cathartic 
properties.  Sugar  is  made  from  the  sap,  and  the  green  husks  of  the  fruit  are  used  to  dye 
cloth  yellow  or  orange  color. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  on  low  rocky  hills,  southern 
New  Brunswick  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  Ontario,  the  northern  penin- 
sular of  Michigan,  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  South  Dakota,  eastern  Iowa,  southeastern 
Nebraska,  and  southward  to  central  Kansas,  northern  Arkansas,  Delaware,  eastern 


JUGLANDACE.E 


171 


Virginia,  and  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  their  foothills  to  northern  Georgia;  in 
northern  Alabama,  southern  Illinois  and  western  Tennessee;  most  abundant  northward. 

Occasionally  cultivated. 

X  Juglans  quadrangulata  A.  Rehd.,  a  natural  hybrid  of  J.  cinerea  and  the  so-called  Eng- 
lish Walnut  (J.  regia)  is  not  uncommon  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  a  hybrid  of  «/. 
cinerea  with  the  Japanese  J.  Sieboldiana  Maxm.  has  appeared  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Juglans  nigra  L.    Black  Walnut. 

Leaves  l°-2°  long,  with  pubescent  petioles,  and  15-23  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  3'-3£' 
long,  l'-lj'  wide,  long-pointed,  sharply  serrate  except  at  the  more  or  less  rounded  often 
unequal  base,  thin,  bright  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  soft-pubescent 
below,  especially  along  the  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins;  turning  bright  clear 
yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers:  staminate  in  stout  puberulous  aments 
$'-5'  long,  calyx  rotund,  6-lobed,  with  nearly  orbicular  lobes  concave  and  pubescent  on  the 
outer  surface,  its  bract  £'  long,  nearly  triangular,  coated  with  rusty  brown  or  pale 
tomentum;  stamens  20-30,  arranged  in  many  series,  with  nearly  sessile  purple  and  trun- 
cate connectives;  pistillate  in  2-5  flowered  spikes,  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex, 
j'  long,  their  bract  and  bractlets  coated  below  with  pale  glandular  hairs  and  green  and 


Fig.  164 

puberulous  above,  sometimes  irregularly  cut  into  a  laciniate  border,  or  reduced  to  an 
obscure  ring  just  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  light  green,  puber- 
ulous on  the  outer,  glabrous  or  pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stigmas  yellow-green  tinged 
on  the  margins  with  red,  £'-f '  long.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  globose,  oblong  and  pointed 
at  apex,  or  slightly  pyriform,  light  yellow-green,  roughened  by  clusters  of  short  pale  artic- 
ulate hairs,  l|'-2'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  husk;  nut  oval  or  oblong,  slightly  flattened, 
l£'-l^'  in  diameter,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  deeply  divided  on  the  outer  surface  into 
thin  or  thick  often  interrupted  irregular  ridges,  4-celled  at  base  and  slightly  2-celled  at  the 
apex;  seed  sweet,  soon  becoming  rancid. 

A  tree,  frequently  100°  and  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  often  clear  of 
branches  for  50°-60°  and  4°-6°  in  diameter,  thick  limbs  spreading  gradually  and  forming 
a  comparatively  narrow  shapely  round-topped  head  of  mbstly  upright  rigid  branches,  and 
stout  branch  lets  covered  at  first  with  pale  or  rusty  matted  hairs,  dull  orange-brown  and 
pilose  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  marked  by  raised  conspicuous  orange- 
colored  lenticels  and  elevated  pale  leaf-scars,  gradually  growing  darker  and  ultimately 
light  brown.  Winter-buds:  terminal  ovoid,  slightly  flattened,  obliquely  rounded  at  apex, 
coated  with  pale  silky  tomentum,  ¥  long,  with  usually  4  obscurely  pinnate  scales;  axillary 


172  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

!'  long,  tomentose,  their  outer  scales  opening  at  the  apex  during  the  winter.  Bark  of 
young  stems  and  branches  light  brown  and  covered  with  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trees 
2'-3'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded 
ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
rather  coarse-grained,  very  durable,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood 
of  10-20  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making,  the  interior  finish  of 
houses,  gun-stocks,  air-planes,  and  in  boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  fertile  hillsides,  western  Massachusetts  to  south- 
ern Ontario,  southern  Michigan,  southeastern  Minnesota,  central  and  northern  Nebraska, 
central  Kansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  southward  to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  .Texas;  most  abundant  in  the  region 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  high 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  on  the  fertile  river  bottom-lands  of 
southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  Oklahoma;  largely  destroyed 
for  its  valuable  timber,  and  now  rare. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in  west- 
ern and  central  Europe.  X  Juglans  intermedia  Carr.,  a  natural  hybrid,  of  J.  nigra  with  the 
so-called  English  Walnut  (J.  regia)  has  appeared  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  and  on 
the  banks  of  the  James  River  in  Virginia  has  grown  to  a  larger  size  than  any  other  re- 
corded Walnut-tree.  In  California  a  hybrid,  known  as  "  Royal,"  between  J.  nigra  and 
J.  Hindsti  has  been  artificially  produced. 

3.  Juglans  major  Hell.    Nogal. 

Juglans  rupestris  var.  major  Torr. 

Juglans  rupestris  Sarg.,  in  part,  not  Engelm. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  slender  pubescent  petioles  and  rachis,  and  9-13  rarely  19  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  acuminate  often  slightly  falcate  coarsely  serrate  leaflets  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  scurfy  pubescence,  soon  becoming 


Fig.  165 


glabrous,  or  at  maturity  slightly  pubescent  on  the  midrib  below,  3'-4',  or  those  of  the  lower 
pairs  H'-2'  long,  and  l'-lf  wide,  thin,  yellow-green,  with  a  thin  conspicuous  yellow  midrib 
and  primary  veins.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  puberulous  or  pubescent  aments  8'-10' 


JUGLANDACE^E 


173 


long;  calyx  nearly  orbicular,  long-stalked,  pale  yellow-green,  5  or  6-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  hoary  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  their  bract  acute,  coated  with  thick  pale 
tomentum;  stamens  30-40,  with  nearly  sessile  yellow  anthers,  and  slightly  divided  con- 
nectives; pistillate  not  seen.  Fruit  subglobose  to  slightly  ovoid  or  oblong,  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  apex  into  a  short  point  (J.  elaeopyren  Dode),  densely  tomentose  when  half 
grown,  l'-l-|'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  husk  covered  with  close  rufous  pubescence;  nut  dark 
brown  or  black,  slightly  compressed,  usually  rather  broader  than  high,  or  ovoid,  rounded 
or  bluntly  acute  at  apex,  rounded  and  sometimes  depressed  at  base,  longitudinally  grooved 
with  broad  deep  grooves,  thick  shelled;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  sometimes  50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  occasionally  3°-4°  in  diameter,  or 
divided  at  the  ground  into  several  large  stems,  stout  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  rufous  pubescence,  becoming 
red-brown,  pubescent  or  puberulous  and  marked  by  many  small  pale  lenticels  at  the  end 
of  their  first  season  and  ashy  gray  the  following  year. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  canons  of  central  and  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  and  on  Oak  Creek  near  Flagstaff,  Arizona  on  the  Colorado  plateau  (P.  Lowell). 

4.  Juglans  rupestris  Engelm.    Walnut. 

Leaves  9'-12'  long,  with  slender  pubescent  or  puberulous  petioles  and  rachis,  and  13-23 
narrow  lanceolate  long-pointed  usually  falcate  finely  serrate  leaflets  entire  or  nearly  entire 
on  their  incurved  margins,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  thin,  light  green,  glabrous  or  pubes- 


Fig.  166 


cent  on  the  midrib  below,  2'-3'  long  and  i'-f  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender 
aments,  3'-!'  long,  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous;  calyx  short- 
stalked,  nearly  orbicular,  light  yellow-green,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  3-5-lobed 
with  rounded  lobes,  their  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum;  stamens 
about  20,  with  nearly  sessile  yellow  anthers  and  slightly  lobed  connectives;  pistillate  flowers 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  thickly  coated  with  rufous  pubescence;  bract  and  bractlets 
irregularly  divided  into  a  laciniate  border  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes; 
stigmas  green  tinged  with  red,  %'  long.  Fruit  globose  or  subglobose,  tipped  with  the  persis- 
tent remnants  of  the  calyx,  pubescent  or  puberulous  with  rusty  hairs,  ^'-f  in  diameter, 
with  a  thin  husk;  nut  subglobose  to  slightly  ovoid,  sometimes  obscurely  4-ridged  from  the 
apex  nearly  to  the  middle  (J.  subrupestris  Dode),  deeply  grooved  with  longitudinal  sim- 
ple or  forked  grooves,  4-celled  at  base,  2-celled  at  apex,  thick  shelled;  seed  small  and 
sweet. 

A  shrubby  round-headed  tree  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  generally  leaning 


174 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


trunk  18'-30'  in  diameter,  usually  branching  from  near  the  ground,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence  often  persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  orange-red  and 
marked  by  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter  and  ultimately  ashy  gray;  often  a  shrub  with 
clustered  stems  only  a  few  feet  high.  Winter-buds :  terminal,  \'-%'  long,  compressed,  nar- 
rowed and  often  oblique  at  apex,  covered  with  pale  tomentum;  axillary  \'  long,  compressed, 
coated  with  pale  pubescence.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rich  dark  brown  with  thick 
white  sapwood.  The  beauty  of  the  veneers  obtained  from  the  stumps  of  the  large  trees  is 
fast  causing  their  destruction. 

Distribution.  Limestone  banks  of  the  streams  of  southern,  central  and  western  Texas 
from  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  mountains  in  the  western  part  of  the  state;  western  Oklahoma 
(Kiowa,  Greer,  Beckham,  Rogel,  Mills  and  Ellis  Counties);  southeastern  New  Mexico. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in  Europe,  and  hardy  as  far 
north  as  eastern  Massachusetts;  interesting  as  producing  the  smallest  nuts  of  any  of  the 
known  Walnut-trees. 

5.  Juglans  calif ornica  S.  Wats. 

Leaves  6'-9'  long,  with  glandular  pubescent  petioles  and  rachis,  and  11-15,  rarely  19, 
oblong-lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  glabrous  finely  serrate  leaflets  cuneate  or  rounded 
at  base,  ¥-%%'  long  and  5'— f '  wide,  the  lower  often  rounded  at  apex.  Flowers :  staminate 
in  slender  glabrous  or  puberulous  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface 
with  acute  or  rarely  rounded  lobes,  its  bract,  puberulous;  stamens  30-40,  with  yellow 
anthers  and  short  connectives  bifid  at  apex;  the  pistillate  subglobose,  puberulous;  stigmas 


Fig.  167 

yellow,  y  long.  Fruit  globose,  $'-f '  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  dark-colored  puberulous  husk; 
nut  nearly  globose,  deeply  grooved  with  longitudinal  grooves,  thick  shelled,  4-celled  at  base, 
imperfectly  2-celled  at  apex;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  shrubby  round-headed  tree  or  shrub  generally  12°-20°,  rarely  40°-50°  high,  usually 
branching  from  the  ground  or  with  a  short  trunk  1°  or  rarely  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  slender 
branchlets  coated  with  scurfy  rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous,  reddish 
brown  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and  gray  the  following 
year.  Winter-buds  coated  with  rufous  tomentum. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  bottom-lands  in  the  southern  California  coast 
region  from  Santa  Barbara  and  the  Ojai  valley  to  San  Fernando  and  the  Sierra  Santa 
Monica,  and  along  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Madre  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  and 
southward  to  the  Sierra  Santa  Anna. 


JUGLANDACE^E 


175 


A  curious  seminal  variety  (var.  quercina  Babcock)  with  compound  leaves  composed  of 
3  oval  leaflets,  the  terminal  long-stalked  and  2  or  3  times  larger  than  the  lateral  leaflets, 
is  occasionally  cultivated  in  California. 

6.  Juglans  Hindsii  Rehxl. 
Juglans  californica  S.  Wats.,  in  part. 
Juglans  californica  var.  Hindsii  Jep. 

Leaves  9'-12'  long,  with  slender  villose  pubescent  petioles  and  rachis,  and  15-19,  usually 
19,  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate  long-pointed  often  slightly  falcate  leaflets,  serrate  with 
remote  teeth  except  toward  the  usually  rounded  cuneate  or  rarely  cordate  base,  thin, 
puberulous  above  while  young,  becoming  bright  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  on  the  upper 


Fig.  168 

surface,  below  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  villose-pubescent  along 
the  midrib  and  primary  veins,  2£'-4'  long  and  f '-!'  wide.  Flowers :  staminate  in  slender 
glabrous  or  sparingly  villose  aments  3'-5'  long;  calyx  elongated,  coated  like  its  bract  with 
scurfy  pubescence,  divided  into  5  or  6  acute  lobes;  stamens  30-40,  with  short  connectives 
bifid  at  apex;  ovary  of  the  pistillate  flower  oblong-ovoid,  thickly  covered  with  villose  pubes- 
cence, f '  long,  the  border  of  the  thin  bract  and  bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes; 
stigma  yellow.  Fruit  globose,  lj'-2'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  dark-colored  husk  covered 
with  short  soft  pubescence;  nut  nearly  globose,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  ends,  faintly 
grooved  with  remote  longitudinal  depressions,  thick  shelled;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  usually  30°-40°,  occasionally  75°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  stout 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  comparatively  slender 
branchlets  thickly  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  villose  pubescence,  reddish  brown  and 
puberulous,  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  and  small  elevated  obscurely  3-lobed  leaf  scars 
during  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  nearly  glabrous  in  their  second  year.  Win- 
ter-buds coated  with  hoary  tomentum;  terminal  acute,  compressed,  more  or  less  enlarged 
at  apex,  %'~¥  l°ng'»  axillary  usually  solitary,  nearly  globose,  about  Ty  in  diameter.  Bark 
gray-brown,  smoothish,  longitudinally  fissured  into  narrow  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
rather  coarse-grained,  dark  brown  often  mottled,  with  thick  pale  sapwood  of  from  8  to 
10  layers  of  annual  growth. 


176  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Coast  region  of  central  California;  banks  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River; 
along  streams  near  the  western  base  of  Mt.  Diabolo,  and  on  eastern  slope  of  the  Napa 
Range  near  Atlas  Peak  east  of  Napa  Valley;  near  Loyalton  in  the  Sierra  Valley. 

Often  cultivated  in  California  as  a  shade  tree  and  as  stock  on  which  to  graft  varieties 
of  Juglans  regia  L.,  and  rarely  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe.  In  California,  a  hybrid 
known  as  "  Paradox  "  between  J.  Hindsii  and  J.  regia  has  been  artificially  produced. 

2.  CARYA  NUTT.    Hickory. 
Hicoria  Rafn. 

Trees,  with  smooth  gray  bark  becoming  on  old  trunks  rough  or  scaly,  strong  hard  tough 
brown  heartwood,  pale  sapwood  and  tough  terete  flexible  branchlets,  solid  pith,  buds  covered 
with  few  valvate  or  with  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  axillary  buds  much  smaller  than 
the  terminal.  Leaves  often  glandular-dotted,  their  petioles  sometimes  persistent  on  the 
branches  during  the  winter,  and  in  falling  leaving  large  elevated  oblong  or  semiorbicular 
more  or  less  3-lobed  emarginate  leaf-scars  displaying  small  marginal  clusters  and  central 
radiating  lines  of  dark  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars;  leaflets  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  or 
obovate,  usually  acuminate,  thick  and  firm,  serrate,  mostly  unequal  at  base,  with  veins 
forked  and  running  to  the  margins;  turning  clear  bright  yellow  in  the  autumn.  Aments  of 
the  staminate  flowers  ternate,  slender,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
previous  or  rarely  of  the  current  year,  or  at  the  base  of  branches  of  the  year  from  the 
inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud,  the  lateral  branches  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  per- 
sistent bracts;  calyx  usually  2  rarely  3-lobed,  its  bract  free  nearly  to  the  base  and  usually 
much  longer  than  the  ovate  rounded  or  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  stamens  3-10,  in  2  or  3 
series,  their  anthers  ovate-oblong,  emarginate  or  divided  at  apex,  yellow  or  red,  pilose  or 
hirsute,  as  long  or  longer  than  their  slender  connectives;  pistillate  flowers  sessile,  in  2-10- 
flowered  spikes,  with  a  perianth-like  involucre,  slightly  4-ridged,  unequally  4-lobed  at  apex, 
villose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  yellow  scales  more  or  less  persistent  on  the 
fruit,  the  bract  much  longer  than  the  bractlets  and  the  single  calyx-lobe;  stigmas  short, 
papillose-stigmatic.  Fruit  ovoid,  globose  or  pyriform,  with  a  thin  or  thick  husk  becoming  hard 
and  woody  at  maturity,  4-valved,  the  sutures  alternate  with  those  of  the  nut,  sometimes 
more  or  less  broadly  winged,  splitting  to  the  base  or  to  the  middle;  nut  oblong,  obovoid 
or  subglobose,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  apex,  tipped  by  the  hardened  remnants  of 
the  style,  narrowed  and  usually  rounded  at  base,  cylinclric,  or  compressed  contrary  to  the 
valves,  the  shell  thin  and  brittle  or  thick,  hard,  and  bony,  smooth  or  variously  rugose  or 
ridged  on  the  outer  surface,  4-celled  at  base,  2-celled  at  apex.  Seed  compressed,  variously 
grooved  on  the  back  of  the  flat  or  concave  lobes,  sweet  or  bitter. 

Carya  is  confined  to  the  temperate  region  of  eastern  North  America  from  the  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  highlands  of  Mexico,  and  to  southern  China  where  one 
species  occurs.  Of  the  seventeen  species,  fifteen  inhabit  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kapva  an  ancient  name  of  the  Walnut. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bud-scales  valvate,  the  inner  strap-shaped  and  only  occasionally  slightly  accrescent;  fruit 
more  or  less  broadly  winged  at  the  sutures;  the  thin  partitions  of  the  nut  containing 
cavities  filled  with  dark  astringent  powder  (absent  in  3  and  5). 
Shell  of  the  nut  thin  and  brittle;  leaflets  more  or  less  falcate. 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  nearly  sessile,  usually  on  branches  of  the  previous  year: 

lobes  of  the  seed  entire  or  slightly  notched  at  apex. 

Leaflets  9-17;  nut  ovoid-oblong,  cylindric;  seed  sweet.  1.  C.  pecan  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  7-13;  nut  oblong,  compressed;  seed  bitter.  2.  C.  texana  (C). 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  pedunculate,  on  branches  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous 
year;  lobes  of  the  bitter  seed  deeply  2-lobed. 


JUGLANDACE^E  177 

Leaflets  7-9;  nut  cylindric  or  slightly  compressed.  3.  C.  cordiformis  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  7-13;  nut  compressed,  usually  conspicuously  wrinkled.  4.  C.  aquatica  (C). 
Shell  of  the  ellipsoidal  cylindric  nut  thick  and  hard;  lobes  of  the  sweet  seed  deeply  2-lobed; 
leaflets  7-9,  occasionally  5,  rarely  slightly  falcate;  aments  of  staminate  flowers  long- 
pedunculate  at  the  base  of  branches  of  the  year.  '  5.  C.  myristicaefonnis  (C). 
Bud-scales  imbricated,  the  inner  becoming  much  enlarged  and  often  highly  colored;  aments 
of  staminate  flowers  on  peduncles  from  the  base  of  branches  of  the  year,  rarely  from  the 
axils  of  leaves;  fruit  usually  without  wings;  partitions  of  the  nut  thick  without  cavities 
filled  with  astringent  powder;  seed  sweet,  its  lobes  deeply  2-lobed. 
Branchlets  usually  stout  (slender  in  7);  involucre  \'-%'  in  thickness,  opening  freely 
to  the  base. 

Bark  on  old  trunks  separating  into  long,  broad,  loosely  attached  plates;  nuts  pale. 
Branchlets  light  red-brown;  shell  of  the  nut  thin. 

Leaflets  5  or  rarely  7,  obovate  to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  nut  much  compressed, 

often  long-pointed  at  apex;  branchlets  glabrous  or  pubescent.  6.  C.  ovata  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  5,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  nut  little  compressed,  acute  at  apex;  branchlets 

slender,  glabrous.  7.  C.  carolinae-septentrionalis  (C). 

Branchlets  pale  orange  color,  pubescent;  leaflets  usually  7-9;  shell  of  the  nut  thick. 

8.  C.  laciniosa  (A,  C). 

Bark  not  scaly,  on  old  trunks  dark,  deeply  ridged;  leaflets  7-9,  often  subcoriaceous, 

pubescent  below;  nut  reddish  brown,  often  long-pointed,  thick  shelled;  branchlets 

pubescent.  9.  C.  alba  (A,  C). 

Branchlets  slender;  leaves  5-7-foliolate;  involucre  of  the  fruit  tardily  dehiscent  to  the 

middle,  indehiscent  or  opening  freely  to  the  base;  shell  of  the  nut  thick,  bark  close, 

(sometimes  scaly  in  13). 

Branchlets  and  leaves  not  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  rusty  brown  pubescence. 
Involucre  of  the  fruit  3-5.5  mm.  in  thickness,  opening  freely  to  the  base,  leaves 

usually  7-foliolate;  winter-buds  pubescent. 

Leaflets  hoary  tomentose  below  in  early  spring,  slightly  pubescent  at  maturity; 
petioles  and  rachis  glabrous;  fruit  broad-obovoid;  branchlets  glabrous. 

10.  C.  leiodermis  (C). 

Leaflets  covered  in  early  spring  with  silvery  scales,  pale  and  pubescent  below 
during  the  season;  petioles  and  rachis  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  fasci- 
cled hairs;  fruit  ellipsoidal  to  obovoid  or  globose;  branchlets  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent.  11.  C.  pallida  (A,  C). 

Involucre  of  the  fruit  1-3  mm.  in  thickness;  winter-buds  glabrous  or  puberulous. 
Leaves  5,  rarely  7-foliolate,  glabrous  or  rarely  slightly  pubescent;  fruit  obovoid, 
often  narrowed  below  into  a  stipitate  base,  the  involucre  indehiscent  or  tardily 
dehiscent.  12.  C.  glabra  (A,  C). 

Leaves  generally  7-foliolate,  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent;  fruit  ellipsoidal,  sub- 
globose  or  obovoid,  the  involucre  opening  freely  to  the  base;  bark  often  more 
or  less  scaly.  13.  C.  ovalis  (A,  C). 

Branchlets  and  leaves  densely  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  rusty  brown  pubes- 
cence; leaflets  usually  5-7;  winter-buds  rusty  pubescent. 

Fruit  obovoid;  the  involucre  2-3  mm.  in  thickness;  peduncles  of  the  aments  of 
staminate  flowers  often  from  the  axils  of  leaves;  branchlets  soon  becoming 
glabrous.  14.  C.  floridana  (C). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  broadly  obovoid,  ellipsoidal  or  pyriform,  the  involucre  on  the 
different  varieties  2-13  mm.  in  thickness;  branchlets  pubescent  through  their 
first  season.  15.  C.  Buckley!  (A,  C). 

1.  Carya  pecan  Asch.  &  Gr.    Pecan. 
Leaves  12'-20'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles,  and  9-17  lanceolate  to 
rag-lanceolate  more  or  less  falcate  long-pointed  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  leaflets 


178 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  unequal  base,  sessile,  except  the  terminal  leaflet,  or  short-stalked, 
dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  pilose  above,  and  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below, 
4 '-8'  long,  l'-3'  wide,  with  a  narrow  yellow  midrib  and  conspicuous  veins.  Flowers: 
stamina te  in  slender  puberulous  clustered  aments  3'-5'  long,  from  buds  formed  in  the  axils 
of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  or  occasionally  on  shoots  of  the  year,  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
light  yellow-green  and  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  lobes  rather 
shorter  than  the  oblong  or  obovate  bract;  stamens  5'  or  6';  anthers  yellow,  slightly  villose; 
pistillate  in  few  or  many  flowered  spikes,  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  slightly  4-angled 
and  coated  with  yellow  scurfy  pubescence.  Fruit  in  clusters  of  3-11,  pointed  at  apex, 
rounded  at  the  narrowed  base,  4-winged  and  angled,  l'-2^'  long,  %'-l'  broad,  dark  brown 
and  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  yellow  scales,  with  a  thin,  brittle  husk  splitting  at 
maturity  nearly  to  the  base  and  often  persistent  on  the  branch  during  the  winter  after  the 
discharge  of  the  nut;  nut  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  nearly  cylindric  or  slightly  4-angled  toward 
the  pointed  apex,  rounded  and  usually  apiculate  at  base,  bright  reddish  brown,  with  irreg- 


Fig.  169 


ular  black  markings  with  a  thin  shell  and  papery  partitions;  seed  sweet,  red-brown,  its 
nearly  flat  lobes  grooved  from  near  the  base  to  the  apex  by  2  deep  longitudinal  grooves. 

A  tree,  100°-180°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  occasionally  6°  or  7°  in  diameter  above 
its  enlarged  and  buttressed  base,  stout  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  in  the  forest 
a  narrow  symmetrical  and  inversely  pyramidal  head,  or  with  abundant  room  a  broad 
round-topped  crown,  and  branchlets  at  first  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  loose 
pale  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by 
numerous  oblong  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  large  oblong  concave  leaf-scars  with 
a  broad  thin  membranaceous  border  surrounding  the  lower  axillary  bud.  Winter- 
buds  acute,  compressed,  covered  with  clusters  of  bright  yellow  articulate  hairs  and  pale 
tomentum;  terminal  \'  long;  axillary  ovoid,  often  stalked,  especially  the  large  upper 
bud.  Bark  l'-l|'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided 
into  narrow  forked  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  light  brown 
sap  wood;  less  valuable  than  that  of  most  Hickories,  and  used  chiefly  for  fuel,  and  occa- 
sionally in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  agricultural  implements.  The  nuts,  which 
vary  in  size  and  shape  and  in  the  thickness  of  their  shells  and  in  the  quality  of  the  kernels, 
are  an  important  article  of  commerce. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  .ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  in  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  Iowa  (Clinton  and  Muscatine  Counties),  southern  Illinois,  southwestern 


JUGLANDACE.E 


179 


Indiana  (Sullivan  and  Spencer  Counties),  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  western  Mis- 
sissippi and  Louisiana,  extreme  western  and  southwestern  Missouri  (Jackson  County  south- 
ward, common  only  on  the  Marias  de  Cygne  River),  eastern  Kansas  to  Kickapoo  Island 
in  the  Missouri  River  near  Fort  Leavenworth,  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of  the  Salt  Fork 
of  the  Arkansas  River  (near  Alva»  Woods  County)  and  to  creek  valleys  near  Cache,  Co- 
manche  County  (G.  W.  Stevens),  through  Arkansas;  and  in  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's 
River  and  to  that  of  Warder's  Creek,  Hardiman  County;  reappearing  on  the  mountains  of 
Mexico;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Largely  cultivated  in  the  Southern  States,  in  many  selected  varieties,  for  its  valuable 
nuts. 

2.  Carya  texana  Schn.    Bitter  Pecan. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  slender  petioles,  and  7-13  lanceolate  acuminate  finely  serrate 
leaflets,  hoary-tomentose  when  they  unfold,  and  more  or  less  villose  in  the  autumn,  thin 
and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  puberulous 
below,  3' -5'  long,  about  1^'  wide,  the  terminal  leaflet  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute  base 
and  short-stalked,  the  lateral  often  falcate,  unsymmetrical  at  the  base,  subsessile  or  short- 


Fig.  170 


stalked.  Flowers:  staminate  in  villose  aments  2'-3'  long,  light  yellow-green  and  villose 
on  the  outer  surface,  with  oblong-ovate  rounded  lobes;  pistillate  in  few  fruited  spikes, 
oblong,  slightly  4-angled,  villose.  Fruit  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  apiculate  at  apex, 
slightly  4-winged  at  base,  dark  brown,  more  or  less  covered  with  yellow  scales,  l£'-2'  long, 
with  a  thin  husk;  nut  oblong-ovoid  or  oblong-obovoid,  compressed,  acute  at  the  ends, 
short-pointed  at  apex,  apiculate  at  base,  obscurely  4-angled,  bright  red-brown,  rough  and 
pitted,  with  a  thin  brittle  shell,  thin  papery  walls,  and  a  low  basal  ventral  partition;  seed 
very  bitter,  bright  red-brown,  flattened,  its  lobes  rounded  and  slightly  divided  at  apex, 
longitudinally  grooved  and  deeply  penetrated  on  the  outer  face  by  the  prominent  reticu- 
lated folds  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  shell  of  the  nut. 

A  tree,  sometimes  100°  high  on  the  bottoms  of  the  Brazos  River,  with  a  tall  straight 
trunk  3°  in  diameter,  and  ascending  branches,  or  on  the  borders  of  prairies  in  low  wet 
woods  usually  15°-25°  tall,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches 
forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick 
hoary  tomentum  sometimes  persistent  until  the  autumn,  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by 
occasional  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  winter  and  by  the  large  concave  obcordate 
leaf-scars  nearly  surrounding  the  lowest  axillary  bud,  becoming  darker  in  their  second 
season  and  dark  or  light  gray-brown  in  their  third  year.  Winter-buds  covered  with  light 


180  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

yellow  articulate  hairs;  the  terminal  oblong,  acute,  or  acuminate,  somewhat  compressed, 
about  j'  long,  and  rather  longer  than  the  upper  lateral  bud.  Bark  |'-f '  thick,  light  reddish 
brown,  and  roughened  by  closely  appressed  variously  shaped  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
close-grained,  tough  and  strong,  light  red-brown,  with  pale  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  and  low  wet  woods;  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos  River, 
Texas;  near  Lake  Charles,  Calcasieu  Parish,  and  Laurel  Hill,  West  Feliciana  Parish,  Lou- 
isiana; near  Natchez,  Adams  County,  Mississippi;  valley  of  the  Arkansas  River  (Arkansas 
Post,  Arkansas  County,  and  Van  Buren,  Crawford  County),  Arkansas. 

3.  Carya  cordiformis  K.  Koch.    Pignut.    Bitternut. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  with  slender  pubescent  or  hirsute  petioles,  and  7-9  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate  long-pointed  sessile  leaflets  coarsely  serrate  except  at  the 
equally  or  unequally  cuneate  or  subcordate  base,  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  gla- 
brous above,  lighter  and  pubescent  below,  especially  along  the  midrib,  4 '-6'  long,  f'-li' 
wide,  or  occasionally  2'-4'  wide  (var.  latifolia  Sarg.).  Flowers:  staminate  in  slightly 


Fig.  171 


pubescent  aments,  3'-4'  long,  coated  with  rufous  hairs  like  its  ovate  acute  bract;  stamens 
4,  with  yellow  anthers  deeply  emarginate  and  villose  at  apex;  pistillate  in  1  or  2-flowered 
spikes,  slightly  4-angled,  covered  with  yellow  scurfy  tomentum.  Fruit  cylindric  or  slightly 
compressed,  f'-U'  long,  obovoid  to  subglobose,  or  oblong  and  acute  at  apex  (var.  elongata 
Ashe),  4-winged  from  the  apex  to  about  the  middle,  with  a  thin  puberulous  husk,  more  or 
less  thickly  coated  with  small  yellow  scales;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  often  broader  than  long, 
compressed  and  marked  at  base  with  dark  lines  along  the  sutures  and  alternate  with  them, 
depressed  or  obcordate,  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  or  short  point  at  apex,  gray 
tinged  with  red  or  light  reddish  brown,  with  a  thin  brittle  shell;  seed  bright  reddish  brown, 
very  bitter,  much  compressed,  deeply  rugose,  with  irregular  cross-folds. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  oblong 
pale  lenticels,  bright  green  and  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  rusty  hairs  when  they  first 
appear,  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first  summer,  reddish 
brown  and  lustrous  during  the  winter  and  ultimately  light  gray,  with  small  elevated  ob- 
scurely 3-lobed  obcordate  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  compressed,  scurfy  pubescent,  bright 
yellow;  terminal  |'-f'  long,  oblique  at  apex,  with  2  pairs  of  scales;  lateral  2-angled,  often 
stalked,  f'-J'  long,  with  ovate  pointed  slightly  accrescent  scales  keeled  on  the  back. 
Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  into  thin  plate-like  scales  sepa- 


JUGLANDACE^E  181 

rating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  flakes.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close- 
grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used 
for  hoops  and  ox-yokes,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  near  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps  or  on  high  rolling 
uplands  often  remote  from  streams,  southern  Maine  to  Quebec  and  Ontario,  the  northern 
shores  of  the  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  northern  Minnesota,  southeastern  Nebraska, 
eastern  Kansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  southward  to  northwestern  Florida,  Dallas  County, 
Alabama,  and  eastern  Texas;  generally  distributed,  but  not  very  abundant  in  all  the  cen- 
tral states  east  and  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  ranging  farther  north  than  the 
other  species,  and  growing  to  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin; 
the  common  Hickory  of  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Kansas. 

A  natural  hybrid,  X  C.  Brownii  Sarg.  of  C.  cordif&rmis  with  C.  pecan,  with  characters 
intermediate  between  those  of  its  supposed  parents,  occurs  on  bottom-land  of  the  Ar- 
kansas River  near  Van  Buren,  Crawford  County,  Arkansas.  Probably  of  the  same  parent- 
age is  the  so-called  Galloway  Nut  found  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio.  Another  hybrid, 
X  C.  Brownii  var.  varians  Sarg.,  probably  of  the  same  parentage  also,  occurs  near  Van 
Buren.  X  C.  Laneyi  Sarg.,  a  natural  hybrid  evidently  of  C.  cordifarmis  with  C.  ovata,  has 
been  found  in  Rochester,  New  York,  and  trees  considered  varieties  of  the  same  hybrid, 
var.  chateaugayensis  Sarg.,  occur  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chateaugay  River,  Province  of 
Quebec,  and  at  Summertown,  Ontario. 

4.  Carya  aquatica  Nutt.    Water  Hickory. 

Leaves  9'-15'  long,  with  slender  dark  red  puberulous  or  tomentose  petioles,  and  7-13 
ovate-lanceolate  long-pointed  falcate  leaflets  symmetrical  and  rounded  or  cuneate  and  un- 
symmetrical  and  oblique  at  base,  finely  or  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  stalked,  3'-5'  long, 


Fig.  172 

f'-l|'  wide,  covered  with  yellow  glandular  dots,  thin,  dark  green  above,  brown  and  lus- 
trous or  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  slender  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  the  terminal  leaflet  more  or  less  decurrent  by  its  wedge-shaped  base  on  a  slender 
stalk  or  rarely  nearly  sessile.  Flowers:  staminate  in  solitary  or  fascicled  hirsute  aments 
2|'-3'  long,  covered  like  their  bract  with  yellow  glandular  pubescence;  stamens  6,  with 
yellow  puberulous  anthers;  pistillate  in  several  flowered  spikes,  oblong,  slightly  flat- 
tened, 4-angled,  glandular-pubescent.  Fruit  often  in  3  or  4-fruited  clusters,  much  com- 
pressed, usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  rounded  at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  rounded 
or  abruptly  narrowed  at  apex,  conspicuously  4-winged,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  covered 


182  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

more  or  Jess  thickly  with  bright  yellow  scales,  1^'  long,  l'-lj'  wide,  with  a  thin  brittle 
husk  splitting  tardily  and  usually  only  to  the  middle;  nut  flattened,  slightly  obovoid, 
nearly  as  broad  as  long,  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  at  the  nar- 
row base,  4-angled  and  ridged,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  longitudinally  and  very  irregularly 
wrinkled,  with  a  thin  shell;  seed  oblong,  compressed,  dark  brown,  irregularly  and  usually 
longitudinally  furrowed,  very  bitter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2°  in  diameter,  slender 
upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  dark  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray 
lustrous  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  at  first  slightly  glandular  and 
coated  with  loose  pale  tomentum,  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  the  summer,  and  marked 
during  the  winter  by  small  nearly  oval  or  obscurely  3-lobed  slightly  elevated  leaf-scars, 
growing  dark  red-brown  and  ultimately  gray.  Winter-buds  slightly  flattened,  acute, 
dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  caducous  yellow  scales;  terminal  i'-j'  long,  often 
villose;  axillary  much  smaller,  frequently  nearly  sessile,  often  solitary.  Bark  \'-\'  thick, 
separating  freely  into  long  loose  plate-like  light  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy, 
strong,  close-grained,  rather  brittle,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light-colored  or  often  nearly 
white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  often  inundated  during  a  considerable  part  of  the  year  from 
southeastern  Virginia  southward  through  the  coast  regions  to  the  shores  of  Indian  River 
and  the  valley  of  the  Suwanee  River,  Florida,  through  the  maritime  portions  of  the  Gulf 
states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  western  Louisiana 
to  southeastern  Missouri,  and  to  northeastern  Louisiana,  western  Mississippi,  and  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois;  passing  into  the  var.  australis  Sarg.  with  narrower 
leaflets,  smaller  ellipsoidal  fruit,  pale  red-brown  nuts  without  longitudinal  wrinkles,  and 
with  close  not  scaly  bark  of  the  trunk.  A  large  tree  in  dry  sandy  soil;  high  banks  of  the 
St.  John's  River,  near  San  Mateo,  Putnam  County,  near  Jupiter,  Palm  Beach  County, 
banks  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River  at  Alma,  Lee  County,  and  Old  Town,  Lafayette 
County,  Florida;  near  Marshall,  Harrison  County,  Texas. 

5.  Carya  myristicaeformis  Nutt.    Nutmeg  Hickory. 

Leaves  7'-14'  long,  with  slender  terete  scurfy-pubescent  petioles,  and  7-9,  occasionally 
5,  ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  obovate  acute  leaflets  usually  equally  or  sometimes  un- 
equally cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  coarsely  serrate,  short-stalked  or  nearly 


Fig.  173 


sessile,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  and  sil- 
very white  and  very  lustrous  below,  4'-5'  long,  1'-!$'  wide,  with  a  pale  scurfy  pubescent 


JUGLANDACE^E 


183 


midrib;  changing  late  in  the  season  to  bright  golden-bronze  color  and  then  very  conspicu- 
ous. Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  3'-4'  long  and  coated  like  the  ovate-oblong  acute 
bract  and  calyx  of  the  flower  with  dark  brown  scurfy  pubescence;  stamens  6,  with  yellow 
anthers;  pistillate  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  slightly  4-angled,  covered  with  thick 
brown  scurfy  pubescence.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  ellipsoidal  or  slightly  obovoid,  4-ridge"d 
to  the  base,  with  broad  thick  ridges,  1|'  long,  coated  with  yellow-brown  scurfy  pubescence, 
the  husk  not  more  than  ^V  thick,  splitting  nearly  ^o  the  base;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  some- 
times slightly  obovoid,  1'  long,  f '  broad,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  ends,  smooth,  dark 
reddish  brown,  and  marked  by  longitudinal  broken  bands  of  small  gray  spots  covering 
the  entire  surface  at  the  ends  with  a  thick  hard  and  bony  shell,  a  thick  partition,  and  a 
low  thin  dorsal  division;  seed  sweet,  small,  dark  brown;  the  lobes  deeply  2-lobed  at  apex. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  2°  in  diameter,  stout  slightly 
spreading  branches  forming  a  comparatively  narrow  rather  open  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  coated  with  lustrous  golden  or  brown  scales  often  persistent  until  the  second  year, 
light  brown  or  ashy  gray  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  dark  reddish  brown,  and 
marked  by  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  small  oval  emarginate  elevated  leaf-scars. 
Winter-buds  covered  with  thick  brown  scurvy  pubescence;  terminal  \'-\'  long,  ovoid, 
rather  obtuse;  axillary  much  smaller,  acute,  slightly  flattened,  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
often  solitary.  Bark  |'-f '  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  irregularly  into 
small  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  80-90  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  rivers  and  swamps  in  rich  moist  soil  or  rarely  on  higher  ground; 
eastern  South  Carolina,  central  Alabama,  eastern,  and  northwestern  (bluffs  of  the  Yazoo 
River  at  Yazoo  City)  Mississippi,  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  southeastern 
Oklahoma  to  Clear  Boggy  Creek,  western  Choctaw  County,  and  in  Beaumont  County, 
Texas;  on  the  mountains  of  northeastern  Mexico;  rare  and  local;  abundant  only  in  southern 
Arkansas. 

6.  Carya  ovata  K.  Koch.    Shellbark  Hickory.    Shagbark  Hickory. 
Leaves  8'-14'  long,  with  stout  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles,  and  5  or  rarely  7  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate  leaflets,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  more  or  less 


Fig.  174 

thickly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  finely  serrate  except  toward  the  usually  cuneate  base,  dark 
yellow- green  and  glabrous  above,  paler,  glabrous  and  lustrous  or  puberulous  below,  the 
terminal  leaflet  decurrent  on  a  slender  stalk,  5'-7'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  rather  larger  than  the 
sessile  or  short-stalked  upper  leaflets,  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest 


184  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

/ 

pair.  Flowers:  staminate  opening  after  the  leaves  have  grown  nearly  to  their  full  size,  in 
slender  light  green  glandular-hirsute  aments  4'-5'  long,  glandular-hirsute,  their  elongated 
ovate-lanceolate  acute  bract  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  ovate  concave  rounded  or 
acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4,  with  yellow  or  red  anthers  hirsute  above  the  middle;  pistillate 
in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  -5'  long,  clothed  with  rusty  tomentum.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
subglobose,  rather  longer  than  broad  or  slightly  obovoid,  depressed  at  apex,  dark  reddish 
brown  or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  roughened  by  small  pale  lenticels,  glabrous  or  pilose, 
l'-2^'  long,  the  husk,  f— |'  thick,  splitting  freely  to  the  base;  nut  oblong,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  broad,  or  obovoid  and  broader  than  long,  compressed,  prominently  or  obscurely 
4-ridged  and  angled,  acute  and  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  or  rounded  or  nearly 
truncate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  pale  or  nearly  white,  with  a 
usually  thin  shell;  seed  light  brown,  lustrous,  sweet,  with  an  aromatic  flavor. 

A  tree,  70°-90°  and  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
in  the  forest  often  free  of  branches  for  50°-60°  above  the  ground  and  then  divided  into  a 
few  small  limbs  forming  a  narrow  head,  or  with  more  space  sometimes  dividing  near  the 
ground  or  at  half  the  height  of  the  tree  into  stout  slightly  spreading  limbs,  forming  a 
narrow  inversely  conic  round-topped  head  of  more  or  less  pendulous  branches,  and  stout 
branchlets  marked  with  oblong  pale  lenticels,  covered  at  first  with  caducous  brown  scurf 
and  coated  with  pale  glandular  pubescence,  soon  bright  reddish  brown,  and  lustrous,  gla- 
brous or  pubescent,  growing  dark  gray  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  light  gray,  and 
marked  by  pale  and  slightly  elevated  ovate  semiorbicular  or  obscurely  3-lobed  leaf-scars. 
Winter-buds:  terminal  broadly  ovoid,  rather  obtuse,  |'-f  long,  £'-£'  broad,  the  3  or  4 
outer  scales  nearly  triangular,  acute,  dark  brown,  pubescent  and  hirsute  on  the  outer 
surface,  the  exterior  scales  often  abruptly  narrowed  into  long  rigid  points  and  deciduous 
before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  the  inner  scales  lustrous,  covered  with  resinous  glands, 
yellow-green  often  tinged  with  red,  oblong-obovate,  pointed,  becoming  2£'-3'  long  and 
5'  broad,  usually  persistent  until  after  the  fall  of  the  staminate  aments;  axillary  buds 
coated  at  first  with  thick  white  tomentum,  becoming  \'-%  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark 
light  gray,  f'-l'  thick,  separating  in  thick  plates  often  a  foot  or  more  long  and  6'-8'  wide, 
and  more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  trunk  by  the  middle,  giving  it  the  shaggy  appear- 
ance to  which  this  tree  owes  its  common  name.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  tough, 
close-grained,  flexible,  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  carriages,  wagons,  and  for  axe-handles,  baskets, 
and  fuel.  The  nut  is  the  common  Hickory  nut  of  commerce. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  and  the  neighborhood  of  streams  and  swamps  in  rich  deep 
moderately  moist  soil;  southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Mon- 
treal, along  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  to  central  Michigan,  central 
Wisconsin,  southeastern  Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa  and  southeastern  Nebraska,  and  south- 
ward to  western  Florida,  northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  to  eastern  Kansas,  eastern 
Oklahoma,  and  eastern  Texas;  ranging  further  north  than  other  Hickories  with  the  excep- 
tion of  C.  cordiformis ;  and  in  the  Carolinas  ascending  to  3000°  above  the  sea  in  valleys  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Variable  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  nut  and  in  the 
character  and  amount  of  pubescence  on  the  leaves  and  branchlets.  These  varieties  are 
distinguished:  var.  Nuttallii  Sarg.,  with  nuts  rounded,  obcordate  or  rarely  pointed  at 
apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  pointed  at  base,  much  compressed,  and  only  about  f '  long  and 
\'-\'  broad;  not  rare  and  widely  distributed  northward.  Var.  complanata  Sarg.,  with 
oblong-obovoid  fruit  and  broadly  obovoid  much  compressed  slightly  angled  nuts  cuneate 
at  base  and  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  obcordate  at  apex;  a  single  tree  on  the  Drushel 
Farm  near  Mt.  Hope,  Holmes  County,  Ohio.  Var.  ellipsoidalis  Sarg.,  with  ellipsoidal 
much  compressed  nuts  abruptly  long-pointed  at  apex,  and  slender  reddish  branchlets; 
near  Hannibal,  Marion  County,  and  Oakwood,  Rolles  County,  northeastern  Missouri, 
and  Indian  River,  Lewis  County,  and  near  Rochester,  Munroe  County,  New  York.  Var. 
pubescens  Sarg.,  differing  in  the  dense  pubescence  of  pale  fascicled  hairs  on  the  young 
branchlets,  and  on  the  petioles,  rachis  and  under  surface  of  the  leaflets;  bottoms  of  the 


JUGLANDACE^E 


185 


Savannah  River,  Calhoun  Falls,  Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  bottom  of  Little 
River,  Walker  County,  Georgia,  Chattanooga  Creek,  Hamilton  County,  Tennessee, 
Valley  Head,  DeKalb  County,  Alabama,  and  Columbus,  Lowndes  County,  Starkville, 
Oktibbeha  County,  and  Brookville,  Noxubee  County,  Mississippi.  More  distinct  is 

Carya  ovata  var.  fraxinifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  7'-9'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  or  puberulous  petioles  and  5  lanceolate  to 
slightly  oblanceolate  acuminate  finely  serrate  leaflets  glabrous  except  on  the  under  side  of 
the  midrib,  the  terminal  leaflet  4/-7/  long  and  1|'-1'  wide,  the  lateral  sessile,  unsymmetri- 


Fig.  175 

cal  at  base,  those  of  the  upper  pair  often  larger  than  the  terminal  leaflet,  those  of  the  lower 
pair  2'-2|'  long  and  l'-l|'  wide.  Flowers  as  in  the  species.  Fruit  obovoid,  usually 
rounded  at  apex,  compressed,  about  If  long,  the  husk  splitting  freely  to  the  base,  £'-£' 
in  thickness;  nut  much  compressed,  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  angled. 

A  large  tree  with  bark  separating  in  long  loose  plates,  and  slender  reddish  glabrous  or 
puberulous  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Near  Rochester,  Munroe  County,  New  York;  common;  near  Kingston, 
Ontario,  and  westward  through  Ohio  and  Indiana;  at  Keosauqua,  Van  Buren  County, 
Iowa,  and  near  Myers,  Osage  County,  Oklahoma. 

7.  Carya  carolinae-septentrionalis  Schn.    Shagbark  Hickory. 

Leaves  4 '-8'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles,  and  usually  5  but  occasionally  3  lanceo- 
late long-pointed  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  the  acuminate  symmetrical  or  unsymmetri- 
cal  base,  coarsely  serrate,  ciliate  with  long  white  hairs  as  the  leaves  unfold,  thin,  dark  green 
above,  pale  yellow-green  and  lustrous  below,  the  upper  leaflets  3'-4'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  and 
about  twice  as  large  as  those  of  the  lower  pair,  turning  dull  brown  or  yellow-brown  some 
time  before  falling.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slightly  villose  aments,  glandular-hirsute  on 
the  outer  surface,  with  linear  elongated  acuminate  villose  bracts;  stamens  4;  anthers 
puberulous;  pistillate  usually  in  2-flowered  spikes,  oblong  and  covered  with  clustered  golden 
hairs,  their  bract  linear  and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Fruit  broader  than  high,  or  short- 
oblong,  slightly  depressed  at  apex,  f  '-If  wide,  dark  red-brown,  roughened  by  small  pale 
lenticels,  the  husk  f'-f'  thick,  splitting  freely  almost  to  the  base;  nut  ovoid,  compressed, 
prominently  4-angled,  acute  at  ends,  nearly  white  or  pale  brown,  with  a  thin  shell;  seed 
light  brown,  sweet. 

A  tree,  on  moist  bottom-lands  sometimes  80°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and 


186 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


short  small  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  or  on  dry  hillsides  usually  not  more 
than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  generally  not  exceeding  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  slender 
red-brown  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  small  low 
truncate  or  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars,  becoming  ultimately  dull  gray-brown.  Winter- 
buds:  terminal  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  obtuse  apex,  about  £'  long,  with  glabrous 
bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  acute  and  apiculate  strongly  keeled  spreading  outer  scales, 
the  inner  scales  becoming  when  fully  grown  bright  yellow,  long-pointed,  and  sometimes  2' 


Fig.  176 

long;  axillary  buds  oblong,  obtuse,  not  more  than  Ty  long.  Bark  light  gray,  |'-f '  thick, 
separating  freely  into  thick  plates  often  a  foot  or  more  long,  3'  or  4'  wide,  and  long-persist- 
ent, giving  to  the  trunk  the  shaggy  appearance  pf  the  northern  Shagbark  Hickory.  Wood 
hard,  strong,  very  tough,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills,  river-bottoms  and  low  flat  often  inundated  woods, 
frequently  in  clay  soil;  central  North  Carolina  to  northern  Georgia,  and  through  western 
North  Carolina  to  eastern  Tennessee,  eastern  Mississippi,  and  in  Cullman  and  Dallas 
Counties,  Alabama. 

8.  Carya  laciniosa  Schn.    Big  Shellbark.    King  Nut. 

Leaves  15'-22'  long,  with  stout  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles  often  persistent  on  the 
branches  during  the  winter,  and  5-9,  usually  7,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  broadly 
obovate  leaflets,  the  upper  5'-9'  long  and  3'-5'  wide  and  generally  two  or  three  times  as 
large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair,  usually  equilateral  and  acuminate  at  apex,  equally  or  un- 
equally cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  often  oblique  base,  finely  serrate,  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  or  bronzy  brown  and  covered  with  soft 
pubescence  below.  Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  5 '-8'  long,  glabrous  or  covered  with 
rufous  scurfy  tomentum,  with  linear-lanceolate  acute  bracts  two  or  three  times  as  long 
as  the  broad  rounded  calyx-lobes;  anthers  hirsute,  yellow,  more  or  less  deeply  emarginate; 
pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  oblong-ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  slightly 
angled,  clothed  with  pale  tomentum,  their  linear  bracts  acute  much  longer  than  the  nearly 
triangular  bractlets  and  calyx-lobe.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pah's,  ellipsoidal,  ovoid  or  sub- 
globose,  depressed  at  apex,  roughened  with  minute  orange-colored  lenticels,  downy  or 
glabrous,  light  orange-colored  or  dark  chestnut-brown  at  maturity,  If  '-2^'  long  and  If '-2' 
broad,  with  a  hard  woody  husk  pale  and  marked  on  the  inside  with  dark  delicate  veins,  and 
\'-\'  thick;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  slightly  obovoid,  longer  than  broad  or  sometimes  broader 
than  long,  flattened  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  or  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base 


JUGLANDACE^E 


187 


and  occasionally  acuminate  at  apex,  more  or  less  compressed,  prominently  4-ridged  and 
angled  or  often  6-ridged,  furnished  at  base  with  a  stout  long  point,  light  yellow  to  reddish 
brown,  \\'-Z\'  long  and  H'-lf  wide,  with  a  hard  bony  shell  sometimes  \'  thick;  seed 
light  chestnut-brown,  very  sweet. 

A  tree,  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  straight  slender  trunk  often  free  of  branches  for 
more  than  half  its  height  and  rarely  exceeding  3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and  stout  dark  or  light  orange-colored  branch- 
lets  at  first  pilose  or  covered  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence  or  tomentum,  roughened  by 
scattered  elevated  long  pale  lenticels,  orange-brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  during 
their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  oblong  3-lobed  emarginate  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds: 
terminal  ovoid,  rather  obtuse,  sometimes  1'  long  and  •§'  wide,  and  three  or  four  times  as 
large  as  the  axillary  buds,  usually  covered  by  11  or  12  scales,  the  outer  dark  brown,  puber- 
ulous, generally  keeled,  with  a  long  point  at  apex,  the  inner  scales  obovate,  pointed  or 
rounded  at  apex,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  or  bright  red  or  yellow,  covered  with  silky 
pubescence  on  the  outer  face,  slightly  resinous,  becoming  2'-3'  long  and  1'  wide.  Bark 
l'-2'  thick,  light  gray,  separating  into  broad  thick  plates  frequently  3°-4°  long,  sometimes 


Fig.  177 


remaining  for  many  years  hanging  on  the  trunk.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and 
tough,  close-grained,  very  flexible,,  dark  brown,  with  comparatively  thin  nearly  white 
sapwood.  The  large  nuts  are  often  sold  in  the  markets  of  western  cities  and  commercially 
are  not  often  distinguished  from  those  of  the  Shellbark  Hickory. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  usually  inundated  during  several  weeks  of  every  year; 
central  and  western  New  York  and  southeastern  Ontario,  and  westward  through  southern 
Ohio,  southern  Michigan,  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  southeastern  Iowa  and  southeastern 
Nebraska,  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Kansas  and  northeastern  Okla- 
homa, and  southward  through  eastern  Pennsylvania  to  western  West  Virginia;  in  south- 
eastern Tennessee;  banks  of  the  Alabama  River,  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  and  in  West 
Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana. 

X  Carya  Nussbaumerii  Sarg.  with  leaves  like  those  of  C.  laciniosa,  slender  branchlets, 
and  large  fruit  of  the  shape  of  that  of  the  Pecan  but  without  sutural  wings  and  white  or 
nearly  white  nuts,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  has  been  found  near  Fayette- 
ville,  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois,  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County,  Indiana,  near  Burlington,  Des 
Moines  County,  Iowa,  and  from  the  neighborhood  of  Rockville,  Bates  County,  Missouri. 

Trees  intermediate  in  character  between  C.  laciniosa  and  C.  ovata  growing  on  the  bottoms 
of  the  Genessee  River  at  Golah,  Munroe  County,  New  York,  and  believed  to  be  hybrids 
of  these  species,  are  X  C.  Dunbarii  Sarg. 


188 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


9.  Carya  alba  K.  Koch.    Hickory. 

Leaves  glandular,  resinous,  fragrant,  8'-12'  long,  with  petioles  covered  like  the  rachis 
and  the  under  surface  of  the  leaflets  with  fascicled  hairs,  and  5  or  7  oblong-lanceolate  to  ob- 
ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  gradually  or  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly  equilateral,  equally  or 
unequally  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  minutely  or  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  dark  yellow-green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  lustrous,  paler  or  light  orange- 
colored  or  brown  on  the  lower  surface,  the  upper  leaflets  5' -8'  long  and  3'-5'  wide,  and 
two  or  three  times  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair.  Flowers :  staminate  in  aments 
4'-5'  long,  with  slender  light  green  stems  coated  with  fascicled  hairs,  pale  yellow- 
green,  scurfy-pubescent,  with  elongated  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  ending  in  tufts  of  long 
pale  hairs,  and  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4,  with  oblong 
bright  red  hirsute  anthers;  pistillate  in  crowded  2-5-flowered  spikes,  slightly  contracted 
above  the  middle,  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  the  bract  ovate,  acute,  sometimes  £' 
long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  nearly  triangular  bractlets  and  calyx- 
lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  ellipsoidal  or  obovoid,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends, 
acute  at  apex,  abruptly  contracted  toward  the  base,  rarely  obovoid  with  a  stipe-like  base 


Fig.  178 


(var.  ficoides  Sarg.),  or  ovoid  with  a  long  acuminate  apex  (var.  ovoidea  Sarg.),  pilose  or 
nearly  glabrous,  dark  red-brown,  If '-2'  long,  with  a  husk  about  i'  thick  splitting  to  the 
middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  nut  nearly  globose,  ellipsoidal,  obo void-oblong  or  ovoid, 
narrowed  at  ends,  rounded  at  base,  acute,  and  sometimes  attenuated  and  long-pointed  at 
apex,  much  or  only  slightly  compressed,  obscurely  or  prominently  4-ridged,  light  reddish 
brown,  becoming  darker  and  sometimes  red  with  age,  with  a  very  thick  hard  shell  and 
partitions;  in  drying  often  cracking  transversely;  seed  small,  sweet,  dark  brown,  and 
lustrous. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  usually  much  smaller,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  3°  in 
diameter,  comparatively  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  or  often  a  broad  round- 
topped  head  of  upright  rigid  or  of  gracefully  pendulous  branches,  and  stout  branchlets 
clothed  at  first  with  pale  fascicled  hairs,  rather  bright  brown,  nearly  glabrous  or  more  or 
less  pubescent,  and  marked  by  conspicuous  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  season,  be- 
coming light  or  dark  gray,  with  pale  emarginate  leaf-scars  almost  equally  lobed,  or  elon- 
gated with  the  lowest  lobe  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  others.  Whiter-buds:  ter- 
minal broadly  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  f '-f '  long,  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  axillary 
buds,  the  three  or  four  outer  bud-scales  ovate,  acute,  often  keeled  and  apiculate,  thick  and 
firm,  dark  reddish  brown  and  pilose,  usually  deciduous  late  in  the  autumn,  the  inner  scales 


JUGLANDACE^ 


189 


ovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  light  green  covered  with  soft  silky 
pubescence  on  the  outer,  and  often  bright  red  and  pilose  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming 
I'-l^'  long  and  \'  broad.  Bark  |'-f  thick,  close,  slightly  ridged  by  shallow  irregular 
interrupted  fissures  and  covered  by  dark  gray  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  tough,  strong,  close-grained,  flexible,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  Shell  bark  Hickory. 

Distribution.  Eastern  Massachusetts  southward  to  Lake  County,  Florida,  and  east- 
ern Texas,  and  through  Ohio,  southwestern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan,  Illinois  and  Indi- 
ana to  southeastern  Iowa,  and  through  Missouri  to  eastern  Oklahoma;  comparatively  rare 
at  the  north,  growing  on  dry  slopes  and  ridges  and  less  commonly  on  alluvial  bottom- 
lands; absent  from  eastern  Canada,  northern  and  western  New  England,  and  New  York 
except  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  the  most  abundant  and  generally  distributed  Hick- 
ory-tree of  the  southern  states,  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio 
River  and  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  commonly  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas, 
and  occasionally  in  other  southern  states  represented  by  var.  subcoriacea  Sarg.,  differing 
in  its  larger,  thicker,  more  pubescent  leaflets,  more  prominently  angled  fruit  with  a  thicker 
husk,  larger  nuts,  and  in  its  longer  winter-buds  often  |'  long  and  f '  in  diameter. 

X  Carya  Schneckii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  C.  alba  and  C.  pecan,  has  been 
found  at  Lawrenceville,  Lawrence  County,  Illinois,  and  near  Muscatine,  Muscatine 
County,  Iowa. 

10.  Carya  leiodermis  Sarg. 

Leaves  12'-14'  long,  with  slender  petioles  and  rachis  slightly  or  densely  pubescent  with 
fascicled  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  and  7  or  rarely  5  thin  finely  serrate 
leaflets,  long-pointed  at  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and  unsymmetrical  at  base, 


Fig.  179 

at  first  hoary  tomentose  below  and  pubescent  above,  becoming  dark  green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on 
the  stout  midrib,  the  terminal  oblong-obovate  with  a  stalk  £'— f '  in  length,  or  nearly  ses- 
sile, of  the  same  shape  and  often  smaller  than  the  nearly  sessile  upper  leaflets,  4 '-5'  long  and 
2'-2f  wide,  and  much  larger  than  the  lanceolate  lower  leaflets.  Flowers:  staminate  open- 
ing after  the  leaves  have  grown  nearly  to  their  full  size,  in  slender  puberulous  aments 


190 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


4'-4^'  long;  bract  of  the  flower  ovate,  lanceolate,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  long  white 
hairs  mixed  with  stipitate  glands,  a  third  longer  than  the  ciliate  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4, 
anthers  red,  covered  with  long  rigid  white  hairs;  pistillate  in  short  spikes,  then-  involucre 
and  bracts  densely  clothed  with  white  hairs.  Fruit  broadly  obovoid,  smooth,  glabrous  or 
puberulous,  covered  with  scattered  white  scales,  l^'-lf-'  long,  about  \\'  in  diameter,  the 
husk  I'  to  nearly  £'  thick,  opening  freely  to  the  base  usually  only  by  two  sutures;  nut  el- 
lipsoidal or  slightly  obovoid,  little  compressed,  rounded  at  the  ends,  tinged  with  red,  with 
a  shell  £'-£'  thick;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  60°-75°  tall  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  stout  often  pendulous 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  reddish  brown  lustrous  branch- 
lets  puberulous  or  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  gla- 
brous by  the  end  of  their  first  season.  Winter-buds :  terminal  acute,  about  \'  long,  the 
outer  scales  pubescent,  the  inner  covered  with  appressed  pale  hairs  and  ciliate  on  the 
margins:  axillary  buds  ovoid  and  rounded  at  apex  or  subglobose.  Bark  close,  pale,  only 
slightly,  ridged. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods;  Louisiana  to  southern  Arkansas,  and  in  northwestern 
Mississippi  (bluffs,  Yazoo  County) ;  most  abundant  in  western  Louisiana  from  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  Red  River,  and  in  Tangipahoa  Parish  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

Passing  into  var.  callicoma  Sarg.,  differing  in  the  thinner  husk  of  the  fruit  and  hi  the 
bright  red  color  of  the  unfolding  leaves. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods;  valley  of  the  Calcasieu  River  (near  Lake  Charles),  west- 
ern Louisiana  to  that  of  the  Neches  River  (near  Beaumont),  Texas;  in  western  and 
southern  Mississippi  (Warren,  Adams,  Hinds,  Lafayette,  Copiah,  Lowndes  and  Oktibbeha 
Counties). 

11.  Carya  pallida  Ashe. 

Leaves  7'-15'  long,  with  slender  petioles  and  rachis  covered,  like  the  under  side  of  the  mid- 
rib, with  prominent  persistent  clusters  of  fascicled  hairs  mixed  with  silvery  scales,  and 


Fig.  180 

usually  7,  rarely  9,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaflets,  the  terminal  rarely  obovate,  finely 
serrate,  resinous,  fragrant,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  and 
often  unsymmetrical  at  base,  covered  in  spring  with  small  silvery  peltate  scales,  and  at  ma- 
turity light  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  below,  the  terminal 
short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  4 '-6'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  and  as  large  or  slightly  larger 
than  the  upper  lateral  leaflets,  those  of  the  lower  pairs  usually  not  more  than  2'  long  and 


JUGLANDACEyE  191 

\'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  covered  with  fascicled  hairs  and  silvery  scales, 
1\ r'-5'  long,  pubernlous  and  glandular  on  the  outer  surface,  with  linear  acuminate  bracts; 
stamens  4,  anthers  hirsute;  pistillate  usually  solitary,  oblong,  covered  with  yellow  scales, 
their  bract  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Fruit  pubescent  and  covered  with 
yellow  scales,  ellipsoidal  to  obovoid,  broad-obovoid,  subglobose  to  depressed-globose,  and 
from  £'-H'  in  length,  with  a  husk  from  $'-£'  in  thickness,  splitting  tardily  to  the  base  by  2 
or  3  of  the  sutures,  or  occasionally  remaining  unopened  until  midwinter;  nut  white,  rounded 
at  the  ends,  or  obcordate  or  obtusely  pointed  at  apex,  compressed,  more  or  less  prominently 
ridged  nearly  to  the  base,  with  a  shell  i'-TV  thick;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  occasionally  90°-110°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2f°-3°  in  diameter,  usually  not  more 
than  30°-40°  tall,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  branches,  the  upper  erect,  the  lower 
often  pendulous,  and  slender  red-brown  glabrous  or  pubescent  branchlets.  Winter-buds 
acute  or  obtuse,  reddish  brown,  puberulous  and  covered  with  silvery  scales,  the  terminal 
|'  long  with  6-9  scales  and  rather  larger  than  the  lateral  buds  usually  covered  with  fewer 
scales.  Bark  of  large  trees  grown  in  good  soil  pale  and  slightly  ridged,  that  of  trees 
on  dry  ridges,  rough,  deeply  furrowed,  dark  gray  and  southward  often  nearly  black.  Wood 
brown  with  nearly  white  sapwood;  probably  little  used  except  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cape  May,  New  Jersey,  in  southern 
Delaware,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Maryland  peninsula;  common  in  rich  soil  in 
Gloucester  and  James  City  Counties,  Virginia,  growing  here  to  its  largest  size,  and  south- 
ward from  southeast  Virginia  through  the  Piedmont  region  of  North  and  South  Carolina, 
ascending  to  altitudes  of  2200°  in  the  mountain  valleys  of  these  states;  common  in  north- 
ern and  central  Georgia  and  southeastern  Tennessee,  occasionally  reaching  the  Georgia 
coast  and  the  southwestern  part  of  that  state;  in  western  Florida,  through  northern  and 
central  Alabama  to  Dallas  County,  and  through  southern  Mississippi  to  northeastern 
Louisiana  (near  Kentwood,  Tangipahoa  Parish) ;  in  Mississippi  extending  northward  to 
the  valley  of  the  Yazoo  River  in  Yazoo  County;  in  northern  Tennessee  (Lexington, 
Henderson  County) ;  in  Alabama  the  common  Hickory  on  the  dry  gravelly  and  poor 
soils  of  the  upland  table-lands  and  ridges  of  the  central  part  of  the  state. 

12.  Carya  glabra  Sweet.     Pignut. 
Carya  porcina  Nutt. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles  and  rachis,  and  5  or  rarely  7  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate  finely  serrate  leaflets  acuminate  at  the  ends,  yellow-green  and  glabrous 
above,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  midrib  below,  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  obo- 
vate,  4 '-4^'  long  and  5'  or  6'  wide,  and  raised  on  a  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  stalk, 
%'-%'  in  length,  the  lateral  leaflets  sessile,  those  of  the  upper  pair  about  the  size  of  the 
terminal  leaflet,  and  two  or  three  times  larger  than  those  of  the  lower  pair.  Flowers:  stamin- 
ate in  short-stalked  pubescent  aments  2'-2^'  long,  yellow-green,  the  bract  villose,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4,  anthers  yellow,  villose  toward  the  apex;  pistillate 
in  few-flowered  spikes,  oblong,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  like  the  lanceolate  acuminate 
bract.  Fruit  obovoid,  compressed,  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  and  often 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  stipe-like  base,  about  1'  long  and  £'  wide,  with  a  husk  from 
iV-i'  in  thickness,  opening  late  by  one  or  two  sutures  or  often  remaining  closed;  nut 
obovoid,  compressed,  without  ridges,  rounded  or  slightly  obcordate  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  rounded  below,  with  a  hard  thick  shell;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  60°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-2^°  in  diameter,  with  small  spreading  often  drooping 
branches  forming  a  tall  narrow  head,  and  slender  glabrous  reddish  branchlets  marked  by 
pale  lenticels.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  light  brown,  glabrous,  £'-£'  long  and  l'-\'  in 
diameter,  the  inner  scales  covered  with  close  pubescence.  Bark  close,  ridged,  light  gray. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong  and  tough,  flexible,  light  or  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter- 
colored  sapwood;  used  for  the  handles  of  tools  and  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  agri- 
cultural implements,  and  largely  for  fuel. 


192 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.     Hillsides  and  dry  ridges;  southwestern  Vermont  to  western  New  York, 
southeastern  Ontario,  southern  Indiana  and  southwestern  Illinois,  and  southward  to  Dela- 


Fig.  181 

ware,  the  District  of  Columbia  and  eastern  Virginia,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
to  North  Carolina;  in  northern,  central  and  eastern  Georgia,  northern  Alabama  and  eastern 
Mississippi. 

The  name  "  Pignut "  usually  applied  to  this  tree  and  to  the  forms  of  C.  ovalis  Sarg., 
especially  in  the  north,  properly  belongs  to  C.  cordiformis  Schn. 

Passing  into 

Carya  glabra  var.  megacarpa  Sarg. 
Carya  megacarpa  Sarg. 

Leaves  12'-14'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles  and  5-7  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate 
leaflets  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  unsymmetrical  at 
base,  finely  serrate,  glabrous  or  very  rarely  pubescent,  often  furnished  below  with  small 
clusters  of  axillary  hairs,  the  three  upper  8'-10'  long  and  1^'-2|'  wide  and  about  twice  as 
large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slightly  villose  aments  2^'-3'  in 
length,  villose,  their  bract  long-pointed,  acuminate,  villose,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx- 
lobes,  stamens  4-6,  anthers  yellow,  villose  above  the  middle;  pistillate  in  short-stalked 
spikes,  their  involucre  only  slightly  angled,  covered  with  pale  yellow  hairs,  the  bract  acu- 
minate, twice  longer  than  the  bractlets  and  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  oblong-obovoid  with  a  stipe- 
like  base  to  short-obovate  and  rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  rarely  depressed  at 
apex,  slightly  flattened,  often  covered  with  bright  yellow  scales,  l'-2'  long,  l'-l  £'  in  diameter, 
with  a  husk  i'— 5'  in  thickness,  opening  tardily  to  the  middle  usually  by  one  or  by  two  su- 
tures, or  often  remaining  closed;  nut  broadest  toward  the  rounded  apex  or  oblong  and  oc- 
casionally acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  base,  often  compressed,  slightly 
or  rarely  prominently  angled  (f.  angulata  Sarg.),  with  a  shell  f '-^'  in  thickness;  seed  small 
and  sweet. 

A  tree  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  2°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  and  drooping 
branches,  and  stout  or  rarely  slender  glabrous  branchlets,  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  their 


JUGLANDACILE 


193 


first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown.    Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  up    to  \' 

in  length,  the  inner  scales  puberulous.     Bark  close,  only  slightly  ridged,  light  or  dark  gray. 

Distribution.     Rochester,  Munroe  County.  New  York,  through  southern  Ohio  and 

Indiana  to  southern  Illinois  (Tunnel  Hill,  Johnson  County);  coast  of  New  Jersey;  District 


Fig.  182 


of  Columbia  and  southward  to  the  shores  of  Indian  River  and  the  valley  of  the  Callusa- 
hatchie  River,  Florida,  and  through  southern  Alabama  to  western  Louisiana;  one  of  the 
commonest  Hickories  in  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states,  occa- 
sionally ranging  inland  to  central  and  northern  Georgia  and  western  Mississippi. 

13.  Carya  ovalis  Sarg. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  with  slender  petioles  often  scurfy-pubescent  early  in  the  season, 
soon  glabrous,  and  7  or  rarely  5  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  or  occasionally  obovate  finely 
serrate  leaflets,  long-pointed  and  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  and  un- 
symmetrical  at  base,  early  in  the  season  often  scurfy-pubescent  and  furnished  below  with 
small  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  the  upper  6'  or  7'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide,  and 
raised, on  a  stalk  \'-\'  in  length,  the  lateral  sessile,  those  of  the  upper  pah's  as  large  or 
slightly  smaller  than  the  terminal  leaflet.  Flowers:  staminate  in  puberulous  aments  6'-7' 
long,  pubescent,  their  bracts  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4,  an- 
thers yellow,  thickly  covered  with  pale  hairs;  pistillate  in  1  or  2-flowered  spikes,  obovoid, 
more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  yellow  scales.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
rounded  at  base,  puberulous,  \'-\\'  long,  about  f '  in  diameter,  with  a  husk  Ty-TV  m  thick- 
ness, splitting  freely  to  the  base;  nut  pale,  oblong,  slightly  flattened,  rounded  at  base,  acute 
or  acuminate  and  4-angled  at  apex,  the  ridges  extending  for  one-third  or  rarely  for  one- 
half  of  its  length,  with  a  shell  rarely  more  than  £'  in  thickness;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  sometimes  100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  small  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  narrow  often  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  lustrous  red-brown 
branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  often  slightly  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
glabrous.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  acute  or  acuminate;  the  terminal  often  \'  long  and 
twice  as  large  as  the  lateral,  the  outer  scales  red-brown,  lustrous  and  glabrous,  the  inner  cov- 
ered with  close  pale  tomentum.  Bark  slightly  ridged,  pale  gray,  usually  separating  freely 
into  small  plate-like  scales,  or  occasionally  close.  Wood  heavy,  hard  and  tough,  flexible, 
light  or  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sap  wood;  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  in  the 
manufacture  of  wagons  and  agricultural  implements,  and  largely  for  fuel. 


194 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.     Hillsides  and  rich  woods;  western  New  York,  eastern  Pennsylvania  and 
the  District  of  Columbia  to  southern  Illinois  and  central  Iowa  (Ames,  Story  County),  and 


southward  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  to  central  Georgia  and 
Alabama;  usually  rare  and  local;  most  abundant  and  generally  distributed  in  Indiana.  With 
its  varieties  usually  but  incorrectly  called  "  Pignut." 

The  following  varieties  differing  in  the  shape  of  their  fruit  are  distinguished: 

Carya  ovalis  var.  obcordata  Sarg. 

Carya  microcarpa  Darling,  in  part. 
Hicoria  microcarpa  Britt.  in  part. 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  I'-lJ'  in  diameter,  with  a  husk 
Ty-f  in  thickness,  splitting  freely  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the  base  by  often  narrow-winged 


Fig.  184 


sutures;  nut  much  compressed,  slightly  angled  and  often  broadest  above  the  middle, 
rounded  and  usually  more  or  less  obcordate  at  apex,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base. 


JUGLANDACE.E 


195 


Distribution.  Southern  New  England  to  southern  Wisconsin,  southwestern  Missouri, 
western  North  Carolina,  central  and  eastern  Georgia,  eastern  Mississippi  and  centra) 
Alabama;  the  common  and  most  widely  distributed  northern  variety  of  Gary  a  ovalis;  com- 
mon in  the  mountain  districts  of  central  Alabama;  varying  to  the  f.  vestita  Sarg.  with 
stouter  branchlets  covered  during  their  first  year  with  rusty  tomentum  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  in  their  second  and  third  seasons,  leaflets  slightly  pubescent  below,  and  with 
more  compressed  nuts  and  puberulous  wrinter-buds.  A  single  tree  near  Davis  Pond,  Knox 
County,  Indiana. 

Carya  ovalis  var.  odorata  Sarg. 

Carya  microcarpa  Darling,  in  part. 
Hicoria  microcarpa  Britt.  in  part. 
Hicoria  glabra  var.  odorata  Sarg.  in  part. 

Fruit  subglobose  or  slightly  longer  than  broad,  much  flattened,  £'-f '  in  diameter,  with  a 
husk  not  more  than  2y  in  thickness,  splitting  freely  to  the  base  by  sutures  sometimes  f  ur- 


% 


Fig.  185 


nished  with  narrow  wings;  nut  compressed,  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  or  acute  at  base, 
slightly  or  nor  at  all  ridged,  pale  or  nearly  white,  with  a  shell  TV  or  less  in  thickness. 

Distribution.  Southern  New  England,  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia to  western  New  York,  and  southeastern  Ontario,  and  through  Ohio  and  Indiana  to 
southern  Illinois;  near  Atlanta,  Georgia,  and  Starkville,  Oktibbaha  County,  Mississippi; 
less  variable  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit  than  the  other  varieties  of  C.  ovalis. 


Carya  ovalis  var.  obovalis  Sarg. 

Hicoria  glabra  Sarg.  in  part. 

Fruit  more  or  less  obovoid,  about  1'  long  and  f '  in  diameter,  with  a  husk  Ty-f  thick, 
splitting  freely  to  the  base.  (Fig.  186.) 

Distribution.  Southern  New  England  to  Missouri  and  northern  Arkansas;  on  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina,  on  the  coast  of  Georgia  and  in  north  central  Alabama.  The 
common  "  Pignut "  in  the  middle  western  states,  varying  to  f.  acuta  Sarg.  with  nuts 
pointed  at  the  ends  and  closer  bark;  only  near  Rochester,  Munroe  County,  New  York. 

Other  forms  of  C.  ovalis  are  var.  hirsuta  Sarg.  (Hicoria  glabra  hirsuta  Ashe)  with  obovoid 
compressed  fruit  narrowed  into  a  stipitate  base,  with  a  husk  |'— |'  in  thickness,  scaly 
bark,  pubescent  winter-buds,  leaves  with  pubescent  petioles  and  leaflets  pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface;  a  common  tree  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  up  to  altitudes  of 
2000°  above  the  sea;  and  var.  borealis  Sarg.  (Hicoria  borealift  Ashe)  with  pubescent  branch- 


196 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fig.  186 


lets  and  winter-buds,  leaves  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid  flattened 
fruit  with  a  husk  $'-£'  in  thickness,  an  ovoid  nut  ridged  to  the  base,  and  scaly  bark;  only 
in  southeastern  Michigan. 

14.  Carya  floridana  Sarg. 

Leaves  6'-8'  long,  with  slender  petioles  rusty  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
glabrous,  with  5  or  rarely  7  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  leaflets  long-pointed  and  acuminate 
at  apex,  unsymmetrical  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  serrate  with  remote  cartilaginous 
teeth,  sessile  or  the  terminal  leaflet  short-stalked,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  rufous 


9 

I 


Fig.  187 


pubescence,  soon  glabrous,  at  maturity  thin,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  yellow- 
green  above,  often  brownish  below,  the  upper  three  3^'-4'  long,  1/-2'  wide,  and  about  twice 
larger  than  those  of  the  lowest  pair.  Flowers:  staminate  in  long-stalked  scurfy  pubescent 
aments  l'-l£'  in  length,  produced  at  the  base  of  branchlets  of  the  year  from  the  axils  of 


JUGLANDACE.E 


197 


t 


bud-scales,  and  often  of  leaves,  scurfy  pubescent,  their  bract  ovate,  acuminate,  a  third 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4  or  5,  anthers  yellow,  slightly  villose  near  the  apex; 
pistillate  in  1  or  2-flowered  spikes,  obovoid,  thickly  covered,  like  their  bracts,  with  yellow 
scales.  Fruit  obovoid,  gradually  narrowed,  rounded  and  sometimes  slightly  depressed  at 
apex,  narrowed  below  into  a  short  stipe-like  base,  occasionally  slightly  winged  at  the  sutures, 
often  roughened  by  prominent  reticulate  ridges,  puberulous  and  covered  with  small  yellow 
scales,  f  '-1|'  long,  f '-!'  in  diameter  with  a  husk  yV~i'  thick,  splitting  freely  to  the  base 
by  2  or  3  sutures;  nut  pale  or  reddish,  subglobose,  not  more  than  f '  in  diameter,  or  ovoid 
or  rarely  oblong,  acute  at  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  compressed,  with 
a  shell  jV"?'  m  thickness. 

A  tree  50°-70°  high  with  a  trunk  up  to  20'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches  form- 
ing a  broad  head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  coated  with  rufous  pubescence,  soon  puber- 
ulous or  glabrous,  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  winter; 
or  in  dry  sand  often  a  shrub  producing  abundant  fruit  on  stems  3°  or  4°  high.  Winter- 
buds  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  outer  scales  covered  with  thick  rusty  pubescence  and  more 
or  less  thickly  with  yellow  or  rarely  silvery  scales,  the  inner  coated  with  pale  pubescence; 
the  terminal  1'-%'  in  length  and  twice  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds.  Bark  slightly  ridged, 
close  dark  gray-brown.  Wood  dark  brown,  with  pale  sapwood;  probably  used  only  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  ridges  and  low  hills,  Florida;  east  coast,  Volusia  County  to 
Jupiter  Island,  Palm  Beach  County;  in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula  as  a  shrub,  from 
Orange  to  De  Soto  Counties,  and  on  the  shores  of  Pensacola  Bay. 

15.  Carya  Buckleyi  Durand. 
Carya  texana  Buckl.,  not  Le  Conte 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  slender  petioles  rusty  pubescent  and  sparingly  villose  early  in 
the  season,  and  5-7,  usually  7,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  acuminate  bluntly  serrate  sessile 


Fig.  188 


leaflets,  the  terminal  occasionally  broadly  obovate  and  abruptly  pointed,  and  sometimes 
raised  on  a  winged  stalk  $'—5'  in  length,  when  they  unfold  thickly  covered  with  rusty  pubes- 
cence mixed  with  small  white  scales  and  villose  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins, 


198  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

and  at  maturity  dark  green,  lustrous,  glabrous  or  puberulous  along  the  midrib  above, 
paler,  glabrous  or  sparingly  villose  and  furnished  with  small  tufts  of  axillary  hairs  below, 
the  upper  three  leaflets  4'-6'  long  and  2'-2£'  wide,  and  twice  the  size  of  those  of  the  lowest 
pair.  Flowers:  staminate  in  rusty  pubescent  aments  2'-3'  long,  their  bract  slender,  long 
acuminate,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4  or  5,  anthers 
yellow,  slightly  villose  toward  the  apex;  pistillate  in  1  or  2-flowered  short-stalked  spikes, 
slightly  angled,  thickly  coated  with  rufous  hairs  like  the  bract  and  bractlets.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  puberulous,  Ij'-lf '  in  diameter,  with  a  husk  Ty~i'  thick,  splitting  freely  to  the  base 
by  slightly  winged  sutures;  nut  slightly  compressed,  rounded  at  base,  abruptly  narrowed 
and  acute  at  apex,  4-angled  above  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  dark  reddish  brown, 
conspicuously  reticulate- venulose  with  pale  veins,  with  a  shell  about  £'  thick;  in  drying 
often  cracking  longitudinally  between  the  angles;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-45°  or  rarely  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-24'  in  diameter,  large  spread- 
ing often  drooping  more  or  less  contorted  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  light 
red-brown  branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  more  or  less  densely  rusty  pubescent  during 
their  first  season  and  dark  gray-brown  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  the  following  year. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  covered  with  rusty  pubescence  mixed  with  silvery  scales,  furnished  at 
apex  with  long  pale  hairs;  the  terminal  bud  abruptly  contracted  and  long-pointed  at  apex, 
f '-%'  in  length  and  |'— |'  in  diameter,  and  2  or  3  times  larger  than  the  flattened  acute  lateral 
buds.  Bark  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  rough,  dark  often  nearly  black.  Wood  hard,  brittle, 
little  used  except  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  uplands  with  Post  and  Black  Jack  Oaks;  northern  and  eastern 
Texas  (Grayson,  Cherokee,  San  Augustine  and  Atascosa  Counties),  and  in  central  Okla- 
homa (dry  sand  hills,  Muskogee  County). 

Carya  Buckleyi  var.  arkansana  Sarg. 
Carya  arkansana  Sarg. 

Differing  from  Carya  Buckleyi  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit  and  sometimes  in  the  bark  of  the 
trunk.  Fruit  obovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  or  abruptly  COD- 


r 


Fig.  189 


tracted  into  a  more  or  less  developed  stipe  at  base,  or  ellipsoidal,  or  ovoid  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  t'-l^'  in  length  and  in  diameter,  with  .a  husk  TV-y  thick,  splitting  to  the  middle  or 
nearly  to  the  base  by  slightly  winged  sutures;  nut  oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  at 


JUGLANDACE.E 


199 


I 


the  ends,  compressed,  slightly  4-angled  occasionally  to  the  middle,  pale  brown,  with  a 
shell  £'—5'  in  thickness;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  from  60°-75°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter;  southward  usually  much  smaller. 
Bark  on  some  trees  dark  gray,  irregularly  fissured,  separating  into  thin  scales,  and  on  others 
close,  nearly  black  and  deeply  divided  into  rough  ridges. 

Distribution.  Dry  hillsides,  rocky  ridges,  or  southward  on  sandy  upland;  southwestern 
Indiana  (Knox  County),  southern  Illinois,  northeastern  Missouri  and  southward  through 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma,  western  Louisiana  and  northern  and  eastern 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Atascosa  River,  Atascosa  County;  the  common  Hickory  of  the 
Ozark  Mountain  region,  Arkansas,  and  here  abundant  on  dry  rocky  ridges  at  altitudes 
of  1200°-! 800°;  in  Texas  the  common  Hickory  from  the  coast  to  the  base  of  the  Edwards 
Plateau;  trees  with  the  smallest  fruit  northward;  those  with  the  largest  fruit  with  thickest 
husks  in  Louisiana,  and  in  southern  Arkansas  (f.  pachylemma  Sarg.),  a  tree  with  slender 
nearly  glabrous  branchlets,  deeply  fissured  pale  gray  bark,  rusty  pubescent  winter-buds 
and  fruit  2|'  long  and  2'  in  diameter,  with  a  husk  \'  in  thickness. 

Carya  Buckleyi  var.  villosa  Sarg. 

Hicoria  glabra  var.  villosa  Sarg. 

Hicoria  villosa  Ashe. 

Carya  villosa  Schn. 

Carya  glabra  var.  villosa  Robins. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  with  slender  petioles  and  rachis  pubescent  with  fascicled  hairs  early  in 
the  season,  generally  becoming  glabrous,  and  5-7,  usually  7,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  finely 
serrate  leaflets  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  and  often  unsym- 
metrical  at  base,  sessile  or  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  short-stalked,  dark  green  and  gla- 


Fig.  190 

brous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  the  low::-  side  of  the  midrib  often  covered  with  fasci- 
cled hairs,  the  upper  leaflets  3'-4>'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  and  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  low- 
est pair.  Flowers :  staminate  in  aments  pubescent  with  fascicled  hairs,  4/-8/  long,  pubescent, 
their  bract  acuminate,  not  much  longer  than  the  rounded  calyx-lobes;  pistillate  in  1  or 
2-flowered  spikes,  rusty  pubescent,  slightly  angled.  Fruit  obovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  rounded 
at  apex,  cuneate  and  often  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  stipitate  base,  rusty  pubescent  and 
covered  with  scattered  yellow  scales,  about  1'  long  and  f  in  diameter,  with  a  husk  iV  in 
thickness,  splitting  tardily  to  the  base  by  1  or  2  sutures  or  indehiscent;  nut  ovoid,  rounded 


200  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

at  base,  pointed  at  apex,  only  slightly  angled,  faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  a  shell  rarely 
more  than  T^'  in  thickness;  seed  small  and  sweet. 

A  tree  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  often  contorted  branches  and 
slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  rusty  pubescence  mixed  with  fascicled  hairs  and 
pubescent  or  glabrous  during  their  first  winter.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  covered  with 
rusty  pubescence  mixed  with  yellow  scales,  often  furnished  near  the  apex  with  tufts  of 
white  hairs,  the  terminal  \r  long  and  about  twice  as  large  as  the  compressed  axillary 
buds. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  hills,  Allenton,  Saint  Louis  County,  Missouri.  Distinct  from 
other  forms  of  Carya  Buckleyi  in  the  often  indehiscent  fruit  and  more  numerous  and 
longer  fascicled  hairs,  and  possibly  better  considered  a  species. 

DC.    BETULACE^. 

Trees,  with  sweet  watery  juice,  without  terminal  buds,  their  slender  terete  branchlets 
marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels  and  lengthening  by  one  of  the  upper  axillary  buds 
formed  in  early  summer,  and  alternate  simple  penniveined  usually  doubly  serrate  deciduous 
stalked  leaves,  obliquely  plicately  folded  along  the  primary  veins,  their  petioles  in  falling 
leaving  small  semioval  slightly  oblique  scars  showing  three  equidistant  fibro-vascular 
bundle-scars;  stipules  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Flowers  vernal,  appearing 
with  or  before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  or  rarely  autumnal,  monoecious,  the  staminate 
1-3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  an  elongated  pendulous  lateral  ament  and  composed 
of  a  2-4-parted  membranaceous  calyx  and  2-20  stamens  inserted  on  a  receptacle,  with  dis- 
tinct filaments  and  2-celled  erect  extrorse  anthers  opening  longitudinally,  or  without  a 
calyx,  the  pistillate  in  short  lateral  or  capitate  aments,  with  or  without  a  calyx,  a  2-celled 
ovary,  narrowed  into  a  short  style  divided  into  two  elongated  branches  longer  than  the 
scales  of  the  ament  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  or  at  the  apex,  and  a  single  anatropous 
pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  mostly  1-celled  1-seeded  nut,  the 
outer  layer  of  the  shell  light  brown,  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  inner  thick,  hard,  and 
bony.  Seed  solitary  by  abortion,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut,  suspended,  without  albu- 
men, its  coat  membranaceous,  light  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  much 
longer  than  the  short  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

Of  the  six  genera,  all  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  five  are  found  in  North 
America;  of  these  only  Corylus  is  shrubby. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  ament  deciduous;  nut  wingless,  more  or  less  inclosed  in  an  involucre 
formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  bract  and  bractlets  of  the  flower;  staminate  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  ament;  caylx  0;  pistillate  flowers  with  a 
calyx. 

Staminate  aments  covered  during  the  winter:  involucre  of  the  fruit  flat,  3-cleft,  foli- 

aceous.  1.  Carpinus. 

Staminate  aments  naked  during  the  winter:  involucre  of  the  fruit  bladder-like,  closed. 

2.  Ostrya. 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  ament  persistent  and  forming  a  woody  strobile ;  nut  without  an  in- 
volucre, more  or  less  broadly  winged;  staminate  flowers  3-6  together  in  the  axils  of  the 
scales  of  the  ament;  calyx  present;  pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx. 
Pistillate  aments  solitary,  their  scales  3-lobed,  becoming  thin,  brown,  and  woody,  de- 
ciduous; stamens  2;  filaments  2-branched,  each  division  bearing  a  half -anther; 
winter-buds  covered  by  imbricated  scales.  3.  Betula. 

Pistillate  aments  racemose,  their  scales  erose  or  5-toothed,  becoming  thick,  woody,  and 
dark-colored,  persistent;  stamens  1-3  or  4;  filaments  simple;  wings  of  the  nut  often 
reduced  to  a  harrow  border;  winter-buds  without  scales.  4.  Alnus. 


BETULACE^ 


201 


1.  CARPINUS  L.  Hornbeam. 

Trees,  with  smooth  close  bark,  hard  strong  close-grained  wood,  elongated  conic  buds 
covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  lengthening  after  the  opening  of  the 
buds.  Leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute,  often  cordate;  stipules  strap- 
shaped  to  oblong-obovate.  Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  emerging  in  very  early  spring 
from  buds  produced  the  previous  season  near  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets  of  the 
year  and  inclosed  during  the  winter,  composed  of  3-20  stamens  crowded  on  a  pilose 
receptacle  adnate  to  the  base  of  a  nearly  sessile  ovate  acute  coriaceous  scale  longer  than 
the  stamens;  filaments  short,  slender,  2-branched,  each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  oblong 
yellow  half-anther  hairy  at  the  apex;  pistillate  in  lax  semi-erect  aments  terminal  on  leafy 
branches  of  the  year,  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  an  ovate  acute  leafy  deciduous  scale,  each 
flower  subtended  by  a  small  acute  bract  with  two  minute  bractlets  at  its  base;  calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary  and  dentate  on  the  free  narrow  border.  Nut  ovoid,  acute,  compressed,  con- 
spicuously longitudinally  ribbed,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  remnants  of  the  calyx,  marked 
on  the  broad  base  by  a  large  pale  scar  and  separating  at  maturity  in  the  autumn  from  the 
leaf-like  3-lobed  conspicuously  serrate  green  involucre  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the 
bract  and  bractlets  of  the  flower  and  inclosing  only  the  base  of  the  nut,  fully  grown  at 
mid-summer  and  loosely  imbricated  into  a  long-stalked  open  cluster.  (Eucarpinus.) 

Carpinus  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  distributed  from  the  Province 
of  Quebec  through  the  eastern  United  States  to  the  highlands  of  Central  America  in  the 
New  World,  and  from  Sweden  to  southern  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  the  temperate  Himalayas, 
Korea,  southern  China,  Japan  and  Formosa  in' the  Old  World.  Fifteen  or  sixteen  species 
are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species,  the  European  and  west  Asian  Carpinus  Betulus  L. 
is  frequently  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  United  States,  where  some 
of  the  species  of  eastern  Asia  promise  to  become  valuable. 

Carpinus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Hornbeam. 

1.  Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.    Hornbeam.    Blue  Beech. 

Leaves  often  somewhat  falcate,  long-pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate  with  stout  spread- 
ing glandular  teeth,  except  at  the  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  often  unequal  base,  pale 


Fig.  191 


bronze-green,  and  covered  with  long  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin  and 
firm,  pale  dull  blue-green  above,  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  below,  with 
small  tufts  of  white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2'-4'  long,  I'-lf '  wide,  with  a  slender 
yellow  midrib,  numerous  slender  veins  deeply  impressed  and  conspicuous  above,  and 
prominent  cross  veinlets;  turning  deep  scarlet  and  orange  color  late  in  the  autumn; 


202  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

petioles  slender,  terete,  hairy,  about  $'  long,  bright  red  while  young;  stipules  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  pubescent,  hairy  on  the  margins,  bright  red  below,  light  yellow-green  at  the 
apex,  I'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  1|'  long  when  fully  grown,  with  broadly  ovate 
acute  boat-shaped  scales  green  below  the  middle,  bright  red  above;  pistillate  aments  £'-• |' 
long,  with  ovate  acute  hairy  green  scales;  styles  scarlet.  Fruit:  nut  \'  long,  its  involucre 
short-stalked,  with  one  of  the  lateral  lobes  often  wanting,  coarsely  serrate,  but  usually  on 
one  margin  only  of  the  middle  lobe,  I'-l^'  long,  nearly  1'  wide,  crowded  on  slender  terete 
pubescent  red-brown  stems  5'-6'  in  length. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  short  fluted  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter, 
long  slightly  zigzag  slender  tough  spreading  branches  pendulous  toward  the  ends,  and 
furnished  with  numerous  short  thin  lateral  branches  growing  at  acute  angles,  and  branch- 
lets  at  first  pale  green  coated  with  long  white  silky  hairs,  orange-brown  and  sometimes 
slightly  pilose  during  the  summer,  becoming  dark  red  and  lustrous  during  their  first  winter 
and  ultimately  dull  gray  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  about  |'  long,  with 
ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  scales  white  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  light  gray- 
brown,  sometimes  marked  with  broad  dark  brown  horizontal  bands,  TV-f '  thick.  Wood 
light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  for  levers,  the  handles  of 
tools,  and  other  small  articles. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  generally  in  deep  rich  moist  soil;  Nova 
Scotia  and  southern  and  western  Quebec  to  the  northern  shores  of  Georgian  Bay,  south- 
ward to  the  shores  of  Indian  River  and  those  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to 
central  Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa  (Sharpy  County),  eastern  Nebraska  (reported),  eastern 
Kansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  eastern  Texas;  reappearing  on  the  mountains  of  southern 
Mexico  and  Central  America;  common  in  the  eastern  and  central  states;  most  abundant 
and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  and 
in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

2.  OSTRYA  Scop.    Hop  Hornbeam. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  heavy  hard  strong  close-grained  wood,  and  acute  elongated 
winter-buds  formed  in  early  summer  and  covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the 
inner  lengthening  after  the  opening  of  the  bud.  Leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud; 
petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  hairy;  stipules  strap-shaped  to  oblong-obovate.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  long  clustered  sessile  or  short-stalked  aments  developed  in  early  summer 
from  lateral  buds  near  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets  of  the  year  and  coated  while 
young  with  hoary  tomentum,  naked  and  conspicuous  during  the  winter,  and  composed  of 
3-14  stamens  crowded  on  a  pilose  receptacle  adnate  to  the  base  of  an  ovate  concave  scale 
rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  longer  than  the 
stamens;  filaments  short,  2-branched,  each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  half-anther  hairy  at 
the  apex;  pistillate  in  erect  lax  aments  terminal  on  short  leafy  branches  of  the  year,  in  pairs 
at  the  base  of  an  elongated  ovate  acute  leaf-like  ciliate  scale  persistent  until  midsummer, 
each  flower  inclosed  in  a  hairy  sack-like  involucre  formed  by  the  union  of  a  bract  and  2 
bractlets;  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  denticulate  on  the  free  narrow  border.  Nut  ovoid, 
acute,  flattened,  obscurely  longitudinally  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  calyx, 
marked  at  the  narrow  base  by  a  small  circular  pale  scar,  inclosed  in  the  much  enlarged  pale 
membranaceous  conspicuously  longitudinally  veined  reticulate-venulose  involucres  of  the 
flower,  short,  pointed  and  hairy  at  the  apex,  hirsute  at  the  base,  with  sharp  rigid  stinging 
hairs,  imbricated  into  a  short  strobile  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  and  suspended  on  a 
slender  hairy  stem. 

Ostrya  is  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Texas, 
northern  Arizona,  and  to  the  highlands  of  southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala  in  the  New 
World,  and  through  southern  Europe  and  southwestern  Asia,  and  in  northern  Japan  and 
on  the  Island  of  Quelpart  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  four  species  now  recognized  two  are 
North  American. 

Ostrya  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Hop  Hornbeam. 


BETULACE.E  203 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex.  1.  O.  virginiana  (A,  C). 

Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex.  2.  O.  Knowltonii  (F). 

1.  Ostrya  virginiana  K.  Koch.    Hop  Hornbeam.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  point  or  acute  at  apex, 
narrowed  and  rounded,  cordate,  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  often  unequal  base,  sharply  serrate, 
with  slender  incurved  callous  teeth  terminating  at  first  in  tufts  of  caducous  hairs,  when  they 
unfold  light  bronze-green,  glabrous  above  and  coated  below  on  the  midrib  and  primary 
veins  with  long  pale  hairs,  at  maturity  thin  and  extremely  tough,  dark  dull  yellow-green 
above,  light  yellow-green  and  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of 
the  veins  below,  3'-5'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  impressed  and  puberulous 
above,  light  yellow  and  pubescent  below,  and  numerous  slender  veins  forked  near  the 
margins;  turning  clear  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  petioles  hairy  about  i'  long; 
stipules  rounded  and  often  short-pointed  at  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  long  pale 
hairs,  hairy  on  the  back,  about  \'  long  and  £'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  about 
£'  long  during  their  first  season,  with  light  red-brown  rather  loosely  imbricated  scales  nar- 


Fig.  192 


rowed  into  a  long  slender  point,  becoming  when  the  flowers  open  2'  long,  with  broadly 
obovate  scales  rounded  and  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  point,  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  green  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  light  brown  toward  the  base;  pistillate 
aments  slender,  about  \'  long,  on  thin  hairy  stems,  their  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  light 
green,  often  flushed  with  red  above  the  middle,  hirsute  at  the  apex,  decreasing  in  size  from 
the  lowest.  Fruit:  nuts  \'  long,  about  \'  wide,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  below  the  apex, 
their  involucres  in  clusters  l^'-2'  long  and  f '-!'  wide,  on  slender  hairy  stems  about  1'  in 
length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  usually  not  more  than 
20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  thick,  long  slender  branches  drooping  at  the  ends  and 
forming  a  round-topped  or  open  head  frequently  50°  across,  and  slender,  very  tough  branch- 
lets,  light  green,  coated  with  pale  appressed  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light 
orange  color  and  very  lustrous  by  midsummer,  glabrous,  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous  during 
their  first  winter,  and  then  growing  gradually  darker  brown  and  losing  their  lustre;  or  cov- 
ered like  the  petioles  and  peduncles  with  short  erect  glandular  hairs  (var.  glandulosa  Sarg.)- 


204  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Winter-buds  ovoid,  light  chestnut-brown,  slightly  puberulous,  £'  long.  Bark  about  \' 
thick,  broken  into  thick  narrow  oblong  closely  appressed  plate-like  light  brown  scales 
slightly  tinged  with  red  on  the  surface.  Wood  strong,  hard,  tough,  durable,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red  or  often  nearly  white,  with  thick  pale  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual 
growth;  used  for  fence-posts.,  handles  of  tools,  mallets,  and  other  small  articles. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  often  in  the  shade  of  oaks  and  other  large 
trees;  Island  of  Cape  Breton  and  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Chaleur,  through  the  valley  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  along  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  to  western  Ontario, 
Manitoba,  Minnesota,  eastern  North  Dakota,  the  foothills  of  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Da- 
kota, eastern,  northern  and  northwestern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and 
southward  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
southern  Arkansas  and  in  Texas.  From  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  western  New  England, 
western  New  York,  Ohio  and  in  Central  Michigan,  the  glandular  form  prevails:  the  two 
forms  occur  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  northern  Illinois,  southwestern  Mis- 
souri, Oklahoma,  and  southward  on  the  high  Appalachian  Mountains. 

2.  Ostrya  Knowltonii  Cov.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  acute  or  round  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  often  un- 
equal at  the  rounded  cuneate  rarely  cordate  base,  sharply  serrate  with  small  triangular 
callous  teeth,  covered  with  loose  pale  tomentum  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  dark 
yellow-green  and  pilose  above,, pale  and  soft-pubescent  below,  l'-2'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  with 
a  slender  yellow  midrib  slightly  raised  on  the  upper  side,  and  slender  primary  veins  con- 
nected by  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  turning  dull  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling; 
petioles  j'-J'  long;  stipules  pale  yellow-green,  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the  apex, 
%'  long,  about  \'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  on  stout  stalks  covered  with  rufous 
tomentum  and  sometimes  \'  long,  rarely  sessile,  about  \'  long  during  their  first  season,  with 


Fig.  193 

dark  brown  puberulous  scales  gradually  contracted  into  a  long  slender  subulate  point, 
becoming  when  the  flowers  open  l'-lj'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  concave  scales  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  nearly  triangular  point,  yellow-green  near  the  base,  bright  red 
above  the  middle;  pistillate  aments  about  \'  long,  with  ovate-lanceolate  light  yellow-green 
puberulous  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins-  Fruit:  nuts  \'  long,  gradually  narrowed  at  the 
apex,  their  involucres  1'  long,  nearly  glabrous  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  stained 
with  red  toward  the  base,  in  clusters  l'-l|'  long  and  about  f  broad,  on  stems  \'  in 
length. 


BETULACE.E  205 

A  tree  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  usually  divided  1°  or  2°  above  the 
ground  into  3  or  4  stout  upright  stems  4'-5'  thick,  slender  pendulous  often  much  contorted 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark 
green  and  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  dark  red-brown  and  pu- 
bescent during  their  first  summer,  becoming  light  cinnamon-brown,  glabrous,  and  lustrous 
in  the  winter,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  dark  brownish  red,  about  |' 
long.  Bark  internally  bright  orange  color,  £'  thick,  separating  into  loose  hanging  plate- 
like  scales  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  l'-2'  long  and  wide.  Wood  light  red- 
dish brown,  with  thin  sapwood. 

Distribution.  On  the  southern  slope  of  the  canon  of  the  Colorado  River  in  Coconino 
County,  Arizona,  at  altitudes  of  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea  (Hance  trail,  seventy  miles 
north  of  Flagstaff);  in  the  canon  of  Oak  Creek,  south  of  Flagstaff  (P.  Lowell);  and  on 
Grand  River,  Utah  (Moab,  Grant  County,  M .  E.  Jones}. 

3.  BETULA  L.    Birch. 

Trees,  with  smooth  resinous  bark  marked  by  long  longitudinal  lenticels,  often  separat- 
ing freely  into  thin  papery  plates,  becoming  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  scaly  at  the  base  of 
old  trunks,  short  slender  branches  more  or  less  erect  and  forming  on  young  trees  a  narrow 
symmetrical  pyramidal  head,  becoming  horizontal  and  often  pendulous  on  older  trees, 
tough  branchlets,  short  stout  spur-like  2-leaved  lateral  branchlets  much  roughened  by 
the  crowded  leaf-scars  of  many  years,  and  elongated  winter-buds  covered  by  numerous 
ovate  acute  scales,  and  fully  grown  and  bright  green  at  midsummer.  Leaves  open  and 
convex  in  the  bud,  often  incisely  lobed;  stipules  ovate  and  acute  or  oblong-obovate,  scarious. 
Flowers  in  3-flowered  cymes,  the  lateral  flowers  of  the  cyme  subtended  by  bractlets  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  scale  of  the  ament;  staminate  aments  long,  pendulous,  solitary  or  clus- 
tered, appearing  in  summer  or  autumn  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  a  branchlet  or  near 
the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets,  erect  and  naked  during  the  winter,  their  scales  in  the 
spring  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  short-stalked,  yellow  or  orange-color  below  the  middle  and 
dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  above  it;  staminate  flowers  composed  of  amembrana- 
ceous  4-lobed  calyx  often  2-lobed  by  suppression,  the  anterior  lobe  obovate,  rounded  at  apex, 
as  long  as  the  stamens,  much  longer  than  the  minute  posterior  lobe,  and  of  2  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  with  short  2-branched  filaments,  each  branch  bearing  an 
erect  half-anther;  pistillate  aments  oblong  or  cylindric,  terminal  on  the  short  spur-like 
lateral  branchlets,  their  scales  closely  imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  3-lobed,  light  yellow,  often 
tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  accrescent,  becoming  brown  and  woody  at  maturity, 
and  forming  sessile  or  stalked  erect  or  pendulous  short  or  elongated  strobiles  usually  ripen- 
ing in  the  autumn,  deciduous  with  the  nuts  from  the  slender  rachis;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  0;  ovary  sessile,  compressed,  with  styles  stigmatic  at  apex.  Nut  minute,  oval  or 
obovoid,  compressed,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  persistent  stigmas,  marked  at  the  base  by 
a  small  pale  scar,  the  outer  coat  of  the  shell  produced  into  a  marginal  wing  interrupted  at 
the  apex. 

Betula  is  widely  distributed  from  the  Arctic  circle  to  Texas  in  the  New  World,  and  to 
southern  Europe,  the  Himalayas,  China,  and  Japan  in  the  Old  World,  some  species  form- 
ing great  forests  at  the  north,  or  covering  high  mountain  slopes.  Of  the  twenty-eight  or 
thirty  species  now  recognized  twelve  are  found  in  North  America;  of  these  nine  are  trees. 
Of  exotic  species  the  European  and  Asiatic  Betula  pendula  Roth,  in  a  number  of  forms  is  a 
common  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  where  several  of  the  Birch-trees  of  eastern 
Asia  also  flourish.  Many  of  the  species  produce  wood  valued  by  the  cabinet-maker,  or  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-lasts,  and  other  small  articles.  The  thin  layers  of  the 
bark  are  impervious  to  water  and  are  used  to  cover  buildings,  and  for  shoes,  canoes,  and 
boxes.  The  sweet  sap  provides  an  agreeable  beverage. 

Betula  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Birch-tree. 


206  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  erect,  the  lateral  lobes  of  their  scales  broad  and  slightly 
divergent;  wing  not  broader  than  the  nut;  leaves  with  9-11  pairs  of  veins;  bark  of  young 
branches  aromatic. 

Leaves  heart-shaped  or  rounded  at  base;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous;  bark  dark 
brown,  not  separating  into  thin  layers.  1.  B.  lenta  (A,  C). 

Leaves  cuneate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base;  scales  of  the  strobiles  pubescent;  bark 
yellow,  or  silvery  white,  rarely  dull  yellowish  brown;  separating  into  thin  layers. 

2.  B.  lutea  (A). 
Strobiles  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  spreading  or  pendant,  on  slender  peduncles;  wing 

broader  than  the  nut;  leaves  with  5-9  pairs  of  veins. 

Strobiles  oblong,  erect,  ripening  in  May  or  June,  their  scales  pubescent,  deeply  lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  erect;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  glaucescent  and  more  or  less  silky-pubescent 
beneath;  bark  light  reddish-brown,  separating  freely  into  thin  persistent  scales. 

3.  B.  nigra  (A,  C). 
Strobiles  cylindric,  pendant  or  spreading. 

Scales  of  the  strobiles  pubescent,  with  recurved  lateral  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  triangu- 
lar, nearly  as  broad  as  long;  leaves  long-pointed;  petioles  slender,  elongated. 
Leaves  triangular  to  rhombic,  bright  green  and  lustrous;  bark  chalky  white,  not 
separable  into  thin  layers.  4.  B.  populifolia  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  cuneate  to  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  dull  blue-green;  bark  white 
tinged  with  pink,  lustrous,  not  easily  separable  into  thin  layers. 

5.  B.  cxfirulea  (A). 

Scales  of  the  strobiles  with  ascending  or  spreading  lateral  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  usu- 
ally acuminate,  longer  than  broad;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 
Bark  separating  freely  into  thin  layers;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous. 
Bark  creamy  white,  or  in  some  forms  orange-brown;  leaves  ovate. 

6.  B.  papyrifera  (A,  B,  C,  F). 
Bark  dull  reddish  brown  or  nearly  white;  leaves  rhombic  to  deltoid-ovate. 

7.  B.  alaskana  (A,  B). 
Bark  not  separable  into  thin  layers,  dark  brown;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous 

or  puberulous;  branchlets  glandular. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  base. 

8.  B.  fontinalis  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  rounded  or  abruptly  short-pointed,  cuneate 
at  base.  9.  B.  Eastwoodae'(F). 

1.  Betula  lenta  L.    Cherry  Birch.    Black  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  often  un- 
equal at  the  cordate  or  rounded  base,  sharply  serrate  with  slender  incurved  teeth,  or  very 
rarely  laciniately  lobed  (f .  laciniata  Rehdr.),  when  they  unfold  light  green,  coated  on  the 
lower  surface  with  long  white  silky  hairs,  and  slightly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  at  ma- 
turity thin  and  membranaceous,  dark  dull  green  above,  light  yellow-green  below,  with 
small  tufts  of  white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2|'-6'  long,  l%'-3'  wide,  with  a  yellow  mid- 
rib and  primary  veins  prominent  and  hairy  on  the  lower  surface,  and  obscure  reticulate 
cross  veinlets;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  late  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  hairy,  deeply 
grooved  on  the  upper  side,  f'-l'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  light  green  or  nearly  white, 
scarious  and  ciliate  above  the  middle.  Flowers :  staminate  aments  during  the  winter  about 
f '  long,  nearly  |'  thick,  with  ovate  acute  apiculate  scales  bright  red-brown  above  the  middle 
and  light  brown  below  it,  becoming  3'-4'  long;  pistillate  aments  £'-f '  long,  about  f '  thick, 
with  ovate  pale  green  scales  rounded  at  the  apex;  styles  light  pink.  Fruit:  strobiles  ob- 
long-ovoid, sessile,  erect,  glabrous,  I'-l^'  long,  about  %'  thick;  nut  obovoid,  pointed  at 
base,  rounded  at  apex,  about  as  broad  as  its  wing. 


BETULACE.E 


207 


A  tree,  with  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-5°  in  diameter, 
slender  branches  spreading  almost  at  right  angles,  becoming  pendulous  toward  the  ends 
and  gradually  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  open  graceful  head,  and  branchlets  light 
green,  slightly  viscid  and  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  turning  dark  orange-brown, 
lustrous  during  the  summer,  bright  red-brown  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  and 
finally  dark  dull  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  about  \' 
long,  with  ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  loosely  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner 
ranks  becoming  \'-\'  long.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  branches  close,  smooth,  lustrous, 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  marked  by  elongated  horizontal  pale  lenticels,  becoming 
on  old  trunks  £'-£'  thick,  dull,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  into  large  thick  irregular  plates 


Fig.  194 


covered  with  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained, 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  70-80  layers  of 
annual  growth;  largely  used  for  floors,  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  fuel,  and 
occasionally  in  ship  and  boatbuilding.  Sweet  birch-oil  distilled  from  the  wood  and  bark  is 
used  for  medicinal  purposes  and  for  flavoring  as  a  substitute  for  oil  of  wintergreen,  and 
beer  is  obtained  by  fermenting  the  sugary  sap. 

Distribution.  Rich  uplands  from  southern  Maine  to  northwestern  Vermont,  and  eastern 
Ohio  and  southward  to  northern  Delaware  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  al- 
titudes of  4000°  to  northern  Georgia;  in  Alabama,  and  in  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see; a  common  forest  tree  at  the  north,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 

X  Betula  Jackii  Schn.,  a  natural  hybrid  of  B.  lenta  with  B.  pumila  Michx.,  has  appeared 
in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

2.  Betula  lutea  Michx.    Yellow  Birch.    Gray  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
rounded  cuneate  or  rarely  heart-shaped  usually  oblique  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate, 
when  they  unfold  bronze-green  or  red,  and  pilose  with  long  pale  hairs  above  and  on  the 
under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  at  maturity  dull  dark  green  above,  yellow-green  below, 

4^'  long,  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  primary  veins  covered  below  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf  with  short  pale  or  rufous  hairs;  turning  clear  bright  yellow  in  the  autumn; 
petioles  slender,  pale  yellow,  hairy,  i'-l'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  light  green  tinged  with 
pink  above  the  middle,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  during  the  winter  f'-l' 
long,  about  £'  thick,  with  ovate  rounded  scales  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  above 
the  middle,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  becoming  3'-8i'  long  and  \'  thick;  pistillate  aments 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

about  f '  long,  with  acute  scales,  pale  green  below,  light  red  and  tipped  with  clusters  of  long 
white  hair  at  apex,  and  pilose  on  the  back.  Fruit:  strobiles  erect,  sessile,  short-stalked, 
pubescent,  !'-!£'  long,  about  f  thick;  nut  ellipsoidal  to  obovoid,  about  £'  long,  rather 
broader  than  its  wing. 

A  tree,  with  slightly  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk 
3°-4°  in  diameter,  spreading  and  more  or  less  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  round- 
topped  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  green  and  covered  with  long  pale  hairs,  light  orange- 
brown  and  pilose  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  orange,  and  ultimately  dull  and  darker.  Winter-buds  about  \'  long,  some- 
what viscid  and  covered  with  loose  pale  hairs  during  the  summer,  becoming  light  chest- 
nut-brown, acute,  and  slightly  puberulous  in  winter.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the 
branches  bright  silvery  gray  or  light  orange  color,  very  lustrous,  separating  into  thin  loose 
persistent  scales  more  or  less  rolled  on  the  margins,  becoming  on  old  trees  \'  thick,  reddish 


Fig.  195 

brown,  and  divided  by  narrow  irregular  fissures  into  large  thin  plates  covered  with  minute 
closely  appressed  scales,  or  sometimes  dull  yellowish  brown  (B.  alleghaniensi*  Britt.). 
Wood  heavy,  very  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sapwood;  largely  used  for  floors,  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  button  and  tassel 
moulds,  boxes,  the  hubs  of  wheels,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Moist  uplands,  and  southward  often  in  swamps;  one  of  the  largest  decid- 
uous-leaved trees  of  northeastern  America;  Newfoundland  and  along  the  northern  shores 
of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  valley  of  Rainy  River,  and  southward  to  Long  Island 
(Cold  Spring  Harbor)  and  western  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  northern  Delaware,  south- 
eastern Ohio,  northern  Indiana,  southwestern  Wisconsin,  northern,  northeastern  and  cen- 
tral Iowa,  and  from  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  to  the  highest  peaks  of 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  at  altitudes  between  3000°  and  5000°;  very  abundant  and 
of  its  largest  size  in  the  eastern  provinces  of  Canada  and  in  northern  New  York  and  New 
England;  small  and  rare  in  southern  New  England  and  southward. 

X  Betula  Purpusii  Schn.  believed  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  of  B.  lutea  with  B.  pumila 
var.  glandulifera  Regel  has  been  found  in  Michigan  and  in  Tamarack  Swamps  in  Hennepin, 
Pine  and  Anoka  Counties,  Minnesota. 

3.  Betula  nigra  L.    Red  Birch.    River  Birch. 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base, 
doubly  serrate,  and  on  vigorous  young  branches  often  more  or  less  laciniately  cut  into  acute 


BETULACEJE  209 

doubly  serrate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  light  yellow-green  and  pilose  above  and  coated 
below,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  petioles,  with  thick  white  tomentum,  at  maturity 
thin  and  tough,  l£'-3'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  deep  green  and  lustrous  above,  glabrescent,  pu- 
bescent or  ultimately  glabrous  below,  except  on  the  stout  midrib  and  remote  primary 
veins;  turning  dull  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  slightly  flattened,  tomentose, 
about  \'  long;  stipules  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  pale  green,  covered  below  with 
white  hairs.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  clustered,  during  the  winter  about  \'  long  and 
T*g  thick,  with  ovate  rounded  dull  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales,  becoming  2'-3'  long 
and  £'  thick;  pistillate  aments  about  \ '  long,  with  bright  green  ovate  scales  pubescent  on 
the  back,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  and  ciliate  with  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening 
in  May  and  June;  strobiles  cylindric,  pubescent,  \'-\\'  long,  \'  thick,  erect  on  stout  tomen- 


Fig.  196 


tose  peduncles  \*  long;  nut  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  \'  in  length,  pubescent  or  puberulous  at 
apex,  about  as  broad  as  its  thin  puberulous  wing,  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

A  tree,  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  divided  15°-20°  above  the  ground  into  2  or 
3  slightly  diverging  limbs,  and  sometimes  5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  forming  in  old 
age  a  narrow  irregular  picturesque  crown,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  pale 
or  slightly  rufous  tomentum  gradually  disappearing  before  winter,  becoming  dark  red  and 
lustrous,  dull  red-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  then  gradually  growing  slightly  darker 
until  the  bark  separates  into  the  thin  flakes  of  the  older  branches;  or  often  sending  up  from 
the  ground  a  clump  of  several  small  spreading  stems  forming  a  low  bushy  tree.  Winter- 
buds  ovoid,  acute,  about  \'  long,  covered  in  summer  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  glabrous 
or  slightly  puberulous,  lustrous  and  bright  chestnut-brown  in  winter,  the  inner  scales 
strap-shaped,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  coated  with  pale  hairs.  Bark  on  young 
stems  and  large  branches  thin,  lustrous,  light  reddish  brown  or  silvery  gray,  marked  by 
narrow  slightly  darker  longitudinal  lenticels,  separating  freely  into  large  thin  papery  scales 
persistent  for  several  years,  and  turning  back  and  showing  the  light  pink-brown  tints  of 
the  freshly  exposed  inner  layers,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  from  f '-!'  thick,  dark 
red-brown,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  closely  appressed  scales. 
Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  pale  sapwood  of  40-50  lay- 
ers of  annual  growth;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  woodenware,  wooden  shoes, 
and  in  turnery. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  ponds,  and  swamps,  in  deep  rich  soil  often  inundated 
for  several  weeks  at  a  time;  near  Manchester,  Hillsboro  County,  New  Hampshire,  north- 
eastern Massachusetts,  Long  Island,  New  York,  southward  to  northern  Florida  through 
the  region  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  except  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 


210 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


coast,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Navasota  River,  Brazos  County,  Texas, 
and  through  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  southeastern  Kansas,  and  Missouri  to  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  southern  and  eastern  Iowa,  southern  Minnesota,  the  valley  of  the  Eau 
Claire  River,  Eau  Claire  County,  Wisconsin,  southern  Illinois,  the  valley  of  the  Kankakee 
River,  Indiana,  and  southern  Ohio;  the  only  semiaquatic  species  and  the  only  species 
ripening  its  seeds  in  the  spring  or  early  summer;  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  damp 
semitropical  lowlands  of  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Texas;  the  only  Birch-tree  of  such  warm 
regions. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree,  growing  rapidly  in 
cultivation. 

4.  Betula  populifolia  Marsh.    Gray  Birch.    White  Birch. 

Leaves  nearly  triangular  to  rhombic,  long-pointed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  stout 
spreading  glandular  teeth  except  at  the  broad  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  or  cuneate  base, 
thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  and  somewhat  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  early 
in  the  season  by  small  pale  glands  in  the  axils  of  the  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  2|'-3' 
long,  1|'-2|'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  covered  with  minute  glands,  and  raised  and 
rounded  on  the  upper  side,  and  obscure  yellow  primary  veins;  turning  pale  yellow  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  slender,  terete,  covered  with  black  glands,  often  stained  with  red  on  the 
upper  side*,  f'-l'  long;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  light  green  slightly 
tinged  with  red.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  usually  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  1^'-1§' 
long,  about  f '  thick  during  the  winter,  becoming  2^'-4'  long,  with  ovate  acute  apiculate 
scales;  pistillate  aments  slender,  as  long  as  their  glandular  peduncles  about  \'  in  length, 


Fig.  197 

with  ovate  acute  pale  green  glandular  scales.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  pubescent,  ob- 
tuse at  apex,  about  f  long  and  ¥  thick,  pendant  or  spreading  on  slender  stems;  nut  ellip- 
soidal to  obovoid,  acute  or  rounded  at  base,  a  little  narrower  than  its  obovate  wing. 

A  short-lived  tree,  20°-30°  or  exceptionally  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  18'  in  diameter, 
short  slender  often  pendulous  more  or  less  contorted  branches  usually  clothing  the  stem  to 
the  ground  and  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  branchlets  roughened  by  small 
raised  lenticels,  resinous-glandular  when  they  first  appear,  gradually  growing  darker,  bright 
yellow  and  lustrous  before  autumn  like  the  young  stems,  bright  reddish  brown  during  their 
first  winter,  and  ultimately  white  near  thee trunk;  often  growing  in  clusters  of  spreading 
stems  springing  from  the  stumps  of  old  trees.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  pale  chestnut- 
brown,  glabrous,  about  \'  long.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  dull  chalky  white  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, bright  orange  on  the  inner,  close  and  firm,  with  dark  triangular  markings  at  the 


BETULACE.E 

insertion  of  the  branches,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trees  thicker,  nearly  black,  and 
irregularly  broken  by  shallow  fissures.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  not 
durable,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools, 
shoe-pegs  and  wood  pulp,  for  the  hoops  of  barrels,  and  largely  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  barren  soil  or  on  the  margins  of  swamps  and  ponds;  Prince 
Edward  Island,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  St.  Lawrence 
River  southward  to  northeastern,  central  and  on  South  Mountain,  Franklin  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  northern  Delaware,  and  westward  through  northern  New  England  and 
New  York,  ascending  sometimes  to  altitudes  of  1800°,  to  the  southern  shores  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Michigan,  Indiana;  rare  and  local  in  the  interior,  very 
abundant  in  the  coast  region  of  New  England  and  the  middle  states;  springing  up  in  great 
numbers  on  abandoned  farm-lands  or  on  lands  stripped  by  fire  of  their  original  forest  cover- 
ing; most  valuable  in  its  ability  to  grow  rapidly  in  sterile  soil  and  to  afford  protection  to 
the  seedlings  of  more  valuable  and  less  rapid-growing  trees. 

A  form  with  deeply  divided  leaves  (var.  laciniata  Loud.)  and  one  with  purple  leaves 
(var.  purpurea  E  &  B)  are  occasionally  cultivated. 

A  shrub  believed  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  of  B.  populifolia  with  B.  pumila  Michx.  has 
been  found  near  Mt.  Mansfield,  Vermont. 

5.  Betula  coerulea  Blanch.    Blue  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  long-pointed,  broadly  or  narrowly  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  often 
unequal  base,  sharply  mostly  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular 
often  apiculate  teeth,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  pale  deciduous  glands,  at 
maturity  dull  bluish  green  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  and  sparingly  villose  along  the 
under  side  of  the  slender  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins,  2'-2|'  long,  I'-lJ'  wide: 


Fig.  198 

petioles  slender,  f'-lf  long,  yellow  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red.  Flowers:  stam- 
inate  aments  usually  in  pairs,  or  singly  or  in  3's,  l|'-2'  long,  about  Ty  thick,  with  ovate 
rounded  short-pointed  scales;  pistillate  aments  slender,  about  f '  long,  with  acuminate  pale 
green  much  reflexed  scales.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  pubescent,  slightly  narrowed  at  the 
obtuse  apex,  about  1'  long  and  \'  thick,  pendant  on  slender  peduncles  \'-\'  in  length;  nut 
ellipsoidal,  much  narrower  than  its  broad  wing. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8' -10'  in  diameter,  small  ascending 
finally  spreading  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  raised  pale 
lenticels,  purplish  and  sparingly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  becoming 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


bright  red-brown;  often  forming  clumps  of  several  stems.  Bark  thin,  white  tinged  with 
rose,  lustrous,  not  readily  separable  into  layers,  the  inner  bark  light  orange  color. 

Distribution.  Moist  slopes,  Stratton  and  Windham,  Windham  County,  Vermont,  at  alti- 
tudes of  about  1800°  (W.  H.  Blanckard),  Haystack  Mountain,  Aroostook  County,  Maine 
(M.  L.  Fernald)',  the  American  representative  of  the  European  Betula  pendula  Roth.,  and 
probably  widely  distributed  over  the  hills  of  northern  New  England  and  eastern  Canada. 
Perhaps  with  its  variety  best  considered  a  natural  hybrid  between  B.  papyrifera  and  B. 
populifolia. 

Apparently  passing  into  a  form  with  larger  leaves  often  rounded  and  truncate  at  the 
broad  base,  3'-3|'  long  and  2'  wide,  stouter  staminate  aments,  and  strobiles  frequently 
l£'  long  and  |'  thick  (var.  Blanchardii  Sarg.  fig.  198  A).  This  under  favorable  conditions 
is  a  tree  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter;  common  with  Betula  coerulea  at  Wind- 
ham  and  Stratton,  Vermont  (W.  H.  Blanchard),  and  on  a  hill  near  the  coast  in  Washington 
County,  Maine  (M.  L.  Fernald). 

6.  Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.    Canoe  Birch.    Paper  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  with  a  short  broad  point,  coarsely  usually  doubly  and 
often  very  irregularly  serrate  except  at  the  rounded  abruptly  cuneate  or  gradually  nar- 
rowed base,  bright  green,  glandular-resinous,  pubescent  and  clothed  below  on  the  midrib 
and  primary  veins  and  on  the  petioles  with  long  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity 
thick  and  firm,  dull  dark  green  and  glandless  or  rarely  glandular  on  the  upper  surface,  light 
yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous,  with  small  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
primary  veins  and  covered  with  many  black  glands  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  l^'-fc7 
wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  marked,  like  the  remote  primary  veins,  with  minute 


Fig.  199 


black  glands,  turning  light  clear  yellow  in  the  auutmn;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  glandular, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  |'-f  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  pale 
hairs,  light  green.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  clustered  during  the  winter,  f'-l?'  long, 
about  i'  thick,  with  ovate,  acute  scales  light  brown  below  the  middle,  dark  red-brown 
above  it,  becoming  3£'-4'  long,  and  about  £'  thick;  pistillate  aments  I'-lf '  long,  about  TV 
thick,  with  light  green  lanceolate  scales  long-pointed  and  acute  or  rounded  at  apex;  styles 
bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  glabrous,  about  1|'  long  and  %'  thick,  hanging  on 
slender  stalks,  their  scales  very  rarely  entire  (var.  elobata  Sarg.);  nut  ellipsoidal,  about 
r\'  long,  much  narrower  than  its  thin  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  becoming  in  old  age,  or 
when  crowded  by  other  trees,  branchless  below  and  supporting  a  narrow  open  head  of 


BETULACE.E 

short  pendulous  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  light  green,  slightly  viscid,  marked  by 
scattered  orange-colored  oblong  lenticels  and  covered  with  long  pale  hairs,  dark  orange 
color  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  during  the  summer,  becoming  dull  red  in  their  first  winter, 
gradually  growing  dark  orange-brown,  lustrous  for  four  or  five  years  and  ultimately  covered 
with  the  white  papery  bark  of  older  branches.  Winter-buds  obovoid,  acute,  about  \'  long, 
pubescent  below  the  middle  and  coated  with  resinous  gum  at  midsummer,  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  glabrous  and  slightly  resinous  during  the  winter,  their  inner  scales  becoming  strap- 
shaped,  rounded  at  apex,  about  \'  long  and  \'  wide.  Bark  on  young  trunks  and  large 
limbs  thin,  creamy  white  or  rarely  bronze  color  or  orange-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  outer 
surface,  bright  orange  color  on  the  inner,  marked  by  long  narrow  slightly  darker  colored 
raised  lenticels,  separating  into  thin  papery  layers,  pale  orange  color  when  first  exposed  to 
the  light,  becoming  on  old  trunks  for  a  few  feet  above  the  ground  sometimes  \'  thick,  dull 
brown  or  nearly  black,  sharply  and  irregularly  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into 
thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  used  for  spools,  shoe-lasts, 
pegs,  and  in  turnery,  the  manufacture  of  wood-pulp,  and  for  fuel.  The  tough  resinous 
durable  bark  impervious  to  water  is  used  by  all  the  northern  Indians  to  cover  their  canoes 
and  for  baskets,  bags,  drinking-cups,  and  other  small  articles,  and  often  to  cover  their 
wigwams  in  winter. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  slopes  and  the  borders  of  streams,  lakes,  and  swamps 
scattered  through  forests  of  other  trees;  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
and  southward  to  Long  Island,  New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan, 
northern  Wisconsin,  northern-central  Iowa,  eastern  Nebraska,  North  and  South  Dakota 
and  Wyoming;  common  in  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada  and  North  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  in  northern  New  England  and  New  York;  small  and  comparatively  rare  in  the  coast 
region  of  southern  New  England  and  southward;  on  the  highest  mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land and  northward  the  var.  minor  S.  Wats  and  Cov.  is  common  as  a  small  shrub. 

Often  planted  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

X  Betula  Sandbergii  Britt.  and  its  f.  maxima  Rosend.  generally  believed  to  be  natural 
hybrids  of  B.  papyri/era  and  B.  pumila  var.  glandulifera  Regl.  occur  in  Tamarack  swamps 
in  Hennepin  County,  Minnesota. 

Passing  into  the  following  varieties. 

Betula  papyrifera  var.  cordifolia  Fern. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  and  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate,  glabrous  or  pilose  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  often  furnished 


Fig.  200 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

below  with  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  l|'-3'  long,  l'-2£'wide;  petioles  glabrous  or  rarely 
villose,  ^'-f  in  length.  Fruit:  strobiles  f '-2'  long  and  f '-|'  thick,  on  villose  peduncles  up 
to  f  in  length;  scales  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

A  tree  rarely  more  than  30°  tall,  with  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  branchlets,  and  at 
high  altitudes  on  the  New  England  mountains  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Bark  separating 
in  thin  layers,  white  or  dark  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  northern  New  England,  and  westward 
to  the  shores  of  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  and  those  of  Lake  Superior,  Minnesota  (Grand 
Marais,  Cook  County);  on  Mt.  Mitchell,  North  Carolina,  at  an  altitude  of  5550°  (W.  W. 
Ashe). 

Betula  papyrifera  var.  subcordata  Sarg. 
Betula  subcordata  Rydb. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  slightly  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  rarely 
slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  finely  often  doubly  serrate  with  teeth  pointing  forward  or 
spreading,  glabrous,  2'-2^'  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  petioles  sparingly  villose  or  glabrous,  ^'— f' 
in  length.  Fruit:  strobiles  drooping  on  slender  peduncles  1'-!$'  long,  about  $'  thick, 


Fig.  201 

their  scales  puberulous,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  middle  lobe  acute,  rather  longer  than  the 
broad  truncate  lateral  lobes;  nut  obovoid,  cuneate  at  base,  iV  long,  narrower  than  its 
wings. 

A  tree  25°-40°  or  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  slightly 
glandular  glabrous  red-brown  branchlets.  Bark  separating  freely  into  thin  layers,  white  or 
occasionally  dark  reddish  brown  or  orange  color. 

Distribution.  Alberta  (Crow  Nest  Pass,  neighborhood  of  Jasper  and  Cypress  Hills), 
through  northern  Montana  and  Idaho  to  western  Washington,  northeastern  Oregon 
(Minum  River  Valley)  and  British  Columbia. 

Betula  papyrifera  var.  montanensis  Sarg. 
Betula  montanensis  Butler. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  at  apex,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base  to  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate  and  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate,  thick,  dark  green  above,  paler,  sparingly  pubescent  and  furnished  with 


BETULACE^E 


215 


conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary  hairs  below,  3'-5'  long,  2'-2£'  wide;  petioles  puberulous, 
f'-l'  in  length.  Flowers  unknown.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  If '-2'  long,  |'  thick, 
pendent  on  puberulous  peduncles  \'-\'  in  length,  their  scales  puberulous,  finely  ciliate  on 


Fig.  202 

the  margins,  the  slender  base  of  those  below  the  middle  of  the  ament  rather  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  expanded  upper  portion  of  the  scale. 

A  tree  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  red-brown, 
lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  and  puberulous  during  their  first  season.  Winter- 
buds  narrow-obovoid,  acuminate,  dark  red-brown,  resinous,  \'  long.  Bark  white,  or  dark 
gray  or  brown. 

Distribution.  Shore  of  Yellow  Bay,  Flathead  Lake,  Flathead  County,  Montana,  and 
at  Sandpoint,  Bonner  County,  Idaho. 

Betula  papyrifera  var.  occidentalis  Sarg. 
Betula  occidentalis  Hook. 

Leaves  ovate>  acute,  or  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  occasionally  cordate 
or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  and  generally  doubly  serrate  with  straight  or 
incurved  glandular  teeth,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dull  dark  green  above,  pale  yellow-green 
below,  and  puberulous  on  both  sides  of  the  stout  yellow  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins, 
3'-4'  long,  If -2'  wide;  petioles  stout,  glandular,  at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  pubescent 
or  puberulous,  about  f '  long;  stipules  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  acute  or  apisculate 
at  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  puberulous,  glandular-viscid.  Flowers :  staminate  aments 
during  the  winter  about  f '  long  and  f'  thick,  with  ovate  scales  rounded  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed and  acute  at  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  becoming 
3'-4'  long  and  about  \'  thick;  pistillate  aments  about  1'  long  and  TV  thick,  with  acuminate 
bright  green  scales.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  puberulous,  spreading,  \\'-\\'  long,  \'-\' 
thick,  on  stout  peduncles  f '  in  length,  their  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins;  nut  oval,  about 
TV  in  length,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  its  wings. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-^°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  branches 
often  pendulous  on  old  trees,  and  pale  orange-brown  branchlets  more  or  less  glandular  and 
coated  with  long  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  orange-brown  and 
nearly  destitute  of  glands  during  their  first  winter,  and  in  their  second  year  orange- 
brown,  glabrous,  and  very  lustrous.  Winter-buds  acute,  bright  orange-brown,  \'-\'  long, 
their  light  brown  inner  scales  sometimes  becoming  f '  in  length.  Bark  thin,  marked  by 
long  oblong  horizontal  raised  lenticels,  dark  orange-brown  or  white,  very  lustrous,  sepa- 


216  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rating  freely  into  thin  papery  layers  displaying  in  falling  the  bright  orange-yellow  inner 
bark. 

Distribution.     Banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  southwestern  British  Columbia  and  north- 
western Washington  and  eastward  through  eastern  Washington  and  northern  Idaho  to 


Fig.  203 


northern  Montana  west  of  the  continental  divide;  nowhere  common  and  probably  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  alluvial  banks  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  and  on  the  islands  of  Puget 
Sound. 

Betula  papyrifera  var.  kenaica  A.  Henry.    Red  Birch.    Black  Birch. 
Betula  kenaica  Evans. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  somewhat  rounded  at  the  entire 
base,  irregularly  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate,  glabrous,  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  yel- 


Fig.  204 

low-green  below,  l£'-2'  long,  l'-lf  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  5  pairs  of  thin 
primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  f'-l'  long.    Flowers:  staminate  aments  clustered,  1'  long, 


BETULACE^E 


with  ovate  acute  scales  apiculate  at  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface;  pistillate  aments, 
i'-f'  long,  about  iV  thick,  on  slender  glandular  pubescent  peduncles  f'-f  in  length;  scales 
acuminate  light  green  strongly  reflexed;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric,  gla- 
brous, 1'  long,  their  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins;  nut  oval,  somewhat  narrower  than  its 
thin  wing. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-20'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  branches,  stout 
branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  bright  red-brown  during  2  or  3  years, 
gradually  becoming  darker.  Bark  thin,  more  or  less  furrowed,  very  dark  brown  or  nearly 
black  near  the  base  of  the  trunk,  grayish  white  or  light  reddish  brown  and  separating  into 
thin  layers  higher  on  the  stem  and  on  the  branches. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska  from  Cook  Inlet  southward  to  the  head  of  the  Lynn 
Canal. 

7.  Betula  alaskana  Sarg.    White  Birch. 

Leaves  rhombic  to  deltoid-ovate,  long-pointed,  truncate,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate, 
or  on  leading  shoots  occasionally  cordate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly 
glandular-serrate,  thin,  dark  green  above,  pale  and  yellow-green  below,  l|'-3'  long,  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins  pubescent  or  ultimately  glabrous  be- 
low; petioles  often  bright  red,  somewhat  hairy  at  first,  finally  glabrous,  about  1'  long; 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  clustered,  sessile,  1'  long,  |'  thick,  with  ovate  acuminate  scales 


Fig.  205 

puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  and  bright  red,  with  yellow  margins;  pistillate  aments  slen- 
der, cylindric,  glandular,  1'  long,  f '  thick,  on  stout  peduncles  nearly  y  in  length.  Fruit: 
strobiles  glabrous,  pendulous  or  spreading,  I'-lj'  long,  f '-£'  thick,  their  scales  ciliate  on 
the  margins;  nut  oval,  narrower  than  its  broad  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°,  occasionally  80°,  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  in  diameter,  slender 
erect  and  spreading  or  pendulous  branches,  and  glabrous  bright  red-brown  branchlets  more 
or  less  thickly  covered  during  their  first  year  with  resinous  glands  sometimes  persistent 
until  the  second  or  third  season.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  gradually  narrowed 
apex,  about  \'  long,  with  light  red-brown  shining  outer  scales  sometimes  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  and  oblong  rounded  scarious  inner  scales  hardly  more  than  \'  long  when  fully 
grown.  Bark  thin,  marked  by  numerous  elongated  dark  slightly  raised  lenticels,  dull  red- 
dish brown  or  sometimes  nearly  white  on  the  outer  surface,  light  red  on  the  inner  surface, 
close  and  firm,  finally  separable  into  thin  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.    Valley  of  the  Saskatchewan  northwestward  to  the  valley  of  the  Yukon, 


218 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


growing  sparingly  near  the  banks  of  streams  in  forests  of  coniferous  trees  and  in  large 
numbers  on  sunny  slopes  and  hillsides;  the  common  Birch-tree  of  the  Yukon  basin. 

X  Betula  commixta  Sarg.,  a  shrub,  growing  on  the  tundra  near  Dawson,  Yukon  Terri- 
tory, is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  B.  alaskana  and  B.  glandulosa  Michx. 

8.  Betula  fontinalis  Sarg.    Black  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  except  at  the 
rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate  often  unequal  base,  and  sometimes  slightly  laciniately 
lobed,  pale  green,  pilose  above,  and  covered  by  conspicuous  resinous  glands  when  they 
unfold,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  yellow-green,  rather  lus- 
trous and  covered  by  minute  glandular  dots  below,  l'-2'  long,  f'-l'  wide,  with  a  slender 
pale  midrib,  remote  glandular  veins,  and  rather  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  turning 
dull  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  puberulous,  light  yellow,  glandular-dotted, 
flattened  on  the  upper  side,  often  flushed  with  red,  $'-£'  long;  stipules  broadly  ovate, 
acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  bright  green,  soon  becoming  pale  and  scarious. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  clustered,  |'-f  long  and  y1^'  thick  during  the  winter,  with 
ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  scales  pale  and  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  becoming 
2'-2i'  long,  and  about  f  thick,  with  apiculate  scales;  pistillate  aments  short-stalked, 
about  f  long,  with  ovate  acute  green  scales;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindric, 
rather  obtuse,  puberulous  or  nearly  glabrous,  l'-l|'  long,  \'  thick,  erect  or  pendulous  on 


Fig.  206 


slender  glandular  peduncles,  J'  to  nearly  f  in  length;  their  scales  ciliate,  puberulous, 
the  lateral  lobes  ascending,  shorter  than  the  middle  lobe;  nut  ovoid  or  obovoid,  puberulous 
at  apex,  nearly  as  wide  as  its  wing. 

A  tree  20°-25°  high  with  a  short  trunk,  rarely  more  than  12'  or  14'  in  diameter,  ascending 
spreading  and  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender 
branchlets,  when  they  first  appear  light  green  glabrous  or  puberulous  and  covered  with 
lustrous  resinous  glands  persistent  during  their  second  season,  and  dark  red-brown  in  their 
first  winter;  more  commonly  shrubby,  with  many  thin  spreading  stems  forming  open  clus- 
ters, 15°-20°  high;  often  much  lower,  and  frequently , crowded  in  almost  impenetrable 
thickets.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  very  resinous,  chestnut-brown,  \'  long.  Bark  about 
¥  thick,  dark  bronze  color,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  pale  brown  longitudinal  lenticels 
becoming  on  old  trunks  often  6'-8'  long  and  \'  wide.  Wood  soft  and  strong,  light  brown, 
with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood;  sometimes  used  for  fuel  and  fencing. 

Distribution.     Moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  usually  in  mountain  canons;  gen- 


BETULACE^E 


219 


erally  distributed,  although  nowhere  very  common:  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan  (Saska- 
toon), Saskatchewan,  westward  to  the  basin  of  the  upper  Fraser  and  Pease  Rivers,  British 
Columbia,  southward  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  eastern  Utah,  northern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  the  valleys  of  the  Shasta  region  and  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
Dorthern  California,  and  eastward  in  the  United  States  to  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  and  northwestern  Nebraska. 
Passing  into 

Betula  fontinalis  var.  Piped  Sarg. 
Betula  Piperi  Britt. 

A  tree  occasionally  50°-60°  high  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  short  spreading 
branches,  and  usually  longer  and  often  narrower  strobiles. 


Fig.  207 

Distribution.    Spokane,  Spokane  County,  Almota  and  Pullman,  Whitman  County, 
eastern  Washington. 

9.  Betula  Eastwood®  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  rounded  or  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  coarsely 
serrate  except  at  the  cuneate  base,  thick,  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  pale  below,  reticulate- 


Fig.  208 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

venulose,  the  veinlets  more  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-lj'  long,  f'-l^'  wide; 
petioles  slender,  glabrous  £'-$'  in  length;  stipules  scarious,  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  apex. 
Flowers:  staminate  aments  usually  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile,  l'-l|'  long,  £'  thick,  with 
broadly  ovate  pubescent  dark  red  scales  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex;  pistillate  aments 
\'  long,  about  TV  thick,  with  acute  light  green  scales.  Fruit:  strobiles  pendulous  on 
peduncles  \'-\'  long,  cylindric,  f '  in  length,  about  £'  thick,  their  scales  glabrous  longer 
than  broad,  the  lobes  narrowed  at  the  rounded  apex,  ciliate,  the  lateral  slightly  spread- 
ing, one  third  shorter  than  the  terminal  lobe. 

A  tree  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  6'  in  diameter,  and  slender  red  gla- 
brous branchlets  thickly  covered  with  circular  white  glands.  Bark  close,  chestnut-brown, 
marked  by  conspicuous  horizontal  white  lenticels,  about  \'  thick. 

Distribution.  Swamps  near  Dawson,  Yukon  Territory,  forming  jungles  with  Betula 
glandulosa  Michx.,  B.  alaskana  Sarg.,  and  various  Willows:  as  a  large  shrub  in  Jasper 
Park  near  Jasper,  Alberta. 

4.  ALNUS  L.    Alder. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  astringent  scaly  bark,  soft  straight-grained  wood,  naked  stipitate 
winter-buds  formed  in  summer  and  nearly  inclosed  by  the  united  stipules  of  the  first  leaf, 
becoming  thick,  resinous,  and  dark  red.  Leaves  open  and  convex  in  the  bud,  falling 
without  change  of  color;  stipules  of  all  but  the  first  leaf  ovate,  acute,  and  scarious.  Flowers 
vernal,  or  rarely  opening  in  the  autumn  from  aments  of  the  year,  in  1-3-flowered  cymes, 
in  the  axils  of  the  peltate  short-stalked  scales  of  stalked  aments  formed  in  summer  or 
autumn  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  year  or  of  those  of  minute  leafy  bracts;  stamin- 
ate aments  elongated,  pendulous,  paniculate,  naked  and  erect  during  the  winter,  each 
staminate  flower  subtended  by  3-5  minute  bractlets  adnate  to  the  scales  of  the  ament,  and 
composed  of  a  4-parted  calyx,  and  1-3  or  usually  4  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx 
opposite  its  lobes,  with  short  simple  filaments;  pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect, 
stalked,  produced  in  summer  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  a  branch  developed  from  the 
axils  of  an  upper  leaf  of  the  year,  and  below  the  staminate  inflorescence,  inclosed  at  first 
in  the  stipules  of  the  first  leaf,  emerging  in  the  autumn  and  naked  during  the  winter,  or 
remaining  covered  until  early  spring;  pistillate  flowers  in  pairs,  each  flower  subtended  by 
2-4  minute  bractlets  adnate  to  the  fleshy  scale  of  the  ament  becoming  at  maturity  thick 
and  woody,  obovate,  3-5-lobed  or  truncate  at  the  thickened  apex,  forming  an  ovoid  or 
subglobose  strobile  persistent  after  the  opening  of  its  closely  imbricate'd  scales;  calyx  0; 
ovary  compressed;  nut  minute,  bright  chestnut-brown,  ovoid  to  oblong,  flat,  bearing  at 
the  apex  the  remnants  of  the  style,  marked  at  the  base  by  a  pale  scar,  the  outer  coat  of 
the  shell  produced  into  lateral  wings  often  reduced  to  a  narrow  membranaceous  border. 

Alnus  inhabits  swamps,  river  bottom-lands,  and  high  mountains,  and  is  widely  and  gen- 
erally distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  often  forming  the  most  conspicuous 
feature  of  vegetation  on  mountain  slopes,  ranging  at  high  altitudes  southward  in  the  New 
World  through  Central  America  to  Colombia,  Peru,  and  Bolivia,  and  to  upper  Assam  and 
Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  eighteen  or  twenty  species  now  recognized  nine  are  North 
American;  of  these,  six  attain  the  size  and  habit  of  trees.  Of  the  exotic  species,  Alnus 
vulgaris  Hill.,  a  common  European,  north  African,  and  Asiatic  timber-tree,  was  introduced 
many  years  ago  into  the  northeastern  states,  where  it  has  become  locally  naturalized. 
The  wood  of  Alnus  is  very  durable  in  water,  and  the  astringent  bark  and  strobiles  are  used 
in  tanning  leather  and  in  medicine. 

Alnus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Alder. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  opening  in  spring  with  or  after  the  leaves;  stamens  4;  pistillate  aments  inclosed 
during  the  winter;  wing  of  the  nut  broad;  leaves  ovate,  sinuately  lobed,  lustrous  on  the 
lower  surface.  1.  A.  sinuata  (B,  F,  G). 


BETULACfi^ 

Flowers  opening  in  winter  or  early  spring  before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  pistillate 

aments  usually  naked  during  the  winter. 

Wing  of  the  nut  broad;  leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  rusty-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface; 
pistillate  aments  often  inclosed  during  the  winter;  stamens  4.         2.  A.  rubra  (B,  G). 
Wing  of  the  nut  reduced  to  a  narrow  border. 

Stamens  4;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface. 

3.  A.  tenuifolia  (B,  F,  G). 
Stamens  usually  2,  or  3. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval.  4.  A.  rhombifolia  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  5.  A.  oblongifolia  (H). 

Flowers  opening  in  autumn  from  aments  of  the  year;  stamens  4;  wing  of  the  nut  reduced 

to  a  narrow  border;  leaves  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 

pale  yellow-green  below.  6.  A.  maritima  (A). 

1.  Alnus  sinuata  Rydb.    Alder. 

Alnus  sitchensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  and  often  unsymmetrical  and  somewhat  oblique 
or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  divided  into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes, 
sharply  and  doubly  serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  glandular-viscid  as  they  unfold, 
at  maturity  membranaceous,  yellow -green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  very  lustrous  on 


Fig.  209 


the  lower  surface,  glabrous,  or  villose  along  the  under  side  of  the  stout  midrib  with  short 
brown  hairs  also  forming  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  slender  primary  veins,  3'-6' 
long,  H'-4'  wide;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base,  ^'-f  in  length; 
stipules  oblong  to  spatulate,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  puberulous,  about  \'  long. 
Flowers :  staminate  aments  sessile,  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  sometimes  re- 
duced to  small  bracts,  and  single  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  next  below,  during  the  winter  about 
$'  long  and  \'  thick,  with  dark  red-brown  shining  puberulous  apiculate  scales,  becoming 
when  the  flowers  open  from  spring  to  midsummer  4'  or  5'  long,  with  a  puberulous  light  red 
rachis  and  ovate  acute  apiculate  3-flowered  scales;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  shorter  than  the 
4  stamens;  pistillate  aments  in  elongated  panicles,  inclosed  during  winter  in  buds  formed 
the  previous  summer  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  short  lateral  branchlets,  long-peduncu- 
late, %'  long,  y  thick.  Fruit:  strobiles  on  slender  peduncles  in  elongated  sometimes  leafy 
panicles  4'-6'  in  length,  oblong,  |'-f '  long,  about  $-'  thick,  their  truncate  scales  thickened 
at  the  apex;  nut  oval,  about  as  wide  as  its  wings. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  7'-8'  in  diameter,  short  small  nearly  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  narrow  crown,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  puberulous  and 
very  glandular  when  they  first  appear,  bright  orange-brown  and  lustrous  and  marked  by 
numerous  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  season,  much  roughened  during  their  second 
year  by  the  elevated  crowded  leaf-scars,  becoming  light  gray.  Winter-buds  acuminate, 
dark  purple,  covered  especially  toward  the  apex  with  close  fine  pubescence,  about  \'  long. 
Bark  thin  bluish  gray,  with  bright  red  inner  bark;  often  a  shrub  only  a  few  feet  tall  spread- 
ing into  broad  thickets. 

Distribution.  Northwest  coast  from  the  borders  of  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  high  moun- 
tains of  northern  California;  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  and  eastward  through 
British  Columbia  to  Alberta,  and  through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Montana;  at  the  north  with  dwarf  Willows,  forming  great 
thickets;  in  southeastern  Alaska  often  a  tall  tree  on  rich  moist  bottom-lands  near  the 
mouths  of  mountain  streams,  and  at  the  upper  limits  of  tree  growth  a  low  shrub;  very 
abundant  in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  on  the  wet  banks  of  streams  and  often  arborescent  in 
habit;  in  British  Columbia  and  the  United  States  generally  smaller  and  a  shrub,  growing 
usually  only  at  altitudes  of  more  than  3000°  above  the  sea,  and  often  forming  thickets 
on  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

2.  Alnus  rubra  Bong.    Alder. 
Alnus  oregona  Nutt. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base, 
crenately  lobed,  dentate  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  revolute  on  the 
margins,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  pale  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  dark  green  and 
glabrous  or  pilose  with  scattered  white  hairs  above,  clothed  below  with  short  rusty  pubes- 


Fig.  210 


cence,  3'-5'  long,  lf-3'  wide,  or  on  vigorous  branchlets  sometimes  8'-10'  long,  with  a 
broad  midrib  and  primary  veins  green  on  the  upper  side  and  orange-colored  on  the  lower, 
the  primary  veins  running  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  connected  by  con- 
spicuous slightly  reticulate  cross  veinlets;  petioles  orange-colored,  nearly  terete,  slightly 
grooved,  I'-f  in  length;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  pale  green  flushed  with  red,  tomentose,  I'-J' 
long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  in  red-stemmed  clusters,  during  the  winter  lj'  long,  5' 
thick,  with  dark  red-brown  lustrous  closely  appressed  scales,  becoming  4'-6'  long  and 
¥  thick,  with  ovate  acute  orange-colored  glabrous  scales;  calyx  yellow,  with  ovate  rounded 


BETULACE.E 


lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  4  stamens;  pistillate  aments  in  short  racemes  usually  in- 
closed during  the  winter  in  buds  formed  during  the  early  summer  and  opening  in  the  early 
spring,  3'— I'  long,  about  TV  thick,  with  dark  red  acute  scales;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit: 
strobiles  raised  on  stout  orange-colored  peduncles  sometimes  \'  in  length,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
£'-!'  long,  \'-\'  thick,  with  truncate  scales  much  thickened  toward  the  apex;  nut  orbicular 
to  obovoid,  surrounded  by  a  membranaceous  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°,  occasionally  90°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter, 
slender  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  marked  by  minute  scattered  pale  lenticels,  light  green  and  coated  at  first  with 
hoary  tomentum  sometimes  persistent  until  their  second  year,  becoming  during  the  first 
winter  bright  red  and  lustrous  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  about  \'  long, 
dark  red,  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence.  Bark  rarely  more  than  f  thick,  close, 
roughened  by  minute  wart-like  excrescences,  pale  gray  or  nearly  white,  with  a  thin  outer 
layer,  and  bright  red-brown  inner  bark.  Wood  light,  soft,  brittle,  not  strong,  close- 
grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood;  in  Washington  and 
Oregon  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  smoking  salmon;  by  the  Indians 
of  Alaska  the  trunks  are  hollowed  into  canoes. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Yakutat  Bay,  southeastern  Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast 
to  the  canons  of  the  Santa  Inez  Mountains,  Santa  Barbara  County,  California;  common 
along  the  banks  of  streams,  and  of  its  largest  size  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound;  in 
California  most  abundant  in  Mendocino,  Humbolt  and  Marin  Counties,  forming  groves  on 
bottom-lands  near  the  coast;  often  ranging  inland  for  20  or  30  miles,  and  occasionally 
ascending  to  altitudes  of  2000°  above  the  sea. 

3.  Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.    Alder. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate  or  occasionally 
abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  usually  acutely  laciniately  lobed  and  doubly  ser- 


Fig.  211 


rate,  when  they  unfold  light  green  often  tinged  with  red,  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  and 
coated  on  the  lower  with  pale  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  below,  2'-4'  long,  l^'-2^'  wide,  with  a 
stout  orange-colored  midrib  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  and  slender  primary  veins  running 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  petioles  stout,  slightly  grooved,  orange-colored,  f '-!'  in  length; 
stipules  ovate,  acute,  thin,  and  scarious,  \'  long,  about  \'  wide,  covered  with  pale  pubes- 
cence. Flowers:  staminate  aments  3  or  4  in  number  in  slender-stemmed  racemes,  nearly 
sessile  or  raised  on  stout  peduncles  often  \'  long,  during  the  winter  light  purple,  f '-!'  long 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

and  j'  thick,  becoming  l^'-2'  in  length;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  shorter  than  the  4  stamens; 
pistillate  aments  naked  during  the  winter,  dark  red-brown,  nearly  \'  long,  with  acute  apic- 
ulate  loosely  imbricated  scales,  only  slightly  enlarged  when  the  flowers  open.  Fruit: 
strobiles  obovoid-oblong,  \'-%r  long,  their  scales  much  thickened,  truncate  and  3-lobed  at 
apex;  nut  nearly  circular  to  slightly  obovoid,  surrounded  by  a  thin  membranaceous  border. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  6 '-8'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  slightly 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked 
at  first  by  a  few  large  orange-colored  lenticels  and  coated  with  fine  pale  or  rusty  caducous 
pubescence,  becoming  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  more  or  less  deeply  flushed  with  red  in  their 
first  winter  and  ultimately  paler;  more  often  shrubby,  with  several  spreading  stems,  and 
at  the  north  and  at  high  altitudes  frequently  only  4°-5°  tall.  Winter-buds  \'-\'  long, 
bright  red,  and  puberulous.  Bark  rarely  more  than  \'  thick,  bright  red-brown  and  broken 
on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  mountain  canons  from  Francis  Lake  in  latitude 
61°  north  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  eastward  along  the 
Saskatchewan  to  Prince  Albert,  and  southward  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  northern 
New  Mexico;  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  southern  California,  and  in  Lower  California;  the 
common  Alder  of  mountain  streams  in  the  northern  interior  region  of  the  continent;  very 
abundant  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  on  the  southern  California 
Sierras;  forming  great  thickets  at  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea  along  the  head-waters  of  the 
rivers  of  southern  California  flowing  to  the  Pacific  Ocean;  the  common  Alder  of  eastern 
Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of  Idaho  and  Montana;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
in  Colorado  and  northern  New  Mexico. 

4.  Alnus  rhombifolia  Nutt.    White  Alder.    Alder. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  especially 
on  vigorous  shoots,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  finely  or  some- 
times coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate,  slightly  thickened  and  reflexed  on  the  some- 


Fig.  212 


what  undulate  margins,  when  they  unfold  pale  green  and  covered  with  deciduous  matted 
white  hairs,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  frequently  marked, 
especially  on  the  midrib,  with  minute  glandular  dots,  light  yellow-green  and  slightly  puber- 
ulous below,  2'-3'  long,  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins;  peti- 
oles slender,  yellow,  hairy,  flattened  and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  f '-• f'  long;  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  scarious,  puberulous,  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  in 
slender-stemmed  pubescent  clusters,  usually  short-stalked,  during  the  summer  dark  olive- 


BETULACE.E 


225 


brown  and  lustrous,  -f'-l'  long  and  about  TV  thick,  beginning  to  lengthen  late  in  the 
autumn  before  the  leaves  fall,  fully  grown  and  4'-6'  long  and  \'  thick  in  January,  with  dark 
orange-brown  scales,  and  deciduous  in  February  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves; 
calyx  yellow,  4-lobed,  rather  shorter  than  the  2  or  occasionally  3  or  rarely  single  stamen; 
pistillate  aments  in  short  pubescent  racemes  emerging  from  the  bud  in  December,  their 
scales  broadly  ovate  and  rounded.  Fruit:  strobiles  oblong,  f'-|'  long,  with  thin  scales 
slightly  thickened  and  lobed  at  apex,  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  remaining  closed  until 
the  trees  flower  the  following  year;  nut  broadly  ovoid,  with  a  thin  margin. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°-80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  long  slender 
branches  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  wide  round-topped  open  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  marked  by  small  scattered  lenticels,  at  first  light  green  and  coated  with  pale 
caducous  pubescence,  soon  becoming  dark  orange-red  and  glabrous,  and  darker  during  the 
winter  and  following  summer.  Winter-buds  nearly  \'  long,  very  slender,  dark  red,  and 
covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence.  Bark  on  old  trunks  1'  thick,  dark  brown,  irregularly 
divided  into  flat  often  connected  ridges  broken  into  oblong  plates  covered  with  small  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong*  brittle,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  from  northern  Idaho  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  of  Washington  and  southeastern  Oregon,  and  southward  from  the  valley  of  the 
Willamette  River,  Oregon  (near  Salem,  Marion  County,  J.  C.  Nelson)  over  the  coast 
ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia (San  Bernardino,  San  Jacinto,  and  Cuyamaca  Ranges) ;  the  common  Alder  of  the 
valleys  of  central  California,  occasionally  ascending  on  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada  to  alti- 
tudes of  8000°,  and  the  only  species  at  low  altitudes  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

5.  Alnus  oblongifolia  Torr.    Alder. 
Alnus  acuminata  Sarg.,  not  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  oblong- lanceolate,  acute;  or  rarely  obovate  and  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  at  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly  serrate,  more  or  less  thickly  covered, 
especially  early  in  the  season,  with  black  glands,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  slightly 


Fig.  213 


puberulous  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  below,  especially  along  the  slender 
yellow  midrib  and  veins,  with  small  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins, 
2'-3'  long,  about  l£'  wide;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  pubescent,  £'  long;  stipules  ovate- 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

lanceolate,  brown  and  scarious,  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  in  short 
stout-stemmed  racemes,  during  the  winter  light  yellow,  \'-\'  long  and  about  iV  thick, 
becoming  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  February  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves 
2'-2|'  in  length,  with  ovate  pointed  dark  orange-brown  scales;  calyx  4-lobed;  stamens  3  or 
occasionally  2,  with  pale  red  anthers  soon  becoming  light  yellow;  pistillate  aments  naked 
during  the  winter,  \'  to  nearly  £'  long,  with  light  brown  ovate  rounded  scales;  stigmas 
bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles  \'-V  long,  with  thin  scales  slightly  thickened  and  nearly  trun- 
cate at  apex;  nut  broadly  ovoid,  with  a  narrow  membranaceous  border. 

A  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  more  than  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'  in 
diameter,  long  slender  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange-red  and  lustrous  during 
their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  small  conspicuous  pale  lenticels,  becoming  in  their  second 
year  dark  red-brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red  and  much  roughened  by  the  elevated  leaf- 
scars.  Winter-buds  acute,  red,  lustrous,  glabrous,  \'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  camons  of  the  mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  at  altitudes  of  4000°-6000°  above  the  sea;  in  Oak  Creek  Canon  near  Flagstaff, 
northern  Arizona  (tree  1 00°  X  3°,  P.  Lowell} ;  and  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico. 

6.  Alnus  maritima  Nutt.    Alder. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  at  base,  remotely  serrate  with  minute  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and 
somewhat  thickened  on  the  slightly  undulate  margins,  when  they  unfold,  light  green  tinged 
with  red,  hairy  on  the  midrib,  veins,  and  petioles,  and  coated  above  with  pale  scurfy 


Fig.  214 

pubescence,  at  maturity  dark  green,  very  lustrous,  and  covered  below  by  minute  pale 
glandular  dots,  3'-4'  long,  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins  promi- 
nent and  glandular  on  the  upper  side  and  slightly  puberulous  below;  petioles  stout,  yellow, 
glandular,  flattened  and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  £'-f '  in  length;  stipules  oblong,  acute, 
about  f  long,  dark  reddish  brown,  caducous.  Flowers  opening  in  the  autumn:  aments 
appearing  in  July  on  branches  of  the  year  and  fully  grown  in  August  or  early  in  Septem- 
ber; staminate  in  short  scurfy-pubescent  glandular-pitted  racemes  on  slender  peduncles 
sometimes  1'  in  length  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  covered  at  first  with  ovate  acute 
dark  green  very  lustrous  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  furnished  at  apex  with 
minute  red  points,  at  maturity  1|'-2|'  long,  \'  to  nearly  \'  thick,  with  dark  orange-brown 
scales  raised  on  slender  stalks,  and  4  bright  orange-colored  stamens;  pistillate  usually  sol- 


FAGACE^E 

itary  from  the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  on  stout  pubescent  peduncles,  bright  red  at  apex 
and  light  green  below  before  opening,  with  ovate  acute  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, about  I'  long  when  the  styles  protrude  from  between  the  scales,  beginning  to  enlarge 
the  following  spring.  Fruit  attaining  full  size  at  midsummer  and  then  raised  on  a  stout 
peduncle,  broadly  ovoid,  rounded  and  depressed  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rather 
obtuse  apex,  about  f '  long  and  \'  broad,  with  thin  lustrous  scales  slightly  thickened  and 
crenately  lobed  at  apex,  turning  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black  and  opening  late  in  the 
autumn  and  remaining  on  the  branches  until  after  the  flowers  open  the  following  year; 
nut  oblong-obovoid,  gradually  narrowed  and  apiculate  at  apex,  with  a  thin  membrana- 
ceous  border. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  small  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets,  light 
green  and  hairy  at  first,  pale  yellow-green,  very  lustrous,  slightly  puberulous,  marked  with 
occasional  small  orange-colored  lenticels,  and  glandular  with  minute  dark  glandular  dots 
during  their  first  summer,  becoming  dull  light  orange  or  reddish  brown  in  the  winter,  and 
ashy  gray  often  slightly  tinged  with  red  the  following  season;  more  often  shrubby,  with 
numerous  slender  spreading  stems  15°-20°  tall.  Winter-buds  acute,  dark  red,  coated  with 
pale  lustrous  scurfy  pubescence,  about  |'  long.  Bark  |'  thick,  smooth,  light  brown  or 
brown  tinged  with  gray.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  hardly 
distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  ponds  in  southern  Delaware  and  Maryland,  and 
in  south  central  Oklahoma  (Johnson  and  Bryan  Counties). 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 

X.    FAGACE^. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  usually  pale 
lenticels,  alternate  stalked  penniveined  leaves,  and  narrow  mostly  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  monrecious,  the  staminate  in  unisexual  heads  or  aments,  composed  of  a  4-8-lobed 
calyx,  and  4  or  8  stamens,  with  free  simple  filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers,  the  cells 
parallel  and  contiguous,  opening  longitudinally;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered,  in  ter- 
minal unisexual  or  bisexual  spikes  or  heads,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  imbricated  bracts 
becoming  woody  and  partly  or  entirely  inclosing  the  fruit,  and  composed  of  a  4-8-lobed 
calyx  adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary  with  as  many  styles  as  its  cells  and  1  or  2  pendulous 
anatropous  or  semi-anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  nut  1-seeded  by  abortion,  the 
outer  coat  cartilaginous,  the  inner  membranaceous  or  bony.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of 
the  nut,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  cotyledons  fleshy,  including  the  min- 
ute superior  radicle;  hilum,  basal,  minute. 

The  six  genera  of  this  widely  distributed  family  occur  in  North  America  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Nothofagus,  separated  from  Fagus  to  receive  the  Beech-trees  of  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Staminate  flowers  fascicled  in  globose-stalked  heads;  the  pistillate  in  2-4-flowered  clusters. 

1.  Fagus. 
Staminate  flowers  in  slender  aments. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  2-5-flowered  clusters  below  the  staminate,  in  bisexual  aments. 
Nut  inclosed  in  a  prickly  burr. 

Leaves  deciduous;  ovary  6-celled;  nut  maturing  in  one  season;  branchlets  length- 
ening by  an  upper  axillary  bud;  bud-scales  4.  2.  Castanea. 
Leaves  persistent;  ovary  3-celled;  nut  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season; 
branchlets  lengthening  by  a  terminal  bud;  bud-scales  numerous.    3.  Castanopsis. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Nut  inclosed  only  partly  in  a  shallow  cup  covered  by  slender  recurved  scales  united 

only  at  the  base,  free  above.  4.  Lithocarpus. 

Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  in  few-flowered  unisexual  spikes;  nut  more  or  less  inclosed  in 

a  cup  covered  by  thin  or  thickened  scales,  closely  appressed  or  often  free  toward  its  rim. 

5.  Quercus. 

1.  FAGUS  L.    Beech. 

Trees,  with  smooth  pale  bark,  hard  close-grained  wood,  and  elongated  acute  bright 
chestnut-brown  buds,  their  inner  scales  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlets 
with  persistent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  convex  and  plicate  along  the  veins  in  the  bud,  thick 
and  firm,  deciduous;  petioles  short,  nearly  terete,  in  falling  leaving  small  elevated  semioval 
leaf-scars,  with  marginal  rows  of  minute  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  stipules  linear-lance- 
olate, infolding  the  leaf  in  the  bud.  Flowers  vernal  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  stam- 
inate  short-pedicellate,  in  globose  many-flowered  heads  on  long  drooping  bibracteolate 
stems  at  base  of  shoots  of  the  year  or  from  the  axils  of  their  lowest  leaves,  and  com- 
posed of  a  subcampanulate  4-8-lobed  calyx,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation,  ovate  and 
rounded,  and  8-16  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  and  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  slender 
filaments  and  oblong  green  anthers;  pistillate  in  2-4-flowered  stalked  clusters  in  the  axils  of 
upper  leaves  of  the  year,  surrounded  by  numerous  awl-shaped  hairy  bracts,  the  outer  bright 
red,  longer  than  the  flowers,  deciduous,  the  inner  shorter  and  united  below  into  a  4-lobed 
involucre  becoming  at  maturity  woody,  ovoid,  thick-walled,  and  covered  by  stout  recurved 
prickles,  inclosing  or  partly  inclosing  the  usually  3  nuts,  and  ultimately  separating  into 
4  valves;  calyx  urn-shaped,  villose,  divided  into  4  or  5  linear-lanceolate  acute  lobes,  its 
3-angled  tube  adnate  to  the  3-celled  ovary  surmounted  by  3  slender  recurved  pilose  styles 
green  and  stigmatic  toward  the  apex  and  longer  than  the  involucre;  ovules  2  in  each  cell. 
Nut  ovoid,  unequally  3-angled,  acute  or  winged  at  the  angles,  concave  and  longitudinally 
ridged  on  the  sides,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles, 
marked  at  the  base  by  a  small  triangular  scar,  with  a  thin  shell  covered  on  the  inner  surface 
with  rufous  tomentum.  Seed  dark  chestnut-brown,  suspended  with  the  abortive  ovules 
from  the  tip  of  the  hairy  dissepiment  of  the  ovary  pushed  by  the  growth  of  the  seed  into 
one  of  the  angles  of  the  nut;  cotyledons  sweet,  oily,  plano-convex. 

Fagus  as  here  limited  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  a  single  American 
species  and  seven  Old  World  species;  of  these  one  is  widely  distributed  through  Europe, 
another  is  found  in  the  Caucasus,  and  the  others  are  confined  to  eastern  temperate  Asia. 
Of  exotic  species,  the  European  Fagus  sylvatica  L.,  an  important  timber- tree,  is  frequently 
planted  for  ornament  in  the  eastern  states  in  several  of  its  forms,  especially  those  with 
purple  leaves,  and  with  pendulous  branches.  The  wood  of  Fagus  is  hard  and  close-grained. 
The  sweet  seeds  are  a  favorite  food  of  swine,  and  yield  a  valuable  oil. 

Fagus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Beech-tree. 

1.  Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.    Beech. 
Fagus  americana  Sweet. 

Leaves  remote  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  clustered  on  short  lateral  branchlets, 
oblong-ovate,  acuminate  with  a  long  slender  point,  coarsely  serrate  with  spreading  or 
incurved  triangular  teeth  except  at  the  gradually  narrowed  generally  cuneate  base,  when 
they  unfold  pale  green  and  clothed  on  the  lower  surface  and  margins  with  long  pale  lus- 
trous silky  hairs,  at  maturity  dull  dark  bluish  green  above,  light  yellow-green,  very 
lustrous,  and  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose  below  (f.  pubescens  Fern.  &  Rehd.)  with  tufts  of 
long  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2£'-5'  long,  l'-3'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  mid- 
rib covered  above  with  short  pale  hairs,  and  slender  primary  veins  running  obliquely 
to  the  points  of  the  teeth;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn;  very  rarely  deeply 
laciniate;  petioles  hairy,  £'-|'  in  length;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate  on  the  lower  leaves,  strap- 
shaped  to  linear-lanceolate  on  the  upper,  brown  or  often  red  below  the  middle,  membra- 


FAGACE^ 

naceous,  lustrous,  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers  opening  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third 
grown;  staminate  in  globose  heads  1'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  peduncles  about  2' 
long;  pistillate  in  usually  2-flowered  clusters,  on  short  clavate  hoary  peduncles  £'-• f'  long. 
Fruit:  involucres  |'-f  in  length  often  shorter  than  the  nuts,  on  stout  hairy  club-shaped 
peduncles  £'-f '  long,  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  and  then  puberulous,  dark  orange-green, 
and  covered  by  long  slender  recurved  prickles  red  above  the  middle,  becoming  at  maturity 
in  the  autumn  light  brown  and  tomentose,  with  crowded  much  recurved  pubescent  prickles, 
persistent  on  the  branch  after  opening  late  into  the  winter;  nut  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but  exceptionally  120°  high,  sending  up  from  the  roots  numerous 
small  stems  sometimes  extending  into  broad  thickets  round  the  parent  tree,  in  the  forest 
with  a  long  comparatively  slender  stem  free  of  branches  for  more  than  half  its  length,  and 
short  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  in  open  situations  short-stemmed,  with  a  trunk 
often  3°-4°  in  diameter,  and  numerous  limbs  spreading  gradually  and  forming  a  broad  corn- 


Fig.  215 

pact  round-topped  head  of  slender  slightly  drooping  branches  clothed  with  short  leafy 
laterals,  and  branchlets  pale  green  and  coated  with  long  soft  caducous  hairs  when  they 
first  appear,  olive-green  or  orange-colored  during  their  first  summer,  and  conspicuously 
marked  by  oblong  bright  orange  lenticels,  gradually  growing  red,  bright  reddish  brown 
during  their  first  winter,  darker  brown  in  their  second  season  and  ultimately  ashy  gray. 
Winter-buds  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  apex,  f '  to  nearly  1'  long,  about  £'  broad, 
the  inner  scales  hirsute  on  the  inner  surface  and  along  the  margins  and  when  fully  grown 
often  1'  long,  lustrous,  brown  above  the  middle,  and  reddish  below.  Bark  \'-%  thick,  with 
a  smooth  light  steel-gray  surface.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  close-grained,  not  dur- 
able, difficult  to  season,  dark  or  often  light  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30 
layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs,  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks, 
the  handles  of  tools,  and  for  fuel.  The  sweet  nuts  are  gathered  and  sold  in  the  markets  of 
Canada  and  of  some  of  the  western  and  middle  states. 

Distribution.  Rich  uplands  and  mountain  slopes,  often  forming  nearly  pure  forests,  and 
southward  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  and  the  margins  of  swamps;  valley  of  the  Resti- 
gouche  River,  New  Brunswick,  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  southern 
shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  southward  to  Virginia,  Ohio,  Michigan,  the  ravines  of  Rock 
River  near  Oregon,  Ogle  County,  Illinois,  Minnesota  and  northern  Missouri;  southward 
passing  into  the  var.  caroliniana  Fern.  &  Rehd.,  differing  in  its  ovate  to  short-ovate 
thieker  leaves,  usually  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  and  often  less  coarsely  serrate  or 


230  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

undulate  on  the  margins,  glabrous  or  rarely  densely  soft  pubescent  below  (f.  mollis  Fern. 
&  Rehd.),  in  the  often  shorter  involucre  of  the  fruit  with  shorter  and  less  crowded  prickles; 
usually  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  and  the  borders  of  swamps,  New  Jersey,  and  south- 
ern Ohio  and  Missouri  to  western  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  eastern  Texas, 
and  northeastern  Oklahoma;  ascending  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  to  alti- 
tudes of  3000°;  probably  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  eastern  Louisiana. 

The  northern  form  is  occasionally  planted  in  the  northern  states  as  a  shade  and  park  tree. 

2.  CASTANEA  Adans.    Chestnut. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  furrowed  bark,  porous  brittle  wood,  durable  in  the  ground,  terete 
branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  axillary  buds  covered  by  2  pairs  of  slightly  imbricated 
scales,  the  outer  lateral,  the  others  accrescent,  becoming  oblong-ovate  and  acute  and  mark- 
ing the  base  of  the  branch  with  narrow  ring-like  scars,  and  stout  perpendicular  tap-roots; 
producing  when  cut  numerous  stout  shoots  from  the  stump.  Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud, 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  except  at  the  base,  with  thin  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the 
slender  glandular  teeth,  deciduous;  petioles  leaving  in  falling  small  elevated  semioval  leaf- 
scars  marked  by  an  irregular  marginal  row  of  minute  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  stipules 
ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scarious,  infolding  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers 
opening  in  early  summer,  unisexual,  strong-smelling;  the  staminate,  in  3-7-flowered  cymes, 
in  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  bracts,  in  elongated  simple  deciduous  aments  first  appearing 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  from  the  inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  and  from  the 
axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  year,  composed  of  a  pale  straw-colored  slightly  puberulous 
calyx  deeply  divided  into  6  ovate  rounded  segments  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  10-20 
stamens  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened  torus,  with  filiform  filaments  incurved  in  the 
bud,  becoming  elongated  and  exserted,  and  ovoid  or  globose  pale  yellow  anthers;  the  pistil- 
late scattered  or  spicate  at  the  base  of  the  shorter  persistent  androgynous  aments  from  the 
axils  of  later  leaves,  sessile,  2  or  3  together  or  solitary  within  a  short-stemmed  or  sessile 
involucre  of  closely  imbricated  oblong  acute  bright  green  bracts  scurfy-pubescent  or  to- 
mentose  below  the  middle,  subtended  by  a  bract  and  2  lateral  bractlets,  each  flower  com- 
posed of  an  urn-shaped  calyx,  with  a  short  limb  divided  into  6  obtuse  lobes,  minute  sterile 
stamens  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes,  an  ovary  6-celled  after  fecundation,  with  6  linear 
spreading  white  styles  hairy  below  the  middle  and  tipped  by  minute  acute  stigmas,  and  2 
ovules  in  each  cell,  attached  on  its  inner  angle,  descending,  semianatropous.  Fruit  matur- 
ing in  one  season,  its  involucre  inclosing  1-3  nuts,  globose  or  short-oblong,  pubescent  or 
tomentose  and  spiny  on  the  outer  surface,  with  elongated  ridged  bright  green  ultimately 
brown  branched  spines  fascicled  between  the  deciduous  scales,  coated  on  the  inner  surface 
with  lustrous  pubescence,  splitting  at  maturity  into  2-4  valves;  nut  ovoid,  acute,  crowned 
by  the  remnants  of  the  style,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  tomentose  or  pubescent 
at  apex,  cylindrical,  or  when  more  than  1  flattened,  marked  at  the  broad  base  by  a  large 
conspicuous  pale  circular  or  oval  thickened  scar,  its  shell  lined  with  rufous  or  hoary  tomen- 
tum.  Seed  usually  solitary  by  abortion,  dark  chestnut-brown,  marked  at  apex  by  the 
abortive  ovules,  with  thick  and  fleshy  more  or  less  undulate  ruminate  sweet  farinaceous 
cotyledons. 

Castanea  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  widely  distributed  through  east- 
ern North  America,  southern  Europe,  northern  Africa,  southwestern  Asia,  and  central  and 
northern  'China,  Korea,  and  Japan.  Seven  species  are  distinguished.  In  the  countries  of 
the  Mediterranean  Basin  much  attention  has  been  given  to  improving  the  fruit  of  the  native 
species  Castanea  saliva  Mill.,  which  is  occasionally  planted  in  the  middle  United  States; 
in  Japan  the  seeds  of  Castanea  crenata  S.  &  Zucc.  in  many  varieties  and  in  China  those  of 
Castanea  mollissima  Bl.  are  important  articles  of  food.  Castanea  produces  coarse-grained 
wood  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  and  rich  in  tannin.  Chestnut-trees  suffer  in 
the  eastern  United  States  from  the  attacks  of  a  fungus,  Endothia  parasitica  Anders,  which 
has  nearly  exterminated  them  in  many  parts  of  the  country. 

Castanea  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Chestnut-tree. 


FAGACE^E 


231 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Involucre  of  the  fruit  containing  2  or  3  flattened  nuts.  1.  C.  dentate  (A,  C). 

Involucre  of  the  fruit  containing  a  single  terete  nut. 

Involucre  of  the  fruit  densely  covered  with  spines;  branchlets  hoary  tomentose. 

2.  C.  pumila  (A,  C). 

.Involucre  of  the  fruit  covered  with  scattered  spines;  branchlets  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pilose.  3.  C.  alnifolia  (C). 

1.  Castanea  dentate  Borkh.    Chestnut. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
cuneate  at  base,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface  and  clothed  on  the 
lower  with  fine  cobweb-like  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  dull  yellow-green 
above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  6'-8'  long,  about  2'  wide,  with  a  pale  yellow  midrib  and 


Fig.  216 


primary  veins;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  late  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  slightly 
angled,  puberulous,  \'  long,  often  flushed  with  red;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  yellow- 
green,  puberulous,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  about  \'  long  when  they 
first  appear,  green  below  the  middle  and  red  above,  becoming  when  fully  grown  6'-8'  long, 
with  stout  green  puberulous  stems  covered  from  base  to  apex  with  crowded  flower-clusters; 
androgynous  aments,  slender,  puberulous,  2£'-5'  long,  with  2  or  3  irregularly  scattered 
involucres  of  pistillate  flowers  near  their  base.  Fruit:  involucre  attaining  its  full  size  by 
the  middle  of  August,  2'-2|'  in  diameter,  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  broad,  some- 
what flattened  at  apex,  pubescent  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  crowded  fascicles 
of  long  slender  glabrous  much-branched  spines,  opening  with  the  first  frost  and  gradually 
shedding  their  nuts;  nuts  usually  much  compressed,  \'-V  wide,  usually  rather  broader  than 
long,  coated  at  apex  or  nearly  to  the  middle  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  the  interior  of  the 
shell  lined  with  thick  rufous  tomentum;  seed  very  sweet. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  columnar  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
or  often  when  uncrowded  by  other  trees  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  10°-12°  in  diame- 
ter, and  usually  divided  not  far  above  the  ground  into  3  or  4  stout  horizontal  limbs  forming 
a  broad  low  round-topped  head  of  slightly  pendulous  branches  frequently  100°  across,  and 
branchlets  at  first  light  yellow-green  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  somewhat  angled,  lustrous, 
slightly  puberulous,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  olive-green  tinged  with  yellow  or  brown 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

tinged  with  green  and  ultimately  dark  brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  about  \'  long, 
with  thin  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  from  l'-2'  thick, 
dark  brown  and  divided  by  shallow  irregular  often  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
not  strong,  liable  to  check  and  warp  in  drying,  easily  split,  reddish  brown,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  3  or  4  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap 
furniture  and  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  for  railway-ties,  fence-posts,  and  rails.  The 
nuts,  which  are  superior  to  those  of  the  Old  World  chestnuts  in  sweetness  were  formerly 
gathered  in  great  quantities  in  the  forest  and  sold  in  the  markets  of  the  eastern  cities. 

Distribution.  Southern  Maine  to  Woodstock,  Grafton  County,  New  Hampshire  (rare) 
and  to  the  valley  of  the  Winooski  River.  Vermont,  southern  Ontario,  and  southern 
Michigan,  southward  to  Delaware  and  Ohio,  southern  Indiana,  and  southwestern  Illinois 
(Pulaski  County)  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  4000°  to  northern 
Georgia,  and  to  western  Florida  (Crestview,  Walton  County)  southeastern  (Henry  and 
Dale  Counties)  and  south  central  (Dallas  County)  Alabama,  Northern,  central  and 
southeastern  Mississippi  (Pearl  River  County),  and  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee; 
very  common  on  the  glacial  drift  of  the  northern  states  and,  except  at  the  north,  mostly 
confined  to  the  Appalachian  hills;  attaining  its  greatest  size  in  western  North  Carolina  and 
eastern  Tennessee. 

Formerly  sometimes  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  and  timber  tree, 
and  for  its  nuts,  of  which  several  varieties  have  been  recognized. 

X  Castanea  neglecta  Dode  with  leaves  intermediate  between  those  of  C.  dentata  and  C. 
pumila  and  an  involucre  "containing  a  single  large  nut  occurs  on  the  Blue  Ridge  near 
Highlands,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina. 

2.  Castanea  pumila  Mill.    Chinquapin. 

Leaves  oblong-elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  with  slender  rigid  spread- 
ing or  incurved  teeth,  gradually  narrowed  and  usually  unequal  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at 


ig.217 


base,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  coated  above  with  pale  caducous  tomentum 
and  below  with  thick  snowy  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  rather  thick  and  firm  in  texture, 
bright  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  hoary  or  silvery  pubescent  on  the  lower,  3' -5' 
long,  l^'-2'  wide;  turning  dull  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  flattened 
on  the  upper  side,  \'~V  l°ng>  stipules  light  yellow-green,  pubescent,  those  of  the  2  lowest 
leaves  broad,  ovate,  acute,  covered  at  apex  by  rufous  tomentum,  on  later  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  often  oblique  and  acute,  becoming  linear  at  the  end  of  the  branch.  Flowers: 


FAGACE^  233 

staminate  aments  \'  long  when  they  first  appear,  pubescent,  green  below,  bright  red  at 
apex,  becoming  when  fully  grown  4 '-6'  long,  with  stout  hoary  tomentose  stems  and  crowded 
or  scattered  flower-clusters;  androgynous  aments  silvery  tomentose,  3'-4'  long;  involucres 
1-flowered,  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  ament  or  often  spicate  and  covering  its  lower  half, 
sessile  or  short-stalked.  Fruit:  involucre  !'-!£'  in  diameter,  with  thin  walls  covered  with 
crowded  fascicles  of  slender  spines  tomentose  toward  the  base;  nut  ovoid,  terete,  rounded 
at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  pointed  at  apex,  more  or  less  coated 
with  silvery  white  pubescence,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  f'-l'  long,  \'  thick, 
with  a  thin  shell  lined  with  a  coat  of  lustrous  hoary  tomentum,  and  a  sweet  seed. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  50°  high,  with  a  short  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
slender  spreading  branches,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  tomentum,  becoming 
during  iheir  first  winter  pubescent  or  remaining  tomentose  at  the  apex,  bright  red-brown, 
glabrous,  lustrous,  olive-green  or  orange-brown  during  their  second  season  and  ultimately 
darker;  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  often  a  shrub  spreading  into  broad  thickets  by  prolific 
stolons,  with  numerous  intricately  branched  stems  often  only  4°  or  5°  tall.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  or  oval,  about  \'  long,  clothed  when  they  first  appear  in  summer  w7ith  thick  hoary 
tomentum,  becoming  red  during  the  winter  and  scurfy-pubescent.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  slightly  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  loose  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  dark  browrn,  with  thin  hardly  distin- 
guishable sap  wood  of  3  or  4  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  fence-posts,  rails,  and  railway- 
ties.  The  sweet  nuts  are  sold  in  the  markets  of  the  western  and  southern  states. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  ridges,  rich  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  swamps;  southern  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  central  (Lake  County)  and  western  Florida  and  westward 
through  the  Gulf  States  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkan- 
sas to  eastern  Oklahoma  and  southwestern  Missouri;  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  as- 
cending to  altitudes  of  4500°;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkan- 
sas and  eastern  Texas. 

3.  Castanea  alnifolia  Nutt.  Chinquapin 

A  low  shrub  spreading  into  broad  thickets  by  underground  stems,  with  leaves  pale  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  surface;  and  distributed  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from  the  valley 
of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  to  southern  Georgia.  Passing  into 

Castanea  alnifolia  var.  floridana  Sarg.  Chinquapin 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  with  apiculate  teeth. 


234  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

hoary  tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  last 
leaves  of  vigorous  summer  shoots,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  light 
green  and  lustrous  below,  3'-4'  long  and  I'-lf '  wide;  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  about  iV  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  pale  pubescent,  4'-5'  long;  androgynous  aments 
pubescent,  as  long  or  rather  longer  with  ten  or  twelve  involucres  of  pistillate  flowers  below 
the  middle,  often  only  the  lowest  being  fertilized.  Fruit:  involucre  1-seeded,  subglobose 
to  short-oblong,  pale  tomentose,  f  to  lj'  in  diameter,  covered  with  stout  pubescent  scat- 
tered spines  divided  at  base  into  numerous  branches;  nut  ovoid,  terete,  acute,  dark  chest- 
nut-brown, lustrous,  f '  to  nearly  f  in  length. 

A  tree  occasionally  40°-45°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  small 
irregularly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose 
red-brown  branchlets;  more  often  a  shrub  sometimes  with  broader  obovoid  leaves  some- 
times puberulous  on  the  lower  surface. 

Dry  sandy  soil;  coast  of  North  Carolina,  near  Wrightsville,  New  Hanover  County; 
Dover,  near  the  Ogechee  River,  Screven  County,  Georgia;  Jacksonville,  Duval  County, 
and  Panama  City  on  Saint  Andrew's  Bay,  Bay  County,  Florida;  near  Selma,  Dallas 
County,  Alabama;  and  Covington,  St.  Tammany  Parish,  Louisiana. 

A  tree  only  on  the  shores  of  Saint  Andrew's  Bay. 

• 
3.  CASTANOPSIS  Spach. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  astringent  wood,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  numerous  im- 
bricated scales.  Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  5-ranked,  coriaceous,  entire  or  dentate, 
penniveined,  persistent;  stipules  obovate  or  lanceolate,  scarious,  mostly  caducous.  Flow- 
ers in  3-flowered  cymes,  or  the  pistillate  rarely  solitary  or  in  pairs,  in  the  axils  of  minute 
bracts,  on  slender  erect  aments  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  the  staminate  on 
usually  elongated  and  panicled  aments,  and  composed  of  a  campanulate  5  or  6-lobed  or 
parted  calyx,  the  lobes  inbricated  in  the  bud,  usually  10  or  12  stamens  inserted  on  the 
slightly  thickened  torus,  with  elongated  exserted  filiform  filaments  and  oblong  anthers, 
and  a  minute  hirsute  rudimentary  ovary;  the  pistillate  on  shorter  simple  or  panicled  aments 
or  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  staminate  inflorescence,  the  cymes  surrounded  by  an  in- 
volucre of  imbricated  scales;  calyx  urn-shaped,  the  short  limb  divided  into  6  obtuse  lobes; 
abortive  stamens  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its  lobes;  ovary  sessile  on 
the  thin  disk,  3-celled  after  fecundation,  with  3  spreading  styles  terminating  in  minute 
stigmas,  and  2  ovules  in  each  cell  attached  to  its  interior  angle.  Fruit  maturing  at  the  end 
of  the  second  or  rarely  of  the  first  season,  its  involucre  inclosing  1-3  nuts,  ovoid  or  glo- 
bose, sometimes  more  or  less  depressed,  rarely  obscurely  angled,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent, 
covered  by  stout  spines,  tuberculate  or  marked  by  interrupted  vertical  ridges;  nut  more 
or  less  angled  by  mutual  pressure  when  more  than  1,  often  pilose,  crowned  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  style,  marked  at  the  base  by  a  large  conspicuous  circular  depressed  scar,  the 
thick  shell  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface.  Seed  usually  solitary  by  abortion,  bearing 
at  apex  the  abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy,  farinaceous. 

Castanopsis  inhabits  California  with  two  species,  and  southeastern  Asia  where  it  is 
distributed  with  about  twenty-five  species  from  southern  China  to  the  Malay  Archipelago 
and  the  eastern  Himalayas.  Of  the  California  species  one  is  usually  arborescent  and 
the  other  Castanopsis  sempervirens  Dudley  is  a  low  alpine  shrub  of  the  coast  ranges  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

Castanopsis,  from  Kaerava  and  6\f/ts,  in  allusion  to  its  resemblance  to  the  Chestnut-tree. 

1.  Castanopsis  chrysophylla  A.  DC.    Chinquapin.    Golden-leaved  Chestnut. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends  or  sometimes  ab- 
ruptly contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  broad  point,  entire  with  slightly  thickened  revolute 
margins,  when  they  unfold  thin,  coated  below  with  golden  yellow  persistent  scales  and 
above  with  scattered  white  scales,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and 


FAGACE.E  235 

lustrous  above,  2'-6'  long,  \'  to  nearly  2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  raised  and  rounded 
on  the  upper  side;  turning  yellow  at  maturity  and  falling  gradually  at  the  end  of  their 
second  or  in  their  third  year;  petioles  \'-\'  in  length;  stipules  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at 
apex,  brown  and  scarious,  puberulous,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers  appearing  irregularly  from 
June  until  February  in  the  axils  of  broadly  ovate  apiculate  pubescent  bracts  on  staminate 
and  androgynous  scurfy  stout-stemmed  aments  2'-2|'  long  and  crowded  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  hoary  tomen- 
tum,  divided  into  broadly  ovate  rounded  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  slender  stamens; 
calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  oblong-campanulate,  free  from  the  ovary,  clothed  with  hoary 
tomentum,  divided  at  apex  into  short  rounded  lobes,  rather  shorter  than  the  minute 
abortive  stamens;  anthers  red;  ovary  conic,  hirsute,  with  elongated  slightly  spread- 
ing thick  pale  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  involucre  glo- 
bose, dehiscent,  irregularly  4-valved,  often  slightly  shorter  than  the  nuts,  sessile,  solitary, 
or  clustered,  tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  long  stout  or  slender  rigid 
spines,  V-\\'  in  diameter,  containing  1  or  occasionally  2  nuts;  nuts  broadly  ovoid,  acute, 
obtusely  3-angled,  light  yellow-brown  and  lustrous;  seeds  dark  purple-red,  sweet  and 
edible. " 


Fig.  219 


A  tree,  50°-100°  high,  with  a  massive  trunk  3°-6°  in  diameter,  frequently  free  of  branches 
for  50°,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped  or  conic  head, 
and  rigid  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  bright  golden-yellow  scurfy 
scales,  dark  reddish  brown  and  slightly  scurfy  during  their  first  winter,  and  gradually 
growing  darker  in  their  second  season;  often  much  smaller  and  sometimes  reduced  to  a 
shrub,  2°-12°  high  (var.  minor  A.  De  Candolle).  Winter-buds  fully  grown  at  mid-sum- 
mer, usually  crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branch,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  with  broadly  ovate 
apiculate  thin  and  papery  light  brown  scales  slightly  puberulous  on  the  back,  ciliate  on 
the  scarious  often  reflexed  margins,  the  terminal  about  \'  long  and  broad  and  rather  larger 
than  the  often  stipitate  axillary  buds.  Bark  l'-2'  thick  and  deeply  divided  into  rounded 
ridges  2'-3'  wide,  broken  into  thick  plate-like  scales,  dark  red-brown  on  the  surface  and 
bright  red  internally.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  50-60  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  ploughs  and  other  agricultural  implements. 

Distribution.  Skamania  County,  Washington,  valley  of  the  lower  Columbia  River,  Ore- 
gon, southward  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  in  California  along 
the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  through  the  coast  ranges  to  the  elevated  val- 
leys of  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains,  sometimes  ascending  to  altitudes  of  4000°  above  the 
sea;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  humid  coast  valleys  of  northern  California. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  temperate  Europe. 


236  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

4.  LITHOCARPUS  Bl. 

Pasania  Orst. 

Trees,  with  astringent  properties,  pubescence  of  fascicled  hairs,  deeply  furrowed  scaly 
bark,  hard  close-grained  brittle  wood,  stout  branchlets,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  few 
erect  or  spreading  foliaceous  scales.  Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  persistent, 
entire  or  dentate,  with  a  stout  midrib,  primary  veins  running  obliquely  to  the  points  of 
the  teeth,  or  on  entire  leaves  forked  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  reticulate  veinlets; 
stipules  oblong-obovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  persistent  and 
surrounding  the  buds  during  the  winter.  Flowers  in  erect  unisexual  and  in  bisexual 
tomentose  aments  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  from  the  inner  scales  of  the  ter- 
minal bud  or  from  separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  staminate  in 
3-flowered  clusters  in  the  axils  of  ovate  rounded  bracts,  the  lateral  flowers  subtended  by 
similar  but  smaller  bracts,  each  flower  composed  of  a  5-lobed  tomentose  calyx,  with  nearly 
triangular  acute  lobes,  10  stamens,  with  slender  elongated  filaments  and  small  oblong  or 
emarginate  anthers,  and  an  acute  abortive  hairy  ovary;  pistillate  scattered  at  the  base 
of  the  upper  aments  below  the  staminate  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  acute  bracts, 
furnished  with  minute  lateral  bractlets,  and  composed  of  a  C-lobed  ovoid  calyx,  with 
rounded  lobes,  inclosed  in  the  tomentose  involucral  scales,  6  stamens,  with  abortive  an- 
thers, an  ovoid-oblong  3-celled  ovary,  3  elongated  spreading  light  green  styles  thickened 
and  stigmatic  at  apex,  and  2  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  an  oval  or  ovoid  nut 
maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season,  1-seeded  by  abortion,  surrounded  at  base  by  the 
accrescent  woody  cupular  involucre  of  the  flower,  marked  by  a  large  pale  circular  basal  scar, 
the  thick  shell  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface.  Seed  red-brown,  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
nut,  bearing  at  apex  the  abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  yellow  and  bitter. 

Lithocarpus  is  intermediate  between  the  Oaks  and  the  Chestnuts,  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  California  species,  is  confined  to  southeastern  Asia,  where  it  is  distributed  with 
many  species  from  southern  Japan  and  southern  China  through  the  Malay  Peninsula  to 
the  Indian  Archipelago. 

Lithocarpus  from  X£0os  and  Kap-n-dt,  in  allusion  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 


1.  Lithocarpus  densiflora  Rehd.    Tan  Bark  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 
Quercus  densiflora  Hook.  &  Arn. 

Pasania  densiflora  Orst. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  or  rarely  cordate  at  base,  acute  or 
occasionally  rounded  at  apex,  or  rarely  lanceolate  and  acuminate  (f.  lanceolata  Rehdr.)  re- 
pand-dentate,  with  acute  callous  teeth,  or  entire  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated 
when  they  unfold  with  fulvous  tomentum  and  glandular  on  the  margins  with  dark  ca- 
ducous glands,  at  maturity  pale  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  or  covered  with  scattered 
pubescence  on  the  upper  surface,  rusty-tomentose  on  the  lower,  ultimately  becoming 
glabrous  above  and  glabrate  and  bluish  white  below,  3'-5'  long,  f  '-3'  wide,  with  a  midrib 
raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  thin  or  thick  primary  veins  and  fine  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  persistent  until  the  end  of  their  third  or  fourth  year;  petioles  stout,  rigid, 
tomentose,  J'-f  in  length;  stipules  brown  and  scarious,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface. 
Flowers  in  early  spring  and  frequently  also  irregularly  during  the  autumn;  aments  stout- 
stemmed,  3'-4'  long;  staminate  flowers  crowded,  hoary-tomentose  in  the  bud,  their  bracts 
tomentose.  Fruit  solitary  or  often  in  pairs,  on  a  stout  tomentose  peduncle  £'-!'  in  length  ; 
nut  full  and  rounded  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  scurfy- 
pubescent  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  yellow-brown,  glabrous  and  lustrous  at  ma- 
turity, |'-1'  long,  !'-!'  thick,  its  cup  shallow,  tomentose  with  lustrous  red-brown  hairs  on 
the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  long  linear  rigid  spreading  or  recurved  light  brown 
scales  coated  with  fascicled  hairs,  frequently  tipped,  especially  while  young,  with  dark  red 
glands  and  often  tomentose  near  the  base  of  the  cup. 


FAGACE.E  237 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but  sometimes  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  I0--*0  in  diameter,  stout 
branches  ascending  in  the  forest  and  forming  a  narrow  spire-like  head,  or  in  open  positions 
spreading  horizontally  and  forming  a  broad  dense  symmetrical  round-topped  crown,  and 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a  thick  fulvous  tomentum  of  fascicled  hairs  often  persistent 
until  the  second  or  third  year,  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  and  frequently  covered  with 
a  glaucous  bloom;  or  sometimes  reduced  to  a  shrub,  with  slender  stems  only  a  few  feet 
high  (var.  montana  Rehdr.).  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  \'-\r  long,  often  surrounded  by 
the  persistent  stipules  of  the  upper  leaves,  with  tomentose  loosely  imbricated  scales,  those 
of  the  outer  ranks  linear-lanceolate,  increasing  in  width  toward  the  interior  of  the  bud, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  ovate  or  obovate  and  rounded  at  apex.  Bark  f '-14'  thick. 


Fig.  220 

deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  into  nearly  square 
plates  covered  by  closely  appressed  light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  close- 
grained,  brittle,  reddish  brown,  with  thick  darker  brown  sap  wood;  largely  used  as  fuel. 
The  bark  is  exceedingly  rich  in  tannin  and  is  largely  used  for  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  TJmpqua  River,  Oregon,  southward  through  the  coast 
ranges  to  the  Santa  Inez  Mountains,  California,  and  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  4000°  above  the  sea  to  Mariposa  County;  very  abundant  in 
the  humid  coast  region  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  on  the  Santa  Cruz  and  Santa  Lucia 
Mountains,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  Redwood  forest  of  Napa  and  Mendocino  Counties; 
southward  and  on  the  Sierras  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size;  the  form  lanceolata  in 
southern  Oregon  and  in  Del  Norte  and  Mendocino  Counties,  California;  the  var.  montana 
at  high  altitudes  on  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  in  the  region  of  Mount  Shasta  and  on  the 
northern  Sierra  Nevada. 

5.  QUERCUSL.    Oak. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  properties,  pubescence  of  fascicled  hairs,  scaly  or  dark  and 
furrowed  bark,  hard  and  close-grained  or  porous  brittle  wood,  slender  branchlets  marked 
by  pale  lenticels  and  more  or  less  prominently  5-angled.  Winter-buds  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets,  with  numerous  membranaceous  chestnut-brown  slightly  accres- 
cent caducous  scales  closely  imbricated  in  5  ranks,  in  falling  marking  the  base  of  the 
branchlet  with  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  5-ranked,  lobed,  dentate  or  entire,  often  variable  on 
the  same  branch,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  the  primary  veins  prominent  and  extend- 
ing to  the  margins  or  united  within  them  and  connected  by  more  or  less  reticulate  vein- 
lets,  deciduous  in  the  autumn  or  persistent  until  spring  or  until  their  third  or  fourth  year; 


238  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

petioles  in  falling  leaving  slightly  elevated  semiorbicular  more  or  less  obcordate  leaf-scars 
broader  than  high,  marked  by  the  ends  of  numerous  scattered  fibro-vascular  bundles; 
stipules  obovate  to  lanceolate,  scarious,  caducous,  or  those  of  upper  leaves  occasionally 
persistent  through  the  season.  Flowers  vernal  with  or  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves: 
staminate  solitary  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  caducous  bracts,  or  without  bracts,  in 
graceful  pendulous  clustered  aments,  from  separate  or  leaf -buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
previous  year,  or  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  or  from  those  of  the 
leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  carnpanulate,  lobed  or  divided  to  the  base  into  4-7,  usually  6, 
membranaceous  lobes;  stamens  4-6,  rarely  2,  or  10-12,  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened 
torus,  with  free  filiform  exserted  filaments  and  ovate-oblong  or  subglobose  glabrous  or  rarely 
hairy  2-celled  usually  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  solitary,  subtended  by  a  caducous  bract 
and  2  bractlets,  in  short  or  elongated  few-flowered  spikes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year; 
calyx  urn-shaped,  with  a  short  campanulate  6-lobed  limb,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  incom- 
pletely 3  or  rarely  4  or  5-celled  ovary  inclosed  more  or  less  completely  by  an  accrescent  in- 
volucre of  imbricated  scales,  becoming  the  cup  of  the  fruit;  styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of 
the  ovary,  short  or  elongated,  erect  or  incurved,  dilated  above,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  or 
at  apex  only,  generally  persistent  on  the  fruit;  ovules  anatropous  or  semianatropous,  2  in  each 
cell.  Fruit  a  nut  (acorn)  maturing  in  one  or  in  two  years,  ovoid,  subglobose,  or  turbinate, 
short-pointed  at  apex,  1-seeded  by  abortion,  marked  at  base  by  a  large  conspicuous  cir- 
cular scar,  with  a  thick  shell,  glabrous  or  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  pale  tomentum, 
more  or  less  surrounded  or  inclosed  in  the  accrescent  cupular  involucre  of  the  flower  (cup), 
its  scales  thin  or  thickened,  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.  Seed  marked  at  base  or  at 
apex  or  rarely  on  the  side  by  the  abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  usually 
plano-convex  and  entire. 

Quercus  inhabits  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  high  altitudes 
within  the  tropics,  ranging  in  the  New  World  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Colombia 
and  in  the  Old  World  to  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Two  hundred  and  seventy-five  species 
have  been  described;  of  the  North  American  species  fifty-four  are  large  or  small  trees. 
Of  exotic  species,  the  European  Quercus  Robur  L.,  and  Quercus  sessiliflora  Salisb.,  have  been 
frequently  cultivated  as  ornamental  trees  in  the  eastern  United  States,  where,  however, 
they  are  usually  short-lived  and  unsatisfactory.  Many  of  the  species  are  important 
timber-trees;  their  bark  is  often  rich  in  tannin  and  is  used  for  tanning  leather,  and  all  pro- 
duce wood  valuable  for  fuel  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Quercus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Oak-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season  (except  22);  shell  of  the  nut  silky  to- 

mentose  on  the  inner  surface;  leaves  or  their  lobes  bristle-tipped.     BLACK  OAKS. 
Stamens  usually  4-6;  styles  elongated,  finally  recurved;  abortive  ovules  apical. 
Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter. 
Leaves  pinnately  lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces. 

Scales  of  the  cup  of  the  fruit  closely  appressed. 

Leaves  usually  dull  on  the  upper  surface,  7-11-lobed;  cup  of  the  fruit  cup- 
shaped  or  in  one  variety  broad  and  saucer-shaped,  its  scales  thin. 

1.  Q.  borealis  (A). 
Leaves  lustrous. 

Leaves  dimorphous,  5-7-lobed,  axillary  clusters  of  hairs  large  and  promi- 
nent; cup  of  the  fruit  saucer-shaped  or  in  one  form  deep  cup-shaped. 

2.  Q.  Shumardii  (A,  C). 
Leaves  similar  on  upper  and  lower  branches. 
Cup  of  the  fruit  turbinate  or  deep  cup-shaped. 

Leaves  5-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  entire,  rarely  furnished  with  tufts  of 
axillary  hairs  below.  3.  Q.  texana  (C). 


FAGACE^E  239 

Leaves  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  dentate,  furnished  with  tufts  of  axillary 

hairs  below.  4.  Q.  ellipsoidalis  (A). 

Cup  of  the  fruit  deep  cup-shaped  to  turbinate;  leaves  5-9-lobed,  the 

lobes  toothed.  5.  Q.  coccinea  (A,  C). 

Cup  of  the  fruit  saucer-shaped. 

Leaves  5-9-lobed.  6.  Q.  palustris  (A,  C). 

Leaves  3-5-lobed.  7.  Q.  georgiana  (C). 

Scales  of  the  cup  of  the  fruit  more  or  less  loosely  imbricated,  forming  a  free 

margin  on  its  rim. 
Leaves  usually  7-lobed. 

Winter-buds  tomentose.  8.  Q.  velutina  (A,  C). 

Winter-buds  pubescent  only  at  apex.  9.  Q.  Kelloggii  (G). 

Leaves  usually  3-5-lobed;  winter-buds  rusty  pubescent.   10.  Q.  Catesbaei(C). 
Leaves  whitish  or  grayish  tomentulose  below. 

Leaves  mostly  acutely  5-lobed,  pale  or  silvery  white  below.   1 1 .  Q.  ilicif olia  (A) . 
Leaves  often  dimorphous,  3-11-lobed,  the  lobes  often  falcate. 

12.  Q.  rubra(A,C). 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  often  abruptly  dilated  at  the  wide  obscurely  lobed  apex. 
Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  orange  color  or  brownish,  the  upper  scales  of  the  cup 
forming  with  several  rows  a  thick  rim  on  its  inner  surface,  often  reflexed. 

13.  Q.  marilandica  (A,  C). 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  pale,  the  erect  scales  on  the  rim  of  the  cup  in  a 
single  row.  14.  Q.  arkansana  (C). 

Leaves  cuneate  at  base. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate.  15.  Q.  nigra  (C). 

Leaves  rhombic.  16.  Q.  rhombica  (C). 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  lanceolate-obovate,    usually  entire,   involute   in  the 

bud.     WILLOW  OAKS. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  deciduous  in  autumn.    17.  Q.  Phellos  ( A,  C) . 
Leaves  elliptic  or  rarely  oblong-obovate,  deciduous  in  the  late  winter. 

18.  Q.  laurifolia  (C). 

Leaves  tomentose  or  pubescent  below,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate. 
Leaves  pale  blue-green,  hoary  tomentose  below.  19.  Q.  cinerea  (C). 

Leaves  dark  green,  pubescent  below.  20.  Q.  imbricaria  (A). 

Leaves  not  deciduous  in  the  autumn,  revolute  in  the  bud  (convolute  in  23). 

Leaves  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  year. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  pale  and  tomentose  below. 

21.  Q.  hypoleuca  (E,  H). 

Leaves  oval,  orbicular  to  oblong,  green  and  pubescent  below;  fruit  maturing  at 
the  end  of  the  first  season.  22.  Q.  agrifolia  (G). 

Leaves  persistent  until  their  second  summer  or  autumn. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  serrate;  cup  of  the  fruit 
turbinate  or  tubular.  23.  Q.  Wislizenii  (G). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate;  cup  of  the  fruit  saucer-shaped  or  turbinate. 

24.  Q.  myrtifolia  (C). 
Stamens  usually  6-8;  styles  dilated;  abortive  ovules  basal  or  lateral;  leaves  persistent 

until  their  third  or  fourth  season,  involute  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  oblong,  entire,  dentate,  or  sinuate-toothed,  fulvous-tomentose  and  ultimately 

pale  on  the  lower  surface;  cup  of  the  fruit  usually  thick.    25.  Q.  chrysolepis  (G,  H). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate-dentate  or  entire,  pubescent  or  tomentose  below; 

cup  of  the  fruit  usually  thin.  26.  Q.  tomentella  (G). 

Fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  first  season;  shell  of  the  nut  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface 


240  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

(hoary-tomentose  in  27);  abortive  ovules  basal;  stamens  6-8;  styles  dilated;  lobes  of 
the  leaves  not  bristle-tipped.     WHITE  OAKS. 
Leaves  mostly  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  year,  revolute 

in  the  bud  (convolute  in  28). 
Leaves  yellow-green. 

Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  repand-dentate;  inner  surface  of  the  nut 

hoary  tomentose.  27.  Q.  Emoryi  (F,  H). 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  entire,  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed.    28.  Q.  dumosa  (G). 

Fruit  long-stalked;  leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  obovate,  pale,  glabrous  or  in  one  form 

densely  tomentose  below.  29.  Q.  virginiana  (C). 

Leaves  blue-green. 

Fruit  usually  in  many-fruited  long-stalked  clusters;  leaves  broad-obovate,  coarsely 
reticulate-venulose.  30.  Q.  reticulata  (H). 

Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

Cup  of  the  fruit  saucer-shaped;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  entire. 

31.  Q.  Toumeyi  (H). 

Cup  of  the  fruit  cup-shaped  or  hemispherical,  oblong-lanceolate  to  broad-obovate, 
pubescent  below.  32.  Q.  arizonica  (H). 

Cup  of  the  fruit  usually  cup-shaped  or  turbinate. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  usually  cordate  at  base;  fruit  rather  long- 
stalked.  33.  Q.  oblongifolia  (E,  H). 
Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  usually  cuneate  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  base. 

34.  Q.  Engelmannii  (G). 
Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  season. 
Leaves  blue-green. 

Arboreous;  leaves  oblong,  lobed,  spinescent-dentate  or  entire,  pubescent  below;  cup 
of  the  fruit  shallow  cup-shaped.  35.  Q.  Douglasii  (G). 

Arborescent  or  shrubby. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  undulate-lobed;  cup  of  the  fruit  saucer-shaped 
to  cup-shaped.  36.  Q.  Vaseyana  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  undulate,  serrate-toothed  or  irregu- 
larly lobed;  cup  of  the  fruit  hemispheric  to  cup-shaped.    37.  Q.  Mohriana  (C) . 
Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  slightly  lobed  or  entire;  cup  of  the  fruit  cup- 
shaped  or  rarely  saucer-shaped.  38.  Q.  Laceyi  (C). 
Leaves  yellow-green. 

Leaves  entire  or  slightly  lobed. 

Leaves  different  on  upper  and  lower  branches,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  slightly 
lobed  or  entire. 

Cup  of  the  fruit  cup-shaped.  39.  Q.  annulata  (C). 

Cup  of  the  fruit  shallow  saucer-shaped.  40.  Q.  Durandii  (C). 

Leaves  similar  on  upper  and  lower  branches,  entire  or  slightly  sinuate-lobed 

toward  the  apex,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate.  41.  Q.  Chapmanii  (C). 

Leaves  more  or  less  deeply  sinuate-lobed. 

Leaves  white-tomentulose  below  (sometimes  green  and  pubescent  in  43) . 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately  pinnatifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed;  cup  of 

the  fruit  fringed  by  the  awned  scales.  42.  Q.  macrocarpa  (A,  C,  F). 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  deeply  5-9-1  obed  or  pinnatifid;  nut  often  inclosed  in 

the  cup.  43.  Q.  lyrata  (A,  C). 

Leaves  pubescent  below. 

Leaves  usually  covered  above  with  fascicled  hairs,  obovate,  3-5-lobed,  their 
lobes  truncate  or  rounded.  44.  Q.  stellata  (A,  C). 

Leaves  glabrous  above  at  maturity. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong;  cup  of  the  fruit  shallow  cup-shaped  or  slightly 
turbinate,  its  scales  usually  thin.  45.  Q.  Garryana  (B,  G.) 


FAGACE^E 


Leaves  oblcng-obovate;  cup  of  the  fruit  hemispheric,  the  scales  often  much 
thickened.  46.  Q.  utahensis  (F). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  deeply  lobed;  nut  conic,  elongated,  inclosed  for  one- 
third  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  cup.  47.  Q.  lobata  (G). 
Leaves  glabrate  or  puberulous  below,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate. 

48.  Q.  leptophylk  (F). 
Leaves  glabrous  below. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  usually  5-lobed.  49.  Q.  austrina  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  obliquely  pinnatifid  or  3-9-lobed.    50.  Q.  alba  (A,  C). 
Leaves  coarsely  sinuate- toothed.     CHESTNUT  OAKS. 

Fruit  on  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong- 
obovate,  generally  sinuate-dentate  or  lobed,  pubescent,  and  usually  hoary  on 
the  lower  surface.  51.  Q.  tricolor  (C). 

Fruit  on  peduncles  about  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow 
base,  tomentose  or  pubescent  and  often  silvery  white  below. 

52.  Q.  Prinus  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  rounded  or  acute 

teeth.  53.  Q.  montana  (A,  C). 

Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  or 

broadly  obovate,  puberulous  and  pale,  often   silvery  white  on  the  lower 

surface.  54.  Q.  Muehlenbergii  (A,  C). 

i.  Quercus  borealis  Michx.    Red  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate   or  oblong,  acute   or  acuminate,   abruptly  or  gradually  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow  base,  usually  divided  about  half  way  to  the  midrib  by 


Fig.  221 


wide  oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  11  or  sometimes  into  7  or  9  acute  oblique 
ovate  lobes  tapering  from  broad  bases  and  mostly  sinuately  3-toothed  at  apex  with  elongated 
bristle-pointed  teeth,  or  sometimes  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate 
at  base,  and  sinuately  lobed  with  broad  acute  usually  entire  or  slightly  dentate  lobes, 
when  they  unfold  pink,  covered  with  soft  silky  pale  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  and 


242 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


below  with  thick  white  tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green, 
dull  and  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  and  sometimes 
furnished  with  small  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  5'-9'  long,  4'-6' 
wide;  falling  early  in  the  autumn  after  turning  dull  or  sometimes  bright  orange  color  or 
brown;  petioles  stout,  yellow  or  red,  l'-2'  in  length.  Flowers :  staminate  in  pubescent  aments 
4 '-5'  long;  calyx  divided  into  4  or  5  narrow  ovate  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
pistillate  on  short  glabrous  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  dark  reddish 
brown,  shorter  than  the  conspicuous  linear  acute  bract  of  the  flower  and  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  bright  green.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or 
short-stalked,  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex  or  cylindric  and  rounded  at 
apex,  pale  brown,  lustrous,  more  or  less  tomentose  toward  the  ends,  £'-!'  long;  %'-\' 
in  diameter;  cup  cup-shaped,  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  with  small  closely 
appressed  ovate  acute  red-brown  pubescent  scales  slightly  thickened  on  the  back  toward 
the  base  of  the  cup,  with  a  thin  dark-colored  tip  and  margins. 

A  tree  usually  not  more  than  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  much 
smaller,  stout  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  lustrous  branchlets  light  green 
and  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  dark  red  during  their  first 
winter  and  ultimately  dark  brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute 
apex,  about  \'  long,  with  thin  ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  on  young 
stems  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  limbs  of  old  trees  !'-!£'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with 
red  and  divided  into  small  thick  appressed  plates  scaly  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  lighter-colored  sap  wood;  used 
in  construction,  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  and  in  furniture. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  through  Quebec  to  southern  Ontario, 
and  southward  to  northern  New  England,  western  New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania 
(Presque  Isle,  Erie  County),  northern  Michigan,  southeastern  Wisconsin,  central  Minne- 
sota, central  Iowa  (Winneshick  County),  and  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  of  North 
Carolina  at  altitudes  of  about  4000°.  Passing  with  many  intermediate  forms  differing  in 
the  size  of  the  nut  and  in  the  depth  of  the  cup  into 

Quercus  borealis  var.  maxima  Ashe.    Red  Oak. 

Quercus  rubra  Du  Roi,  not  L. 

Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ovoid  to  slightly  obovoid,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  narrowed  at  base,  usually  l'-l|'  long  and 
-£-'-§'  thick,  occasionally  not  more  than  §'  long  and  thick,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a 
thick  saucer-shaped  cup. 


FAGACE^E 


243 


A  tree,  usually  70°-80°,  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  and 
stout  spreading  and  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  head. 

Distribution.  Province  of  Quebec  in  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal,  and  southern 
Ontario,  westward  through  southern  Michigan  to  southeastern  Nebraska,  and  southward 
to  northern  Georgia,  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  3000°, 
southern  Kentucky,  eastern  and  central  Tennessee,  northeastern  (Tishomingo  County), 
northwestern  (Yazoo  County),  and  central  and  southern  (Hinds  and  Union  Counties) 
Mississippi,  northern  and  southwestern  Alabama  (Dekalb,  Cullman,  Jefferson,  and  Dallas 
Counties),  northwestern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma;  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  generally  distributed  trees  of  the  northern  states;  rare  and  local  in  the  south; 
of  its  largest  size  in  the  region  north  of  the  Potomac  and  Ohio  Rivers. 

Often  planted  as  a  park  and  shade  tree  in  the  northeastern  states  and  in  the  counties  of 
western  and  northern  E  urope ;  generally  more  successful  i  n  Europe  than  other  American  Oaks . 

X  Quercus  Lowellii  Sarg.,  a  possible  hybrid  of  Quercus  borealis  and  Q.  ilicifolia,  has  been 
found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Seabury,  York  County,  Maine. 

X  Quercus  Porterii  Trel.,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  borealis  var.  maxima  and  Q.  velu- 
tina,  has  been  found  on  Bowditch  Hill,  Jamaica  Plain,  Suffolk  County,  Massachusetts, 
on  College  Hill,  Easton,  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  near  Columbus,  Frank- 
lin County,  Ohio. 

X  Quercus  runcinata  Engelm.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  borealis  var.  maxima 
and  Q.  imbricaria  first  found  near  St.  Louis,  occurs  also  in  the  neighborhood  of  Indepen- 
dence, Jackson  County,  and  at  Williamsville,  Wayne  County,  Missouri,  and  in  Richland 
and  Wayne  Counties,  Illinois. 


2.  Quercus  Shumardii  Buckl. 
Quercus  texana  Sarg.  in  part,  not  Buckl. 
Leaves  obovate,  seven  rarely  five-lobed,  the  lobes  two  or  three-lobed  and  sometimes 
dentate  at  apex,  on  leaves  of  lower  branches  short  and  broad,  and  separated  by  narrow 
sinuses  pointed  or  rounded  in  the  bottom,  on  upper  branches  deeply  divided  by  broad 
rounded  sinuses  into  narrow  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  often  tinged  with  red 
and  covered  with  pale  loose  tomentum  deciduous  before  they  are  half  grown,  at  maturity 
glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  furnished  below  with  large  axillary  tufts 


Fig.  223 


244 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


of  pale  hairs,  6'-8'  long,  4 '-5'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins  running  to 
the  points  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  2'-2|'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  slender  glabrous  aments  6'-7'  long;  calyx  divided  into  4  or  5  rounded  slightly  villose 
lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  pubescent  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales 
ovate,  light  brown,  pubescent;  stigmas  red.  Fruit:  nut  oblong-ovoid,  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  apex,  f'-lj'  long,  |'-1'  in  diameter,-  inclosed  at  the  base  only  in  the  thick 
saucer-shaped  cup  with  a  slightly  incurved  rim  and  covered  with  closely  appressed  ovate 
pale  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  scales  narrowed  above  the  middle,  abruptly  long-pointed, 
thin  or  often  conspicuously  tuberculate. 

A  tree  up  to  120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  5°  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  rather  open  head,  and  gray  or  grayish  brown  glabrous  branchlets. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  f  long,  with  closely  imbricated  gray  glabrous 
or  rarely  pubescent  scales.  Bark  I'-l  J-'  thick,  ridged,  broken  into  small  appressed  plates 
scaly  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  reddish  brown,  often  manu- 
factured into  lumber  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and  considered  more  valuable  than  that  of 
the  northern  Red  Oak. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  moist  rich  soil ;  coast  region  of  Texas  east- 
ward from  the  Colorado  River  and  ranging  inland  up  the  valley  of  that  river  to  Burnet  County, 
southeastern  Oklahoma,  through  Arkansas,  southeastern  Kansas  and  Missouri  to  Fayette 
County,  Iowa,  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  the  neighborhood  of  Columbus,  Franklin 
County,  Ohio,  and  southeastern  Michigan  (near  Portage  Lake,  Jackson  County) ;  through 
the  eastern  Gulf  States  to  western  and  central  Florida  and  northward  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Neuse  River,  North  Carolina;  Chesapeake  Beach,  Calvert 
County,  Maryland  (W.  W.  Ashe) ;  ranging  inland  in  the  south  Atlantic  States  to  Rome, 
Floyd  County,  Georgia,  Calhoun  Falls,  Abbeville  County,  and  Columbia,  Richland  County, 
South  Carolina,  and  Chapel  Hill,  Orange  County,  North  Carolina.  Passing  into 

Quercus  Shumardii  var.  Schneckii  Sarg 

Quercus  texana  Sarg.  in  part,  not  Buckl. 

Quercus  Schneckii  Britt. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  the  deep  cup-shaped  cup  of  the  fruit  covered  with  thin  scales, 
rarely  much  thickened  and  tuberculate  at  base  (only  on  river  banks  near  Vicksburg, 


Fig.  224 


FAGACE.E  245 

Warren  County,  Mississippi),  and  connected  with  it  by  forms  with  the  cups  of  the  fruit  dif- 
fering from  saucer  to  deep  cup-shaped. 

Distribution.  Growing  with  Qucrcus  Shumardii;  more  common  in  Texas  and  in  the 
Mississippi  valley  than  the  type,  and  ranging  eastward  through  Louisiana  and  Mississippi 
to  central  and  southern  Alabama,  central  and  southeastern  Tennessee  (neighborhood  of 
Chattanooga),  and  central  Kentucky;  apparently  not  reaching  the  Atlantic  States. 

3.  Quercus  texana  Buckl. 

Leaves  widest  above  the  middle,  broad-cuneate,  concave-cuneate  or  nearly  truncate  at 
base,  deeply  or  rarely  only  slightly  divided  by  broad  sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  5  or  7 
lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  3-lobed  and  acute  at  apex,  the  upper  lateral  lobes  broad  and  more 
or  less  divided  at  apex  and  much  larger  and  more  deeply  lobed  than  those  of  the  lowest 
pair,  when  they  unfold  densely  covered  with  fascicled  hairs  and  often  bright  red,  soon  gla- 
brous, thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  lustrous  and  rarely  furnished  below 


Fig.  225 


with  small  inconspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  3'-3£'  long,  2|'-3'  wide,  with  a  thin 
midrib  and  slender  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  soon 
glabrous,  \'-\\'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  villose  aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx 
thin,  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  divided  into  4  or  5  acute  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
pistillate  on  short  hoary  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  brown  tinged  with 
red;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  short-stalked,  usually  solitary;  nut  ovoid,  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  apex,  light  red-brown,  often  striate,  |'-f  long  and  broad,  sometimes  acute, 
nearly  1'  in  length  and  not  more  than  \'  in  diameter;  cup  turbinate,  covered  with  thin 
ovate  acuminate  slightly  appressed  glabrous  scales,  in  the  small  fruit  of  trees  on  dry  hills 
inclosing  a  third  or  more  of  the  nut,  in  the  larger  fruit  of  trees  on  better  soil  comparatively 
less  deep. 

A  tree  on  dry  hills  rarely  more  than  30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  spreading 
or  erect  branches  and  slender  red  or  reddish  brown  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent  branchlets; 
often  a  shrub;  on  better  soil  at  the  foot  of  hills  occasionally  50°  high  with  a  trunk  12'- 
18'  in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  \'-\r  long  and  covered  with  closely  imbri- 
cated acute  slightly  or  densely  pubescent  red  scales.  Bark  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
f '-!'  thick,  deeply  ridged  and  broken  into  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  ridges,  and  in  the  more  fertile  soil  at  their  base; 
central  and  western  Texas  (Dallas,  Tarrant  County  to  Travis  and  Bexar  Counties),  and 
to  the  Edwards  Plateau  (San  Saba,  Kerr,  Brown,  Coke  and  Uvalde  Counties) ;  westward 


246  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

replaced  by  the  var.  chesosensis  Sarg.  differing  in  the  acuminate  lobes  of  the  leaves  and 
smaller  cups  of  the  fruit;  known  only  on  the  dry  rocky  slopes  of  the  Chesos  Mountains, 
Brewster  County,  Texas;  and  by  the  var.  stellapila  Sarg.,  differing  in  the  presence  of  fas- 
cicled hairs  on  both  surfaces  of  the  mature  leaves  and  on  the  branchlets  of  the  year;  above 
Fort  Davis,  Jeff  Davis  County,  Texas. 

4.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill.    Black  Oak. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate-orbicular,  acute  or  acuminate,  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate  at 
base,  deeply  divided  by  wide  sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  5-7  oblong  lobes  re- 
pandly  dentate  at  apex,  or  often,  especially  those  of  the  upper  pair,  repandly  lobulate, 
when  they  unfold  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  hoary-tomentose,  soon  becoming  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  small  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  at  matur- 
ity thin  and  firm,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  sometimes  entirely  glabrous 
below,  3'-5'  long,  2|'-4'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  primary  veins  and  prominent  re- 
ticulate veinlets;  late  in  the  autumn  turning  yellow  or  pale  brown  more  or  less  blotched 


Fig.  226 

with  purple;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous,  l|'-2'  in  length.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  puberulous  aments  l^'-2'  long;  calyx  campanulate,  usually  tinged  with  red, 
2-5-lobed  or  parted  into  oblong-ovate  or  rounded  segments,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose, 
fringed  at  apex  with  long  twisted  hairs,  about  as  long  as  the  2-5  stamens,  with  short  fila- 
ments and  oblong  anthers;  pistillate  on  stout  tomentose  1-3-flowered  peduncles,  red,  their 
involucral  scales  broad,  oblong,  acute,  hairy;  calyx  campanulate,  4-7-lobed,  ciliate  on  the 
margins.  Fruit  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  ellipsoidal  to  sub- 
globose,  chestnut-brown,  often  striate  and  puberulous,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half  its 
length  in  a  turbinate  or  cup-shaped  cup  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  thin,  light  red-brown, 
and  covered  by  narrow  ovate  obtuse  or  truncate  brown  pubescent  closely  appressed  scales. 
A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  3°  in  diameter,  much  forked  branches 
ascending  above  and  often  pendulous  low  on  the  stem,  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs,  bright  reddish  brown  during 
their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  or  reddish  brown  in  their  second  season.  Win- 
ter-buds ovoid,  obtuse  or  acute,  sometimes  slightly  angled,  about  \'  long,  with  ovate 
or  oval  red-brown  lustrous  slightly  puberulous  outer  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark 
thin,  light  yellow  internally,  close,  rather  smooth,  divided  by  shallow  connected  fissures 
into  thin  plates,  dark  brown  near  the  base  of  the  tree,  dull  above,  gray-brown  and  only 
slightly  furrowed  on  the  large  branches. 


FAGACE.E  247 

Distribution.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  to  southeastern  Minnesota 
common;  often  covering  large  areas  of  sandy  soil  with  a  stunted  growth  and  on  the  prairies 
sometimes  a  low  shrub;  eastern  Iowa  (Muscatine  County),  and  the  Lower  Peninsular  of 
Michigan  (Montmorency,  Arenac,  and  St.  Clair  Counties). 

5.  Quercus  coccinea  Muench.    Scarlet  Oak.    Spanish  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  deeply  divided  by  wide 
sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  7  or  rarely  9  lobes  repand-dentate  at  apex,  the  terminal 
lobe,  ovate,  acute,  and  3-toothed,  the  middle  division  the  largest  and  furnished  with  2  small 
lateral  teeth,  the  lateral  lobes  obovate,  oblique  or  spreading,  sometimes  falcate,  usually 
broad  and  oblique  at  the  coarsely  toothed  apex,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  covered  with 
loose  pale  pubescence  above  and  below  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  green  at  the  end  of 
a  few  days,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  bright  green,  glabrous  and  very  lustrous  above, 
paler  and  less  lustrous  and  sometimes  furnished  with  small  tufts  of  rusty  pubescence  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  below,  3'-6'  long,  2|'-4'  broad,  with  a  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins, 


Fig.  227 


late  in  the  autumn  turning  brilliant  scarlet;  petioles  slender,  terete,  l|'-2£'  in  length. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  glabrous  aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  pubescent,  bright  red  be- 
fore opening,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  acute  segments  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate 
on  pubescent  peduncles  sometimes  \'  long,  bright  red,  their  involucral  scales  ovate,  pubes- 
cent, shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  sessile  or  stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut 
oval,  oblong-ovate  or  hemispheric,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  \'-\'  long, 
i'-f '  thick,  light  reddish  brown  and  occasionally  striate,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half 
its  length  in  a  deep  cup-shaped  or  turbinate  thin  cup  light  reddish  brown  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, covered  by  closely  imbricated  oblong-ovate  acute  thin,  or  rarely  much  thickened 
(var.  tuberculata  Sarg.)  light  reddish  brown  slightly  puberulous  scales. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  branches 
spreading  gradually  and  forming  a  rather  narrow  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated 
at  first  with  loose  scurfy  pubescence,  soon  pale  green  and  lustrous,  light  red  or  orange- 
red  in  their  first  winter  and  light  or  dark  brown  the  following  year;  usually  much  smaller. 
Winter-buds  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  at  apex,  \'-\'  long,  dark  reddish 
brown,  and  pale-pubescent  above  the  middle.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  smooth, 
light  brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  ^'-1'  thick  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  irregu- 
lar ridges  covered  by  small  light  brown  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  or  reddish  brown,  with  thicker  darker  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.     Light  dry  usually  sandy  soil;  valley  of  the  Androscoggin  River,  Maine, 


248 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


southern  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  to  southern  Ontario,  southward  to  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  eastern  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
and  northern  Georgia;  in  central  Georgia  and  northeastern  Mississippi  (near  Corinth, 
Alcorn  County),  and  westward  through  New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  southern 
Wisconsin  to  central  Missouri  (Jerome,  Phelps  County) ;  in  eastern  Oklahoma  (Arkansas 
River  valley  near  Fisher,  Creek  County,  G.  W.  Stevens);  ascending  to  altitudes  of  nearly 
5000°  on  the  southern  mountains;  the  prevailing  Oak  above  iioOO0  to  the  summits  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  of  the  Carolinas;  very  abundant  in  the  coast  region  from  Massachusetts  Bay 
to  southern  New  Jersey;  less  common  in  the  interior,  growing  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  and 
on  the  prairies  skirting  the  western  margins  of  the  eastern  forest. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  northeastern  states  and  in  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree 
valued  chiefly  for  the  brilliant  autumn  color  of  the  foliage. 

X  Quercus  Robbinsii  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  coccinea  and  Q.  illicifolia, 
occurs  at  North  Easton,  Bristol  County,  Massachusetts. 

X  Quercus  Benderi  Baenitz,  a  supposed  hybrid  of  Quercus  coccinea  and  Q.  borealis 
var.  maxima,  appeared  several  years  ago  in  Silesia,  and  a  similar  tree  has  been  found  in 
the  Blue  Hills  Reservation  near  Boston. 

6.  Quercus  palustris  Muench.    Pin  Oak.    Swamp  Spanish  Oak, 

Leaves  obovate,  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  broad  and  truncate  at  base,  divided  by 
wide  deep  sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  5-7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  acute, 


Fig.  228 

3- toothed  toward  the  apex,  or  entire,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  or  oblique,  sometimes  fal- 
cate, especially  those  of  the  lowest  pair,  gradually  tapering  and  acute  at  the  dentate  apex, 
or  obovate  and  broad  at  apex,  when  they  unfold  light  bronze-green  stained  with  red  on  the 
margins,  lustrous  and  puberulous  above,  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  pale  scurfy 
pubescence,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  below, 
with  large  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  conspicuous  primary  veins;  4>'-6'  long,  2'-4' 
wide,  with  a  stout  midrib;  late  in  the  autumn  gradually  turning  deep  scarlet;  petioles 
slender,  yellow,  %'-%'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx 
puberulous  and  divided  into  4  or  5  oblong  rounded  segments  more  or  less  laciniately  cut 
on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  tomentose  peduncles,  their 
involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  tomentose,  shorter  than  the  acuminate  calyx-lobes;  stig- 
mas bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  clustered;  nut  nearly  hemispheric, 
about  \'  in  diameter,  light  brown,  often  striate,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin  saucer- 


249 

shaped  cup  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous  within,  and  covered  by  closely  appressed  ovate 
light  red-brown  thin  puberulous  scales. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  clothed  with  small 
tough  drooping  branches,  or  when  crowded  in  the  forest  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a 
trunk  60°-70°  tall  and  4°-5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  beset  with  short-ridged  spur- 
like  laterals  a  few  inches  in  length,  forming  on  young  trees  a  broad  pyramidal  head,  be- 
coming on  older  trees  open  and  irregular,  with  rigid  and  more  pendulous  branches  often  fur- 
nished at  first  with  small  drooping  branchlets,  and  slender  tough  branchlets  dark  red  and 
covered  by  short  pale  silvery  tomentum,  soon  becoming  green  and  glabrous,  lustrous  dark  red- 
brown  or  orange  color  in  their  first  winter,  growing  darker  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately 
dark  gray-brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  about  f ' 
long,  with  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  scales  puberulous  toward  the  thin  sometimes 
ciliate  margins.  Bark  of  young  trunks  and  branches  smooth,  lustrous,  light  brown  fre- 
quently tinged  with  red,  becoming  on  older  trunks  l'-\\'  thick,  light  gray-brown,  gener- 
ally smooth  and  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin  rather  darker  colored  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  in 
construction,  and  for  shingles  and  clapboards. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  river-bottoms  in  deep  rich  moist  soil;  valley  of  the 
Connecticut  River  in  western  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut;  on  Grand  Isle  in  the  Niagara 
River,  New  York  to  southern  Ontario  and  southwestern  Michigan,  and  westward  to  eastern 
Iowa  (Muscatine  County),  and  southward  to  southern  West  Virginia  (Hardy  and  Mercer 
Counties),  southwestern  Virginia  (Wythe  County),  central  North  Carolina  (on  Bowling's 
Creek,  near  Chapel  Hill,  Orange  County,  and  on  Dutchman's  Creek,  Forsyth  County); 
and  to  southern  Kentucky,  central  Tennessee,  southern  Arkansas  (Fulton,  Hempstead 
County),  and  northeastern  Oklahoma;  rare  and  of  small  size  in  New  England;  exceedingly 
common  on  the  coast  plain  south  of  the  Hudson  River;  very  abundant  on  the  bottom-lands 
of  the  streams  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states  and  occasionally  in 
the  countries  of  western  and  central  Europe. 

7.  Quercus  georgiana  M.  A.  Curtis. 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  elliptic  or  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  divided  generally  about  half  way  to  the  midrib  by  wide  or  narrow  oblique  sinuses 


Fig.  229 


rounded  in  the  bottom  into  3-7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  acute,  or  rounded  and  en- 
tire or  frequently  furnished  with  1  or  2  small  lateral  teeth,  the  lateral  lobes  oblique  or 


250  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

spreading,  mostly  triangular,  acute  and  entire,  or  those  of  the  upper  and  of  the  middle 
pair  often  broad  and  repand-lobulate  at  the  oblique  ends,  sometimes  gradually  3-lobed  at 
the  broad  apex  and  narrowed  and  entire  below,  or  equally  3-lobed,  with  broad  or  narrow 
spreading  lateral  lobes,  or  occasionally  pinnatifid,  when  they  unfold  bright  green  tinged  with 
red,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  coated  on  the  midrib,  veins,  and  petioles  with  loose  pale 
pubescence,  at  maturity  thin,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  and  gla- 
brous or  furnished  with  tufts  of  hairs  'in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  usually  about 
2^'  long  and  1|'  wide;  turning  dull  orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender, 
s'-f'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  aments  2'-3'  long; 
calyx  divided  into  4  or  5  broadly  ovate  rounded  segments  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
pistillate  on  short  glabrous  slender  peduncles;  their  involucral  scales  rather  shorter  than 
the  acute  calyx-lobes,  pubescent  or  puberulous;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  short-stalked; 
nut  ellipsoidal  or  subglobose,  $'-£'  long,  light  red-brown  and  lustrous,  inclosed  for  one 
third  to  nearly  one  half  its  length  in  a  thick  cup-shaped  cup  light  red-brown  and  lustrous 
on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  bright  light  red-brown  truncate  erose 
scales. 

Distribution.  Georgia;  on  Stone  Mountain,  and  Little  Stone  Mountain,  Dekalb  County; 
on  a  few  other  granite  hills  between  the  Yellow  and  Oconee  rivers  in  the  region  south  and 
east  of  Stone  Mountain  (Winder,  Jackson  County,  Rockmart,  Polk  County  and  at  Warm 
Springs,  Meriwether  County). 

Occasionally  cultivated,  and  hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts. 

X  Quercus  Smallii  Trel.,  a  possible  hybrid  of  Quercus  georgiana  and  Q.  marilandica, 
occurs  on  the  slopes  and  summit  of  Little  Stone  Mountain,  Dekalb  County,  Georgia. 

8.  Quercus  velutina  Lam.    Black  Oak.    Yellow-bark  Oak. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded,  cuneate  or  truncate  at  base,  mostly  7-lobed 
and  sometimes  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  by  wide  rounded  sinuses  into  narrow  obovate 
more  or  less  repand-dentate  lobes,  or  into  elongated  nearly  entire  mucronate  lobes  taper- 
ing gradually  from  a  broad  base,  the  terminal  lobe  oblong,  elongated,  acute,  furnished  with 
small  lateral  teeth,  or  broad,  rounded,  and  coarsely  repand-dentate,  or  slightly  divided 
into  broad  dentate  lobes  or  sinuate-dentate,  bright  crimson  when  they  unfold,  and  covered 
above  by  long  loose  scattered  white  hairs  and  below  with  thick  pale  or  silvery  white  tomen- 
tum,  hoary-pubescent  when  half  grown,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  below  yellow-green,  brown  or  dull  copper  color  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  or  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
principal  veins,  3'-12'  long  and  2'-10'  wide,  but  usually  5 '-6'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  a 
stout  midrib  and  primary  veins;  late  in  the  autumn  turning  dull  red,  dark  orange  color, 
or  brown,  and  falling  gradually  during  the  winter;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  glabrous  or  puber- 
ulous, 3'-6'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  tomentose  or  pubescent  aments  4 '-6'  long; 
calyx  coated  with  pale  hairs,  with  ovate  acute  lobes;  pistillate  on  short  tomentose  peduncles, 
their  involucral  scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  bright  red. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  ovoid-oblong,  obovoid,  oval  or  hemi- 
spheric, broad  and  rounded  at  base,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  light  red-brown,  often 
striate,  frequently  coated  with  soft  rufous  pubescence,  £'-• |'  long  and  broad,  or  rarely  I'  long 
and  broad,  inclosed  for  about  half  its  length  or  rarely  nearly  to  the  apex  in  the  thin  deeply 
cup-shaped  or  turbinate  cup  dark  red-brown  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  by  thin  light 
chestnut-brown  acute  hoary  scales  closely  appressed  at  the  base  of  the  cup,  loosely  im- 
bricated above  the  middle,  with  free  scarious  tips  forming  a  fringe-like  border  to  its  rim. 

A  tree,  often  70°-80°  and  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  slender 
branches  spreading  gradually  into  a  narrow  open  head,  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first 
with  pale  or  fulvous  scurfy  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  glabrous,  dull  red  or 
reddish  brown,  growing  dark  brown  in  their  second  year  or  brown  slightly  tinged  with 
red.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  strongly  angled,  gradually  narrowed  and  obtuse  at  apex,  hoary- 
tomentose,  |'-|'  long.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  smooth,  dark  brown,  deep 


FAGACE^E 


251 


orange  color  internally,  becoming  f'-l|'  thick  on  old  trunks,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad 
rounded  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  closely  ap- 
pressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  bright  brown  tinged 
with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  of  little  value  except  as  fuel.  The  bark 
abounds  in  tannic  acid  and  is  largely  used  in  tanning,  as  a  yellow  dye,  and  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  uplands  and  ridges;  coast  of  southern  Maine  to  northern 
Vermont,  southern  and  western  Ontario,  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  north- 
western, eastern  and  southern  Iowa,  and  southeastern  Nebraska,  and  southward  to 
western  Florida,  southern  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  eastern  Kansas,  northeastern 
Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River;  one  of  the  commonest 
Oaks  on  the  gravelly  drift  of  southern  New  England  and  the  middle  states;  ascending 
on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  about  4000°,  and  often  forming  a 
large  part  of  the  forest  growth  on  their  foothills;  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  Mississippi 


Fig.  230 


basin,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  River;  the  common  species 
of  the  Black  Oak  group  reaching  the  south-Atlantic  and  Gulf  Coast,  and  here  generally 
scattered  on  dry  ridges  through  the  maritime  Pine  belt. 

Quercus  velutina,  which  is  more  variable  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  than  the  other  North 
American  Black  Oaks,  is  easily  recognized  by  the  bright  yellow  color  of  the  inner  bark, 
in  early  spring  by  the  deep  red  color  of  the  unfolding  leaves,  becoming  pale  and  silvery  in 
a  few  days,  and  by  the  large  tomentose  winter-buds.  From  western  Missouri  to  north- 
western Arkansas  a  form  occurs  (var.  missouriensis  Sarg.)  with  the  mature  leaves  covered 
above  with  fascicled  hairs,  and  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  and  summer  branchlets 
with  rusty  pubescence,  and  with  broader  more  loosely  imbricated  hoary-tomentose  cup- 
scales. 


9.  Quercus  Kelloggii  Newb.    Bkck  Oak. 
Quercus  calif ornica  Coop. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  truncate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  7  or 
rarely  5-lobed  by  wide  and  deep  or  shallow  and  oblique  sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom, 
the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  3-toothed  at  the  acute  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  tapering  gradually 
from  the  base  or  broad  and  obovate,  coarsely  repand-dentate  with  acute  pointed  teeth, 
or  rarely  entire,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  or  purple  and  pilose  above  and  coated  below 
and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm, 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

lustrous,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent  above,  light  yellow-green  or 
brownish  and  glabrous  or  pubescent,  or  occasionally  hoary-tomentose  below,  3'-6'  long,  2'-4' 
wide;  turning  yellower  brown  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  yellow7,  l'-2' 
in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments  4 '-5'  long;  calyx  pubescent,  divided  into 
4  or  5  ovate  acute  segments  shorter  than  the  stamens;  anthers  bright  red;  pistillate  on 
short  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  ovate,  coated  like  the  acute  calyx-lobes 
with  pale  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  short-stalked,  solitary  or  clustered;  nut  oblong, 
ellipsoidal  or  obovoid,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  full  and  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed 
and  acute  at  the  puberulous  apex,  l'-l£'  long,  about  f '  broad,  light  chestnut-brown,  often 
striate,  inclosed  for  one  fourth  to  two  thirds  of  its  length  in  the  deep  cup-shaped  cup 
light  brown  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate-lanceolate  lustrous  light  chest- 
nut brown  scales,  sometimes  rounded  and  thickened  on  the  back  toward  the  base  of  the  cup, 
their  tips  elongated,  thin  and  erose  on  the  margins,  often  forming  a  narrow  fringe-like  bor- 
der to  the  rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  hoary  ca- 


Fig.  231 

ducous  tomentum,  bright  red  or  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  usually  glabrous  or  pubescent 
or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  red-brown  in  their  second  year;  fre- 
quently much  smaller  and  at  high  elevations  a  small  shrub  (f.  cibata  Jeps.)-  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  about  i'  long,  with  closely  imbricated  pale 
chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  thin  scarious  margins  and  pubescent  toward  the  point 
of  the  bud.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  smooth,  light  brown,  becoming  on  old 
trunks  l'-l?'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  or  nearly  black,  divided  into 
broad  ridges  at  the  base  of  old  trees  and  broken  above  into  thick  irregular  oblong  plates 
covered  by  minute  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  brittle,  bright 
red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  and  mountain  slopes;  basin  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in  western 
Oregon,  southward  over  the  California  coast  ranges,  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  up  to  altitudes  of  6500°  to  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains  near  the  southern 
boundary  of  California;  extending  across  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  foothills  of  Owens  valley 
(Jepsori)  in  eastern  California;  rare  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  the  largest 
and  most  abundant  Oak-tree  of  the  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon  and  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  sometimes  forming  groves  of  considerable  extent  in  coniferous  forests;  of  its 
largest  size  at  altitudes  of  about  6000°  above  the  sea. 


FAGACE^  253 

10.  Quercus  Catesbaei  Michx.    Turkey  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate  or  nearly  triangular,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base, 
deeply  divided  by  wide  rounded  sinuses  into  3  or  5  or  rarely  7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe 
ovate,  elongated,  acute  and  entire  or  repand-dentate,  or  obovate  and  coarsely  equally  or 
irregularly  3-toothed  at  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading,  usually  falcate,  entire  and  acute, 
tapering  from  the  broad  base,  and  broad,  oblique,  and  repand-lobulate  at  apex,  or  3- 
toothed  at  the  broad  apex  and  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base,  coated  when  they  unfold 
with  rufous  fascicled  hairs,  and  when  fully  grown  thick  and  rigid,  bright  yellow-green 
and  lustrous  above,  paler,  lustrous,  and  glabrous  below,  with  large  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins,  3'-12'  long,  1/-10'  wide,  but  usually  about  5'  long  and  wide,  with  a 
broad  yellow  or  red-brown  midrib;  turning  bright  scarlet  before  falling  in  the  late  autumn 
or  early  winter;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  j'-f  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender 
hairy  red-stemmed  aments  4 '-5'  long;  calyx  puberulous  and  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate 
acute  lobes;  pistillate  on  short  stout  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  bright 
red,  pubescent,  hairy  at  the  margins;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  short-stalked,  usually  soli- 
tary; nut  oval,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  I'  long  and  f  broad,  dull  light  brown, 


Fig.  232 

covered  at  the  apex  by  a  thin  coat  of  snow-white  tomentum,  inclosed  for  about  one  third 
its  length  in  a  thin  turbinate  cup  often  gradually  narrowed  into  a  stout  stalk-like  base,  light 
red-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  by  ovate-oblong  rounded  scales 
extending  above  the  rim  of  the  cup  and  down  over  the  upper  third  of  the  inner  surface, 
and  hoary-pubescent  except  their  thin  bright  red  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°,  or  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2° 
in  diameter,  stout  spreading  more  or  less  contorted  branches  forming  a  broad  or  narrow 
open  irregular  generally  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
fascicled  hairs,  nearly  glabrous  and  deep  red  when  the  leaves  are  half  grown,  dark  red  in 
their  first  winter,  gradually  growing  dark  brown;  generally  much  smaller  and  sometimes 
shrubby.  Winter-buds  elongated,  acute,  \'  long,  with  light  chestnut-brown  scales  erose 
on  the  thin  margins,  and  coated,  especially  toward  the  point  of  the  bud,  with  rusty  pubes- 
cence. Bark  \'-\'  thick,  red  internally,  dark  gray  tinged  with  red  on  the  surface,  and  at 
the  base  of  old  trunks  becoming  nearly  black,  deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed  and  broken 
into  small  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  barren  sandy  ridges  and  sandy  bluffs  and  hummocks  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast;  southeastern  Virginia  (near  Zuni,  Isle  of  Wight  County)  to  the  shores 


254  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

of  Indian  River  and  Peace  Creek,  Florida,  and  westward  to  eastern  Louisiana;  compara- 
tively rare  toward  the  western  limits  of  its  range,  and  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  high  bluff-like  shores  of  bays  and  estuaries  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  the 
prevailing  tree  with  Quercus  cinerea  in  the  flat  woods  of  the  interior  of  the  Florida  penin- 
sula as  far  south  as  the  sandy  ridges  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Istokpoga,  De  Soto 
County. 

X  Quercus  Mellichampii  Trel.  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  Catesbcei  and  Q.  lauri- 
folia  occurs  at  Bluffton  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Orlando, 
Orange  County  and  near  San  Mateo,  Putnam  County,  Florida. 

X  Quercus  Ashei  Trel.  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  Catesbcei  with  Q.  cinerea  occurs 
at  Folkston  and  near  Trader's  Hill,  Charleton  County  and  St.  Mary's,  Camden  County, 
Georgia. 

X  Quercus  blufftonensis  Trel.,  a  probable  hybrid  of  Quercus  Catesbcei  and  Q.  rubra  L., 
has  been  found  at  Bluffton,  South  Carolina. 

X  Quercus  Walteriana  Ashe,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  Catesbaei  and  Q.  nigra, 
is  not  rare  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
and  occurs  on  sand  hills  in  Sampson  County,  North  Carolina,  near  Jacksonville,  Duval 
County,  Florida,  at  Mount  Vernon,  Mobile  County  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Selma. 
Dallas  County,  Alabama. 

11.  Quercus  ilicifolia  Wang.    Bear  Oak.    Scrub  Oak. 

Quercus  nana  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  or  rarely  oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  divided  by 
wide  shallow  sinuses  into  3-7,  usually  5,  acute  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  elongated, 
rounded  and  3-toothed  or  acute  and  dentate  or  entire  at  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading, 


Fig.  233 


mostly  triangular  and  acute,  or  those  of  the  upper  pair  broad,  oblique  and  repand-lobu- 
late  or  broad  at  apex,  slightly  3-lobed  and  entire  below,  or  deeply  3-lobed  above  and  sinu- 
ate below,  or  occasionally  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  and  entire,  with  undulate  margins, 
when  they  unfold  dull  red  and  puberulous  or  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface  and  coated 
on  the  lower  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  sil- 
very white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  covered  below  with  pale  or  silvery  white  pubescence,  2'-5'  long,  l|'-3'  wide, 


FAGACE^E  255 

with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  turning  dull  scarlet  or  yellow  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  or  pubescent,  l'-l£'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in 
hairy  aments  4 '-5'  long,  and  often  persistent  until  midsummer;  calyx  red  or  green  tinged 
with  red  and  irregularly  divided  into  3-5  ovate  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
anthers  bright  red  ultimately  yellow;  pistillate  on  stout  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involu- 
cral  scales  ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes,  red  and  tomentose;  stigmas 
dark  red.  Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  sessile  or  stalked,  in  pairs  or  rarely  solitary; 
nut  ovoid,  broad,  flat  or  rounded  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  rounded  at 
apex,  about  \'  long  and  broad,  light  brown,  lustrous,  usually  faintly  striate,  inclosed  for 
about  one  half  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  or  saucer-shaped  cup  often  abruptly  enlarged 
above  the  stalk-like  base,  thick,  light  reddish  brown  within,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate 
closely  imbricated  red-brown  puberulous  scales  acute  or  truncate  at  apex,  the  minute  free 
tips  of  the  upper  scales  forming  a  fringe-like  border  to  the  cup. 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  with  slender  spread- 
ing branches  usually  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark  green 
more  or  less  tinged  with  red  and  hoary-pubescent  at  first,  during  their  first  winter  red- 
brown  or  ashy  gray  and  pubescent  or  puberulous,  becoming  glabrous  and  darker  in  their 
second  year  and  ultimately  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  more  frequently  an  intricately 
branched  shrub,  with  numerous  contorted  stems  3°-10°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse, 
about  \'  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown  rather  loosely  imbricated  glabrous  or  pilose 
scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  dark  brown,  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hillsides;  coast  of  eastern  Maine  south- 
ward through  eastern  and  southern  New  England  to  southern  and  southwestern  Penn- 
sylvania and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  principally  on  their  eastern  slopes,  to 
southern  Virginia;  on  Crowder  and  King  Mountains,  Gaston  County,  North  Carolina; 
and  westward  to  the  shores  of  Lake  George  and  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River;  common 
in  eastern  and  southern  New  Engnlad,  in  the  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  eastern 
Pennsylvania. 

X  Quercus  Brittonii  Davis,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  ilicifolia  and  Q.  mari- 
landica,  has  been  found  on  Staten  Island,  New  York,  and  at  Ocean  Grove,  Monmouth 
County,  New  Jersey. 

X  Quercus  Gijfordii  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  ilicifolia  and  Q.  Phellos, 
has  been  found  at  May's  Landing,  Atlantic  County,  New  Jersey. 

X  Quercus  Rehderi  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  ilicifolia  and  Q.  velutina, 
is  not  rare  in  eastern  Massachusetts  and  occurs  on  Martha's  Vineyard  (Chilmark). 

12.  Quercus  rubra  L.    Red  Oak.    Spanish  Oak. 

Quercus  digitata  Sudw. 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  the  terminal  lobe 
long-acuminate,  entire  or  slightly  lobed,  often  falcate,  usually  longer  than  the  2  or  4 
acuminate  entire  lateral  lobes  narrowed  from  a  broad  base  and  often  falcate,  or  oblong- 
obovate  and  divided  at  the  broad  apex  by  wide  or  narrow  sinuses  broad  and  rounded  in 
the  bottom  into  3  rounded  or  acute  entire  or  dentate  lobes,  and  entire  and  gradually 
narrowed  below  into  an  acute  or  rounded  base  (var.  triloba  Ashe),  the  two  forms  usually 
occurring  on  different  but  sometimes  on  the  same  tree,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  coated  below  with  soft  close  pale  or  rusty  pubescence,  6'-7'  long 
and  4'-5'  wide,  obscurely  reticulate-venulose,  with  a  stout  tomentose  midrib  and  primary 
veins;  turning  brown  or  dull  orange  color  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  flattened,  l'-2'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  tomentose  aments,  3'-5'  long;  calyx  thin  and  scarious,  pu- 
bescent on  the  outer  surface,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  rounded  segments;  pistillate  on  stout 
tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  coated  with  rusty  tomentum,  as  long  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut 
subglobose  to  ellipsoidal,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  truncate  and  rounded  at  base,  about 


256 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


I'  long,  bright  orange-brown,  inclosed  only  at  base  or  sometimes  for  one  third  its  length  in 
a  thin  saucer-shaped  cup  flat  on  the  bottom  or  gradually  narrowed  from  a  stalk-like  base,  or 
deep  and  turbinate,  bright  red-brown  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  by  thin  ovate-oblong 
reddish  scales  acute  or  rounded  at  apex  and  pale-pubescent  except  on  the  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  large'spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first,  like  the 
young  leaves,  with  thick  rusty  or  orange-colored  clammy  tomentum,  dark  red  or  reddish 
brown  and  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  in  their  second 
year  dark  red-brown  or  ashy  gray.  The  var.  iriloba  usually  20°-30°  rarely  40°-50°  high. 
Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oval,  acute,  |'-j'  long,  with  bright  chestnut-brown  puberulous  or 
pilose  scales  ciliate  with  short  pale  hairs.  Bark  f'-l'  thick,  dark  brown  or  pale,  and  di- 
vided by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  covered  by  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 


Fig.  234 


hard,  strong,  not  durable,  coarse-grained,  light  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood; 
sometimes  used  in  construction,  and  largely  as  fuel.  The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  and  is 
used  in  tanning  leather  and  occasionally  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  and  southern  Pennsylvania  and  southern  New  Jersey 
southward  to  central  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River, 
Texas,  and  through  eastern  Oklahoma  and  southwestern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee 
and  Kentucky,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  southern  Ohio  (Black  Fork  Creek,  Lawrence 
County),  and  Kanawha  County,  West  Virginia;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  only  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast  and  comparatively  rare;  very  common  in  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states  on  dry  hills  between  the  coast  plain  and  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  less  abund- 
ant in  the  southern  maritime  Pine  belt.  The  var.  triloba:  rare  and  local.  Pleasant  Grove, 
Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania  and  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  southward  to  central 
and  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  western  Arkansas  and  eastern 
Texas;  on  dry  uplands  near  Milledgeville,  Baldwin  County,  Georgia,  the  prevailing  form. 

Quercus  rubra  var.  pagodaefolia  Ashe.    Swamp  Spanish  Oak.    Red  Oak. 

Quercus  pagoda  Rafn. 
Quercus  pagodcefolia  Ashe. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  full  and  rounded 
or  rarely  truncate  at  base,  deeply  divided  by  wide  sinuses  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  5-1 1 
acuminate  usually  entire  repand-dentate  lobes  often  falcate  and  spreading  at  right  angles 


FAGACE.E 


257 


to  the  midrib  or  pointed  toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  pale 
tomentum,  thickest  on  the  lower  surface,  and  dark  red  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  tomentose  below,  6'-8'  long  and  5'-6'  wide, 
with  a  stout  midrib  usually  puberulous  on  the  upper  side,  slender  primary  veins  arched  to 
the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  turning  bright  clear  yellow 
before  falling;  petioles  stout,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  1^-2'  in  length.  Flowers  and  Fruit 
as  in  the  species. 

A  tree,  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  heavy  branches  forming  in 
the  forest  a  short  narrow  crown,  or  in  more  open  situations  wide-spreading  or  ascending 
and  forming  a  great  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  hoary  tomentose  at  first,  tomentose 
or  pubescent  during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  during  their 
second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  often  prominently  4-angled,  about  3'  long,  with 


Fig.  235 

light  red-brown  puberulous  scales  sometimes  ciliate  at  the  apex.  Bark  about  1'  thick 
and  roughened  by  small  rather  closely  appressed  plate-like  light  gray,  gray-brown  or  dark 
brown  scales.  Wood  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  manu- 
factured into  lumber  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  valued  almost  as  highly  as  white  oak. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  the  alluvial  banks  of  streams;  Maryland  (Queen 
Anne  County)  and  coast  of  Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  and 
Arkansas  to  southern  Missouri,  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  southern  Illinois 
and  Indiana;  most  abundant  and  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  timber-trees  in  the 
river  swamps  of  the  Yazoo  basin,  Mississippi,  and  of  eastern  Arkansas.  Differing  chiefly 
from  the  type  in  the  more  numerous  and  more  acuminate  lobes  of  the  usually  more  elon- 
gated leaves  usually  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  and  in  the  generally  paler  bark  of  the 
trunk;  passing  into  Quercus  rubravar.  leucophylla  Ashe  with  leaves  on  upper  branches 
nearly  as  broad  as  long  thickly  covered  below  with  brownish  pubescence  and  deeply 
divided  into  5-7  lobes,  and  on  lower  branches  slightly  obovate,  less  deeply  divided,  thin, 
dark  green,  sometimes  pubescent  becoming  glabrous  above  and  often  covered  below  with 
pale  or  brown  pubescence. 

A  tree  sometimes  120°  high;  in  low  rich  soil;  coast  region  of  southeastern  Virginia,  south- 
ward to  western  Florida  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River, 
Texas,  and  northward  to  northern  Arkansas;  in  southern  Illinois  (near  Mt.  Carmel,  Wa- 
bash  County)  and  southwestern  Indiana  (near  Hovey  Lake,  Posey  County) ;  abundant  in 
low  woods  about  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Florida,  and  in  central  Mississippi. 

X  Quercus  Willdenoviana  Zabel  is  believed  in  Europe  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  rubra 
and  Quercus  velutina. 


258  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

13.  Quercus  marilandica,  Muench.    Black  Jack.    Jack  Oak. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  narrow  base,  usually  3  or  rarely 
5-lobed  at  the  broad  and  often  abruptly  dilated  apex,  with  short  or  long,  broad  or  narrow, 
rounded  or  acute,  entire  or  dentate  lobes,  or  entire  or  dentate  at  apex,  sometimes  oblong- 
obovate,  undulate-lobed  at  the  broad  apex  and  entire  below,  or  equally  3-lobed  with 
elongated  spreading  lateral  lobes  broad  and  lobulate  at  apex,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  a 
clammy  tomentum  of  fascicled  hairs  and  bright  pink  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity 
thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  very  lustrous  above,  yellow,  orange 
color,  or  brown  and  scurfy-pubescent  below,  usually  6'-7'  long  and  broad,  with  a  thick  broad 
orange-colored  midrib;  turning  brown  or  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  gla- 
brous or  pubescent,  |'-f'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary  aments  2'-4'  long; 
calyx  thin  and  scarious,  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  pale-pubescent  on  the  outer 
surface,  divided  into  4  or  5  broad  ovate  rounded  lobes;  anthers  apiculate,  dark  red;  pistillate 


Fig.  236 


on  short  rusty-tomentose  peduncles  coated  like  their  involucral  scales  with  thick  rusty 
tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  usually  pedunculate;  nut  oblong, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rather  broader  below  than  above  the  middle,  about  f  long,  light 
yellow-brown  and  often  striate,  the  shell  lined  with  dense  fulvous  tomentum,  inclosed  for 
one  third  to  nearly  two  thirds  of  its  length  in  a  thick  turbinate  light  brown  cup  puberulous 
on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  large  reddish  brown  loosely  imbricated  scales  often 
ciliate  and  coated  with  loose  pale  or  rusty  tomentum,  the  upper  scales  smaller,  erect,  in- 
serted on  the  top  of  the  cup  in  several  rows,  and  forming  a  thick  rim  round  its  inner  sur- 
face, or  occasionally  reflexed  and  covering  the  upper  half  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  20°-30°,  or  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  1'  in  di- 
ameter, short  stout  spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  narrow  compact  round- 
topped  or  sometimes  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
thick  pale  tomentum,  light  brown  and  scurfy-pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becom- 
ing reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  the  winter,  and  ultimatey  brown  or  ashy 
gray.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oval,  prominently  angled,  light  red-brown,  coated  with  rusty 
brown  hairs,  about  ¥  long.  Bark  l'-l|'  thick,  and  deeply  divided  into  nearly  square  plates 
l'-3'  long  and  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  dark  rich  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  as 
fuel  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  or  clay  barrens;  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  New  York, 
eastern  and  southern  Pennsylvania,  and  southern  New  Jersey  to  the  shores  of  Matanzas 
Inlet  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Texas 


FAGACE.E 


259 


(Callahan  County)  and  to  western  Oklahoma  (Dewey  and  Kiowa  Counties),  Arkansas, 
eastern  Kansas,  southeastern  Nebraska  and  through  Missouri  to  northeastern  Illinois,  south- 
western and  southern  Indiana,  and  northeastern  Kentucky  (South  Portsmouth,  Greenup 
County,  R.  E.  Horsey);  rare  in  the  north,  very  abundant  southward;  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  often  forming  on  sterile  soils  a  great  part  of  the  forest  growth;  of  its  largest 
size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

X  Quercus  Rudkinii  Britt.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus 
marilandica  and  Q.  Phellos,  and  probably  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  has  been  found  near 
Tottenville,  Staten  Island,  New  York,  at  Keyport,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  and 
at  the  Falls  of  the  Yadkin  River,  Stanley  County,  North  Carolina. 

X  Quercus  sterilis  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  marilandica  and  Q.  nigra 
has  been  found  in  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina. 

X  Quercus  Hastingsii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  marilandica  and  Q. 
texana,  occurs  near  Boerne,  Kendall  County,  and  at  Brownwood,  Brown  County,  Texas. 

X  Quercus  Bushii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  marilandica  and  Q.  velutina, 
although  not  common,  occurs  in  eastern  Oklahoma  (Sapulpa,  Creek  County),  Mississippi 
(Oxford,  Lafayette  County),  Alabama  (Dothan,  Houston  County,  near  Berlin,  Dallas 
County,  and  Daphne,  Baldwin  County),  Florida  (Sumner,  Levey  County),  and  in  Georgia 
(Climax,  Decatur  County). 

14.  Quercus  arkansana  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  slightly  3-lobed  or  dentate  at  the  wide  apex,  cuneate  at  base, 
on  sterile  branches  often  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  the 
lobes  ending  in  long  slender  mucros,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  thickly  covered 
with  pale  fascicled  hairs  persistent  until  summer,  the  midrib  and  veins  more  thickly 


Fig.  237 


clothed  with  long  straight  hairs,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  with  the  exception  of  small 
axillary  tufts  of  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  light  yellow-green  above,  paler  below, 
2'-2f  long  and  broad,  with  a  slender  light  yellow  midrib,  thin  primary  veins  and  promi- 
nent veinlets;  on  sterile  branches  often  4|'-5|'  long  and  2|'-2f  wide;  petioles  slender, 
coated  at  first  with  clusters  of  pale  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  f -*'  in  length. 
Flowers:  s laminate  in  aments  covered  with  clusters  of  long  pale  hairs,  2'-2|'  long;  calyx 


260  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

usually  4  rarely  3-lobed,  thinly  covered  with  long  white  hairs;  stamens  usually  4;  anthers 
ovoid-oblong,  apiculate,  dark  red;  pistillate  on  stout  peduncles  hoary-tomentose  like  the 
scales  of  the  involucre;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  short  glabrous 
peduncles;  nut  broad-ovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  sparingly  pubescent  especially  below  the 
middle  with  fascicled  hairs,  light  brown,  obscurely  striate,  |'— |'  long,  |'-f '  thick,  inclosed 
only  at  base  in  the  flat  saucer-shaped  cup,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  with 
closely  appressed  scales  obtuse  at  their  narrow  apex,  red  on  the  margins,  pale  pubescent, 
those  of  the  upper  rank  smaller,  erect,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  cup  and  forming  a  thin  rim 
round  its  inner  surface. 

A  tree  when  crowded  in  the  forest  often  60°-70°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk,  stout  ascending 
branches  forming  a  long  narrowr  head,  and  slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  early  in  the 
season  with  pale  fascicled  hairs,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  in  their  first  autumn  and 
darker  and  glabrous  in  their  second  year,  when  not  crowded  by  other  trees  rarely  40°  high 
with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  1°  in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  with  thin 
light  chestnut-brown  slightly  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  scales.  Bark  thick,  nearly 
black,  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  long  narrow  ridges  covered  with  thick  closely  appressed 
scales. 

Distribution.  Low  woods  and  on  rolling  sand  hills  four  miles  north  of  Fulton,  Hemp- 
stead  County,  Arkansas;  rare  and  local. 

15.  Quercus  nigra  L.    Water  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base  and  enlarged  often 
abruptly  at  the  broad  rounded  entire  or  occasionally  3-lobed  apex,  on  vigorous  young 
branchlets  sometimes  pinnatifid  with  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  lobes  or  broadly  oblong- 
obovate  and  rounded  at  apex  with  entire  or  undulate  margins,  on  upper  branches  occa- 
sionally linear-lanceolate,  on  occasional  trees  narrowed  below  to  an  elongated  cuneate 
base  and  gradually  widened  above  into  a  more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed  apex,  the  lobes 
rounded  or  acute  (var.  tridentifera  Sarg.),  or  often  acute  at  the  ends,  and  on  upper  branch- 
lets  sometimes  linear-lanceolate  to  linear-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  divided 
above  the  middle  by  deep  wide  rounded  sinuses  into  elongated  lanceolate  acute  entire 
lobes,  or  pinnatifid  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  thin,  light  green  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  and  covered  by  fine  caducous  pubescence,  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  at  maturity  thin,  dull  bluish  green,  paler  below  than  above, 
glabrous  or  with  axillary  tufts  of  rusty  hairs,  usually  about  %\'  long  and  \\'  wide,  or  on 
fertile  branches  sometimes  6'  long  and  2^'  wide;  turning  yellow  and  falling  gradually  during 
the  winter;  petioles  stout,  flattened,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  of  seedling  plants  linear-lanceo- 
late with  entire  or  undulate  margins,  or  occasionally  lobed  with  1  or  2  pointed  lobes, 
often  deeply  3-lobed  at  a  wide  apex,  and  occasionally  furnished  below  the  middle  with  a 
single  acuminate  lobe,  all  the  forms  often  occurring  on  a  plant  less  than  three  feet  high. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  red  hairy-stemmed  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  thin  and  scarious, 
covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  short  hairs,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  rounded  segments; 
pistillate  on  short  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  a  little  shorter  than  the 
acute  calyx-lobes  and  coated  with  rusty  hairs;  stigmas  deep  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary, 
sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ovoid,  broad  and  flat  at  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  pubescent 
apex,  light  yellow-brown,  often  striate,  \'-\ '  long  and  nearly  as  thick,  usually  inclosed  only 
at  the  base  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  cup,  or  occasionally  for  one  third  its  length  in  a  cup- 
shaped  cup,  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  pale  silky  tomentum  and  covered  by  ovate 
acute  closely  appressed  light  red-brown  scales  clothed  with  pale  pubescence  except  on  their 
darker  colored  margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3|°  in  diameter,  numerous  slender 
branches  spreading  gradually  from  the  stem  and  forming  a  symmetrical  round- topped 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  or  dull  red  during  their  first  winter,  becoming 
grayish  brown  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  strongly  angled,  covered 
by  loosely  imbricated  dark  red-brown  puberulous  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  thin  margins. 


FAGACE^E 


261 


Bark  -£'-f '  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  brown  surface  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  covered 
by  smooth  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  little  valued  except  as  fuel. 


Fig.  238 

Distribution.  High  sandy  borders  of  swamps  and  streams  and  the  rich  bottom-lands 
of  rivers,  or  northward  sometimes  in  dry  woods;  southern  Delaware,  southward  to  the 
shores  of  the  Indian  River  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  ranging  inland  in  the  south  Atlantic 
states  through  the  Piedmont  region,  and  westward  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley 
of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  through  eastern  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas  to  south- 
eastern Missouri  and  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  The  var.  tridentifera  Sarg.  rare 
and  local;  southwest  Virginia  to  Alabama  (near  Selma,  Dallas  County),  central  and  western 
Mississippi,  eastern  Louisiana;  valley  of  Navidad  River,  Lavaca  County,  Texas.  A  form 
(f .  microcarya  Sarg.  —  Quercus  microcarya  Small)  occurs  in  the  dry  soil  on  slopes  of  Little 
Stone  Mountain,  Dekalb  County,  Georgia. 

The  Water  Oak  is  commonly  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  and  squares  of  the 
cities  and  towns  of  the  southern  states. 

16.  Quercus  rhombica  Sarg. 

Leaves  rhombic,  rarely  oblong-obovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at 
apex,  cuneate  at  base,  the  margins  entire  or  slightly  undulate,  those  on  vigorous  shoots 
occasionally  furnished  on  each  side  near  the  middle  with  a  short  lobe,  when  they  unfold 
deeply  tinged  with  red,  covered  with  short  pale  caducous  pubescence  and  furnished  be- 
low with  usually  persistent  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  pale  below,  3^-4'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  conspicuous  yellow  midrib 
and  slender  forked  primary  veins;  turning  yellow  and  falling  gradually  in  early  winter, 
rarely  at  the  ends  of  branches,  obovate  and  rounded,  slightly  3-lobed  or  undulate  at  the 
broad  apex  (var.  obovatifolia  Sarg.);  petioles  yellow,  \'-%'  in  length.  Flowers  not  seen. 
Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ovoid,  rounded  at  apex,  thickly  covered  with  pale  pu- 
bescence, f '-£'  long,  f  thick;  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  saucer-shaped  cup,  rounded 
on  the  bottom,  silky  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  with  slightly  pubescent 
reddish  brown  loosely  appressed  scales  rounded  at  apex,  with  free  tips,  those  of  the  upper 
rank  thin  and  ciliate  on  the  margins. 

A  tree  often  120°-150°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4|°  in  diameter,  stout,  wide-spreading 
smooth  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  red-brown 
during  their  first  season  and  dark  gray  the  following  year.  Bark  pale  gray,  slightly  fur- 
rowed and  covered  with  closely  appressed  scales,  £'-£'  thick. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  low  wet  woods  of  the  coast  region;  southeastern 
Virginia  (Dismal  Swamp)  to  northern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley 
of  the  Neches  River  (Beaumont,  Jefferson  County),  eastern  Texas;  in  Louisiana  northward 


Fig.  239 


to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River;  most  abundant  in  south  central  Alabama  and  in  Louisiana. 

X  Quercus  beaumontiana  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  rhombica  and  Q.  rubra 
has  been  found  growing  by  a  street  in  Beaumont,  Jefferson  County,  Texas. 

X  Quercus  Cocksii  Sarg.,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  rhombica  and  Q.  velutina,  has 
been  found  at  Pineville,  Rapides  Parish,  Louisiana. 

17.  Quercus  Phellos  L.    Willow  Oak. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  rarely  obovate-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  and  entire  with  slightly  undulate  margins,  when  they 
fold  light  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  on  the  lower  with  pale 


Fig.  240 


caducous  pubescence,  at  maturity  glabrous,  light  green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  dull  and 
paler  or  rarely  hoary-pubescent  below,  conspicuously  reticulate- venulose,  2|'-5'  long, 
|'-1'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins  forked  and  united 


FAGACE^S  263 

about  halfway  between  the  midrib  arid  margins;  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles 
stout,  about  £'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender-stemmed  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx- 
yellow,  hirsute,  with  4  or  5  acute  segments;  pistillate  on  slender  glabrous  peduncles,  their 
involucral  scales  brown  covered  by  pale  hairs,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes; 
stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  hemi- 
spheric, light,  yellow-brown,  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  inclosed  only  at  the  very  base 
in  the  thin  pale  reddish  brown  saucer-shaped  cup  silky-pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and 
covered  by  thin  ovate  hoary-pubescent  closely  appressed  scales  rounded  at  apex. 

A  tree,  often  70°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  or  rarely  4°  in  diameter,  small  branches 
spreading  into  a  comparatively  narrow  open  or  conical  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
glabrous  reddish  brown  branchlets  roughened  by  dark  lenticels,  becoming  in  then*  second 
year  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  or  grayish  brown;  usually  much  smaller.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  acute,  about  f  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  pale  and  scarious  on  the  mar- 
gins. Bark  -£-'-£'  thick,  light  red-brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  generally  smooth  but  on 
old  trees  broken  by  shallow  narrow  fissures  into  irregular  plates  covered  by  small  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  not  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  occasionally  used  in  construction,  for  clap- 
boards and  the  fellies  of  wheels. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  borders  of  swamps  and  streams  and  rich  sandy  uplands;  Staten 
Island,  New  York,  southern  New  Jersey  and  southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  southward 
to  northeastern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Navasota  River, 
Brazos  County,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma  and  southeastern  Mis- 
souri to  central  Tennessee  and  northwestern  Kentucky  (Ballard  County),  and  in  south- 
western Illinois  (Massac  and  Pope  Counties) ;  in  the  Atlantic  states  usually  confined  to  the 
maritime  plain;  less  common  in  the  middle  districts,  rarely  extending  to  the  Appalachian 
foothills. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  southern  towns,  and  rarely  in 
western  Europe;  hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts. 

Quercus  heterophylla  Michx.  f. 

This  has  usually  been  considered  a  hybrid  between  Quercus  Phellos  and  Quercus  velutina 
or  Quercus  borealis  var.  maxima;  first  known  in  the  eighteenth  century  from  an  individ- 


Fig.  241 

ual  growing  in  a  field  belonging  to  John  Bartram  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  Philadelphia. 
What  appears  to  be  the  same  form  has  since  been  discovered  in  a  number  of  stations 


264  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

from  New  Jersey  to  Texas,  and  it  is  possible  that  Quercus  heterophylla  may,  as  many 
botanists  have  believed,  best  be  considered  a  species. 

X  Quercus  subfalcata  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  Phellos  and  Q.  rubra 
has  been  found  at  Wickliffe,  Ballard  County,  Illinois,  at  Campbell,  Lawrence  County, 
Mississippi,  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas,  and  Houston,  Harris  County,  Texas; 
its  var.  microcarpa  Sarg.,  probably  of  the  same  parentage,  originated  in  a  Dutch  nursery. 

X  Quercus  ludoviciana  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  Phellos  and  Q.  rubra 
var.  pagodoefolia  grows  in  low  wet  woods  ten  miles  west  of  Opelousas,  St.  Landry  Par- 
ish, Louisiana. 

18.  Quercus  laurifolia  Michx.    Laurel  Oak.    Water  Oak. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  rarely  slightly  broadest  above  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the  ends, 
apiculate  at  apex,  occasionally  lanceojate  or  oblong-obovate  and  rounded  at  apex  (var. 
hybrida  Michx.)  sometimes  3-lobed  at  apex,  the  terminal  lobe  acuminate,  much  larger 
than  the  others  (var.  tridentata  Sarg.),  frequently  unequally  lobed  on  vigorous  branches  of 


Fig.  242 

young  trees,  with  small  nearly  triangular  lobes,  when  they  unfold  in  spring  yellow-green, 
or  later  in  the  season  often  pink  or  bright  red,  and  slightly  puberulous,  at  maturity  thin, 
green,  and  very  lustrous  above,  light  green  and  less  lustrous  below,  usually  3 '-4'  long  and 
f  wide,  with  a  conspicuous  yellow  midrib;  falling  abruptly  in  early  spring  leaving  the 
branches  bare  during  only  a  few  weeks;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  rarely  more  than  \'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  red-stemmed  hairy  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  divided  into  4  ovate  rounded  lobes;  pistillate  on  stout  glabrous 
peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  brown  and  hairy,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx- 
lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  subsessile,  generally  solitary;  nut  ovoid  to  hemi- 
spheric, broad  and  slightly  rounded  at  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  puberulous  apex, 
dark  brown,  about  \'  long,  inclosed  for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped 
cup  red-brown  and  silky-pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  light 
red-brown  scales  rounded  at  apex  and  pale-pubescent  except  on  their  darker  colored 
margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  and  comparatively 
slender  branches  spreading  gradually  into  a  broad  dense  round-topped  shapely  head,  and 
slender  glabrous  branchlets  dark  red  when  they  first  appear,  dark  red-brown  during  their 
first  winter,  becoming  reddish  brown  or  dark  gray  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds 
broadly  ovoid  or  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  Ty-i'  long,  with  numerous 


FAGACE.E 


265 


thin  closely  imbricated  bright  red-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young 
trees  \'-\.'  thick,  dark  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  roughened  by  small  closely 
appressed  scales,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trees  l'-2'  thick,  nearly  black,  and  divided 
by  deep  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  coarse-grained, 
liable  to  check  badly  in  drying,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood;  probably  used  only  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  banks  of  streams  and  swamps  and  rich  hummocks  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  coast;  North  Carolina  (near  Newbern)  southward  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscayne  and  the  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River,  Florida,  and  in  the  interior  of  the 
peninsula  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Istokpaga,  De  Soto  County,  and  westward  to 
eastern  Louisiana,  ranging  inland  to  Darlington,  Darlington  County,  South  Carolina, 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  Mayfield,  Hancock  County,  Albany, 
Dougherty  County,  Cuthbert,  Randolph  County,  and  Bainbridge,  Decatur  County, 
Georgia,  Georgiana,  Butler  County,  and  Berlin,  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  Rockport, 
Copiah  County,  Mississippi,  and  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bogalusa,  Washington  Parish, 
Louisiana  (R.  S.  Cocks) ;  nowhere  abundant,  but  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
eastern  Florida. 

19.  Quercus  cinerea  Michx.    Blue  Jack.    Upland  Willow  Oak. 

Quercus  brevifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  some- 
times rounded  at  base,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  entire  with  slightly  thick- 
ened undulate  margins,  or  at  the  ends  of  vigorous  sterile  branches  occasionally  3-lobed  at 


Fig.  243 


the  apex  and  variously  lobed  on  the  margins  (/3  dentato-lobata  A.  De  Candolle),  when  they 
unfold  bright  pink  and  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  on  the  lower  with  thick 
silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  firm  in  texture,  blue-green,  lustrous,  conspicuously  re- 
ticulate venulose  above,  pale-tomentose  below,  2'-5'  long,  $'-!?'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow 
midrib  and  remote  obscure  primary  veins  forked  and  united  within  the  margins;  turn- 
ing red  and  falling  gradually  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early  winter;  petioles  stout,  \'-\' 
in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary-tomentose  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  pubescent, 
bright  red  and  furnished  at  apex  with  a  thick  tuft  of  silvery  white  hairs  before  opening,  di- 
vided into  4  or  5  ovate  acute  lobes,  becoming  yellow  as  it  opens;  stamens  4  or  5;  anthers 
apiculate,  dark  red  in  the  bud,  becoming  yellow;  pistillate  on  short  stout  tomentose 
peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes  and  coated  with 


266  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

pale  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  sessile  or  raised  on 
a  short  stalk  rarely  £'  long;  nut  ovoid,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends  or  subglobose,  about 
\'  long,  often  striate,  hoary-pubescent  at  apex,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  or  for  one  half 
its  length  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  or  cup-shaped  cup  bright  red-brown  and  coated  with 
lustrous  pale  pubescence  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  closely  imbricated  ovate- 
oblong  scales  hoary-tomentose  except  on  the  dark  red-brown  margins. 

A  tree  on  dry  hills,  usually  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  stout  branches 
forming  a  narrow  irregular  head,  and  thick  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a  dense 
fulvous  or  hoary  tomentum  of  fascicled  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous, 
dark  brown  sometimes  tinged  with  red  during  their  first  winter  and  darker  in  their 
second  year;  or  in  low  moist  soil  often  60°-75°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and 
a  broad  round-topped  shapely  head  of  drooping  branches.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  with 
numerous  rather  loosely  imbricated  bright  chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
often  \'  long  on  vigorous  branches,  frequently  obtuse  and  occasionally  much  smaller. 
Bark  f-H'  thick,  and  divided  into  thick  nearly  square  plates  l'-2'  long,  and  covered  by 
small  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  hard,  strong, 
close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  darker  colored  sap  wood;  probably 
only  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  barrens  and  dry  upland  ridges,  and  in  the  rich  moist  soil  of  the 
pine-covered  flats  of  the  Florida  peninsula;  North  Carolina  southward  to  the  shores  of  the 
Indian  River  and  Peace  Creek,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  River,  Texas;  in  the  Atlantic  and  middle  Gulf  states  mostly  confined  to  a  maritime 
belt  40°-60°  wide,  extending  across  the  Florida  peninsula  as  far  south  as  the  sand  hills  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Istokpoga,  De  Soto  County,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
ranging  inland  to  the  neighborhood  of  Dallas,  Dallas  County,  Texas  and  to  southeastern 
Oklahoma  (near  Antlers,  Pushmataha  County). 

X  Quercus  dubia  Ashe,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinerea  and  Q.  laurifolia  occurs 
at  Abbottsburg,  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina,  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina,  in  south- 
ern Georgia  and  northern  and  central  Florida,  and  at  Mississippi  City,  Lincoln  County, 
Mississippi. 

X  Quercus  subintegra  Trel.,  a  supposed  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinera  and  Q.  rubra  occurs 
at  Lumber  City,  Telfair  County,  Georgia,  Lake  City,  Columbia  County,  Florida,  and  at 
Berlin,  Dallas  County,  Alabama. 

X  Quercus  sublaurifolia  Trel.,  a  supposed  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinerea  and  Q.  laurifolia 
occurs  at  Folkston,  Charlton  County,  Georgia,  and  at  Biloxi,  Harrison  County,  Mississippi. 

X  Quercus  carolinensis  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinerea  and  Q.  mari- 
landica  occurs  at  Newbern,  Craven  County,  North  Carolina,  Lumber  City,  Telfair 
County  and  Climax,  Decatur  County,  Georgia,  and  near  Fletcher,  Hardin  County,  Texas. 

X  Quercus  caduca  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinerea  and  Q.  nigra,  occurs 
at  Folkston,  Charlton  County  and  Lumber  City,  Telfair  County,  Georgia,  Jacksonville, 
Duval  County,  and  Gainsville,  Alachua  County,  Florida,  Mississippi  City,  Harrison 
County,  Mississippi,  and  at  Milano,  Milano  County  and  Bryan,  Brazos  County,  Texas. 

X  Quercus  oviedoensis  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  cinerea  and  Q.  myrtifolia, 
has  been  found  near  Oviedo,  Orange  County,  Florida. 

20.  Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.    Shingle  Oak.    Laurel  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  apiculate  and  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  entire  with  slightly  thickened,  rev- 
olute  often  undulate  margins,  or  sometimes  more  or  less  3-lobed,  or  on  sterile  branches 
occasionally  repand-lobulate,  when  they  unfold  bright  red,  soon  becoming  yellow-green, 
covered  with  scurfy  rusty  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the 
lower,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  green,  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  green  or  light 
brown  and  pubescent  below,  4  '-6'  long,  f '-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  numerous 
slender  yellow  veins  arcuate  and  united  at  some  distance  from  the  margins,  and  reticulate 


FAGACE.E  267 

veinlets;  late  in  the  autumn  turning  dark  red  on  the  upper  surface;  petioles  stout,  pubes- 
cent, rarely  more  than  \'  in  length.  Flowers :  staminate  in  hoary-tomentose  arnents,  2'-3' 
long;  calyx  light  yellow,  pubescent,  and  divided  into  4  acute  segments;  pistillate  on  slender 
tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  covered  with  pale  pubescence  and  about  as 
long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  greenish  yellow.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  stout 
peduncles  often  nearly  \'  in  length;  nut  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  dark  chestnut-brown,  often  obscurely  striate,  |'-f  long,  inclosed  for  one  third  to 
one  half  its  length  in  a  thin  cup-shaped  or  turbinate  cup  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous 
on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  light  red-ljrown  scales  rounded  or  acute  at 
the  apex  and  pubescent  except  on  their  darker  colored  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  3°  in  diameter,  or  rarely 
100°  high,  with  a  long  naked  stem  3°-4°  in  diameter,  slender  tough  horizontal  or  somewhat 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  picturesque  head,  and  slender  branch- 


Fig.  244 


lets  dark  green,  lustrous,  and  often  suffused  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  soon  gla- 
brous, light  reddish  brown  or  light  brown  during  their  first  winter  and  dark  brown  in  their 
second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  about  \'  long,  obscurely  angled,  and  covered  by 
closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales  erose  and  often  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins. Bark  on  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  light  brown,  smooth,  and  lustrous,  becom- 
ing on  old  trunks  i'-l|'  thick,  and  slightly,  divided  by  irregular  shallow  fissures  into  broad 
ridges  covered  by  close  slightly  appressed  light  brown  scales  somewhat  tinged  with  red. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sap  wood;  occasionally  used  in  construction,  and  for  clapboards  and  shingles. 

Distribution.  Rich  hillsides  and  the  fertile  bottom-lands  of  streams;  Lehigh  County 
(Allenton  to  Dorney's  Park),  Bedford,  Huntington,  Franklin  and  Union  Counties,  Penn- 
sylvania, westward  through  Ohio  to  southern  Michigan,  southern  Wisconsin  and  southeast- 
ern and  southern  Iowa  (Muscatine  to  Taylor  County),  and  southward  to  the  District  of 
Columbia,  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  their  foothills,  up  to  altitudes  of  2200°, 
to  the  valley  of  the  Little  Tennessee  River,  North  Carolina,  and  to  northern  Georgia 
(Wilkes  County),  and  middle  Tennessee;  through  Missouri  to  northeastern  Kansas  and 
southeastern  Nebraska,  and  in  northern  and  southern  Arkansas  (Fulton,  Hempstead 
County);  comparatively  rare  in  the  east;  one  of  the  most  abundant  Oaks  of  the  lower 
Ohio  basin;  probably  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 


268  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Quercus  Leana,  Nutt.,  scattered  usually  in  solitary  individuals  from  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  western  North  Carolina  to  southern  Michigan,  central  and  northern  Illinois 
and  southeastern  Missouri,  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  species  and  Quercus 
velutina. 

X  Quercus  tridentata  Engelm.,  described  as  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  imbricaria  and  Q.  mari- 
landica  first  found  at  Allenton,  Saint  Louis  County,  Missouri,  occurs  also  near  Olney, 
Richland  County,  Illinois. 

X  Quercus  exacta  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  imbricaria  and  Q.  palustris, 
occurs  near  Olney,  Richland  County,  Illinois,  and  at  Crown  Point,  Lake  County,  Indiana. 

21.  Quercus  hypoleuca  Engelm. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic,  occasionally  somewhat  falcate,  acute 
and  often  apiculate  at  apex,  cuneate  or  bounded  or  cordate  at  the  narrow  base,  entire 
or  repandly  serrate  above  the  middle  with  occasionally  small  minute  rigid  spinose  teeth, 


Fig.  245 

or  on  vigorous  shoots  serrate-lobed  with  oblique  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  light  red, 
covered  with  close  pale  pubescence  above  and  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum, 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  covered 
on  the  lower  with  thick  silvery  white  or  fulvous  tomentum,  2'-4'  long,  |'-1'  wide,  with 
thickened  revolute  margins;  turning  yellow  or  brown  and  falling  gradually  during  the 
spring  after  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves^  petioles  stout,  flattened,  pubescent  or  to- 
mentose,  f'-J'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  aments  4 '-5'  long;  calyx  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  covered  with  pale  hairs  and  divided  into  4  or  5  broadly  ovate  rounded  lobes; 
anthers  acute,  apiculate,  bright  red  becoming  yellow;  pistillate  mostly  solitary,  sessile  OP 
short-stalked,  their  involucral  scales  thin,  scarious,  and  soft-pubescent;  stigmas  dark  red. 
Fruit  sessile  or  borne  on  a  stout  peduncle  up  to  \'  in  length,  usually  solitary;  nut  ovoid, 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  hoary-pubescent  apex,  dark  green  and  often  striate  when 
ripe,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  in  drying,  £'-£'  long,  the  shell  lined  with  white  to- 
mentum, inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  a  turbinate  thick  cup  pubescent  on 
the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  broadly  ovate  light  chestnut-brown  scales  rounded 
at  apex  and  clothed,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  with  soft  silvery  pubescence. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  or  sometimes  60°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-15'  in  diameter, 
slender  branches  spreading  into  a  narrow  round-topped  inversely  conic  head,  and  stout 
rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  disappearing  during  the  first 
winter,  becoming  light  red-brown  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  ultimately 
nearly  black;  frequently  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  £'  long,  with  thin 


FAGACE.E  269 

light  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  f'-l'  thick,  nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into  broad 
ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong,  hard, 
close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Scattered  but  nowhere  abundant  through  Pine-forests  on  the  slopes 
of  canons  and  on  high  ridges  usually  at  altitudes  between  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea  on 
the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  and  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  in  northern 
Chihuahua  and  Sonora. 

22.  Quercus  agrifolia  Nee.    Live  Oak.    Encina. 

Leaves  oval,  orbicular  or  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  base,  entire  or  sinuate-dentate  with  slender  rigid  spinose  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  caducous  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  subcoria- 
ceous,  convex,  dark  or  pale  green,  dull  and  obscurely  reticulate  above,  paler,  rather  lus- 


Fig.  246 


trous,  glabrous  or  pubescent  below,  with  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal 
veins,  or  sometimes  covered  above  with  fascicled  hairs  and  coated  below  with  thick 
hoary  pubescence,  f'-4'  long  and  ^'-3'  wide,  with  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins; 
falling  gradually  during  the  winter  and  early  spring;  petioles  stout  or  slender,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous,  £'-!'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  aments  3' -4'  long; 
calyx  bright  purple-red  in  the  bud,  sometimes  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  pale  hairs  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5-7  ovate  acute  segments 
reddish  above  the  middle;  pistillate  sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  involucral  scales  bright 
red  and  covered  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  or  glabrous  or  puberulous;  stigmas  bright 
red.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  few-fruited  clusters;  nut  elongated,  ovate, 
abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute  puberulous  apex,  light  chest- 
nut-brown, f'-l!'  long,  i'-f  thick,  the  shell  lined  with  a  thick  coat  of  pale  tomentum, 
inclosed  for  one  third  its  length  or  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin  turbinate  light  brown  cup 
coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  soft  pale  silky  pubescence,  and  covered  by  thin  papery 
scales  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  and  slightly  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  base 
of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-4°  or  rarely  6°-7°  in  diameter, 
dividing  a  few  feet  above  the  base  into  numerous  great  limbs  often  resting  on  the  ground 
and  forming  a  low  round-topped  head  frequently  150°  across,  and  slender  dark  gray  or 
brown  branchlets  tinged  with  red,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum  persistent  until 
the  second  or  third  year;  or  with  a  trunk,  rising  to  the  height  of  30°  or  40°,  and  crowned 
by  a  narrow  head  of  small  branches;  often  much  smaller;  frequently  shrubby  in  habit, 


£70  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

with  slender  stems  only  a  few  feet  high.  Winter-buds  globose  and  usually  about  -fa'  thick, 
or  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  and  sometimes  on  vigorous  shoots  nearly  \'  in  length,  with  thin 
broadly  ovate  closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  glabrous  or  pubescent  scales. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  close,  light  brown  or  pale  bluish  gray,  becoming  on 
old  trunks  2'-3'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  very  brittle,  light  brown  or  reddish  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored  sapwood; 
valued  and  largely  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  open  groves  of  great  extent  from  Sonoma  County,  California, 
southward  over  the  coast  ranges  and  islands  to  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower 
California;  less  common  at  the  north;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys 
south  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  their  commonest  and  characteristic  tree;  frequently  cover- 
ing with  semiprostrate  and  contorted  stems  the  sand  dunes  on  the  coast  in  the  central  part  of 
the  state;  in  southwestern  California  the  largest  and  most  generally  distributed  Oak-tree 
between  the  mountains  and  the  sea,  often  covering  low  hills  and  ascending  to  altitudes  of 
4500°  in  the  canons  of  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  temperate  western,  and  in  southern 
Europe. 

23.  Quercus  Wislizenii  A.  DC.    Live  Oak. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  broadly  elliptic,  generally  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
rounded  and  generally  apiculate  at  apex,  rounded  or  truncate  or  gradually  narrowed  and 
cuneate  at  base,  entire,  serrulate  or  serrate  or  sinuate-dentate  with  spreading  rigid  spines- 


Fig.  247 


cent  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  dark  red,  ciliate,  and  covered  with  pale  scattered  fasci- 
cled hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  glabrous  and  lustrous,  dark  green  on  the  upper 
and  paler  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  usually  l'-l|'  long  and  about  f '  wide,  with 
obscure  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  gradually  deciduous  during  their 
second  summer  and  autumn;  petioles  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  usually  pu- 
bescent or  puberulous  at  maturity,  |'  to  nearly  1'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy 
aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  tinged  with  red  in  the  bud,  divided  into  broadly  ovate  ciliate  gla- 
brous light  yellow  lobes  shorter  than  the  3-6  stamens;  pistillate  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
their  involucral  scales  and  peduncle  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  sessile,  short-stalked  or  oc- 
casionally spicate;  nut  slender,  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  pointed  and  pilose  at 
the  apex,  f'-H'  long,  about  $•'  thick,  light  chestnut-brown,  often  striate,  the  shell  lined 
with  a  scanty  coat  of  pale  tomentum,  more  or  less  inclosed  in  the  thin  turbinate  sometimes 


FAGACE^E  271 

tubular  cup  £'-1'  deep,  or  rarely  cup-shaped  and  shallow,  light  green  and  puberulous  within, 
and  covered  by  oblong  lanceolate  light  brown  closely  imbricated  thin  scales,  sometimes 
toward  the  base  of  the  cup  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  pubescent  or  pu- 
berulous, especially  above  the  middle,  and  frequently  ciliate  on  the  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4°-6°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
hoary  tomentum  or  covered  with  scattered  fascicled  hairs,  puberulous  or  glabrous  and 
rather  light  brown  during  their  first  season,  gradually  growing  darker  in  their  second 
year;  usually  much  smaller  and  sometimes  reduced  to  an  intricately  branched  shrub,  with 
numerous  stems  only  a  few  feet  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oval,  acute,  |'-j'  long,  with 
closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  ciliate  scales.  Bark  on  young  trees  and  large 
branches  thin,  generally  smooth  and  light-colored,  becoming  on  old  trunks  2'-3'  thick, 
and  divided  into  broad  rounded  often  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into 
small  thick  closely  appressed  dark  brown  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy, 
very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored 
sapwood;  sometimes  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Lower  slopes  of  Mt.  Shasta  southward  through  the  coast  region  of 
California  to  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  and  to  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa  Cruz  Islands, 
and  along  the  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Kern  County,  up  to  altitudes  of  2000°  at  the 
north  and  of  4500°  at  the  south;  as  a  shrub  4°-6°  high  with  small  thick  leaves  (var.  fru- 
tescens  Engelm.)  on  the  desert  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino,  San  Ja^cinto  and  Cuyamaca 
mountains,  at  altitudes  of  5000°-7000°  above  the  sea,  and  on  San  Pedro  Martir  in  Lower 
California;  nowhere  common  as  a  tree,  but  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the 
valleys  of  the  coast  region  of  central  California  at  some  distance  from  the  sea,  and  on  the 
foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  very  common  as  a  shrub  in  the  canons  of  the  desert 
slopes  of  the  mountains  of  southern  California;  near  the  coast  and  on  the  islands  small  and 
mostly  shrubby. 

X  Quercus  morehus,  Kell.,  a  supposed  hybrid  between  Quercus  Wislizenii  and  Q.  Kellog- 
gii  occurs  in  Lake  County,  California. 

24.  Quercus  myrtifolia  Willd. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  and  apiculate  or  broad  and  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  entire,  with 


Fig.  248 

much  thickened  revolute  sometimes  undulate  margins,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  sinuate-den- 
tate and  lobed  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold,  thin,  dark  red,  coated  below  and  on  the 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

petioles  with  clammy  rusty  tomentum  and  densely  pubescent  above,  at  maturity  thick 
and  coriaceous,  lustrous,  dark  green,  glabrous  and  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose 
above,  paler,  yellow-green,  or  light  orange-brown,  glabrous  or  pubescent  below,  with 
tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  \'-%,'  long  and  \'-\'  wide;  falling  gradually 
during  their  second  year;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  yellow,  rarely  more  than  \'  in  length. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary  pubescent  aments  \'-\\'  long;  calyx  coated  on  the  outer 
surface  with  rusty  hairs  and  divided  into  5  ovate  acute  segments  shorter  than  the  2  or 
3  stamens;  pistillate  sessile  or  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  their  involucral  scales 
tomentose  and  tinged  with  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut 
subglobose  or  ovoid,  acute,  |'-|'  long,  dark  brown,  lustrous  and  often  striate,  puberulous 
at  apex,  the  shell  lined  with  a  thick  coat  of  rusty  tomentum,  inclosed  for  one  fourth  to 
one  third  its  length  in  a  saucer-shaped  or  turbinate  cup  light  brown  and  puberulous  within, 
and  covered  by  closely  imbricated  broad-ovate  light  brown  pubescent  scales  ciliate  on  the 
margins  and  rounded  at  their  broad  apex. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  or  rarely  up  to  15'  in  diameter, 
short  or  rarely  long  spreading  branches  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a 
thick  pale  fulvous  tomentum  of  articulate  hairs  usually  persistent  during  the  summer, 
light  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  or  dark  gray,  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  during 
their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season;  more  often  an  intri- 
cately branched  shrub,  with  slender  rigid  stems  3°-4°  or  rarely  15°-20°  high  and  l'-3' 
in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oval,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute  apex,  with  closely 
imbricated  dark  chestnut-brown  slightly  puberulous  scales.  Bark  thin  and  smooth,  be- 
coming near  the  ground  dark  and  slightly  furrowed. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  ridges  on  the  coast  and  islands  of  South  Carolina  to  Bay  Bis- 
cayne,  Florida,  crossing  the  central  peninsula  and  from  the  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchee 
River,  westward  along  the  coast  of  Florida,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi;  most  abundant 
on  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  east  Florida,  and  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi ;  often  covering 
large  areas  with  low  impenetrable  thickets;  perhaps  of  its  largest  size  in  Orange  County, 
on  Jupiter  Island,  and  on  the  coast  west  of  the  Appalachicola  River,  Florida. 

25.  Quercus  chrysolepis  Liebm.    Live  Oak.    Maul  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptic,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  apex,  cordate,  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  base,  mostly  entire  on  old  trees,  often  dentate  or  sinuate-dentate  on  young  trees  with 


Fig.  249 


1  or  2  or  many  spinescent  teeth,  the  two  forms  often  appearing  together  on  vigorous  shoots, 
clothed  when  they  unfold  with  a  thick  tomentum  of  fulvous  hairs  soon  deciduous  from  the 


FAGACE.E  273 

upper  and  more  gradually  from  the  lower  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous, bright 
yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  fulvous-tomentose  below  during  their  first 
year,  ultimately  becoming  glabrate  and  bluish  white,  1'-- 1'  long,  £'-2'  wide,  with  thickened 
revolute  margins;  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years;  petioles  slender,  yellow, 
rarely  |'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  tomentose  aments  2'-4'  long;  calyx 
light  yellow,  pubescent,  divided  usually  into  5-7  broadly  ovate  acute  ciliate  lobes  often 
tinged  with  red  above  the  middle;  pistillate  sessile  or  subsessile  or  rarely  in  short  few- 
flowered  spikes,  their  broadly  ovate  involucral  scales  coated  with  fulvous  tomentum;  stig- 
mas bright  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid, 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  full  or  narrow  slightly  puberulous  apex,  light  chestnut-brown,  £'-2' 
long  and  about  as  thick,  the  shell  lined  with  a  thin  coat  of  loose  tomentum,  with  abortive 
ovules  scattered  irregularly  over  the  side  of  the  seed,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin 
hemispheric  or  in  a  thick  turbinate  broad-rimmed  cup  pale  green  or  dark  reddish  brown 
within,  and  covered  by  small  triangular  closely  appressed  scales  with  a  short  free  tip, 
clothed  with  hoary  pubescence,  or  often  hidden  in  a  dense  coat  of  fulvous  tomentum. 

A  tree,  usually  not  more  than  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-5°  in  diameter,  di- 
viding into  great  horizontal  limbs  sometimes  forming  a  head  150°  across,  and  slender  rigid 
or  flexible  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  fulvous  tomentum,  becoming  during  their 
first  winter  dark  brown  somewhat  tinged  with  red,  tomentose,  pubescent,  or  glabrous, 
and  ultimately  light  brown  or  ashy  gray;  occasionally  in  sheltered  canons  producing 
trunks  8°-9°  in  diameter;  on  exposed  mountain  sides  forming  dense  thickets  15°-20°  high. 
Winter-buds  broadly  ovoid  or  oval,  acute,  about  f  long,  writh  closely  imbricated  light 
chestnut-brown  usually  puberulous  scales.  Bark  f'-l£'  thick,  light  or  dark  gray-brown 
tinged  with  red,  and  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very 
strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored  sap  wood;  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  and  wagons. 

Distribution.  Southern  Oregon,  along  the  California  coast  ranges  and  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains;  of  its  largest  size 
in  the  canons  of  the  coast  ranges  of  central  California  and  on  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  ascending  to  altitudes  of  8000°-9000°  above  the  sea;  near  the  southern  boundary 
of  California,  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Lower  California  and  Sonora  and  in  Arizona 
(Santa  Rita  and  Huachuca  Mountains,  on  Beaver  Creek  and  in  Copper  Canon  near 
Camp  Verde,  and  in  Sycamore  Canon  south  of  Flagstaff),  usually  shrubby,  with  rigid 
branches,  rigid  coriaceous  oblong  or  semiorbicular  spinose-dentate  leaves,  subsessile  or 
pedunculate  fruit,  with  ovoid  acute  nuts  l'-l|'  long,  their  shells  lined  with  thick  or  thin 
pale  tomentum,  and  purple  cotyledons  (var.  Palmeri  Engelm.  —  Quercus  Wilcoxii  Rydb.) 

26.  Quercus  tomentella  Engelm. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  cuspidate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  apex, 
broad  and  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  and  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  remotely  crenate- 
dentate  with  small  remote  spreading  callous  tipped  teeth,  or  entire,  when  they  unfold  light 
green  tinged  with  red,  covered  above  with  scattered  pale  fascicled  hairs  and  below  and  on 
the  petioles  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green, 
glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  covered  writh  fascicled  hairs  on  the 
lower  surface,  2'-4'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  with  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins,  and  a 
pubescent  midrib;  gradually  deciduous  during  their  third  season;  petioles  stout,  pubescent, 
about  \'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  pubescent  aments  2^'-14'  long,  calyx  light 
yellow,  pubescent,  divided  into  5-7  ovate  acute  lobes;  pistillate  subsessile  or  in  few-flow- 
ered spikes  on  short  or  elongated  pubescent  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  like  the  calyx 
coated  with  fascicled  hairs;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  subsessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ovoid, 
broad  at  base,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  about  1^'  long  and  f '  thick,  inclosed  only  at  the 
base  in  a  cup-shaped  shallow  cup  thickened  below,  light  brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  acute  scales,  their  free  chestnut-brown  tips  more  or  less 
hidden  in  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum. 


274 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  30°-40°,  or  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  shapely  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  orange  color.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  nearly  j'  long,  with  many  loosely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown 


Fig.  250 

scales  more  or  less  clothed  with  pale  pubescence.  Bark  thin,  reddish  brown,  broken  into 
large  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  compact,  pale  yellow- 
brown,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Deep  narrow  canons  and  high  wind-swept  slopes  of  Santa  Rosa,  Santa 
Cruz,  and  Santa  Catalina  islands,  California;  on  Guadalupe  Island  off  the  coast  of  Lower 
California. 

27.  Quercus  Emoryi  Torr.    Black  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  and  mucronate  at  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the 
slightly  narrowed  base,  entire  or  remotely  repand-serrate  with  1-5  pairs  of  acute  rigid 
oblique  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  light  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  and  covered 
with  silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick,  rigid,  coriaceous,  dark  green,  very  lus- 
trous and  glabrous  or  coated  above  with  minute  fascicled  hairs,  pale  and  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous  below,  usually  with  2  large  tufts  of  white  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  slender  midrib, 
obscurely  reticulate-venulose,  l'-2|'  long,  £'-!'  wide;  falling  gradually  in  April  with  the 
appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  about  j'  in  length.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  hoary  tomentose  aments;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  di- 
vided into  5-7  ovate  acute  lobes;  pistillate  sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  involucral  scales 
covered  with  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  irregularly  from  June  to  September,  sessile 
or  short-stalked;  nut  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  narrowed  at  base,  rounded  at  the  narrow 
pilose  apex,  £'-f  long,  about  f  thick,  dull  light  green  when  fully  grown,  dark  chestnut- 
brown  or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  with  a  thin  shell  lined  with  thick  white  tomentum, 
inclosed  for  from  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  the  deeply  cup-shaped  or  nearly  hemi- 
spheric cup  light  green  and  pubescent  within,  and  covered  by  closely  imbricated  broadly 
ovate  acute  thin  and  scarious  light  brown  scales  clothed  with  short  soft  pale  pubescence. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  rigid  rather 
drooping  branches  forming  a  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  rigid  branch- 
lets  covered  at  first  with  close  hoary  tomentum,  bright  red,  pubescent  or  tomentose  in 
their  first  winter,  ultimately  glabrous  and  dark  red-brown  or  black;  sometimes  60°-70° 
high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  with  a  head  occasionally  100°  across;  or  at  high  alti- 


FAGACE^E 


275 


tudes  or  on  exposed  mountain  slopes  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  ellipsoidal,  acute,  about  £' 
long,  pale  pubescent  toward  the  apex,  with  thin  closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown 
ciliate  scales.  Bark  l'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into  large 
oblong  thick  plates  separating  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  with  thick  bright  brown  sap- 
wood  tinged  with  red.  The  sweet  acorns  are  an  important  article  of  food  for  Mexicans 
and  Indians,  and  are  sold  in  the  towns  of  southern  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 


Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
south  of  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  of  northern  Mexico;  in  Texas  common  in  the  can- 
ons and  on  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Limpio  and  Chisos  mountains;  the  most  abundant 
Oak  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  forming  a  large  part  of  the  forests  covering 
the  mountain  slopes  and  extending  from  the  upper  limits  of  the  mesa  nearly  to  the 
highest  ridges;  attaining  its  largest  size  and  beauty  in  the  moist  soil  of  sheltered  canons. 

28.  Quercus  dumosa  Nutt.    Scrub  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  rounded  and  acute  at  apex,  broad  and  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded 
at  base,  usually  about  f  long  and  %'  wide,  spinescent  with  a  few  minute  teeth,  or  undu- 
late and  entire  or  coarsely  spinescent,  with  an  obscure  midrib  and  primary  veins,  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets,  and  stout  petioles  rarely  £'  long;  or  sometimes  oblong  to  ob- 
long-obovate  and  divided  by  deep  sinuses  into  5-9  oblong  acute  rounded  or  emarginate 
bristle-tipped  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  3-lobed,  rounded  or  acute,  2'-4'  long  and  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  obscure  reticulate  veinlets, 
and  petioles  sometimes  1'  long,  thin  when  they  unfold  and  clothed  with  scattered  fascicled 
hairs,  or  rarely  tomentose  above  and  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  hoary  tomentum, 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface;  mostly  deciduous  during  the  winter.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  pubescent  aments;  calyx  divided  into  4-7  ovate  lanceolate  hairy  segments; 
pistillate  sessile  or  stalked,  in  long  many-flowered  tomentose  spikes,  their  involucral  scales 
and  calyx  hoary-tomentose;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ovoid,  broad 
at  base,  broad  and  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  %'-!'  long,  |'-f  thick,  inclosed  for  one  half 
to  two  thirds  its  length  in  a  deep  cup-shaped  or  hemispheric  cup  light  brown  and  pubescent 
within,  covered  by  ovate  pointed  scales  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  usually 
much  thickened,  united  and  tuberculate,  those  above  with  free  acute  tips  forming  a  fringe 
to  the  rim  of  the  cup,  or  frequently  with  basal  scales  but  little  thickened  and  furnished  with 
long  free  tips;  in  var.  Alv&rdiana  Jeps.,  with  a  nut  l^'-lf  long,  j'-|'  thick,  gradually 
narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  inclosed  only  at  base  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  cup. 


276  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  branches  forming  a 
round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  becom- 
ing in  their  first  winter  ashy  gray  or  light  or  dark  reddish  brown  and  usually  pubescent 
or  tomentose;  more  often  an  intricately  branched  rigid  shrub,  with  stout  stems  covered  by 


Fig.  252 


pale  gray  bark  and  usually  6°-8°  high,  often  forming  dense  thickets.  Winter-buds  ellip- 
soidal, generally  acute,  TV~~i'  l°ng»  with  thin  pale  red  often  pilose  and  ciliate  scales.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  bright  brown  and  scaly. 

Distribution.  California;  western  slopes  of  the  central  Sierra  Nevada;  common  on  the 
coast  ranges  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  on  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  ranging  inland  to  the  borders  of  the  Mohave  Desert  and  to  the  canons 
of  the  desert  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains,  and  southward  into 
Lower  California;  arborescent  only  in  sheltered  canons  of  the  islands;  the  var.  Alvordianay 
in  the  San  Emidio  Canon  of  the  coast  ranges  of  Kern  County  and  on  the  San  Carlos 
Range,  Fresno  County;  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  replaced  by  the  variety  bullata 
Engelm.  ranging  to  Mendocino  County  and  to  Napa  valley. 

X  Quercus  MacDonaldii  Greene,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  with  characters  intermediate 
between  those  of  Quercus  dumosa  and  Q.  Engelmannii,  is  usually  considered  a  hybrid  of 
these  species,  it  occurs  on  Santa  Cruz  and  Santa  Catalina  Islands,  and  in  Santa  Barbara, 
and  Los  Angeles  Counties,  California. 

29.  Quercus  virginiana  Mill.    Live  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  cuneate  or  Tarely  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  usually  entire  with  slightly  revolute 
margins,  or  rarely  spinose-dentate  above  the  middle,  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-5'  long,  \'-%\'  wide,  and  in- 
conspicuously reticulate-venulose,  with  a  narrow  yellow  midrib,  and  few  slender  obscure 
primary  veins  forked  and  united  at  some  distance  from  the  margins;  gradually  turning 
yellow  or  brown  at  the  end  of  the  winter  and  falling  with  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves 
in  the  spring;  petioles  stout,  rarely  more  than  \'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy 
aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy,  divided  into  5-7  ovate  rounded  segments; 
anthers  hirsute;  pistillate  in  spikes  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  l'-3'  long,  their  in- 
volucral  scales  and  ovate  calyx-lobes  coated  with  hoary  pubescence;  stigmas  bright  red. 
Fruit  usually  in  3-5  fruited  spikes  or  rarely  in  pairs  or  single  on  stout  light  brown  puberu- 
lous  peduncles  1/-5'  long;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  slightly  obovoid,  narrowed  at  base,  rounded 
or  acute  at  apex,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  about  1'  long  and  \'  thick,  inclosed 
for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  a  turbinate  light  reddish  brown  cup  puberulous  within, 


FAGACE^E 


277 


its  scales  thin,  ovate,  acute,  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  covered  by  dense  lustrous  hoary 
tomentum  and  ending  in  small  closely  appressed  reddish  tips;  seed  sweet,  with  light  yel- 
low connate  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter  above  its  swollen  buttressed  base, 
usually  dividing  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into  3  or  4  horizontal  wide-spreading  limbs 
forming  a  low  dense  round-topped  head  sometimes  130°  across,  and  slender  rigid  branch- 
lets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown  and  pubescent 
or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter  and  darker  and  glabrous  the  following  season;  occa- 
sionally 60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  6°-7°  in  diameter;  often  shrubby  and  occasionally  not 
more  than  a  foot  high.  Winter-buds  globose  or  slightly  obovoid,  about  •£'  long,  with  thin 
light  chestnut-brown  scales  white  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and 
large  branches  %'-l'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  slightly  furrowed,  separating  on 


Fig.  253 


the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough, 
close-grained,  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  formerly  largely  and 
still  occasionally  used  in  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Mobjack  Bay,  Virginia,  southward  along  the  coast  and  islands 
to  southern  Florida,  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  northeastern  Mexico, 
spreading  inland  through  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  and  to  the  mountains  in 
the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state;  on  the  mountains  of  Cuba,  southern  Mexico,  and 
Central  America;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf 
coasts  on  rich  hummocks  and  ridges  a  few  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea;  abundant  in 
Texas  in  the  coast  region,  near  the  banks  of  streams,  and  westward  toward  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Grande  often  forming  the  principal  part  of  the  shrubby  growth  on  low  moist 
soil;  in  sandy  barren  soil  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  seacoast  or  on  the  shores  of 
salt  water  estuaries  and  bays  often  a  shrub,  sometimes  bearing  fruit  on  stems  not  more 
than  a  foot  high  (var.  maritima,  Sarg.,  and  var.  dentata  Sarg.). 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Variable  in  habit  and  in  the  size  and  thickness  of  the  leaves  the  different  forms  of  Quercus 
virqiniana  show  little  variation  in  their  fruit.  The  most  important  of  these  varieties  is 

»  Quercus  virginiana  var.  geminata  Sarg. 

Quercus  geminata  Small. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  base,  occasionally  slightly  and  irregularly  dentate  above  the  middle  on  vigor- 
ous shoots,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  hoary  tomentose  below,  l^'-3'  long,  f'-l' 


278  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

wide,  with  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins;  persistent  until  after  the  leaves  of  the 
typical  Q.  virginiana  in  the  same  locality  have  all  fallen;  occasionally  in  Florida  with  oblong- 
elliptic  to  slightly  obovate  leaves  4£'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide  (f.  grandifolia  Sarg.).  Flowers 
and  Fruit  as  in  the  species. 

A  tree  often  75°  high  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  with  the  habit,  branchlets,  winter- 
buds  and  bark  of  the  typical  form;  often  much  smaller  and  occasionally  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Sandy  soil;  coast  region  of  North  Carolina  south  of  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  southward  in  Florida  to  Jupiter  Island  on  the  east  coast 
and  the  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  on  the  west  coast;  abundant  and  often  the 
common  Live  Oak  in  the  central  part  of  the  peninsula,  at  least  as  far  south  as  Orange 
County,  and  westward  through  western  Florida,  southeastern  and  southern  Alabama  to 
the  Gulf  coast  and  islands  of  Mississippi. 


Fig.  254 

Other  varieties  of  Quercus  virginiana  are  var.  macrophylla  Sarg.,  differing  from  the 
type  in  its  much  larger  ovate  or  slightly  obovate  leaves  rounded  or  acute  at  base, 
entire  or  occasionally  repand-dentate,  pale  tomentose  below,  3|'-4'  long  and  lj'-2|' 
wide.  Large  trees  forming  groves;  sandy  bottoms  of  the  Atascosa  River  and  in  flat 
woods  above  them,  Pleasanton,  Atascosa  County,  Texas:  var.  virescens  Sarg.,  differ- 
ing from  the  type  in  the  green  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
and  in  the  glabrous  branchlets.  A  large  tree  in  sandy  soil;  Gainesville,  Alachua  County, 
Sanford,  Seminole  County,  Sumner,  Levey  County,  Simpson's  Hummock,  and  near  Long 
Key  in  the  Everglades,  Dade  County,  Florida:  var.  eximea  Sarg.,  differing  from  the  type 
in  its  narrow  elliptic  to  narrow  oblong-obovate  leaves  and  pale  bark;  a  tree  rarely  20°  high, 
with  a  trunk  8' '-12'  in  diameter;  rarely  a  shrub;  dry  sandy  open  woods,  near  Springfield, 
Livingston  Parish  and  near  Hammond,  Tangipahoa  Parish,  eastern  Louisiana.  The  fol- 
lowing small  shrubby  small-leaved  forms  are  recognized:  var.  fusiformis  Sarg.,  with  ob- 
long-ovate leaves  acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  occasionally  dentate, 
and  pale  pubescent  below,  and  small  fruit;  dry  limestone  ridges  and  flat-topped  hills  of  the 
Edwards  Plateau  (Kerr  and  Comal  Counties),  western  Texas:  var.  dentata  Chapm.,  distinct 
in  the  oblong-obovate  repand-dentate  lower  leaves  with  large  triangular  teeth,  acute  at 
the  broad  apex,  often  4'  long  and  1|'  wide  at  the  base  of  the  stems,  and  much  larger  than 
the  oblong-lanceolate  entire  upper  leaves;  common  in  sterile  pine-barrens  near  the  coast 
of  Florida:  var.  maritima  Sarg.,  with  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  lanceolate  leaves,  acute  and 
apiculate  or  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  and  entire  or  slightly  and  irregularly  toothed 
above  the  middle;  fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  or  rarely  in  elongated  spikes  (Quercus  succu- 


FAGACE^E 


279 


lenta  Small);  sandy  barrens  near  the  coast,  South  Carolina  to  Miami,  Dade  County, 
Florida:  var.  pygmaea  Sarg.,  with  oblong-obovate  leaves,  cuneate  at  base,  3-5  lobed  at 
apex  with  small  acute  lobes,  or  rarely  elliptic  and  entire,  and  nearly  sessile  fruit,  the  nut 
inclosed  nearly  to  the  apex;  a  shrub  rarely  3°  high;  Pine- woods  in  sandy  soil;  widely 
distributed  in  Florida. 

30.  Quercus  reticulata  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  usually  cordate  or 
occasionally  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  repandly  spinose-dentate  above  the  middle  or 
only  toward  the  apex  with  slender  teeth,  and  entire  below,  when  they  unfold  coated  with 
dense  fulvous  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick,  firm,  and  rigid,  dark  blue  and  covered  with 
scattered  fascicled  hairs  above,  paler  and  coated  with  thick  fulvous  pubescence  below, 
l'-5'  long,  f'-4'  broad,  with  a  thick  midrib,  and  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the 


Fig.  255 


teeth  or  arcuate  and  united  within  the  slightly  revolute  margins,  and  very  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  short  tomen- 
tose  aments  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  light  yellow,  hirsute,  with  pale  hairs, 
divided  into  5-7  ovate  acute  segments;  pistillate  in  spikes  on  elongated  peduncles,  clothed 
like  their  involucral  scales  with  hoary  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  usually  in  many- 
fruited  spikes  or  occasionally  in  pairs  or  rarely  solitary,  on  slender  hirsute  or  glabrous 
peduncles  2'-5'  long;  nut  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  pilose  apex,  broad  at  base,  about 
'  long,  inclosed  for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  cup  dark  brown 
and  pubescent  within,  hoary  tomentose  without  and  covered  by  small  ovate  acute  scales, 
with  thin  free  scarious  tips,  slightly  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back  at  the  bottom  of 
the  cup. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  thick  fulvous  tomentum,  light  orange  color  and  more  or  less  thickly 
clothed  with  pubescence  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown;  in 
the  United  States  usually  shrubby  in  habit  and  sometimes  only  a  few  feet  tall;  becoming  on 
the  Sierra  Madre  of  Mexico  a  large  tree.  Winter-buds  ovoid  to  oval,  often  surrounded  by 
the  persistent  stipules  of  the  upper  leaves,  about  \'  long,  with  thin  loosely  imbricated 
light  red  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  dark  or  light  brown,  and  cov- 
ered by  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapvvood. 

Distribution.  Near  the  summits  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southeastern  New  Mexico 
(Mogollon  Mountains)  and  southeastern  Arizona,  and  southward  in  Mexico. 


280  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

31.  Quercus  Toumeyi  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  base,  entire  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  or  remotely  spinulose-dentate, 
often  minutely  3-toothed  at  apex,  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  light  blue-green,  glabrous  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  and  puberulous  below,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose;  \'-\  long, 
\'-\'  wide;  falling  early  in  spring  with  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  petioles  stout, 


Fig.  256 

tomentose,  about  rV  m  length.  Flowers  unknown.  Fruit  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
ripening  in  June;  nut  oval  or  ovoid,  \'-\'  long,  \'  thick,  light  brown  and  lustrous,  furnished 
at  the  acute  apex  with  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  pubescence,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its 
length  in  a  thin  shallow  tomentose  cup  light  green  and  pubescent  within,  and  covered 
by  thin  ovate  regularly  and  closely  imbricated  light  red-brown  scales  ending  in  a  short 
rounded  tip  and  coated  on  the  back  with  pale  tomentum. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  Avith  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  dividing  not  far  from  the 
ground  into  numerous  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  bright  red-brown  more  or  less  thickly  coated  with  pale  tomentum  at 
midsummer,  covered  during  their  second  and  third  years  with  thin  dark  brown  nearly  black 
bark  broken  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thick  pale 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Forming  an  open  forest  on  the  Mule  Mountains,  Cochise  County, 
southeastern  Arizona. 

32.  Quercus  arizonica  Sarg.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  obovate,  generally  acute  or  sometimes  rounded  at 
apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  repandly  spinose-dentate  usually,  except  on  vigorous 
shoots,  only  above  the  middle  or  toward  the  apex,  or  entire  and  sometimes  undulate  on 
the  margins,  when  they  unfold  light  red  clothed  with  bright  fulvous  tomentum  and  furnished 
with  dark  dental  glands,  at  maturity  thick,  firm  and  rigid,  dull  dark  blue-green  and  glabrate 
above,  duller  and  covered  with  thick  fulvous  or  pale  pubescence  below,  l'-4'  long,  -|'-2' 
wide,  with  a  broad  yellow  midrib,  slender  primary  veins,  arcuate  and  united  near  the  thick- 
ened revolute  margins,  and  coarsely  reticulate  veinlets;  falling  in  the  early  spring  just  be- 
fore the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  tomentose  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  pale  yellow, ^pubescent,  and  divided  into 
4-7  broad  acute  ciliate  lobes;  anthers  red  or  yellow;  pistillate  on  short  stems  tomentose 
like  their  involucral  scales.  Fruit  sessile  or  on  hoary-tomentose  stems  rarely  \'  long,  usu- 
ally solitary,  ripening  irregularly  from  September  to  November;  nut  oblong,  oval  or  slightly 


FAGACE.E 


281 


obovoid,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  puberulous  apex,  f'-l'  long,  |'  thick,  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  lustrous  and  often  striate,  soon  becoming  light  brown,  inclosed  for  half  its  length 
in  a  cup-shaped  or  hemispheric  cup  light  brown  and  pubescent  within,  covered  by  regu- 
larly and  closely  imbricated  scales  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  ending  in  thin  light  red 
pointed  tips,  those  below  the  middle  of  the  cup  much  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back; 
seed  dark  purple,  very  astringent. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  and  thick  contorted 
branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  sym- 
metrical head,  and  stout  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  thick  fulvous  tomentum  persistent 
during  their  first  winter,  reddish  brown  or  light  orange  color  and  pubescent  or  puberulous 
in  their  second  season,  ultimately  glabrous  and  darker;  usually  not  more  than  30°-40° 
tall;  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Winter -buds  subglobose,  about  T7tf'  long, 
with  loosely  imbricated  bright  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  pale,  scaly  with  small  appressed  scales,  becoming 
on  old  trunks  about  1'  thick  and  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  broken 


Fig.  257 


into  long  thick  plate-like  scales  pale  or  ashy  gray  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard, 
close-grained,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  used  only 
for  fuel. 

Distribution.  The  most  common  and  generally  distributed  White  Oak  of  southern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  covering  the  slopes  of  canons  of  mountain  ranges  at  altitudes 
of  from  5000°-10,000°  above  the  sea,  often  ascending  nearly  to  the  summits  of  the  high 
peaks;  and  in  northern  Mexico. 

33.  Quercus  oblongifolia  Torn    White  Oak. 

Leaves  ovate,  elliptic,  or  slightly  obovate,  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  or  acute 
at  apex,  usually  cordate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  base,  entire  and  sometimes  undulate 
with  thickened  revolute  margins,  or  remotely  dentate  with  small  callous  teeth,  on  vigorous 
shoots  and  young  plants  oblong,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  narrow  base,  coarsely  sinuate 
or  undulate-toothed  or  3-toothed  at  the  broad  apex  and  entire  below,  when  they  unfold 
bright  red  and  coated  with  deciduous  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  blue- 
green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  l'-2'  long,  J'-f  wide,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  some- 
times 3'-4'  long,  with  a  prominent  pale  midrib,  slender  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  persistent  during  the  winter  without  change  of  color,  gradually  turning 
yellow  in  the  spring  and  falling  at  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  petioles  stout,  nearly 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

terete,  about  1'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  short  hoary-tomentose  araents;  calyx 
bright  yellow,  pilose,  divided  into  5  or  6  laciniately  cut  or  entire  acute  segments  tinged  with 
red  above  the  middle;  pistillate  usually  sessile,  or  on  peduncles  tomentose  like  the  involu- 
cral  scales;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary  and  sessile,  rarely  long-stalked;  nut 
ovoid,  ellipsoidal,  or  slightly  obovoid,  full  and  rounded  at  apex  surrounded  by  a  narrow 
ring  of  white  pubescence,  dark  chestnut-brown,  striate,  and  very  lustrous,  soon  becoming 
light  brown  in  drying,  £'-f '  long,  about  £'  thick,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  a 
cup-shaped  or  rarely  turbinate  thin  cup  yellow-green  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface 
and  covered  by  ovate-oblong  scales  slightly  thickened  on  the  back,  coated  with  hoary 
tomentum  antl  ending  in  thin  acute  bright  red  tips  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  sometimes 
forming  a  minute  fringe  to  the  rim  of  the  cup. 


Fig.  258 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  many  stout 
spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  symmetrical  head, 
and  slender  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  fulvous  tomentum,  light  red- 
brown,  dark  brown  or  dark  orange  color  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their 
second  or  third  year.  Winter-buds  subglobose,  TV'-i'  long,  with  thin  light  chestnut- 
brown  scales.  Bark  |'-1|'  thick,  ashy  gray,  and  broken  into  small  nearly  square  or  oblong 
close  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black, 
with  thick  brown  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Chisos  Mountains,  western  Texas,  southeastern  New  Mexico,  southern 
Arizona,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  comparatively  rare  in  Texas;  abundant 
on  the  foothills  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  at  altitudes 
of  about  5000°,  and  dotting  the  upper  slopes  of  the  mesa  where  narrow  canons  open  to 
the  plain. 

34.  Quercus  Engelmannii  Greene.    Evergreen  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  usually  obtuse  and  rounded  or  sometimes  acute  at  apex, 
gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  entire,  often  undulate,  or 
sinuate-toothed  with  occasionally  rigid  teeth,  or  at  the  ends  of  sterile  branches  frequently 
coarsely  crenately  serrate  with  incurved  teeth,  or  rarely  lobed  with  acute  oblique  rounded 
lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  coated  with  thick  pale  rufous  tomentum,  at  ma- 
turity thick,  dark  blue-green  and  glabrous  or  covered  with  fascicled  hairs  above,  pale, 
usually  yellow-green  and  clothed  with  light  brown  pubescence,  or  puberulous  or  often 
glabrous  below,  l'-3'  long,  |'-2'  wide;  deciduous  in  the  spring  with  the  appearance  of  the 


FAGACE^l 


283 


new  leaves;  petioles  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  j'-|'  in  length.  Flowers: 
stamina te  in  slender  hairy  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  pilose,  with  lanceolate 
acute  segments;  pistillate  on  slender  peduncles,  clothed  like  their  involucral  scales  with 
dense  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  sometimes  f 
long;  nut  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  broad  rounded  and  obtuse  at  apex, 
broad  or  narrow  at  base,  dark  chestnut-brown  more  or  less  conspicuously  marked  by 
darker  longitudinal  stripes,  turning  light  chestnut-brown  in  drying,  f'-l'  long,  about  \' 
thick,  inclosed  for  about  half  its  length  in  a  deep  saucer-shaped,  cup-shaped  or  turbinate 
cup  light  brown  and  puberulous  within,  and  covered  by  ovate  light  brown  scales  coated 
with  pale  tomentum,  usually  thickened,  united  and  tuberculate  at  the  base  of  the  cup, 
and  near  its  rim  produced  into  small  acute  ciliate  tips. 


Fig.  259 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  branches  spreading  nearly  at 
right  angles  and  forming  a  broad  rather  irregular  head,  and  stout  rigid  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  hoary  tomentum,  light  or  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  and  pubescent  during  their 
first  winter,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  brown  or  gray  in  their  second  or  third  year. 
Winter-buds  oval  or  ovoid,  about  f  long,  with  thin  light  red  pubescent  scales.  Bark 
l£'-2'  thick,  light  gray  tinged  with  brown,  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  and  separating 
on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close- 
grained,  brittle,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  lighter  brown  sap  wood;  used  only 
for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  of  southwestern  California  west  of  the  coast  range,  occupying 
with  Quercus  agrifolia  Nee,  a  belt  about  fifty  miles  wide,  and  extending  to  within  fifteen 
or  twenty  miles  of  the  coast,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Sierra  Madre  and  San  Gabriel,  Los 
Angeles  County,  to  the  mesa  east  of  San  Diego;  in  northern  Lower  California. 

35.  Quercus  Douglasii  Hook.  &  Arn.  Blue  Oak.  Mountain  White  Oak. 
Leaves  oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  broad 
and  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  divided  by  deep  or  shallow,  wide  or  narrow  sinuses  acute 
or  rounded  in  the  bottom  into  4  or  5  broad  or  narrow  acute  or  rounded  often  mucronate 
lobes,  2'-5'  long,  I'-lf  wide,  or  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  equally 
or  unequally  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  regularly  or  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  with 
rounded  acute  rigid  spinescent  teeth,  or  denticulate  toward  the  apex,  l'-2'  long,  J'-l' 
wide,  when  they  unfold  covered  by  soft  pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  thin,  firm  and  rather 
rigid,  pale  blue,  with  scattered  fascicled  hairs  above,  often  yellow-green  and  covered  by  short 


284  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

pubescence  below,  with  a  hirsute  or  puberulous  prominent  midrib  and  more  or  less  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  \'-%  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  hairy  aments  lf'-2'  long;  calyx  yellow-green,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs, 
deeply  divided  into  broad  acute  laciniately  cut  segments;  pistillate  in  short  few-flowered 
spikes  coated  like  the  involucral  scales  with  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  ellipsoidal,  sometimes  ventricose,  with  a  narrow  base, 
gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  f'-l'  long,  |'-1'  thick,  or  often  ovoid  and  acute, 
green  and  lustrous,  turning  dark  chestnut-brown  in  drying,  with  a  narrow  ring  of  hoary 
pubescence  at  apex,  inclosed  only  at  base  in  a  thin  shallow  cup-shaped  cup  light  green 
and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  on.  the  outer  by  small  acute  and  usually 
thin  or  sometimes,  especially  in  the  south,  thicker  tumid  scales  coated  with  pale  pubes- 
cence or  tomentum  and  ending  in  thin  reddish  brown  tips. 


Fig.  260 

A  tree,  usually  50°-60°,  rarely  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  short 
stout  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  dense  round-topped  sym- 
metrical head,  stout  branchlets  brittle  at  the  joints,  coated  at  first  with  short  dense  hoary 
tomentum,  dark  gray  or  reddish  browr  and  tomentose,  pubescent,  or  puberulous  during 
their  first  winter,  becoming  ultimately  ashy  gray  or  dark  brown ;  frequently  not  more  than 
20°-30°  high,  and  sometimes,  especially  southward  shrubby,  in  habit.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  obtuse,  \'-\'  long,  with  light  rather  bright  red  pubescent  scales.  Bark  £'-!'  thick, 
generally  pale,  and  covered  by  small  scales  sometimes  tinged  with  brown  or  light  red. 
Wood  hard,  heavy,  strong,  brittle,  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  with  exposure,  with 
thick  light  brown  sap  wood;  largely  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Scattered  over  low  hills,  dry  mountain  slopes  and  valleys;  California, 
Mendocino  County,  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River,  southward  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  4000°,  and  through  valleys  of  the 
coast  ranges  to  the  Tehachapi  Pass,  the  borders  of  the  Mohave  Desert  (Sierra  de  la  Liebre) 
and  the  neighborhood  of  San  Fernando,  Los  Angeles  County;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  in  the  valleys  between  the  coast  mountains  and  the  interior  ridges  of  the  coast 
ranges  south  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

X  Quercus  jolonensis  Sarg.  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus 
Douglasii  and  Quercus  lobata  and  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  those  species  occurs,  with  a 
number  of  large  trees,  at  Jolon  and  between  Jolon  and  King  City,  Monterey  County, 
California. 


FAGACE^E 


285 


36.  Quercus  Vaseyana  Buckl.    Shin  Oak. 
Quercus  undulata  var.  Vaseyana  Rydb. 

Leaves  oblong,  rarely  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  undu- 
Jately  lobed  with  small  acute  lobes  pointing  forward,  rarely  nearly  entire,  when  they  unfold 
covered  above  with  short  fascicled  hairs  sometimes  persistent  until  midsummer,  and 
tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  pale  gray-green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  pale 
pubescent  below,  I'-l-J'  long  and  |'-f  wide;  deciduous  late  in  winter  or  in  early  spring; 
petioles  covered  with  fascicled  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous,  5'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  villose  aments  l'-l|'  long;  calyx  deeply  divided  into  4  or 
,5  ovate  scarious  lobes  rounded  at  apex  and  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  to- 


Fig.  261 

mentose  peduncles,  then-  involucral  scales  ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
lobes;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  ellipsoidal  and 
only  slightly  narrowed  at  the  rounded  ends  to  oblong  and  slightly  ovoid  or  obovoid,  i'-J' 
in  length,  Y~¥  in  diameter,  pale  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  the  base  only  inclosed  in 
the  thin,  saucer-shaped  to  cup-shaped  cup,  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  with 
closely  appressed  ovate  acute  hoary  tomentose  scales,  on  some  individuals  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  short  acute  red-brown  nearly  glabrous  tips. 

A  tree,  rarely  15°-20°  high,  usually  a  shrub  only  l°-3°  tall,  spreading  into  great  thickets, 
with  slender  branchlets  thickly  covered  with  matted  fascicled  hairs  during  their  first  sea- 
son, and  light  gray  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or 
obovoid,  about  f  long,  with  red-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  rough,  deeply 
furrowed  and  scaly. 

Distribution.  Limestone  slopes  and  ridges  or  in  sheltered  canons;  western  Texas; 
Kimble,  Real,  Kendall,  Kerr,  Uvalda,  Edwards,  Menard  and  Valverde  Counties. 

37.  Quercus  Mohriana  Rydb.    Shin  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  and  often  unsymmetrical  at  base,  entire,  undulate,  sinuately  toothed 
with  triangular  apiculate  teeth,  or  occasionally  irregularly  lobed  above  the  middle  with 
rounded  lobes,  thick,  gray-green,  lustrous  and  covered  above  with  short  fascicled  hairs, 


286  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

and  densely  hoary  tomentose  below,  2°-4°  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  thickly 
covered  with  fascicled  hairs,  sometimes  becoming  glabrous,  slender  primary  veins  and 
reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  hoary  tomentose,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  short  hoary  tomentose  aments;  calyx  densely  villose,  deeply  divided  into  broad  ovate 
lobes  rounded  at  apex;  anthers  red;  pistillate  on  hoary  tomentose  peduncles,  with  hairy 
bracts  and  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  nearly  sessile  or  raised  on  a  pubescent 
peduncle  ^'— |'  in  length;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  light 
chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  \'-%'  long,  i'— |'  thick,  inclosed  for  from  half  to  two  thirds  its 
length  in  the  hemispheric  to  cup-shaped  cup,  hoary  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  and 


Fig.  262 


covered  with  small  closely  appressed  acute  hoary  tomentose  scales  much  thickened  below 
the  middle  of  the  cup,  thin  and  much  smaller  toward  its  rim. 

A  tree,  rarely  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  1°  in  diameter,  small  spreading  and  as- 
cending branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  dur- 
ing their  first  season  with  fascicled  hairs,  dark  gray-brown  and  pubescent  in  their  second 
season  and  ultimately  gray  and  glabrous;  usually  a  low  shrub  spreading  into  thickets. 
Winter-buds  broad-ovoid,  obtuse,  pale  pubescent.  Bark  thin,  pale,  rough,  deeply  fur- 
rowed. 

Distribution.  On  dry  limestone  hills,  usually  not  more  than  18°  high  with  spreading 
branches;  on  deep  sand,  often  not  more  than  3°  high  with  more  erect  stems,  often  cover- 
ing thousands  of  acres;  only  a  tree  in  the  protection  of  ledges  in  deep  ravines  and  on  steep 
hillsides;  northwestern  Texas  (Tom  Green,  Coke,  Nolan,  Howard,  Armstrong,  and  Wheeler 
Counties) ;  central  Texas  (Bryan,  Brazos  County) ;  southwestern  Oklahoma  (Beckham 
County). 

38.  Quercus  Laceyi  Small. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  usually  with  two  pairs  of  small  rounded  lateral  lobes, 
occasionally  3-lobed  toward  the  apex,  rarely  nearly  entire,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex, 
rounded,  cuneate  or  rarely  cordate  at  the  gradually  narrowed  base,  coated  below  when 
they  unfold  with  loose  white  tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  at  maturity  thin,  blue-green  above, 
yellow-green  below,  2'-3'  long,  f '-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and 
conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  deciduous  late  in  the  autumn;  on  vigorous  shoots  some- 
times 6'-7'  long  and  3'-4'  wide;  petioles  glabrous  or  sparingly  villose,  \'-\'  in  length. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  slightly  villose  aments  2'-2^'  long;  calyx  deeply  divided  into  4  or  5 


FAGACE.E 


287 


ovate  acuminate  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  flowers  not  seen.  Fruit  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  raised  on  a  stem  up  to  \'  in  length;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  oblong-ovoid, 
rounded  at  apex,  slightly  narrowed  and  nearly  truncate  at  base,  light  chestnut-brown  and 
lustrous,  f'-l'  long,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  the  base  inclosed  in  the  thick,  cup-shaped  to 
rarely  saucer-shaped  cup,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  with  acute  much 
thickened  pale  tomentose  scales. 

A  tree,  30°-45°  high,  with  a  trunk  20'-30'  in  diameter,  heavy  erect  and  spreading  branches 
and  slender  branchlets  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  red- 
brown  or  gray  during  their  second  season;  often  a  tall  shrub  with  numerous  stems.  Win- 
ter-buds ovoid,  acute,  \'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark 
gray,  thick,  deeply  ridged  or  checkered. 


Fig.  263 


Distribution.  Rocky  banks  of  streams,  the  steep  sides  of  canons  and  on  limestone 
bluffs;  common  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  Edwards  Plateau,  western 
Texas  (Kendall,  Kerr,  Bandera,  Uvalde,  Menard,  Kemble,  Real  and  Edwards  Counties); 
easily  distinguished  in  the  field  by  the  peculiar  smoky  or  waxy  appearance  of  the  foliage. 

39.  Quercus  annulate  Buckl. 

Quercus  breviloba  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  entire,  undulate,  slightly  lobed  with  rounded  or  acute  lobes,  or  3-lobed, 
when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  fascicled  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  and  at  ma- 
turity green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  green  and  pubescent  below  on  lower  branches, 
often  pale  or  hoary  tomentose  on  upper  branches,  1|'-2|'  long,  |'-lj'  wide;  petioles 
covered  when  they  first  appear  with  fascicled  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  \'-\'  in  length;  on  vig- 
orous branchlets  sometimes  thinner,  glabrous,  divided  into  broad  rounded  lateral  lobes, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  long  base,  4'  long  and  2^'  wide.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  in  pubescent  aments  l'-2'  long;  calyx  deeply  divided  in  villose  rounded  lobes,  shorter 
than  the  stamens;  anthers  red;  pistillate  on  tomentose  peduncles,  their  scales  rounded, 
tomentose;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  2  or  3-fruited  clusters,  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
oblong-ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  slightly  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  light  yellow-brown  and 
lustrous,  f'-l'  long,  \'-%'  in  diameter;  inclosed  for  about  a  quarter  of  its  length  in  the 
cup-shaped  cup,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  with  acute  tomentose  scales 
somewhat  thickened  and  closely  appressed  below  the  middle  of  the  cup,  their  tips  chest- 
nut-brown, free  and  often  glabrous. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  tall  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  1°  in  diameter,  small  spreading  often 


288 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branches  covered 
when  they  first  appear  with  fascicled  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  gray  or  grayish 
brown;  the  large  stems  often  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  smaller  stems  produced  from  its 
roots;  more  often  a  shrub  than  a  tree  spreading  into  broad  thickets.  Winter-buds  ovoid 


Fig.  264 


to  ellipsoidal,  acute,  \'-\'  long,  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales 
ciliate  on  the  margins.     Bark  thick,  rough,  deeply  ridged. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  bluffs;  central  and  western  Texas,  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Dallas,  Dallas  County,  and  Palo  Pinto  County  to  Kendall,  Kerr,  Brown, 
Bandera,  Real  and  Menard  Counties. 


40.  Quercus  Durandii  Buckl. 
Quercus  breviloba  Sarg.  in  part. 

Leaves  thin,  obovate  to  elliptic,  entire,  3-lobed  toward  the  rounded  or  acute  apex  or 
irregularly  laterally  lobed,  the  three  forms  appearing  on  different  branches  of  the  same 
tree,  on  lower  branches  usually  lobed,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  often  green  and 
glabrous  below,  sometimes  6'  or  7'  long  and  3'  or  3?'  wide,  on  upper  branches  mostly 
entire,  white  and  pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  2|'-3'  long,  |'~H'  wide;  falling  late  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  glabrous,  %'-\r  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  villose  aments 
3'-4'  in  length;  calyx  deeply  divided  into  acute  villose  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
pistillate  on  a  short  tomentose  peduncle,  the  linear  acuminate  bract  and  involucral  scales 
hoary-tomentose;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile; 
nut  ovoid,  or  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  nearly  truncate  at  base, 
pale  chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  £'-f '  long,  %-%'  thick,  barely  inclosed  at  base  in  the  thin, 
shallow  saucer-shaped  cup,  pale  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  with  small 
acuminate  closely  appressed  tomentose  scales  slightly  thickened  on  the  back. 

A  tree,  often  60°-90°  high  with  a  tall  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small 
branches,  the  lower  horizontal,  the  upper  ascending,  forming  a  dense  round-topped  hand- 
some head,  and  slender  pale  gray-brown  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with 
fascicled  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  or  puberulous  during  their  first  season,  and  darker  in  their 
second  season.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  \'-\'  long  with  dark  chestnut-brown  rounded 
scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  thin,  light  gray  or  nearly  white  and  broken  into  thin 
loosely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  East  of  the  Mississippi  River  scattered  on  rich  limestone  prairies;  west- 
ward on  the  well  drained  soil  of  river  bottoms,  and  often  on  low  hummocks;  near  Augusta, 


FAGACE^E 


289 


Richmond  County,  and  De  Soto,  Sampson  County,  Georgia;  West  Point,  Clay  County, 
Columbus,  Muscogee  County,  Brookville,  Noxubesco  County,  and  near  Natchez,  Adams 
County,  Mississippi;  McXab,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas;  Natchitoches,  Natchi- 


Fig.  265 

toches  Parish,  western  Louisiana;  coast  region  of  eastern  Texas  to  the  bottoms  of  the 
Guadalupe  River  (Victoria,  Victoria  County),  ranging  inland  to  San  Saba  County  and  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Dallas,  Dallas  County;  on  the  mountains  near  Monterey,  Nuovo 
Leon;  rare  and  local. 

41.  Quercus  Chapmanii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  narrowed  and  cuneate 
or  rounded  or  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  entire  with  slightly  undulate  margins,  or  ob- 


Fig.  266 

scurely  sinuate-lobed  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  thick  bright 
yellow  pubescence  and  covered  above  with  pale  fascicled  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity 


290 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  light  green  or 
silvery  white  and  glabrous  below  except  on  the  slender  often  pubescent  midrib,  usually 
2'-3'  long  and  1'  wide,  but  varying  from  l'-3'  in  length  and  f'-l'  in  width;  falling  gradu- 
ally during  the  winter  or  sometimes  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  in 
the  spring;  petioles  tomentose,  rarely  £'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  short  hirsute 
aments;  calyx  hirsute,  divided  into  5  acute  laciniately  cut  segments;  anthers  hirsute;  pis- 
tillate sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  involucral 'scales  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  usually  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  nut  oval,  about  f  long  and  f '  thick,  pubescent 
from  the  obtuse  rounded  apex  nearly  to  the  middle,  inclosed  for  nearly  half  its  length  in 
the  deep  cup-shaped  light  brown  cup  slightly  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered 
by  ovate-oblong  pointed  scales  thickened  on  the  back,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the 
cup,  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum  except  on  their  thin  reddish  brown  margins. 

Occasionally  a  tree,  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  stout  branches  forming  a 
round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  dense  bright  yellow  pubes- 
cence, becoming  light  or  dark  red-brown  and  puberulous  during  their  first  winter  and  ulti- 
mately ashy  gray;  more  often  a  rigid  shrub  sometimes  only  l°-2°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  obtuse,  about  \f  long,  with  glabrous  or  puberulous  light  chestnut-brown  scales. 
Bark  dark  or  pale,  separating  freely  into  large  irregular  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Sandy  barrens  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  Bluffton, 
Beaufort  County,  South  Carolina,  Colonels  Islands,  Liberty  County,  Georgia,  southward 
along  the  east  coast  of  Florida  to  the  shores  of  Indian  River;  on  the  west  coast  from  the 
valley  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  to  the  shores  of  Pensacola  Bay,  and  in  the  interior  of 
the  peninsular  from  Lake  County  to  De  Soto  County  (neighborhood  of  Sebring) ;  rare  and 
local  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  comparatively  rare  in  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsular; 
abundant  in  western  Florida  from  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay  to  those  of  Saint  Andrews 
Bay. 

42.  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.    Burr  Oak.    Mossy  Cup  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  cuneate  or  occasionally  narrow  and  rounded  at  base,  di- 
vided by  wide  sinuses  sometimes  penetrating  nearly  to  the  midrib  into  5-7  lobes,  the 
terminal  lobe  large,  oval  or  obovate,  regularly  crenately  lobed,  or  smaller  and  3-lobed  at 


Fig.  267 


the  rounded  or  acute  apex,  when  they  unfold  yellow-green  and  pilose  above  and  silvery 
white  and  coated  below  with  long  pale  hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  lus- 
trous and  glabrous,  or  occasionally  pilose  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  green  or  silvery  white 
and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  pale  or  rarely  rufous  pubescence,  6'-12'  long, 


FAGACE^E  £91 

3'-6'  wide,  with  a  stout  pale  midrib  sometimes  pilose  on  the  upper  side  and  pubescent  on 
the  lower,  large  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets;  turning  dull  yellow  or  yellowish  brown  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  |'-1'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  aments  4'-6'  long,, their  yellow-green  peduncles 
coated  with  loosely  matted  pale  hairs;  calyx  yellow-green,  pubescent,  deeply  divided  into 
4-6  acute  segments  ending  in  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs;  pistillate  sessile  or  stalked,  their 
involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  often  somewhat  tinged  with  red  toward  the  margins  and 
coated,  like  the  peduncles,  with  thick  pale  tomentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  soli- 
tary, sessile  or  long-stalked,  exceedingly  variable  in  size  and  shape;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  broad- 
ovoid,  broad  at  the  base  and  rounded  at  the  obtuse  or  depressed  apex  covered  by  soft  pale 
pubescence,  f'  long  and  f '  thick  at  the  north,  sometimes  2'  long  and  1^'  thick  in  the  south, 
its  cup  thick  or  thin,  light  brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose 
and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  large  irregularly  imbricated  ovate  pointed  scales,  at 
the  base  of  the  cup  thin  and  free  or  sometimes  much  thickened  and  tuberculate,  and  near 
its  rim  generally  developed  into  long  slender  pale  awns  forming  on  northern  trees  a  short 
inconspicuous  and  at  the  south  a  long  conspicuous  matted  fringe-like  border,  inclosing 
only  the  base  or  nearly  the  entire  nut. 

A  tree,  sometimes  170°  high,  with  a  trunk  6°-7°  in  diameter,  clear  of  limbs  for  70°-80° 
above  the  ground,  a  broad  head  of  great  spreading  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  coated 
at  first  with  thick  soft  pale  deciduous  pubescence,  light  orange  color,  usually  glabrous  or 
occasionally  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown  and 
ultimately  dark  brown,  sometimes  developing  corky  wings  often  I'-lj'  wide;  usually  not 
more  than  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter ;  toward  the  northwestern  limits  of  its 
range  sometimes  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse,  f'-j'  long, 
with  light  red-brown  scales  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence.  Bark  l'-2'  thick,  deeply 
furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  irregular  plate-like  brown  scales  often  slightly 
tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  very  durable,  dark  or 
rich  light  brown,  with  thin  much  lighter  colored  sapwrood;  used  in  ship  and  boatbuilding,  for 
construction  of  all  sorts,  cabinet-making,  cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricul- 
tural implements,  baskets,  railway-ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  bottom-lands  and  intervales,  or  rarely  in  the  northwest  on  low 
dry  hills;  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Penobscot  River, 
Maine,  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  western  Massachusetts,  central,  southern 
and  western  Pennsylvania,  northern  Delaware,  northern  West  Virginia  (Hardy  and  Grant 
Counties),  prairies  of  Caswell  County,  North  Carolina,  and  middle  Tennessee,  and  west- 
ward through  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  River  and  along  the  northern  shores  of 
Lake  Huron  to  southern  Manitoba,  through  western  New  York  and  Ohio,  northern  Michi- 
gan, to  Minnesota  (except  in  the  northeastern  counties),  eastern  and  northwestern  Ne- 
braska, the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  the  Turtle  Mountains  of  North  Dakota,  and 
northeastern  Wyoming,  and  to  central  Kansas,  the  valley  of  the  north  Fork  of  the  Cana- 
dian River  (Canton,  Blaine  County,  and  Seiling,  Dewey  County),  Oklahoma,  and  the 
valley  of  the  San  Saba  River,  (Menard  County  and  Callahan  County),  Texas;  attaining 
its  largest  size  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  the  common  Oak  of  the  "  oak  openings  " 
of  western  Minnesota,  and  in  all  the  basin  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  ranging  farther 
to  the  northwest  than  the  other  Oaks  of  eastern  America;  common  and  generally  distrib- 
uted in  eastern  Nebraska,  and  of  a  large  size  in  canons  or  on  river  bottoms  in  the  extreme 
northwestern  part  of  the  state;  the  most  generally  distributed  Oak  in  southern  Wisconsin, 
and  in  Kansas  growing  to  a  large  size  in  all  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in  South 
Africa. 

X  Quercus  Andrewsii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  macrocarpa  and  Q.  undu- 
lata  Torr.,  in  habit  and  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  its  supposed  'parents 
with  which  it  grows,  occurs  at  Seiling,  Dewey  County,  western  Oklahoma. 

X  Quercus  guadalupensis  Sarg.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

macrocarpa  and  Q.  stellata  and  evidently  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  occurs  at  Fredericksburg 
Junction  in  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Kendall  County,  Texas. 

X  Quercus  Hillii  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  macrocarpa  and  Q.  Muehlen- 
bergii,  has  been  found  at  Roby,  Lake  County,  Indiana,  and  near  Independence,  Jackson 
County,  Missouri. 

43.  Quercus  lyrata  Walt.    Overcup  Oak.    Swamp  White  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  divided  into  spread- 
ing or  ascending  lobes  by  deep  or  shallow  sinuses  rounded,  straight,  or  oblique  on  the 
bottom,  the  terminal  lobe  oblong-ovate,  usually  broad,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  elon- 


Fig.  268 

gated  apex,  and  furnished  with  2  small  entire  nearly  triangular  lateral  lobes,  the  upper 
lateral  lobes  broad,  more  or  less  emarginate,  or  acuminate  and  entire  or  slightly  lobed  and 
much  longer  than  the  acute  or  rounded  lower  lobes,  when  they  unfold  bronze-green  and 
pilose  above  with  caducous  hairs,  and  coated  below  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  at  matur- 
ity thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  silvery  white  and  thickly  coated  with 
pale  pubescence,  or  green  and  often  nearly  glabrous  below,  7 '-10'  long,  l'-4'  wide;  turn- 
ing yellow  or  scarlet  and  orange  in  the  autumn;  petioles  glabrous  or  pubescent,  £'-!'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  aments  4'-6'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  coated 
on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs  and  divided  into  acute  segments;  pistillate  sessile  or 
stalked,  their  involucral  scales  covered,  like  the  peduncles,  with  thick  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  sessile  or  borne  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  sometimes  \\'  in  length;  nut  subglo- 
bose  to  ovoid  or  rarely  to  ovoid-oblong,  |'-1'  long,  usually  broader  at  base  than  long,  light 
chestnut-brown,  more  or  less  covered  above  the  middle  with  short  pale  pubescence,  en- 
tirely or  for  two  thirds  of  its  length  inclosed  in  the  ovoid,  nearly  spherical  or  deep  cup- 
shaped  thin  cup,  bright  red-brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomen- 
tose  and  covered  on  the  outer  by  ovate  united  scales  produced  into  acute  tips,  much 
thickened  and  contorted  at  its  base,  gradually  growing  thinner  and  forming  a  ragged  edge 
to  the  thin  often  irregularly  split  rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  generally  divided  15°-20°  above 
the  ground  into  comparatively  small  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  sym- 
metrical round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red 
and  pilose  or  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  light  or  dark  orange-color  or  grayish 
brown  and  usually  glabrous  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  becoming  ashy  gray  or 
light  brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  f '  long,  with  light  chestnut-brown  scales 
covered,  especially  near  their  margins,  with  loose  pale  tomentum.  Bark  f'-l'  thick,  light 


FAGACE.E 


293 


gray  tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  thick  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  ir- 
regular appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  very  durable  in  contact  with 
the  ground,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  confounded  commercially 
with  the  wood  of  Quercus  alba,  and  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  and  small  deep  depressions  on  rich  bottom-lands,  usually 
wet  throughout  the  year;  southern  New  Jersey  (Riddleton,  Salem  County),  and  valley  of 
the  Patuxent  River,  Maryland,  southward  near  the  coast  to  western  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Navasota  River,  Brazos  County,  Texas,  and  through 
Arkansas  to  the  valley  of  the  Meramec  River  (Allenton,  St.  Louis  County),  Missouri,  and 
to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  southern  Illinois,  and  southwestern  Indiana  to  Spencer 
County;  comparatively  rare  in  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states;  most  common  and  of 
its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River,  Louisiana,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Texas 
and  Arkansas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  and  hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts. 

X  Quercus  Comptonae  Sarg.,  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  lyrata  and  Q.  virginiana,  with  char- 
acters intermediate  between  those  of  its  parents,  discovered  many  years  ago  on  the  banks 
of  Peyton's  Creek,  Matagorda  County,  Texas  (now  gone),  occurs  with  several  individuals 
near  dwellings  in  Natchez,  Adams  County,  Mississippi,  near  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Ala- 
bama, and  in  Audubon  Park  and  streets,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  A  tree,  sometimes 
100°  high  and  one  of  the  handsomest  of  North  American  Oaks;  also  produced  artificially 
by  Professor  H.  Ness  by  crossing  Quercus  lyrata  and  Q.  virginiana. 


44.  Quercus  stellata  Wang.    Post  Oak. 

Quercus  minor  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  usually  deeply  5-lobed,  with  broad  sinuses  oblique  in  the  bottom, 
and  short  wide  lobes,  broad  and  truncate  or  obtusely  pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  cuneate,  or  occasionally  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  when 


Fig.  269 

they  unfold  dark  red  above  and  densely  pubescent,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  deep  dark 
green  and  roughened  by  scattered  fascicled  pale  hairs  above,  covered  below  with  gray, 
light  yellow,  or  rarely  silvery  white  pubescence,  usually  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  across  the 
lateral  lobes,  with  a  broad  light-colored  midrib  pubescent  on  the  upper  side  and  tomentose 
or  pubescent  on  the  lower,  stout  lateral  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  th  margins  and 
connected  by  conspicuous  coarsely  reticulated  veinlets;  turning  dull  yellow  or  brown  in 
the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  \'  to  nearly  I/  in  length.  Flowers:  stamina te  in 


294  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

aiuents  3'-4'  long;  calyx  hirsute,  yellow,  usually  divided  into  5  ovate  acute  laciniately  cut 
segments;  anthers  covered  by  short  scattered  pale  hairs;  pistillate  sessile  or  stalked,  their 
involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  hirsute;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked; 
nut  oval  to  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  broad  at  base,  obtuse  and  naked  or  covered  with  pale 
persistent  pubescence  at  apex,  \'-\'  long,  £'—f '  thick,  sometimes  striate  with  dark  longi- 
tudinal stripes,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped,  turbinate, 
or  rarely  saucer-shaped  cup  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on 
the  outer  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  scales  rounded  and  acute  at  apex,  reddish 
brown,  and  sometimes  toward  the  rim  of  the  cup  cilia te  on  the  margins  with  long  pale  hairs. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  dense  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first,  like  the 
young  leaves  and  petioles,  the  stalks  of  the  aments  of  staminate  flowers  and  the  peduncles 
of  the  pistillate  flowers,  with  thick  orange-brown  tomentum,  light  orange  color  to  reddish 
brown,  and  covered  by  short  soft  pubescence  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  gray, 
dark  brown,  nearly  black  or  bright  brown  tinged  with  orange  color;  usually  not  more 
than  50°-60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  and  at  the  northeastern  limits  of  its  range 
generally  reduced  to  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovoid,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  \'-\' 
long,  with  bright  chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales  coated  toward  the  margins  with  scat- 
tered pale  hairs.  Bark  £'-1'  thick,  red  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  brown,  and  divided 
by  deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges  covered  on  the  surface  with  narrow  closely  appressed 
or  rarely  loose  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil,  difficult  to  season,  light  or  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  largely 
used  for  fuel,  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  sometimes  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  for 
cooperage,  and  in  construction. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  or  sandy  uplands;  Cape  Cod  and  islands  of  southern 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Long  Island,  New  York,  to  western  Florida  and  southern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  from  New  York  westward  to  southern  Iowa,  Missouri, 
eastern  Kansas,  western  (Dewey  County)  Oklahoma,  Louisiana  and  Texas;  most  abund- 
ant and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  Mississippi  basin;  ascending  on  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  altitudes  of  2500°;  the  common  Oak  of  central  Texas  on  limestone  hills  and 
sandy  plains  forming  the  Texas  "Cross  Timbers  ";  usually  shrubby  and  rare  and  local  in 
southern  Massachusetts;  more  abundant  southward  from  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic 
and  the  eastern  Gulf  states  to  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  in  western 
Louisiana  rarely  in  the  moist  soil  of  low  lands. 

Showing  little  variation  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit  and  in  the  character  of  the  cup  scales 
Quercus  stellata  is  one  of  the  most  variable  of  North  American  Oaks  in  habit,  in  the  nature 
of  the  bark,  and  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  pubescence.  Some  of  the  best  marked  va- 
rieties are  var.  araniosa  Sarg.,  a  large  tree  differing  from  the  type  in  the  usually  smooth 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  in  the  floccose  persistent  tomentum  on  their  lower  surface, 
in  the  less  stout  usually  glabrous  yellow  or  reddish  branchlets,  and  in  its  scaly  bark;  dry 
sandy  soil,  southern  Alabama,  western  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma  and 
eastern  Texas.  Var.  paludosa  Sarg.,  a  tree  up  to  75°  in  height,  differing  from  the  type  in  its 
oblong-obovate  leaves  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  slightly  pubescent  branchlets  becoming 
nearly  glabrous,  and  in  its  scaly  bark;  in  rich  deep  soil  on  the  often  inundated  bottoms  of 
Kenison  Bayou,  near  Washington,  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana.  Var.  attenuata  Sarg., 
a  large  tree  differing  from  the  type  in  the  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  narrow  leaves  3-lobed 
at  apex  and  gradually  narrowed  to  the  long  cuneate  base;  near  Arkansas  Post  on  the  White 
River,  Arkansas  County,  Arkansas.  Var.  parviloba  Sarg.,  a  round-topped  tree  25°-30° 
high,  differing  from  the  type  in  the  smaller  lobes  of  the  leaves  with  more  prominent  reticu- 
late veinlets;  dry  sandstone  hills  near  Brownwood,  Brown  County,  Texas.  Var.  anomala 
Sarg.,  a  tree  15°-18°  high,  differing  from  the  type  in  its  broadly  obovate  subcoriaceous 
leaves  slightly  3-lobed  and  rounded  at  apex;  dry  sandstone  hills  near  Brownwood,  Brown 
County,  Texas;  possibly  a  hybrid.  Var.  Palmeri  Sarg.,  a  shrub  6°-15°  high,  forming  clumps, 
differing  from  the  type  in  its  narrow  oblong  or  slightly  obovate  5-7-lobed  leaves  with 


FAGACE^E 


295 


narrow  lobes,  densely  tomentose  below,  and  in  the  thicker  and  more  tomentose  scales  of 
the  cup;  sandy  uplands,  Elk  City,  Beckham  County,  Oklahoma.  Var.  rufescens  Sarg.,  a 
shrub  12°-15°  high,  forming  large  clumps,  differing  from  the  type  in  the  rusty  brown 
pubescence  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  polymorphous  leaves,  in  the  deeper  cups  of  the 
fruit  with  thicker  basal  scales;  sandy  uplands,  Big  Spring,  Howard  County,  Texas,  and  Elk 
City,  Beckham  County,  Oklahoma.  Var.  Boyntonii  Sarg,  a  shrub  or  small  tree  spreading 
into  thickets,  rarely  more  than  15°  in  height,  differing  from  the  type  in  its  obovate  leaves, 
mostly  3-o-lobed  toward  the  apex,  with  small  rounded  lobes,  and  in  their  yellow-brown 
pubescence  also  found  on  the  branchlets;  in  glades  on  the  summit  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
above  Gadsden  and  Attala,  Etowah  County,  Alabama. 

The  common  and  most  widely  distributed  of  the  varieties  of  the  Post  Oak  is 

Quercus  stellate  var.  Margarette  Sarg. 
Quercus  Margaretta  Ashe 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  3-5-lobed  with 
usually  narrow  rounded,  but  often  broad  and  truncate  lobes,  the  two  forms  frequently 
occurring  on  the  same  branch,  usually  becoming  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  early  in 
the  season,  slightly  pubescent,  sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous  below,  2^'-5/  long  and 
2'-2|'  wide;  petioles  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Flowers  and  Fruit  as  in  the  species. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  slender  glabrous  reddish  or  reddish  brown  branchlets. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  \'  long  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales  glabrous, 
or  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  thick,  rough  and  furrowed,  light  gray. 

Distribution.     Usually  on  dry  sandy  slopes,  hills  and  ridges,  and  southward  on  Pine- 


Fig.  270 

barren  lands;  coast  of  Virginia  (Capron,  Southampton  County)  southward  in  the  coast 
and  middle  districts  to  central  (Lake  and  Orange  Counties)  and  western  Florida,  through 
central  and  southern  Alabama,  and  eastern  and  southern  Mississippi:  in  Western  Louisi- 
ana (Natchitoches  and  Caddo  Parishes) ;  southern  Arkansas  (McNab.  Hempstead  County), 
and  southwestern  Missouri  (Prosperity,  Jasper  County).  The  common  Post  Oak  of  the 
south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states;  occasionally  a  shrub  (f.  stonolifera  Sarg.)  4°-6°  high,  with 
smaller  leaves,  spreading  into  broad  thickets  by  stoloniferous  shoots;  common  near  Selma, 
Dallas  County,  Alabama,  and  on  the  dry  sand  hills  of  central  Oklahoma. 

X  Quercus  Harbisonii  Sarg.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  stellata  var.  Margaretta 
and  Q.  virginiana  var.  geminata,  has  been  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Jacksonville, 
Duval  County,  Florida. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

45.  Quercus  Garryana  Hook.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  pinnat- 
ifid-lobed,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated  at  first  with  soft  pale  lustrous 
pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  gla- 
brous above,  light  green  or  orange-brown  and  pubescent  or  glabrate  below,  4'-6'  long, 
2'-5'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  and  conspicuous  primary  veins  spreading  at 
right  angles,  or  gradually  diverging  from  the  midrib  and  running  to  the  points  of  the 
lobes;  sometimes  turning  bright  scarlet  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  £'-!'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hirsute  aments;  calyx  glabrous,  laciniately  cut  into  ovate 
acute  slightly  ciliate  or  linear-lanceolate  much  elongated  segments;  pistillate  sessile  and 
coated  with  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked;  nut  oval  to  slightly  obovoid  and 
obtuse,  I'-l  j'  long  and  \'-\'  thick,  inclosed  at  the  base  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  or  slightly 
turbinate  cup  puberulous  and  light  brown  on  the  inner  surface,  pubescent  or  tomentose 


Fig.  271 

on  the  outer,  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  scales  with  pointed  and  often  elongated  tips,  thin, 
free,  or  sometimes  thickened  and  more  or  less  united  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  decreasing 
from  below  upward. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  sometimes  nearly  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
stout  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  thick  pale  rufous  pubescence,  pubescent  or  tomentose  and  light  or  dark 
orange  color  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  glabrous  and  rather  bright  reddish  brown 
in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  gray;  frequently  at  high  altitudes,  or  when  exposed 
to  the  winds  from  the  ocean,  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  \'-\' 
long,  densely  clothed  with  light  ferrugineous  tomentum.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  divided  by 
shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  light  brown  or  gray  scales 
sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  orange  color.  Wood  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  fre- 
quently exceedingly  tough,  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  in  Ore- 
gon and  Washington  used  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages  and  wagons,  in  cabinet-making, 
shipbuilding,  and  cooperage,  and  largely  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  and  the  dry  gravelly  slopes  of  low  hills;  Vancouver  Island  and  the 
valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River  southward  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  and 
the  California  coast-valleys  to  Marin  County;  rare  and  local  and  the  only  Oak-tree  in 
British  Columbia;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  western  Washington 
and  Oregon;  on  the  islands  in  the  northern  part  of  Puget  Sound  reduced  to  a  low  shrub 


FAGACE^E 


297 


(Vine  Oak) ;  ascending  in  its  shrubby  forms  to  considerable  altitudes  on  the  western  slopes; 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  abundant  in  northwestern  California;  less  common  and  of 
smaller  size  southward. 

46.  Quercus  utahensis  Rydb. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  divided 
often  nearly  to  the  midrib  by  broad  or  narrow  sinuses  into  four  or  five  pairs  of  lateral 
lobes  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  the  upper  lobes  usually  again  lobed  or  undulate,  the  ter- 


Fig.  272 

minal  lobe  rounded  at  apex,  entire  or  three-lobed,  thick,  dark  green,  glabrous  or  nearly 
glabrous  above,  pale  and  soft  pubescent  below,  2|'-7'  long,  l|'-3£'  wide,  with  a  prominent 
midrib  and  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous  veinlets,;  petioles  stout,  hoary-tomentose  early 
in  the  season,  pubescent  or  glabrous  before  maturity,  f'-l'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  aments  covered  with  fascicled  hairs,  2'-2£'  long;  calyx  scarious,  divided  to  the  middle 
by  wide  sinuses  into  narrow  acuminate  lobes;  anthers  yellow;  pistillate  usually  solitary  or 
in  pairs,  the  scales  of  the  involucre  thickly  coated  with  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  usually 
solitary,  sessile  or  raised  on  a  stout  pubescent  peduncle  \'-\'  in  length;  nut  ovoid,  broad 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  f'-f  long,  \'-9,\'  thick,  usually  inclosed  for  about  half  its  length 
in  the  thick  hemispheric  cup  covered  with  broad  ovate  pale  pubescent  scales  much  thick- 
ened on  the  back  and  closely  appressed  below  the  middle  of  the  cup,  gradually  reduced  in 
size  upward,  thin  and  less  closely  appressed  toward  its  rim  bordered  by  the  free  projecting 
tips  of  the  upper  row  of  scales. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  4 '-8'  in  diameter,  thick  erect  branches  forming 
a  narrow  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  red-brown  and  covered  with  fascicled  hairs  when 
they  first  appear,  becoming  light  orange-brown  and  puberulous.  Bark  dark  gray-brown, 
rough  and  scaly. 

Distribution.  Dry  foothill  slopes  and  the  sides  of  canons;  borders  of  southwestern 
Wyoming  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  to  Utah,  northern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  passing  into  var.  mollis  Sarg.  with  thinner  scales  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  cup  of  the  fruit;  with  the  species  over  its  whole  range,  but  most  abundant  on 
the  Colorado  Plateau  of  northern  Arizona;  here  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in 
diameter. 


298 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


47.  Quercus  lobata  Nee.    White  Oak.    Valley  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  deeply  7-11  obliquely  lobed,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex, 
narrow  and  cuneate  or  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  the  lateral  lobes  obovate, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  or  ovate  and  rounded,  thin,  2|'-3'  or  rarely  4'  long,  1/-2'  wide,  dark  green 
and  pubescent  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  with  a  stout  pale  midrib,  and  conspicuous 
yellow  veins  running  to  the  slightly  thickened  and  revolute  margins;  petioles  stout,  hir- 
sute, \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hirsute  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow 
and  divided  into  6  or  8  acute  pubescent  ciliate  lobes;  pistillate  solitary,  sessile  or  rarely  in 
elongated  few-flowered  spikes,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  acute,  coated  with 


Fig.  273 

dense  pale  tomentum,  about  as  long  as  the  narrow  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
nearly  sessile;  nut  conic,  elongated,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  lj'-2j'  long,  bright 
green  and  lustrous  when  fully  grown,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown,  usually  inclosed 
for  about  one  third  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  cup  coated  with  pale  tomentum  on  the 
outer  surface,  usually  irregularly  tuberculate  below,  all  but  the  much-thickened  basal 
scales  elongated  into  acute  ciliate  chestnut-brown  free  tips  longest  on  the  upper  scales  and 
forming  a  short  fringe-like  border  to  the  rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  often  100°  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  generally  3°-4°,  but  sometimes  10°  in  diameter, 
divided  near  the  ground  or  usually  20°-30°  above  it  into  great  limbs  spreading  at  wide 
angles  and  forming  a  broad  head  of  slender  branches  hanging  gracefully  in  long  sprays  and 
sometimes  sweeping  the  ground;  less  frequently  with  upper  limbs  growing  almost  at  right 
angles  with  the  trunk  and  forming  a  narrow  rigid  head  of  variously  contorted  erect  or 
pendant  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  short  silky  canescent  pubes- 
cence, ashy  gray,  light  reddish  brown,  or  pale  orange-brown  and  slightly  pubescent  in  their 
first  winter,  becoming  glabrous  and  lighter  colored  during  their  second  year.  Winter- 
buds  ovoid,  acute,  usually  about  I'  long,  with  orange-brown  pubescent  scales  scarious  and 
frequently  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  f'-H'  thick  and  covered  by  small  loosely  ap- 
pressed  light  gray  scales  slightly  tinged  with  orange  or  brown,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old 
trees  frequently  5 '-6'  thick  and  divided  by  longitudinal  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges 
broken  horizontally  into  short  plates.  Wood  hard,  fine-grained,  brittle,  light  brown,  with 
thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  only  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  of  western  California  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  ocean 
from  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River  to  Kern  and  Los  Angeles  (rare)  Counties;  most 
abundant  and  forming  open  groves  in  the  central  valleys  of  the  state. 


FAGACE^ 


48.  Quercus  leptophylla  Rydb. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  divided  about  half- 
way to  the  midrib  into  two  to  four  acute  or  rounded  lateral  lobes  entire  or  occasionally 
furnished  on  the  lower  side  with  a  small  nearly  triangular  lobe,  the  terminal  lobe  short, 
entire,  rounded  at  apex  or  three-lobed,  when  they  unfold  thickly  coated  with  hoary  to- 
mentum,  about  one-third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  and  then  covered  above  with 
fascicled  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  yellow-green  and  covered  below  by  short  white  hairs 
most  abundant  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  3f '-4'  long,  l^'-2'  wide;  petioles  slender,  pubescent 
£'-£'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  villose  aments;  calyx  scarious,  divided 
into  five  or  six  narrow  acute  lobes;  anthers  dark  red-brown  as  the  flowers  open;  pistil- 


late not  seen.  Fruit  solitary  or  racemose,  sessile  or  raised  on  a  stout  tomentose  peduncle 
!'-f  in  length;,  nut  oblong-ovoid,  abruptly  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  rounded  at  apex,  £'-f'  long;  inclosed  for  half  its  length  in  the  thin,  hemi- 
spheric cup,  f  '-\'  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  acuminate  only  slightly  thickened  appressed 
scales  densely  covered  with  hoary  tomentum. 

A  tree,  30°-45°  high,  with  a  trunk  16'-24'  in  diameter,  heavy  spreading  ashy  gray 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  nead,  and  stout  branchlets,  light  red-brown  or  purple 
and  covered  with  long  fascicled  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  brown  and 
glabrous  before  autumn.  Bark  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  covered  with  small  appressed 
pale  gray  scales. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Cucharas  River  above  La  Veta,  Huerfano 
County,  Colorado;  on  the  Mogollon  Mountains,  Socorro  County,  New  Mexico. 


300  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

49.  Quercus  austrina  Small. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  long 
cuneate  base  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  usually  5-lobed  with  rounded  lobes,  the  terminal 
lobe  often  3-lobed,  the  upper  lateral  lobes  pointing  forward  and  much  larger  than  those  of 
the  lower  pair,  or  occasionally  3-lobed  at  the  broad  apex,  or  rarely  nearly  entire  writh  un- 
dulate margins,  when  they  unfold  sparsely  covered  below  with  caducous  fascicled  hairs, 
at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  3'-8'  long,  l'-4'  wide, 
with  a  prominent  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  at  first  pubescent, 
soon  glabrous,  J'-$'  in  length.  Flowers  not  seen.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or 
raised  on  a  stout  stalk  up  to  \'  in  length;  nut  ovoid,  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
narrowed  at  the  rounded  pubescent  apex,  |'-f  long,  \'  thick,  inclosed  for  a  third  to  a 


Fig.  275 

half  its  length  in  the  thin  hemispheric  or  deep  cup-shaped  cup,  pale  tomentose  on  the  inner 
surface  and  covered  with  thin  narrow  loosely  appressed  blunt-pointed  tomentose  scales. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  and  rarely  100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  spreading  and 
ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  rather  open  head,  and  slender  glabrous  red-brown  or 
gray-brown  brittle- jointed  branchlets.  Winter-buds  ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  acute,  \'-\'  long, 
with  closely  imbricated  acute  puberulous  chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Bark  pale,  scaly,  and  on  old  trunks  divided  into  broad  ridges. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  river  bluffs  in  deep  rich  soil;  coast  of  South  Caro- 
lina (Bluffton,  Clay  County,  and  near  Charleston) ;  Dover,  Scriven  County,  Mclntosh 
County,  De  Soto  Co.,  Sumter  County,  and  near  Bainbridge,  Decatur  County,  Geor- 
gia, to  central  and  western  Florida  (Gainsville,  Alachua  County,  near  Santos,  Marion 
County,  Lake  City,  Columbia  County,  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Marianna, 
Jackson  County);  western  Alabama  (Gallion,  Hale  County,  and  the  neighborhood  of  Selma 
[common]  and  Pleasant  Hill,  Dallas  County) ;  and  southern  Mississippi  (Meridian,  Lau- 
derdale  County,  Laurel,  Jones  County,  Byram  and  near  Jackson,  Hinds  County,  near 
Natchez,  Adams  County). 

50.  Quercus  alba  L.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  divided  often  nearly  to 
the  midrib  by  narrow  or  broad  sinuses  usually  oblique  in  the  bottom  into  7  or  9  lobes,  the 
lateral,  narrow,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  pointing  forward,  rounded  or  acute  and  often  lobed 
at  apex,  the  terminal  usually  obovate  and  3-lobed,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  above,  pale 


FAGACE^ 


301 


below  and  coated  with  soft  pubescence,  soon  becoming  silvery  white  and  very  lustrous, 
at  maturity  thin,  firm,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  or  dull  above,  pale  or  glaucous 
below,  5'-9'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  with  a  stout  bright  yellow  midrib  and  conspicuous  primary 
veins;  turning  late  in  the  autumn  deep  rich  vinous  red,  gradually  withering  and  sometimes  re- 
maining on  the  branches  nearly  through  the  winter;  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  £'-!'  in  length. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  hirsute  or  nearly  glabrous  aments  2^'-3'  long;  calyx  bright  yellow 
and  pubescent,  with  acute  lobes;  pistillate  bright  red,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate, 
hirsute,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  sessile  or  raised  on  a  slender 
peduncle  lf-2'  long,  the  two  forms  sometimes  appearing  on  the  same  branch;  nut  ovoid  to 
oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  lustrous,  f  long,  green  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  chest- 
nut-brown, inclosed  for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  cup  coated  with  pale 


Fig.  276 


or  light  brown  tomentum,  its  scales  at  the  base  much  thickened,  united  and  produced 
into  short  obtuse  membranaceous  tips,  and  thinner  toward  the  rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  tall  and  naked  in  the  forest,  short 
in  the  open,  and  surmounted  by  a  broad  round-topped  head  of  stout  limbs  spreading  ir- 
regularly, small  rigid  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  bright  green,  often  tinged 
with  red,  and  coated  with  a  loose  mass  of  long  pale  or  ferrugineous  deciduous  hairs,  red- 
dish brown  during  the  summer,  bright  red  and  lustrous  or  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom 
during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovoid, 
rather  obtuse,  dark  red-brown,  about  £'  long.  Bark  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red  or 
brown,  or  occasionally  nearly  white,  broken  into  thin  appressed  scales,  becoming  on  old 
trunks  sometimes  2'  thick  and  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges.  Wood  strong,  very  heavy, 
hard,  tough,  close-grained,  durable,  light  brown,  with  thin  light  brown  sap  wood;  used  in 
shipbuilding,  for  construction  and  in  cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricultural 
implements,  baskets,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  cabinet-making,  for  railway-ties  and 
fences,  and  largely  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  plains  and  gravelly  ridges,  rich  uplands,  intervales,  and  moist 
bottom-lands,  sometimes  forming  nearly  pure  forests;  southern  Maine  to  southwestern 
Quebec,  westward  through  southern  Ontario,  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  south- 
eastern Minnesota,  eastern  Iowa,  and  southeastern  Nebraska,  and  southward  to  west- 
ern Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas  and  through 
Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma,  eastern  Kansas,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky; 
ascending  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  as  a  low  bush  to  altitudes  of  4500°; 


302  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  lower  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains and  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  Basin.     Passing  into 

Quercus  alba  var.  latiloba  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  divided  usually  less  than  half  way  to  the  midrib  into  broad  rounded  lobes;  rarely 
obovate,  with  undulate  margins,  or  slightly  lobed,  with  broad  rounded  lobes  (var.  re- 
panda  Michx.).  Flowers  as  in  the  type.  Fruit  rarely  more  than  1^'  in  length,  with 
usually  thinner  cup  scales. 


Fig.  277 

Distribution.     More  abundant  than  the  species  and  the  common  northern  White  Oak. 

X  Quercus  Beadlei  Trel.,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  alba  and  Q.  Prinus,  has  been 
found  in  a  swamp  near  Clarkton,  Bladen  County,  North  Carolina. 

X  Quercus  Bebbiana  Schn.,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  alba  and  Q.  macrocarpa,  occurs 
at  Charlotte,  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  and  near  Kenton,  Hardin  County,  Ohio. 

X  Quercus  Deamii  Trel.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus  alba 
and  Q.  Muehlenbergii  and  evidently  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  is  growing  near  Bluffton, 
Wells  County,  Indiana. 

X  Quercus  Faxonii  Trel.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus  alba 
and  Q.  prinoides  and  evidently  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  has  been  found  in  East  Walpole, 
Norfolk  County,  and  Concord,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  at  Greenville, 
Montcalm  County,  Michigan. 

X  Quercus  Fernowii  Trel.,  evidently  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  alba  and  Q.  stellata,  has  been 
found  near  Allenton,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  and  on  Red  Clay  Creek,  Virginia. 

X  Quercus  Jackiana  Schn.,  evidently  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  alba  and  Q.  bicolor,  is  growing 
in  Franklin  Park,  Boston. 

X  Quercus  Saulei  Schn.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Q.  alba  and 
Q.  montana  and  evidently  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  occurs  with  widely  distributed  indi- 
viduals in  Vermont  (Monkton,  Addison  County),  eastern  Massachusetts,  near  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  on  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  near  Biltmore,  Buncombe  County,  and  Highlands,  Macon 
County,  North  Carolina,  at  Valleyhead,  Gadsden  County,  Alabama,  and  in  Richland 
County,  Illinois. 


FAGACE^ 


303 


51.   Quercus  tricolor  Willd.    Swamp  White  Oak. 
Quercus  platanoides  Sudw. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  acute  or  rounded 
at  the  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  entire  base,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  or  sometimes 
pinnatifid,  with  oblique  rounded  or  acute  entire  lobes,  when  they  unfold  light  bronze- 
green  and  pilose  above,  covered  below  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  with  conspicuous 
glands  on  the  teeth,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pale  or  often  silvery  white  or  tawny  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  with 
a  slender  yellow  midrib,  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  conspicuous 


Fig.  278 

reticulate  veinlets;  turning  in  the  autumn  dull  yellow-brown  or  occasionally  orange-color 
or  rarely  scarlet  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  pilose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  \'-\'  in 
length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  light  yellow-green,  hirsute 
with  pale  hairs,  and  deeply  divided  into  5-9  lanceolate  acute  segments  rather  shorter  than 
the  stamens;  pistillate  in  few-flowered  spikes  on  elongated  peduncles  covered  like  the 
involucral  scales  with  thick  white  or  tawny  tomentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually 
in  pau*s  on  slender  dark  brown  glabrous  puberulous  or  pubescent  stalks  l£'-4'  in  length; 
nut  ovoid,  with  a  broad  base,  rounded,  acute  and  pubescent  at  apex,  light  chest- 
nut-brown, f ' -\\'  long,  \'-\ '  thick,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  the  thick  cup- 
shaped  light  brown  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose,  and  sometimes 
tuberculate  or  roughened  toward  the  base  on  the  outer  surface  by  the  thickened  contorted 
tips  of  the  ovate  acute  scales,  thin,  free,  acute  and  chestnut-brown  higher  on  the  cup,  and 
often  forming  a  short  fringe-like  border  on  its  margin,  or  sometimes  entirely  covered 
by  thin  scales  with  free  acute  tips. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  exceptionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  or  occasionally 
8°-9°  in  diameter,  rather  small  branches  generally  pendulous  below  and  rising  above  into 
a  narrow  round-topped  open  head  and  often  furnished  with  short  pendulous  laterals,  and 
stout  branchlets,  green,  lustrous,  and  slightly  scurfy-pubescent  when  they  first  appear, 
light  orange  color  or  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter, 
becoming  darker  and  often  purplish  and  clothed  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Winter-buds 
broadly  ovoid  and  obtuse,  or  subglobose  to  ovoid  and  acute,  £'  long,  with  light  chestnut- 
brown  scales  usually  pilose  above  the  middle.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  small  branches 
smooth,  reddish  or  purplish  brown,  separating  freely  into  large  papery  persistent  scales 
curling  back  and  displaying  the  bright  green  inner  bark;  becoming  on  old  trunks  l'-2' 


304 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


thick,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  by  continuous  or  interrupted  fissures  into  broad 
flat  ridges  covered  by  small  appressed  gray-brown  scales  often  slightly  tinged  with  red. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  light  brown,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sap  wood; 
used  in  construction,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  cabinet-making,  carriage  and  boat- 
building, cooperage,  and  railway-ties,  and  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  moist  fertile  soil;  southern  Maine 
to  northern  Vermont  and  southwestern  Quebec,  through  Ontario  and  the  southern  pen- 
insula of  Michigan  to  southeastern  Minnesota,  eastern  and  southern  Iowa,  southeastern 
Nebraska  and  western  Missouri,  and  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  northern  Kentucky 
and  northeastern  Oklahoma,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  West  Virginia; 
widely  scattered,  usually  in  small  groves  but  nowhere  very  abundant;  most  common  and 
of  its  largest  size  in  western  New  York  and  northern  Ohio. 

X  Quercus  Schuettii  Trel.,  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  Quercus  bi- 
color  and  Q.  macrocarpa,  and  probably  a  hybrid  of  these  species,  occurs  at  Fort  Howard, 
Brown  County,  Wisconsin,  near  Rockfield  and  Chateaugay,  Quebec,  and  near  Rochester 
and  Golah,  Munroe  County,  New  York. 

52.  Quercus  Prinus  L.    Basket  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 

Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex  with  a  short 
broad  point,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow  entire  base,  regularly  crenately 
lobed  with  oblique  rounded  entire  lobes  sometimes  furnished  with  glandular  tips,  or 


Fig.  279 


rarely  entire  with  undulate  margins,  when  they  unfold  bright  yellow-green,  lustrous  and 
pubescent  above,  coated  below  with  thick  silvery  white  or  ferrugineous  tomentum,  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm  or  sometimes  membranaceous,  especially  on  young  and  vigorous 
branches,  dark  green,  lustrous,  glabrous  or  occasionally  roughened  by  scattered  fascicled 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  on  the  pale  green  or  silvery  white 
lower  surface,  6'-8'  long,  3 '-5'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  dark  rich  crimson;  petioles 
stout,  i'-l?'  in  length.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  aments,  3'-4'  long;  calyx  light 
yellow-green,  pilose  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  divided  into  4-7  acute  lobes;  pistillate  in  few- 
flowered  spikes  on  short  peduncles  coated  like  the  involucral  scales  with  dense  pale  ru- 
fous tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  subsessile,  or  borne 
on  short  stout  puberulous  stalks  rarely  %'  in  length ;  nut  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  with  a  broad 


FAGACE.E  305 

base,  and  acute,  rounded,  or  occasionally  truncate  at  apex  surrounded  by  a  narrow  ring 
of  rusty  pubescence,  or  sometimes  pilose  nearly  to  the  middle,  bright  brown,  rather  lus- 
trous, l'-l£'  long,  f'-li'  thick,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  the  thick  cup- 
shaped  cup  often  broad  and  flat  on  the  bottom,  reddish  brown  and  pubescent  within, 
hoary -tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  regularly  imbricated  ovate  acute 
scales  rounded  and  much  thickened  on  the  back,  their  short  tips  sometimes  forming  a  rigid 
fringe-like  border  to  the  rim  of  the  cup;  seed  sweet  and  edible. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  free  of  branches  for  40°-50°,  and  3°-7° 
in  diameter,  stout  branches  ascending  at  narrow  angles  and  forming  a  round-topped  rather 
compact  head,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  dark  green  and  covered  by  pale  caducous  hairs, 
becoming  bright  red-brown  or  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  winter  and  ultimately 
ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovoid  or  oval,  acute,  \'  long,  with  thin  closely  and  reg- 
ularly imbricated  dark  red  puberulous  scales  with  pale  margins,  those  of  the  inner  ranks 
coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  loose  pale  tomentum.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  separating  into 
thin  closely  appressed  silvery  white  or  ashy  gray  scales  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  durable,  easy  to  split,  light-brown, 
with  thin  darker  colored  sap  wood;  largely  used  in  all  kinds  of  construction,  for  agricultural 
implements,  wheels,  in  cooperage,  for  fences  and  fuel,  and  in  baskets. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  swamps,  and  bottom-lands  often  covered  with  water; 
New  Jersey  (Morristown,  Morris  County  and  Pittsgrove,  Salem  County),  near  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  southward  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to  Putnam  (San  Mateo) 
and  Citrus  Counties,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky, the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois,  and  southern  Indiana  eastward  to 
Jefferson  County  (C.  C.  Deam);  conspicuous  from  the  silvery  white  bark,  the  massive 
trunk,  and  the  broad  crown  of  large  bright-colored  foliage. 

53.  Quercus  montana  L.    Chestnut  Oak.    Rock  Chestnut  Oak. 
Quercus  Prinus  Engelm.  not  L. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradu- 
ally or  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  narrow  entire  base,  irregularly 
and  coarsely  crenulate-toothed  with  rounded,  acute,  or  sometimes  nearly  triangular  oblique 
teeth,  when  they  unfold  orange-green  or  bronze-red,  very  lustrous,  and  glabrous  above  with 
the  exception  of  the  slightly  pilose  midrib,  green  and  coated  below  with  soft  pale  pubes- 
cence, at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  and  rather  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  covered  by  fine  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  4  £'-9' 
long,  If '-3'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  conspicuous  primary  veins,  often  much 
broader  near  the  bottom  of  the  tree  than  on  fertile  upper  branches;  turning  dull  orange 
color  or  rusty  brown  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout  or  slender,  £'-!'  in  length.  Flowers:  stam- 
inate  in  elongated  hirsute  aments;  calyx  light  yellow,  pilose  and  deeply  divided  into  7-9 
acute  segments  tipped  with  clusters  of  pale  hairs;  pistillate  in  short  spikes  on  stout  puber- 
ulous dark  green  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  covered  with  pale  hairs;  stigmas  dark 
red.  Fruit  on  short  stout  stems  singly  or  in  pairs;  nut  ovoid  or  ellipsoidal,  rounded  and 
rather  obtuse  or  pointed  at  apex,  bright  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  l'-l|'  long,  f '-!' 
thick,  inclosed  for  about  half  its  length  or  sometimes  only  at  the  base  in  a  turbinate  or 
cup-shaped  thin  cup  light  brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  reddish  brown  and 
hoary-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface  roughened  or  tuberculate,  especially  toward  the  base, 
by  small  scales  thickened  and  knob-like  with  nearly  triangular  free  light  brown  tips. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  or  rarely  6°-7°  in 
diameter,  divided  generally  15°  or  20°  above  the  ground  into  large  limbs  spreading  into  a 
broad  open  rather  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  green  tinged  with  purple  or  bronze 
color  and  glabrous  or  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange  color  or  reddish  brown 
during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  gray  or  brown;  on  dry  exposed  mountain  slopes 


306  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute  or  acuminate,  j'— |'  long,  with  bright  chestnut-brown  scales  pilose  toward  the  apex 
and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  small  branches  thin,  smooth,  purplish 
brown,  often  lustrous,  becoming  on  old  trunks  and  large  limbs  f'-l^'  thick,  dark  reddish 
brown  or  nearly  black,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  durable  in  con- 
tact with  the  soil,  largely  used  for  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  fuel.  The  bark,  which  is  rich 
in  tannin,  is  consumed  in  large  quantities  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Hillsides  and  the  high  rocky  banks  of  streams  in  rich  and  deep  or  some- 
times in  sterile  soil;  coast  of  southern  Maine,  southern  New  Hampshire  and  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts, southward  to  Delaware  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  along  the  Appalachian 


Fig.  280 


Mountains  and  their  foothills  to  northern  Georgia  ( Wilkes  County) ;  ascending  to  altitudes 
of  4000°-4500°;  in  northern  Alabama;  westward  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  western 
New  York;  southeastern  and  southern  Ohio,  and  southern  Indiana  westward  to  Orange 
County  (C.  C.  Deam) ;  and  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  northeastern  Missis- 
sippi (Alcorn,  Prentiss  and  Tishomingo  Counties) ;  rare  and  local  in  New  England  and 
Ontario;  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  Hudson  River  and  on  the  Appalachian  hills 
from  southern  New  York  to  Alabama;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  lower 
slopes  of  the  mountains  of  the  Carolinas  and  Tennessee,  here  often  forming  a  large  part 
of  the  forest. 

X  Quercus  Sargentii  Rehd.  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Quercus  montana  and  the  Euro- 
pean Q.  Robur  L.,  has  been  growing  for  nearly  a  hundred  years  at  what  is  now  Holm  Lea, 
Brookline,  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts. 

54.  Quercus  Muehlenbergii  Engelm.    Yellow  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 

Quercus  acuminata  Sarg. 

Leaves  usually  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly 
obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  with  a  long  narrow  or  with  a  short  broad  point,  abruptly  or 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  slightly  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  base, 
equally  serrate  with  acute  and  often  incurved  or  broad  and  rounded  teeth  tipped  with 
small  glandular  mucros,  or  rarely  slightly  undulate,  when  they  unfold  bright  bronzy  green 
and  puberulous  above,  tinged  with  purple  and  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum,  at 


FAGACE^E 


307 


maturity  thick  and  firm,  light  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  often  silvery  white 
and  covered  with  short  fine  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  4 '-7'  long,  l'-5'  wide,  with 
a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  conspicuous  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth; 
turning  in  the  autumn  orange  color  and  scarlet;  petioles  slender  f'-lf '  in  length.  Flowers : 
staminate  in  pilose  aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy,  deeply  divided  into  5  or 
6  lanceolate  ciliate  segments;  pistillate  sessile  or  in  short  spikes  coated  like  their  involucral 
scales  with  thick  white  tomentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  raised  on  a  short 
stout  peduncle,  solitary  or  often  in  pairs;  nut  broadly  ovoid,  narrowed  and  rounded  at 
apex,  I'  to  nearly  1'  long,  light  chestnut-brown,  inclosed  for  about  half  its  length  in  a 
thin  cup-shaped  light  brown  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  outer 
surface,  and  covered  by  small  obtuse  scales  more  or  less  thickened  and  rounded  on  the 
back  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  the  small  free  red-brown  tips  of  the  upper  ranks  form- 
ing a  minute  fringe-like  border  to  its  rim;  seed  sweet  and  sometimes  edible. 


Fig.  281 

A  tree,  80°-100°,  occasionally  160°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter  above 
the  broad  and  often  buttressed  base,  comparatively  small  branches  forming  a  narrow 
shapely  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets,  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  or 
purple,  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange  color  or  reddish  brown  during  their  first 
whiter,  and  ultimately  gray  or  brown;  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  on  dry  hills 
often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  f'-J'  long,  with  chestnut- 
brown  scales  white  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  rarely  \'  thick,  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  loose  silvery  white  scales  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  brown.  Wood 
heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  durable,  with  thin  light-colored  sapwood;  largely 
used  in  cooperage,  for  wheels,  fencing,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  Gardner's  Island,  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  western  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  near  Newberg,  Orange  County,  New  York,  westward  through  New  York, 
southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  northern  Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  east- 
ern Kansas,  and  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of  the  Washita  River  (Garvin  County)  and  to 
the  Devil's  Canon  near  Hinton  (Caddo  County),  and  southward  in  the  Atlantic  states 
to  the  District  of  Columbia,  eastern  Virginia;  sparingly  on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the 
Blue  Ridge  in  North  and  South  Carolina  at  altitudes  between  1000°  and  2000°;  in  central 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  central  and  northeastern  Georgia,  western  Florida,  and  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas;  on  the  Guadalupe  Mountains, 
Texas,  and  on  the  Capitan  Mountains,  New  Mexico  (Lincoln  County);  rare  and  com- 
paratively local  in  the  Atlantic  states,  usually  on  limestone  soil;  very  abundant  in  the 
Mississippi  basin,  growing  on  ridges,  dry  flinty  hills,  deep  rich  bottom-lands  and  the 


308  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rocky  banks  of  streams;  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the  lower  Wabash  River  and  its 
tributaries  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  on  the  Edwards  Plateau  (Kemble,  Kerr, 
Uvalde,  Bandera  and  Real  Counties),  Texas,  a  form  occurs  with  nuts  sometimes  lj'  long 
with  deeper  cups  up  to  1'  in  diameter  (var.  Brayi  Sarg.). 

Section  2.  Flowers  unisexual  (usually  perfect  in  Ulmus);  calyx  regular; 
stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them;  ovary  superior,  1-celled 
(rarely  2-celled  in  Ulmus}\  seed  1. 

XI.  ULMACE^E. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  terete  branchlets  prolonged  by  an  upper  lateral 
bud,  and  alternate  simple  serrate  pinnately  veined  deciduous  stalked  2-ranked  leaves  un- 
equal and  often  oblique  at  base,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  their  stipules  usually  fugaceous. 
Flowers  perfect  or  monceciously  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  sometimes  soli- 
tary; calyx  4-9-parted  or  lobed;  stamens  4-6;  filaments  straight;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled, 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  usually  1-celled;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex 
of  the  cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous;  styles  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  nut,  or  drupe;  albu- 
men little  or  none;  embryo  straight  or  curved;  cotyledons  usually  flat  or  conduplicate. 
Five  of  the  thirteen  genera  of  the  Elm  family  occur  in  North  America.  Of  these  four  are 
represented  by  trees. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Fruit  a  dry  samara,  or  nut-like. 

Flowers  perfect;  fruit  a  samara.  1.  Ulmus. 

Flowers  polygamo-moncecious ;  fruit  nut-like,  tuberculate.  2.  Planera. 
Fruit  drupaceous. 

Pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary.  3.  Celtis. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  dichotomous  cymes.  4.  Trema. 

1.  ULMUS  L.    Elm. 

Trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  deeply  furrowed  bark,  branchlets  often  furnished  with 
corky  wings,  and  buds  with  numerous  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  scales  closely 
imbricated  in  two  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the  inner  accrescent, 
replacing  the  stipules  of  the  first  leaves,  deciduous,  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet 
with  persistent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  simply  or  doubly  serrate;  stipules  linear,  lan- 
ceolate to  obovate,  entire,  free  or  connate  at  base,  scarious,  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud, 
caducous.  Flowers  from  axillary  buds  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  similar  to  but  larger 
than  the  leaf -buds,  the  outer  scales  sterile,  the  inner  bearing  flowers  and  rarely  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  jointed  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute 
scarious  bracts,  in  pedunculate  or  subsessile  fascicles  or  cymes  sometimes  becoming  race- 
mose, appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves  in  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  year, 
or  autumnal  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  campanula te,  o-9-lobed,  membranaceous, 
marcescent;  stamens  5  or  6  inserted  under  the  ovary;  filaments  filiform  or  slightly  flat- 
tened, erect  in  the  bud,  becoming  exserted;  anthers  oblong,  emarginate,  and  subcordate; 
ovary  sessile  or  stipitate,  compressed,  crowned  by  a  simple  deeply  2-lobed  style,  the 
spreading  lobes  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  usually  1-celled  by  abortion,  rarely 
2-celled;  ovule  amphitropous;  micropyle  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong,  often 
oblique,  sessile  or  stipitate  samara  surrounded  at  base  by  the  remnants  of  the  calyx,  the 
seminal  cavity  compressed,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margin,  chartaceous,  produced  into 
a  thin  reticulate-venulose  membranaceous  light  brown  broad  or  rarely  narrow  wing  naked 
or  ciliate  on  the  margin,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  or  more  or 


ULMACE.E  309 

less  deeply  notched  at  apex,  and  often  marked  by  the  thickened  line  of  the  union  of  the 
two  carpels.  Seed  ovoid,  compressed,  without  albumen,  marked  op  the  ventral  edge  by 
the  thin  raphe;  testa  membranaceous,  light  or  dark  chestnut-brown,  of  two  coats,  rarely 
produced  into  a  narrow  wing;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons  flat  or  slightly  convex,  much 
longer  than  the  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  oblong  linear  pale  hilum. 

Ulmus,  with  eighteen  or  twenty  species,  is  widely  distributed  through  the  boreal  and 
temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  with  the  exception  of  western  North  Amer- 
ica, reaching  in  the  New  World  the  mountains  of  southern  Mexico  and  in  the  Old  World 
the  Sikkim  Himalaya,  western  China,  and  Japan.  Of  the  exotic  species,  Ulmus  iprocera 
Salisb.,  the  so-called  English  Elm,  and  Ulmus  glabra,  Huds.,  the  Scotch  Elm,  and  several  of 
its  varieties,  have  been  largely  planted  for  shade  and  ornament  in  the  north  Atlantic 
states,  where  old  and  large  specimens  of  the  former  can  be  seen,  especially  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston. 

Ulmus  produces  heavy,  hard,  tough,  light-colored  wood,  often  difficult  to  split.  The 
tough  inner  bark  of  some  of  the  species  is  made  into  ropes  or  woven  into  coarse  cloth,  and 
in  northern  China  nourishing  mucilaginous  food  is  prepared  from  the  inner  bark. 

Ulmus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Elm- tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  vernal,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

Flowers  on  slender  drooping  pedicels;  fruit  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Wing  of  the  fruit  broad. 

Bud-scales  and  fruit  glabrous;  branchlets  destitute  of  corky  wings;  leaves  obovate- 

oblong  to  elliptic,  usually  smooth  on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower 

surface.  1.  U.  americana  (A,  C). 

Bud-scales  puberulous;  branches  often  furnished  with  corky  wings;  fruit  hirsute; 

leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  smooth  on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower 

surface.  2.  U.  racemosa  (A). 

Wing  of  the  fruit  narrow;  bud-scales  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous;  branchlets 

usually  furnished  with  broad   corky   wings;  fruit  hirsute,   leaves  ovate-oblong 

to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth  on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface. 

3.  U.  alata  (A,  C). 

Flowers  on  short  pedicels;  fruit  naked  on  the  margins;  bud-scales  coated  with  rusty 

hairs;  fruit  pubescent,    leaves  ovate-oblong,  scabrous  on  the  upper,  pubescent  on 

the  lower  surface.  4.  U.  fulva  (A,  C). 

Flowers  autumnal,  appearing  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  branchlets  furnished  with 

corky  wings;  fruit  hirsute. 

Bud-scales  puberulous;  flowers  on  short  pedicels;  leaves  ovate,  scabrous  on  the 
upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  5.  U.  crassifolia  (C). 

Bud-scales  glabrous;  flowers  on  long  pedicels;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface. 

6.  U.  serotina  (C). 

1.  Ulmus  americana  L.    White  Elm. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong  to  elliptic,  abruptly  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  long  point,  full  and 
rounded  at  base  on  one  side  and  shorter  and  cuneate  on  the  other,  coarsely  doubly  serrate 
with  slightly  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence  and 
pilose  above  with  long  scattered  white  hairs,  at  maturity  4'-6'  long,  l'-3'  wide,  dark  green 
and  glabrous  or  scarbate  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous  below, 
with  a  narrow  pale  midrib  and  numerous  slender  straight  primary  veins  running  to  the 
points  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by  fine  cross  veinlets;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the 
autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  \'  in  length;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  £'-2'  long. 
Flowers  on  long  slender  drooping  pedicels  sometimes  1'  in  length,  in  3  or  4-flowered  short- 


310 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


stalked  fascicles;  calyx  irregularly  divided  into  7-9  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
often  somewhat  oblique,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  green  tinged  with  red  above  the 
middle;  anthers  bright  red;  ovary  light  green,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  long  white  hairs; 
styles  light  green.  Fruit  on  long  pedicels  in  crowded  clusters,  ripening  as  the  leaves  unfold, 
ovoid  to  obovoid-oblong,  slightly  stipitate,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  \'  long, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  sharp  points  of  the  wings  incurved  and  inclosing  the  deep  notch. 
A  tree,  sometimes  100°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6°-ll°  in  diameter,  frequently  en- 
larged at  the  base  by  great  buttresses,  occasionally  rising  with  a  straight  undivided  shaft 
to  the  height  of  60°-80°  and  separating  into  short  spreading  branches,  more  commonly 
divided  30°-40°  from  the  ground  into  numerous  upright  limbs  gradually  spreading  and 
forming  an  inversely  conic  round-topped  head  of  long  graceful  branches,  often  100°  or 
rarely  150°  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  frequently  fringing  the  trunk  and  its  prin- 
cipal divisions,  light  green  and  coated  at  first  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  becoming  in  their 
first  winter  light  reddish  brown,  glabrous  or  sometimes  puberulous  and  marked  by  scat- 


Fig.  282 

tered  pale  lenticels,  and  by  large  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  three 
large  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles,  later  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  and  finally 
ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  slightly  flattened,  about  f  long,  with  broadly 
ovate  rounded  light  chestnut-brown  glabrous  scales,  the  inner  bright  green,  ovate,  acute, 
becoming  on  vigorous  shoots  often  nearly  V  in  length.  Bark  \'-\\'  thick,  ashy  gray,  di- 
vided by  deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  difficult  to  split,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick 
somewhat  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  saddle-trees,  in 
flooring  and  cooperage,  and  in  boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  River-bottom  lands,  intervales,  low  rich  hills,  and  the  banks  of  streams; 
southern  Newfoundland  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  the  headwaters  of 
the  Saskatchewan,  southward  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lake  Istokpoga,  De  Soto  County, 
Florida,  westward  in  the  United  States  to  the  Turtle  Mountains  of  North  Dakota,  the 
Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  western  Nebraska,  central  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Colorado  River  (Fort  Chadbourne,  Coke  County),  Texas;  very  com- 
mon northward,  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size  southward;  abundant  on  the  banks  of 
streams  flowing  through  the  midcontinental  plateau. 

Largely  planted  as  an  ornamental  and  shade  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  rarely  in 
western  and  northern  Europe. 


ULMACE^E 


311 


2.  Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas.    Rock  Elm.    Cork  Elm. 

Ulmus  Thomasii  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-oval,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  short  broad 
point,  equally  or  somewhat  unequally  rounded,  cuneate  or  subcordate  at  base,  and  coarsely 
doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  and  covered  on  the  lower 
with  soft  white  hairs,  at  maturity  2'-2|'  long,  f'-l'  wide,  thick  and  firm,  smooth,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  soft-pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  stout  midrib  and  the 
numerous  straight  veins  running  to  the  point  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by  obscure  cross 
veinlets;  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  clear  yellow;  petioles  pubescent,  about  \'  in  length; 
stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  light  green,  marked  with  dark  red  on  the 
margins  above  the  middle,  f '  long,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  abruptly  enlarged  cordate 
base  conspicuously  dentate  with  1-3  prominent  teeth  on  each  side,  falling  when  the  leaves 
are  half  grown.  Flowers  on  elongated  slender  drooping  pedicels  often  \'  long,  in  2-4,  usu- 


Fig.  283 

ally  in  3  flowered,  puberulous  cymes  becoming  more  or  less  racemose  by  the  lengthening 
of  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  and  when  fully  grown  sometimes  2'  in  length;  calyx  green, 
divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  7  or  8  rounded  dark  red  scarious  lobes;  anthers  dark 
purple;  ovary  coated  with  long  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  margins;  styles  light  green. 
Fruit  ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  ovoid  or  obovoid-oblong,  \'  long, 
with  a  shallow  open  notch  at  the  apex,  obscurely  veined,  pale  pubescent,  ciliate  on  the 
slightly  thickened  border  of  the  broad  wing,  the  margin  of  the  seminal  cavity  scarcely 
thickened. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  and  often  free  of  branches 
for  60°,  short  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
rigid  branchlets,  light  brown  when  they  first  appear,  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubes- 
cence often  persistent  until  their  second  season,  becoming  light  reddish  brown,  puberulous 
or  glabrous  and  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  scattered  oblong  lenticels  and 
large  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  an  irregular  row  of  4-6  fibre- vascular 
bundle-scars,  ultimately  dark  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  usually  furnished  with  3  or  4  thick 
corky  irregular  wings  often  \'  broad,  and  beginning  to  appear  in  their  first  or  more  often 
during  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  \'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  rounded 
chestnut-brown  scales  pilose  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  inner  scales 
becoming  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  and  \'  long,  often  dentate  at  the  base,  with  1  or  2 
minute  teeth  on  each  side,  bright  green  below  the  middle,  marked  with  a  red  blotch  above, 
and  white  and  scarious  at  the  apex.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply 


312 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


divided  by  wide  irregular  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface 
into  large  irregularly  shaped  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  close- 
grained,  light  clear  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood; 
largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  many  agricultural  implements,  for  the  framework 
of  chairs,  hubs  of  wheels,  railway-ties,  the  sills  of  buildings,  and  other  purposes  demanding 
toughness,  solidity  and  flexibility. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  uplands,  low  heavy  clay  soils,  rocky  slopes  and  river 
cliffs;  Province  of  Quebec  westward  through  Ontario,  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan and  central  Wisconsin  to  northeastern  Nebraska,  western  Missouri  and  eastern  Kansas, 
and  southward  to  northern  New  Hampshire,  southern  Vermont,  western  New  York, 
(valley  of  the  Genessee  River),  northern  New  Jersey,  southern  Ohio  (near  Columbus, 
Franklin  County),  and  central  Indiana;  rare  in  the  east  and  toward  the  extreme  west- 
ern and  southern  limits  of  its  range. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states. 

3.  Ulmus  alata  Michx.    Wahoo.    Winged  Elm. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
unequally  cuneate  or  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with 


Fig.  284 


incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pale  green  often  tinged  with  red,  coated  on  the  lower 
surface  with  soft  white  pubescence  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  at  ma- 
turity thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  pale  and  soft-pubes- 
cent below,  especially  on  the  stout  yellow  midrib  and  numerous  straight  prominent  veins 
often  forked  near  the  margins  of  the  leaf  and  connected  by  rather  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  $'  in  length;  stipules 
linear-obovate,  thin  and  scarious,  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  often  nearly  1'  long. 
Flowers  on  drooping  pedicels,  in  short  few-flowered  fascicles;  calyx  glabrous  and  divided 
nearly  to  the  middle  into  5  broad  ovate  rounded  lobes  as  long  as  the  hoary-tomentose  ovary 
raised  on  a  short  slender  stipe.  Fruit  ripening  before  or  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves, 
oblong,  \'  in  length,  contracted  at  base  into  a  long  slender  stalk,  gradually  narrowed  and 
tipped  at  apex  with  long  incurved  awns,  and  covered  with  long  white  hairs  most  numer- 
ous on  the  thickened  margin  of  the  narrow  wing;  seed  ovoid,  pointed,  \'  long,  pale,  chest- 
nut-brown, slightly  thickened  into  a  narrow  wing-like  margin. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-100°  but  usually  not  more  than  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3° 
in  diameter,  short  stout  straight  or  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  rather  open 


ULMACE^S 


313 


round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  glabrous  or  puberulous  and  light  green  tinged 
with  red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray  and  glabrous, 
or  on  vigorous  individuals  frequently  pilose  in  their  first  winter,  marked  by  occasional 
small  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  horizontal  semiorbicular  leaf-scars, 
sometimes  naked,  more  often  furnished  with  usually  2  thin  corky  wings  beginning  to  grow 
during  their  first  or  more  often  during  their  second  season,  abruptly  arrested  at  the  nodes, 
often  ¥  wide,  and  persistent  for  many  years.  Winter-buds  slender,  acute,  f  long,  dark 
chestnut-brown,  with  glabrous  or  puberulous  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming 
oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  and  tipped  with  a  minute  mucro,  thin  and  scarious,  light  red, 
especially  above  the  middle,  and  \'  long.  Bark  rarely  exceeding  \'  in  thickness,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  irregular  shallow  fissures  into  flat  ridges  covered  by 
small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to 
split,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  sometimes  employed  for  the  hubs  of 
wheels  and  the  handles  of  tools.  Ropes  used  for  fastening  the  covers  of  cotton  bales  are 
sometimes  made  from  the  inner  bark. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  less  commonly  in  alluvial  soil  on  the 
borders  of  swamps  and  the  banks  of  streams,  and  occasionally  in  inundated  swamps; 
southeastern  Virginia,  southwestern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois  (Richland  and  Johnson 
Counties)  and  southern  Missouri,  and  southward  to  central  Florida  (Lake  County),  and 
the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas;  ranging  westward  in  Oklahoma  to  Garfield 
County  (near  Kingfisher,  G.  W.  Stevens). 

Often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  towns  and  villages  of  the  southern  states. 

4.  Ulmus  fulva  Michx.    Slippery  Elm.    Red  Elm. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  slender  point,  rounded  at  base 
on  one  side  and  short-oblique  on  the  other,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  incurved 


Fig.  285 

callous-tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence,  pilose 
above  with  scattered  white  hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  rugose  with 
crowded  sharp-pointed  tubercles  pointing  toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf  above,  soft,  smooth, 
and  coated  below,  especially  on  the  thin  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  straight 
veins  with  white  hairs,  5'-7'  long,  2'-3'  wide;  turning  a  dull  yellow  color  in  the  autumn; 
petioles  stout,  pubescent,  \'  in.  length;  stipules  obovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  thin 
and  scarious,  pale-pubescent,  and  tipped  with  clusters  of  rusty  brown  hairs.  Flowers  on 
short  pedicels,  in  crowded  fascicles;  calyx  green,  covered  with  pale  hairs,  divided  into  5-9 


314  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

short  rounded  thin  equal  lobes;  stamens  with  slender  light  yellow  slightly  flattened  fila- 
ments and  dark  red  anthers;  stigmas  slightly  exserted,  reddish  purple,  papillose  with  soft 
white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  semiorbicular,  rounded 
and  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  styles  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  base,  \'  broad,  the  seminal  cavity  coated  with  thick  rusty  brown  tomentum,  the  broad 
thin  wing  obscurely  reticulate-veined,  naked  on  the  thickened  margin,  and  marked  by 
the  dark  conspicuous  horizontal  line  of  union  of  the  two  carpels;  seed  ovoid,  with  a  large 
oblique  pale  hilum,  a  light  chestnut-brown  coat  produced  into  a  thin  border  wider  below 
than  above  the  middle  of  the  seed. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  form- 
ing a  broad  open  flat-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  bright  green,  scabrate,  and  coated 
with  soft  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  brown  by  midsummer, 
often  roughened  by  small  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  first  winter  ashy  gray,  orange 
color  or  light  red-brown,  and  marked  by  large  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  showing 
the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles,  ultimately  dark  gray  or 
brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  \'  long,  with  about  12  scales,  the  outer  broadly  ovate, 
rounded,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  covered  by  long  scattered  rusty  hairs,  the  inner  when 
fully  grown  \'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  light  green,  strap-shaped,  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex 
with  tufts  of  rusty  hairs,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
gradually  growing  narrower  and  passing  into  the  stipules  of  the  upper  leaves.  Bark 
frequently  1'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  covered 
by  large  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  durable, 
easy  to  split,  dark  brown  or  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fence- 
posts,  railway-ties,  the  sills  of  buildings,  the  hubs  of  wrheels,  and  in  agricultural  implements. 
The  thick  fragrant  inner  bark  is  mucilaginous  and  demulcent,  and  is  employed  in  the  treat- 
ment of  acute  febrile  and  inflammatory  affections. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  low  rocky  hillsides  in  deep  rich  soil;  comparatively 
common  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  Province  of  Quebec,  and  through  Ontario 
to  northern  and  eastern  South  Dakota,  northeastern  and  eastern  Nebraska,  southeastern 
Kansas,  and  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of  the  Canadian  River  (McClain  County),  and  south- 
ward to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  western  Louisiana  and  the 
valley  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  (Kerr  County)  and  Leon  Rivers  (Comal  County),  Texas; 
in  the  South  Atlantic  states  not  common  and  mostly  confined  to  the  middle  districts,  as- 
cending to  altitudes  of  2000°  on  the  southern  Appalachian  foothills. 

5.  Ulmus  crassifolia  Nutt.     Cedar  Elm. . 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  unequally  rounded  or  cuneate  and  of- 
ten oblique  at  base,  coarsely  and  unequally  doubly  serrate  with  callous-tipped  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  thin,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  pilose  above  and  covered  below  with  soft 
pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  roughened 
by  crowded  minute  sharp-pointed  tubercles  on  the  upper  surface  and  soft  pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface,  l'-2'  long,  \'-V  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  and  prominent  straight 
veins  connected  by  conspicuous  more  or  less  reticulate  cross  veinlets;  usually  turning  bright 
yellow  late  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  \'-\'  in  length;  stipules  \'  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  red  and  scarious  above,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  green  and  hairy  bases, 
deciduous  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown.  Flowers  usually  opening  in  August  and 
sometimes  also  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels  \'-\'  long  and  covered  with  white  hairs, 
in  3-5-flowered  pedunculate  fascicles;  calyx  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  oblong  pointed 
lobes  hairy  at  base;  ovary  hirsute,  crowned  with  two  short  slightly  exserted  stigmas. 
Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  rarely  also  in  November,  oblong,  gradually  and  often  irregu- 
larly narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  short-stalked,  deeply  notched  at  apex,  £'  to 
nearly  \'  long,  covered  with  soft  white  hairs,  most  abundant  on  the  slightly  thickened  mar- 
gin of  the  broad  wing;  seed  oblique,  pointed,  and  covered  by  a  dark  chestnut-brown  coat. 

A  tree,  often  80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  sometimes  free  of 


ULMACE.E 


315 


branches  for  30°  or  40°,  divided  into  numerous  stout  spreading  limbs  forming  a  broad  in- 
versely conic  round-topped  head  of  long  pendulous  branches,  or  while  young  or  on  dry  up- 
lands a  compact  round  head  of  drooping  branches,  and  slender  branchlets,  tinged  with  red 
and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  reddish 
brown,  puberulous  and  marked  by  scattered  minute  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  semi- 
orbicular  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  small  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and  furnished  with 
2  corky  wings  covered  with  lustrous  brown  bark,  about  \'  broad  and  continuous  except  when 
abruptly  interrupted  by  lateral  branchlets,  or  often  irregularly  developed.  Winter-buds 
broadly  ovoid,  acute,  §'  long,  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales  slightly  puberu- 


Fig.  286 

lous  on  the  outer  surface,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  at  maturity  oblong,  concave,  rounded  at 
apex,  thin,  bright  red,  sometimes  f  long.  Bark  sometimes  nearly  1'  thick,  light  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  by  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges 
broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  in  central  Texas  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  hubs  of  wheels,  for  furniture,  and  largely  for  fencing. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Sunflower  River,  Mississippi  (Morehead,  Sunflower 
County),  through  southern  Arkansas,  and  Texas  to  Nuevo  Leon,  ranging  in  western  Texas 
from  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pecos  River;  in  Arkansas  usually  on  river  cliffs  and  low 
hillsides,  and  in  Texas  near  streams  in  deep  alluvial  soil  and  on  dry  limestone  hills;  the 
common  Elm-tree  of  Texas  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Guadalupe 
and  Trinity  Rivers. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade- tree  in  the  streets  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  Texas. 

6.  Ulmus  serotina  Sarg.    Red  Elm. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  very  oblique  at  base,  coarsely  and  doubly 
crenulate-serrate,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  shining  white  hairs  and  puberulous 
above,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  yellow-green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  up- 
per surface,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  midrib  and  principal  veins  below,  2'-4'  long,  1'- 
lf  wide,  with  a  prominent  yellow  midrib,  about  20  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending 
obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  and  often  forked  near  the  margins  of  the  leaf,  and 
numerous  reticular  veinlets ;  turning  clear  orange-yellow  in  the  autumn ;  petioles  stout,  about 
¥  in  length;  stipules  abruptly  narrowed  from  broad  clasping  bases,  linear-lanceolate,  usu- 
ally about  j'  long,  persistent  until  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown.  Flowers  opening  in 


316 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


September  on  slender  conspicuously  jointed  pedicels  often  £'  long,  in  many-flowered  gla- 
brous racemes  from  l'-l|'  in  length;  calyx  6-parted  to  the  base,  with  oblong-obovate  red- 
brown  divisions  rounded  at  apex;  ovary  sessile,  narrowed  below,  villose.  Fruit  ripening 
early  in  November,  stipitate,  oblong-elliptic,  deeply  divided  at  apex,  fringed  on  the  mar- 
gins with  long  silvery  white  hairs,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  spreading 
or  pendulous  branches  often  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  slender  pendulous 
branchlets  glabrous  or  occasionally  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  brown,  lustrous, 
and  marked  by  occasional  oblong  white  lenticels  during  their  first  year,  becoming  darker 


Fig.  287 

the  following  season  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and  often  furnished  with  2  or  3 
thick  corky  wings  developed  during  their  second  or  third  years.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  \'  long,  their  outer  scales  oblong-obovate,  dark  chestnut-brown,  glabrous,  the  inner 
often  scarious  on  the  margins,  pale  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  sometimes  f '  long  when  fully 
grown.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  fis- 
sures into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  large  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 
Wood  hard,  close-grained,  very  strong  and  tough,  light  red-brown,  with  pale  yellow  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Limestone  hills  and  river  banks;  rare  and  local;  eastern  (near  Pikeville, 
Pike  County)  and  southern  Kentucky  (Bowling  Green,  Warren  County);  banks  of  the 
Cumberland  River,  near  Clarksville  and  Nashville,  Tennessee;  northeastern  Georgia  (cliffs 
of  the  Coosa  River,  near  Rome,  Floyd  County);  northern  Alabama  (Madison,  Jefferson 
and  Tuscaloosa  Counties);  valley  of  the  Arkansas  River  (near  Van  Buren,  Crawford 
County,  G.  M.  Brown)  and  northwestern  Arkansas  (Sulphur  Springs,  Benton  Courty,  and 
Boston  Mountains  near  Jasper,  Newton  County,  E.  J.  Palmer) ;  eastern  Oklahoma  (near 
Muskogee,  Muskogee  County,  B.  H.  Slavin);  southwestern  (Grand  Tower,  Jackson 
County,  H.  A.Gleasori)  and  southern  Illinois  (Richland  County,  R.  Ridgway). 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  cities  in  northern  Georgia  and 
northern  Alabama;  hardy  in  Eastern  Massachusetts. 


2.  PLANERA  Gmel. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  puberulous  branchlets  roughened  by  scattered  pale  lenticels,  and 
at  the  end  of  their  first  season  by  small  nearly  orbicular  leaf-scars  marked  by  a  row  of 
fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  minute  subglobose  winter-buds  covered  by  numerous  thin 


ULMACE.E 


317 


closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales,  the  outer  more  or  less  scarious  on  the  margins, 
the  inner  accrescent,  becoming  at  maturity  ovate-oblong,  scarious,  bright  red,  %'-%'  long, 
marking  in  falling  the  base  of  the  branchlet  with  pale  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  alternate, 
2-ranked,  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  unequally  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  with  unequal  gland-tipped  teeth,  with  numerous 
straight  conspicuous  veins  forked  near  the  margin  and  connected  by  cross  reticulate  vein- 
lets  more  conspicuous  below  than  above,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  lower  and 
pilose  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  or  subcoriaceous  and  scabrate;  petiolate  with 
slender  terete  puberulous  petioles;  stipules  lateral,  free,  ovate,  scarious,  bright  red.  Flowers 
polygamo-moncecious,  the  staminate  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  outer  scales  of  leaf-bear- 
ing buds,  short-pedicellate,  the  pistillate  or  perfect  on  elongated  puberulous  pedicels  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year  in  1-3-flowered  fascicles;  pedicels  without  bracts;  calyx 
campanulate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes  rounded  at  apex,  greenish  yellow 
often  tinged  with  red;  stamens  inserted  under  the  ovary  in  the  pistillate  flower,  sometimes 
few  or  0;  filaments  filiform,  erect,  exserted;  anthers  broadly  ovate,  emarginate,  cordate; 
ovary  ovoid,  stipitate,  glandular-tuberculate,  narrowed  into  a  short  style  divided  into  2 
elongated  reflexed  stigmas  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  0  in  the  staminate  flower; 
ovule  anatropous;  micropyle  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  an  oblong  oblique  drupe,  narrowed 
below  into  a  short  stipe,  inclosed  at  the  base  by  the  withered  calyx,  crowned  by  the  rem- 
nants of  the  style,  its  pericarp  crustaceous,  prominently  ribbed  on  the  anterior  and  pos- 
terior faces,  irregularly  tuberculate  with  elongated  projections,  and  light  chestnut-brown; 
seed  ovoid,  oblique,  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  below,  without  albumen;  testa  thin,  lustrous, 
dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  of  two  coats;  raphe  inconspicuous;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons 
thick,  unequal,  bright  orange  color,  the  apex  of  the  larger  hooded  and  slightly  infolding 
the  smaller,  much  longer  than  the  minute  radicle  turned  toward  the  linear  pale  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  in  memory  of  Johann  Jacob  Planer,  a  German  botanist  and  physician 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

1.  Planera  aquatica  Gmel.    Water  Elm. 

Leaves  2'-2£'  long,  f '-!'  wide,  on  petioles  varying  from  J'-J'  in  length,  dark  dull  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  a  yellow  midrib  and  veins.  Flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves.  Fruit  ripening  in  April,  \f  long. 


Fig.  288 


A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  20'  in  diameter,  rather  slender 
spreading  branches  forming  a  low  broad  head,  and  branchlets  brown  tinged  with  red  when 


318  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

they  first  appear,  dark  red  in  their  first  winter,  and  ultimately  reddish  brown  or  ashy 
gray.  Bark  about  i'  thick,  light  brown  or  gray,  separating  into  large  scales  disclosing  in 
falling  the  red-brown  inner  bark.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Swamps  covered  with  water  during  several  months  of  the  year,  or  low 
river  banks;  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  southward  to  northern  Florida 
(Bradford  County)  and  westward  usually  not  far  from  the  coast  through  the  Gulf  states 
to  the  valleys  of  the  Navasota  (Brazos  County)  and  of  the  Colorado  (Matagorda  County) 
Rivers,  Texas,  and  northward  through  western  Louisiana,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  Arkan- 
sas to  southeastern  Missouri,  northeastern  Mississippi  (near  luka,  Tishomingo  County, 
T.  G.  Harbison).,  northern  Kentucky  (Henderson  County),  and  the  valley  of  the  lower 
Wabash  River,  Illinois;  comparatively  rare  and  confined  to  the  coast  plain  in  the  Atlan- 
tic states;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 

3.  CELTIS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thin,  smooth  often  more  or  less  muricate  bark,  unarmed  or  spinose 
branchlets,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  3-nerved  in  one  species,  membrana- 
ceous  or  subcoriaceous,  deciduous;  stipules  lateral,  free,  usually  scarious,  inclosing  their 
leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers  polygamo-moncecious  or  rarely  monoecious,  appearing 
soon  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  minute,  pedicellate,  on  branches  of  the  year,  the 
staminate  cymose  or  fascicled  at  their  base,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  fas- 
cicles from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes, 
greenish  yellow,  deciduous;  stamens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  discoid  torus;  filaments 
subulate,  incurved  in  the  bud,  those  of  the  sterile  flower  straightening  themselves  abruptly 
and  becoming  erect  and  exserted,  shorter  and  remaining  incurved  in  the  perfect  flower; 
anthers  ovoid,  attached  on  the  back  just  above  the  emarginate  base;  ovary  ovoid,  sessile, 
green  and  lustrous,  crowned  with  a  short  sessile  style  divided  into  diverging  elongated 
reflexed  acuminate  entire  lobes  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  and  mature  before  the 
anthers  of  the  sterile  flower,  deciduous;  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower; 
ovule  anatropous.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style, 
\vith  thin  flesh  covered  by  a  thick  firm  skin,  and  a  thick-walled  bony  nutlet,  reticulate- 
pitted  in  the  American  species.  Seed  filling  the  seminal  cavity ;  albumen  scanty,  gelatinous, 
nearly  inclosed  between  the  folds  of  the  cotyledons,  or  0;  testa  membranaceous,  of  2  con- 
fluent coats;  chalaza  colored,  close  to  the  minute  hilum;  embryo  curved;  cotyledons  broad, 
foliaceous,  conduplicate  or  rarely  flat,  variously  folded,  corrugate,  incumbent,  or  inclosing 
the  short  superior  ascending  radicle. 

Celtis  is  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the  world, 
fifty  or  sixty  species  being  distinguished. 

Trees  of  the  American  species  are  often  disfigured  by  gall-making  insects  which  distort 
the  buds  and  cause  the  production  of  dark  broom-like  clusters  of  short  slender  branchlets 
at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

Celtis  was  the  classical  name  of  a  species  of  Lotus.  . 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruit  on  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Leaves  not  covered  below  with  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  green  on  both  surfaces, 
smooth  or  rough  above;  fruit  dark  purple.  1.  C.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  covered  below  with  a  network  of  prominent  veinlets,  usually  rough  above. 
Leaves  pale  on  the  lower  surface. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  glabrous  or 
slightly  pilose  below  along  the  midrib  and  veins;  fruit  light  orange-brown,  the 
pedicels  often  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  petioles.  2.  C.  Douglasii. 


ULMACE^E 


319 


Leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  cordate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  base,  entire  or 

slightly  serrate  toward  the  apex,  covered  below  with  pilose  pubescence;  fruit 

dark  reddish  brown,  the  pedicels  usually  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 

petioles.  3.  C.  Lindheimeri. 

Leaves  green  on  the  lower  surface,  broadly  ovate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  entire, 

pubescent  along  the  midrib  and  veins  below,  rarely  smooth  on  the  upper  surface; 

fruit  dark  orange-red,  the  pedicels  usually  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the 

petioles.  4.  C.  reticulate. 

Fruit  on  pedicels  shorter  or  only  slightly  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  unsymmetrically  cuneate  at  base,  often  fal- 
cate, entire  or  more  or  less  serrate,  smooth  or  rarely  roughened  on  the  upper  sur- 
face; fruit  orange  color  or  yellow,  the  pedicels  shorter  or  somewhat  longer  than  the 
petioles.  5.  C.  laevigate. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  serrate 
or  nearly  entire,  smooth  or  in  var.  georgiana  roughened  on  the  upper  surface;  fruit 
dark  orange  red,  the  pedicels  usually  shorter  than  the  petioles.  6.  C.  pumila. 

1 .  Celtis  occidentalis  L.    Hackberry.    Sugarberry. 

Leaves  ovate,  short-acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  sharply 
serrate  often  only  above  the  middle,  thin,  slightly  pubescent  below  on  the  slender  midrib 
and  veins  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  2|'-3^'  long, 


wide;  turning  yellow  late  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  %'-%'  in  length.  Flow- 
ers on  drooping  pedicels;  calyx  divided  usually  into  5  linear  acute  thin  and  scarious  lobes 
rounded  on  the  back,  more  or  less  laciniately  cut,  and  often  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  pale 
hairs  at  apex;  torus  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  on  stems  I'-f'  long,  ripening  in  September 
and  October  and  often  remaining  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  subglobose,  ovoid 
or  obovoid,  dark  purple,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  tough  skin,  dark  orange-colored  flesh 
and  a  thick- walled  oblong  pointed  light  brown  slightly  rugose  nutlet;  seed  pale  brown. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°-50°  high  with  a  trunk  usually  not  more  than  2°  in  diameter, 
spreading  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  ridged  light 
brown  glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels,  and  by  horizontal  semioval  or 
oblong  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  three  fibre-vascular  bundles,  becoming  darker  and  in 
their  second  or  third  year  often  dark  red-brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  pointed,  flattened, 
about  j'  long,  with  three  pairs  of  chestnut-brown  ovate  acute  pubescent  caducous  scales 
closely  imbricated  in  two  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward.  Bark  l'-l|' 


320 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


thick,  smooth,  dark  brown,  and  more  or  less  thickly  covered  and  roughened  by  irregular 
wart-like  excrescences  or  by  long  ridges  also  found  on  the  large  branches.  Wood  heavy, 
rather  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  clear  light  yellow,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sap- 
wood;  used  for  fencing  and  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

Distribution.  Rocky  hills  and  ridges;  New  England  (rare)  to  Virginia  and  westward 
to  Iowa,  eastern  North  Dakota,  southwestern  Missouri  and  northwestern  Kansas. 

Often  planted  in  some  of  its  forms  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  towns  of  the 
Mississippi  valley  and  occasionally  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe. 

Well  distinguished  by  its  large  dark  fruit,  Celtis  occidentalis  is  so  variable  in  the  shape  of 
its  leaves  that  two  principal  varieties  are  described  as  follows: 

Celtis  occidentalis  var.  canina  Sarg.    Hackberry. 
Celtis  canina  Raf . 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  acuminate  point,  obliquely  rounded 
or  unsymmetrically  cuneate  at  base,  finely  serrate,  glabrous  or  rarely  pilose  along  the 
midrib  and  veins  below,  2|'-6'  long  and  f-2^'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  rarely 
pubescent,  !'— |'  long. 


A  tree,  often  80°-100°  high;  more  common  than  the  other  forms  of  Celtis  occidentalis. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  slopes  and  bottoms,  or  eastward  on  rocky  ridges;  Province 
of  Quebec  to  eastern  Nebraska,  and  southward  to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  western 
New  York,  southern  Ohio,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  southwestern  Missouri,  south- 
western Oklahoma  (Snyder,  Kiowa  County),  and  in  northwestern  Georgia. 

Celtis  occidentalis  var.  crassifolia  A.  Gray.    Hackberry. 

Celtis  crassifolia  Lam. 

Leaves  thicker,  long-acuminate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  usually  more  coarsely  ser- 
rate, rarely  nearly  entire,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  pilose  below  along  the  prominent 
midrib  and  veins,  3|'-5'  long,  2'-2|'  wide,  much  smaller  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region; 
petioles  villose-pubescent,  rarely  glabrous,  \'-%  in  length,  much  shorter  than  the  pubescent 
pedicels  of  the  fruit. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high;  with  pubescent  or  glabrous  branchlets;  rarely  shrubby.  The 
most  widely  distributed  form  of  Celtis  occidentalis. 

Distribution.  Wooded  slopes  and  rich  bottoms;  Virginia  and  along  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  North  Carolina  and  westward  to  southern  Minnesota,  Missouri,  central 


TJLMACE.E 


Kansas,  eastern  and  northwestern  Oklahoma,  central  Nebraska,  North  and  South  Da 
kota,  canons  of  the  Big  Horn  Mountains,  Wyoming,  and  northwestern  Idaho,  and  south 
ward  to  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  and  eastern  Texas. 


Fig.  291 

Often  cultivated  in  towns  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  in  western  Europe,  and  occa- 
sionally in  the  eastern  states. 

2.  Celtis  Douglasii  Plan.    Hackbeny. 

Celtis  rugulosa  Rydb. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  obliquely  rounded  or  unsymmetrically 
subcordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  covered  below 


Fig.  292 


with  a  network  of  reticulate  veinlets  inconspicuous  early  in  the  season,  later  becoming 
prominent,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  along  the  under  side  of  the  stout  midrib  and  pri- 


322 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


mary  veins,  2'-2|'  long,  l'-2'  wide;  petioles  stout,  slightly  pubescent,  \'-\'  in  length. 
Flowers  on  slender, pubescent  pedicels;  calyx  divided  into  five  linear  acute  scarious  lobes 
laciniately  cut  at  apex;  torus  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  on  slender  drooping  slightly  pu- 
bescent or  glabrous  pedicels,  \'-\'  in  length,  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  light  orange-brown, 
lustrous,  \'  in  diameter. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub  rarely  more  than  20'  high,  with  slender  slightly  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous red-brown  branchlets  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their 
second  or  third  year.  Bark  rough,  red-brown  or  gray. 

Distribution.  Dry  hillsides  and  rocky  river  banks;  eastern  Oregon  from  the  valley  of 
the  Deschutes  and  Columbia  Rivers  to  the  canon  of  Snake  River,  Whitman  County, 
Washington,  and  to  Big  Willow  Creek,  Canon  County,  western  Idaho;  on  the  western  foot- 
hills of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  in  the  canon  of  Grand  River,  and  in  Diamond  Valley, 
Utah;  southern  California,  near  Independence,  Inyo  County,  Hackberry  Canon,  Kern 
County,  and  Things  Valley  at  base  of  Laguna  Mountain,  near  Campo,  southern  San 
Diego  County;  on  Cedros  Island,  and  in  northern  Lower  California;  rim  of  the  Grand 
Canon,  Arizona,  and  on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  towns  of  western  Washington,  and  when  cultivated  said  to 
grow  in  good  soil  into  a  larger  and  more  shapely  tree  with  thinner  leaves. 

3.  Celtis  Lindheimeri  K.  Koch.    Palo  Blanco. 
Celtis  Helleri  Small. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  or  acute,  cordate  or  obliquely  cordate  or  rounded  at 
base,  entire,  or  crenately  serrate  on  vigorous  shoots,  rough  above,  pale  and  clothed  below 
with  white  hairs,  becoming  by  midsummer  thick  and  covered  below  with  a  conspicuous 
network  of  reticulate  veinlets,  H'-3'  long,  f'-2'  wide;  petioles  densely  villose-pubescent, 


Fig.  293 


|'-|'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  toward  the  end  of  March  on  pubescent  pedicels;  calyx 
divided  into  five  oblong  scarious  lobes  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex;  torus  tomentose. 
Fruit  on  slender  tomentose  stems  i'-f '  long,  ripening  in  September  and  persistent  on  the 
branches  until  spring,  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  dark  reddish  brown,  lustrous,  j'  in  diameter. 


ULMACE^E  323 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  pubescent  branch- 
lets  roughened  by  numerous  small  lenticels,  becoming  darker  and  glabrous  in  their  second 
season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  dark  and  covered  with  high  thick  wart-like 
excrescences  and  ridges.  Wood  not  strong  nor  durable,  of  little  value  even  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  on  low  adjacent  hills  of  streams  flowing  south- 
ward from  the  Edward's  Plateau  (Goliad,  San  Antonio,  New  Braunfels,  San  Marcos)  and 
near  Austin,  Travis  County,  Texas. 

4.  Celtis  reticulata  Torr.    Hackberry. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  entire,  thick, 
dark  green  and  rough  or  rarely  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  yellowr-green  and  conspicu- 
ously reticulate-venulose  and  sparingly  pilose  along  the  prominent  midrib  and  veins  on 


Fig.  294 


the  lower  surface,  lJ'-3'  long,  f'-l*'  wide;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length,  more  or  less 
densely  pubescent.  Flowers  not  seen.  Fruit  on  pubescent  pedicels  \'-\r  in  length,  ripen- 
ing in  September,  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  orange-red  or  yellow,  lustrous,  \r  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high  with  stout  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head, 
and  slender  red-brown  branchlets  tomentose  or  pubescent  early  in  their  first  season  and 
pubescent  or  glabrous  in  their  second  year;  or  often  a  shrub.  Bark  thick  and  rough. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hillsides,  rocky  ridges  and  canon  slopes,  western  Texas, 
from  the  valley  of  the  upper  Rio  Frio,  Uvalde  County,  to  Oklahoma  (Ozark  region,  near 
Page,  Le  Flore  County  to  the  southwestern  borders  of  the  state) ;  in  mountain  ravines 
through  southern  New  Mexico,  and  in  southern  central  and  northeastern  Arizona. 

A  variety  with  more  pubescent  serrate  leaves,  those  on  vigorous  shoots  mostly  cordate 
at  base  and  covered  above  with  short  white  hairs,  is  distinguished  as  var.  vestita  Sarg. 
A  small  tree  with  slender  pubescent  branchlets  and  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter.  In  low 
ground,  along  the  North  Fork  of  the  Canadian  River,  near  Canton,  Blaine  County,  Okla- 
homa. 

5.  Celtis  laevigata  K.  Koch.    Sugarberry.    Hackberry. 

Celtis  mississippiensis  Spach. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  unsymmetrically 
rounded  or  cuneate  or  obliquely  cuneate  at  base,  often  falcate,  entire  or  furnished  with  a 
few  teeth  near  the  apex  or  serrate  (var.  Smallii  Sarg.),  thin,  smooth,  glabrous  or  rarely 
rough  above,  light  green  on  both  surfaces,  2|'-5'  long  and  f -l£'  wide,  with  a  narrow  yellow 


324 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


midrib,  slender  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  inconspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels; 
calyx  divided  into  five  ovate-lanceolate  glabrous  or  puberulous  scarious  lobes  furnished 
at  apex  with  tufts  of  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  on  glabrous  pedicels  shorter  or  slightly  longer 
than  the  petioles,  ripening  in  September,  short-oblong  to  ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  orange- 
red  or  yellow,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlet  slightly  rugose. 


Fig.  295 


A  tree,  60°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  spreading  or  pendulous  branches 
forming  a  broad  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  green,  glabrous  or  pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  and  during  their  first  winter  bright  reddish  brown,  rather  lustrous  and  marked 
by  oblong  pale  lenticels  and  narrow  elevated  horizontal  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of 
three  fibro- vascular  bundles;  often  much  smaller.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  pointed,  rV-F 
long,  with  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  pale  gray  and  covered  with 
prominent  excrescences.  Wood  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  yellow,  with  thick 
lighter-colored  sapwood;  commercially  confounded  with  the  wood  of  Celtis  occidentalis 
and  its  varieties,  and  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Virginia  to  the  Everglades  Keys  of  southern  Florida,  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande  in  Nuovo  Leon,  and  through  eastern 
Texas,  Arkansas  and  Missouri  to  eastern  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of  the  Washita  River 
(Zarvin  County)  and  to  Kiowa  County,  eastern  Kansas,  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
and  to  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana;  in  Bermuda. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  street  tree  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  in 
Texas. 

An  arborescent  form  from  the  rocky  banks  of  the  Nueces  River,  western  Texas,  with 
shorter  and  thicker  leaves  is  distinguished  as  var.  brachyphylla  Sarg.;  and  a  small  shrubby 
form  with  oblong-ovate  cordate  leaves  and  dark  purplish  fruit  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  growing  in  deep  sand  in  Callihan  County,  Texas,  has  been  described  as  var.  anomala 
Sarg.  An  Arizona  form  is 


Celtis  laevigata  var.  brevipes  Sarg. 

Celtis  brevipes  S.  Wats. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  unsymmetrically  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  rarely 
furnished  with  occasional  teeth,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface, 
yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  with  small  clusters  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  slen- 
der veins,  and  inconspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  l^'-2'  long,  £'-!'  wide;  petioles  slender, 


ULMACE.E  325 


puberulous,  i'-i'  in  length.     Fruit  on  glabrous  pedicels  shorter  or  slightly  longer  than 
the  petioles,  short-oblong,  canary  yellow,  about  j'  long. 


Fig.  296 


A  small  tree  with  slender  glabrous  red-brown  branchlets. 

Distribution.     Central  and  southern  Arizona. 

More  distinct  is  the  common  Celtis  of  western  Texas  which  has  been  described  as 

Celtis  laevigata  var.  texana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  unsymmetrically  rounded  or  cordate  at  base, 
entire  or  sparingly  and  irregularly  serrate,  often  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  smooth  and 
granulate  or  rarely  rough  above,  green  below,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins 
glabrous  or  sparingly  villose-pubescent  and  furnished  with  small  tufts  of  axillary  hairs, 
and  only  slightly  raised  reticulate  veinlets,  l£'-3'  long  and  f'-lj'  wide;  petioles  slender. 


Fig.  297 

pale  pubescent,  £'-j'  in  length.  Fruit  on  glabrous  or  puberulous  pedicels  slightly  longer 
than  the  petioles,  subglobose  but  rather  longer  than  broad,  dark  orange-red,  about  j'  long. 

An  arborescent  shrub  or  small  tree  rarely  more  than  25°  high,  with  slender  reddish 
glabrous  or  gray-brown  pubescent  branchlets;  often  growing  in  clusters.  Bark  rough, 
pale  or  grayish  and  not  often  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences. 

Distribution.    Rocky  bluffs  near  Dallas  to  New  Braunfels,  Texas,  and  westward  to 


326  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

western  Oklahoma,  and  southern  New  Mexico;  in  southwestern  Missouri;  in  Tamaulipas 
and  Coahuila,  Mexico.     The  common  Celtis  of  the  Texas  Panhandle. 

A  shrubby  form  from  Nolan  County,  Texas,  with  red-brown  branchlets  densely  pubes- 
cent in  their  first  season,  becoming  puberulous  during  their  second  year,  and  smaller 
leaves  with  more  prominent  reticulate  veinlets,  on  densely  pubescent  petioles,  is  distin- 
guished as  forma  microphylla  Sarg. 

6.  Celtis  pumila  Pursh. 
This  shrub  of  the  eastern  states  is  sometimes  a  small  tree  in  its  southern  variety, 

Celtis  pumila  var.  georgiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  entire  or  sharply  serrate, 
especially  on  vigorous  leading  shoots,  thin,  dark  green  and  rough  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  along  the  midrib  and  veins  below. 
H'-2|'  long  and  f'-H'  wide;  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  |'-j'  in  length.  Flowers  on 
pubescent  pedicels;  calyx  divided  into  usually  five  lanceolate  acuminate  lobes;  the  disk 


Fig.  298 

pubescent.  Fruit  on  pubescent  pedicels  as  long  or  slightly  longer  than  the  petioles,  sub- 
globose,  reddish  purple,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlet  covered 
with  conspicuous  reticulate  ridges. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  occasionally  30°  high,  with  slender  dark  red-brown  pubescent 
branchlets,  light  red-brown  and  sometimes  bright  red-brown  before  the  end  of  their  first 
year. 

Distribution.  Piedmont  region  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  central  Georgia  to  western 
Florida;  and  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  in  southern  Missouri,  and  southern  Illinois. 

4.  TREMA  Lour. 

Unarmed  trees  and  shrubs  with  watery  juices  and  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate, 
often  two-ranked,  serrate,  penniveined,  three-nerved  from  the  base,  short-petiolate,  per- 
sistent; stipules  lateral,  free,  usually  small,  caducous.  Flowers  apetalous,  small,  monoe- 
cious, dioecious  or  rarely  perfect,  in  axillary  cymes;  calyx  five  or  rarely  four-parted,  the 
lobes  induplicate,  valvate  or  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  in  perfect  flowers  more  or 
less  concave  and  induplicate;  stamens  five  or  rarely  four,  opposite  the  calyx-lobes  and  in- 
serted on  their  base,  occasionally  present  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  short,  erect: 
anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  introrse,  two-celled,  the  cells  opening 


ULMACE^E 


327 


longitudinally;  ovary  sessile,  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  cen- 
tral, slightly  or  entirely  divided  into  two  linear  fleshy  stigmatic  branches;  ovule  solitary, 
pendulous  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
short-oblong  to  subglobose,  crowned  by  the  persistent  style;  exocarp  more  or  less  fleshy: 
endocarp  hard;  seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nutlet;  testa  membranaceous,  albumen  fleshy, 
often  scanty;  embryo  curved  or  slightly  involute;  cotyledons  narrow;  radicle  incurved, 
ascending. 

Trema,  with  about  twenty  species,  is  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions  of  the  two  hemispheres.  Two  species  reach  the  coast  region  and  the  keys  of 
southern  Florida.  Of  these  Trema  mollis  Lour,  is  a  small  tree,  and  Trema  Lamarckiana 
Bl.,  which  in  Florida  has  been  noticed  only  on  Key  Largo,  where  it  grows  as  a  small  shrub, 
is  widely  distributed  over  the  Bahamas  and  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

1.  Trema  mollis  Lour. 
Trema  floridana  Britt. 

Leaves  2-ranked,  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded,  cordate  and  often  oblique 
at  base,  finely  serrate  with  incurved  or  rounded  apiculate  teeth,  dark  green  and  scabrate 
above,  covered  with  pale  tomentum  below,  3'-4'  long,  l'-2£'  wide;  petioles  stout,  tomen- 


Fig.  299 


tose,  about  f '  in  length ;  stipules  narrow,  acuminate,  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  about 
one  third  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers  in  early  spring,  subtended  by  minute  scarious 
deciduous  bracts  on  short  slender  pedicels  in  bisexual  many-flowered  pedunculate  villose 
cymes  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  acute  and  incurved 
at  apex,  villose  on  the  outer  surface;  staminate  with  glabrous  filaments  and  slightly  ex- 
serted  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  with  a  style  divided  to  the  base.  Fruit  short-oblong, 
pale  yellowish  brown,  i'— 5-'  in  diameter. 

A  fast-growing  short-lived  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk 
1|'-2|'  in  diameter,  small  crowded  branches  ascending  at  narrow  angles,  and  stout  hoary- 
tomentose  red-brown  2-ranked  branchlets.  Bark  thin,  chocolate-brown,  roughened  by 
numerous  small  wart-like  excrescences,  and  separating  into  small  appressed  papery  scales. 

Distribution.     Rich  hummocks;  near  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  in  the  Everglades,  and 


328  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

on  the  southern  keys,  Florida;  common;  often  springing  up  where  the  ground  has  been 
burned  over,  or  otherwise  cleared  of  its  forests;  on  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands  and  in 
Mexico. 

XH.  MORACEJE. 

Tree  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  scaly  or  naked  buds,  and  stalked  alternate  simple 
leaves  with  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  ament-like  spikes,  or  in  heads  on 
the  outside  of  a  receptacle  or  on  the  inside  of  a  closed  receptacle;  calyx  of  the  staminate 
flower  2-6-lobed  or  parted;  stamens  1-4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx;  calyx  of  the 
pistillate  flower  of  2-6  partly  united  sepals;  ovary  1-2-celled;  styles  1  or  2;  ovule  pendulous. 
Fruits  drupaceous,  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx  of  the  flower  and  united  into  a  compound 
fruit  (syncarp) .  The  Mulberry  family  is  widely  distributed  with  fifty-four  genera  confined 
largely  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world.  Three  genera  only,  all  arborescent,  are  indige- 
nous in  North  America,  although  Broussonetia  papyri/era  Vent.,  the  Paper  Mulberry,  a 
tree  related  to  the  Mulberry  and  a  native  of  eastern  Asia,  and  the  Hop  and  the  Hemp 
are  more  or  less  generally  naturalized  in  the  eastern  and  southern  states. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Flowers  on  the  outside  of  the  receptacle;  buds  scaly. 

Flowers  in  ament-like  spikes;  syncarp  oblong  and  succulent.  I.  Morus. 

Staminate  flowers  racemose,  the  pistillate  capitate;  syncarp  dry  and  globose. 

2.  Madura. 

Flowers  on  the  inside  of  a  closed  receptacle;  buds  naked;  syncarp  subglobose  to  ovoid, 
succulent.  3.  Ficus. 

1.  MORUS  L.    Mulberry. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  unarmed  branches  prolonged  by  one  of  the  upper 
axillary  buds,  scaly  bark,  fibrous  roots,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  ovate  scales  closely 
imbricated  in  2  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the  inner  accrescent,  mark- 
ing in  falling  the  base  of  the  branch  with  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
alternate,  serrate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  3-5-nerved  at  base,  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous, 
deciduous;  stipules  inclosing  their  leaf  in  the  bud,  lateral,  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  direcious,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  branches  of  the 
same  plant  or  on  different  plants,  minute,  vernal,  in  pedunculate  clusters  from  the  axils 
of  caducous  bud-scales  or  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  year;  staminate  hi  elongated  cylin- 
dric  spikes;  calyx  deeply  divided  into  4  equal  rounded  lobes;  stamens  4,  inserted  opposite 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  under  the  minute  rudimentary  ovary,  filaments  filiform,  incurved  in 
the  bud,  straightening  elastically  and  becoming  exserted,  anthers  attached  on  the  back 
below  the  middle,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  reniform,  attached  laterally  to  the  orbicular 
connective,  opening  longitudinally;  pistillate  sessile,  in  short-oblong  densely  flowered 
spikes;  calyx  4-parted,  the  lobes  ovate  or  obovate,  thickened,  often  unequal,  the  2  outer 
broader  than  the  others,  persistent;  ovary  ovoid,  flat,  sessile,  included  in  the  calyx,  crowned 
by  a  central  style  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  2  equal  spreading  filiform  villose  white 
stigmatic  lobes;  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  campy lotropous;  micropyle 
superior.  Drupes  ovoid  or  obovoid,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles,  inclosed  in 
the  succulent  thickened  and  colored  perianth  of  the  flower  and  more  or  less  united  into 
a  more  or  less  juicy  compound  fruit;  flesh  subsucculent,  thin;  walls  of  the  nutlet  thin  or 
thick,  crustaceous.  Seed  oblong,  pendulous;  testa,  thin,  membranacfeous;  hilum  minute, 
apical;  embryo  incurved  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  equal;  radicle  ascend- 
ing, incumbent. 

Morus  with  eight  or  nine  species  is  confined  to  eastern  temperate  North  America,  the 
elevated  regions  of  Mexico,  Central  America  and  western  South  America,  southern  and 


MOEACE.E 


329 


western  Asia,  Indo-China,  China,  Japan,  the  Bonin  Islands  and  the  mountains  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago.  Two  species  occur  in  North  America.  The  most  valuable  species,  Morut 
alba  L.,  a  native  of  China  and  Formosa,  and  largely  cultivated  in  many  countries  for 
its  leaves,  which  are  the  best  food  of  the  silkworm,  has  been  planted  in  large  quantities 
in  the  eastern  United  States;  and  Morus  nigra  L.,  probably  a  native  of  Persia,  has  been 
introduced  into  the  southern  and  Pacific  states  for  its  large  dark-colored  juicy  fruit.  Morus 
produces  straight-grained  durable  light  brown  or  orange-colored  valuable  wood,  and 
sweet  acidulous  and  refreshing  fruits. 

Morus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Mulberry-tree. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence;  lobes  of  the  stigma  long;  syncarp  oblong,  dark 
purple.  1.  M.  rubra  (A,  C). 

Leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent  below;  lobes  of  the  stigma  short;  syncarp  subglobose  or 
short-ovoid,  nearly  black.  2.  M.  microphylk  (C,  E,  H). 

1.  Morus  rubra  L.    Red  Mulberry. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  semiorbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  broad 
point  or  acute  at  apex,  more  or  less  deeply  cordate  or  occasionally  truncate  at  base,  coarsely 
and  occasionally  doubly  serrate  with  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  often,  especially  on 


Fig.  300 


vigorous  young  shoots,  3-lobed  by  broad  deep  oblique  lateral  rounded  sinuses,  when  they 
unfold  yellow-green,  slightly  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower 
surface,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  bluish  green,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrate  above,  pale 
and  more  or  less  pubescent  below  with  short  white  hairs  thickest  on  the  orange-colored 
midrib,  and  on  the  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by 
reticulate  veinlets,  or  sometimes  hoary-tomentose  below  (var.  tomentosa  Bureau),  3'-5' 
long,  2|'-4<'  wide;  turning  bright  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  hoary-tomentose 
at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  f'-lj'  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  enlarged 
and  thickened  at  base,  sometimes  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  coated  with  long  white 
hairs,  and  often  1'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  stami- 
nate  in  narrow  spikes  2'-2|'  long,  on  stout  light  green  peduncles  covered  with  pale  hairs: 
calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  oblong  concave  lobes  rounded  at  apex  and  hirsute  on 
the  outer  surface;  stamens  with  slightly  flattened  filaments  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the 
apex,  and  bright  green  anthers,  their  connectives  orbicular,  conspicuous,  bright  green;  pis- 


330  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

tillate  in  oblong  densely  flowered  spikes,  1'  long,  on  short  hairy  peduncles,  a  few  male 
flowers  being  sometimes  mixed  with  them;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  thick 
concave  lobes  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  the  2  outer  lobes 
twice  as  wide  as  the  others,  as  long  as  and  closely  investing  the  glabrous  light  green  ovary. 
Fruit:  syncarp  at  first  bright  red  when  fully  grown,  I'-lj'  long,  becoming  dark  purple  or 
nearly  black  and  sweet  and  juicy  when  fully  ripe;  drupes  about  -£%'  long,  with  a  thin  fleshy 
outer  coat  and  a  light  brown  nutlet;  seed  ovoid,  acute,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  light 
brown  coat. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  3°-4°  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing smooth  branches  forming  a  dense  broad  round-topped  shapely  head,  and  slender 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  often  tinged  with  red,  glabrous,  more  or  less  coated 
with  pale  pubescence,  and  covered  with  oblong  straw-colored  spots  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  red-brown  to  orange  color  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels 
and  by  large  elevated  horizontal  nearly  orbicular  concave  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of 
prominent  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  in  their  second  and  third  years  dark  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  \'  long,  with 
6  or  7  chestnut-brown  scales,  those  of  the  outer  rows  broadly  o^ate,  rounded,  and  slightly 
thickened  on  the  back,  puberulous,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  much  shorter  than  those 
of  the  next  rows,  the  inner  scales  scarious,  coated  with  pale  hairs,  oblong-lanceolate, 
rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  and  \'-\'  long  at  maturity.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged 
with  red  and  divided  into  irregular  elongated  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thick 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained,  very  durable, 
light  orange  color,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fencing,  in  cooper- 
age, and  in  boatbuilding. 

Distribution.  Intervales  in  rich  soil  and  on  low  hills;  western  Massachusetts,  Connecti- 
cut, and  Long  Island  to  southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan,  southeastern  Minnesota, 
eastern  Iowa,  southeastern  South  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  central  Kansas  and  Okla- 
homa, and  southward  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  to 
the  canon  of  the  Devil's  River,  Valverde  County,  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  and  on  the  foothills  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains;  ascending  to  altitudes  of  2000°. 

Occasionally  planted,  especially  in  the  southern  states,  for  its  fruit  valued  for  fatten- 
ing hogs  and  as  food  for  poultry.  A  few  natural  varieties,  distinguished  for  the  large  size 
and  good  quality  of  their  fruit,  or  for  their  productiveness,  are  occasionally  propagated  by 
pomologists. 

2.  Morus  microphylla  Buckl.    Mulberry.    Mexican  Mulberry. 
Morus  celtidifolia  Sarg.  not  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  truncate,  or  often  on  vigorous 
shoots  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  and  3-lobed  with  shallow  lateral  sinuses  and  broad 
coarsely  serrate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum,  and  puberu- 
lous above,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  often  roughened  on  the 
upper  surface  by  minute  pale  tubercles,  and  paler,  smooth  or  scabrate,  and  glabrous  or 
coated  with  soft  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  and  often  hirsute  with  short  stiff  pale 
hairs  on  the  broad  orange-colored  midrib,  and  on  the  primary  veins  connected  by  conspicu- 
ous reticulate  veinlets,  rarely  more  than  1^'  long  and  f  wide;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn; 
petioles  slender,  hoary-tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  %'  in  length;  stipules  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  sometimes  falcate,  white  and  scarious,  coated  with  soft  pale  tomentum,  about 
¥  long.  Flowers  usually  direcious,  staminate  short-pedicellate,  in  short  many-flowered 
spikes,  |'-f  long;  calyx  dark  green,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs, 
deeply  divided  into  equal  rounded  lobes  reddish  toward  the  apex;  stamens  with  bright 
yellow  anthers,  their  connectives  conspicuous,  dark  green;  pistillate  sessile  in  few-flowered 
spikes,  rarely  f '  in  length;  calyx  divided  to  the  base  into  thick  rounded  lobes,  the  2  outer 


MORACE^E 


331 


lobes  much  broader  than  the  others,  dark  green,  covered  with  pale  scattered  hairs;  ovary 
green  and  glabrous,  with  short  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit:  syncarp  \'  long,  red  becoming 
dark  purple  or  nearly  black,  sweet  and  palatable;  drupe  \'  long,  ovoid,  rounded  at  the 
ends,  with  a  thin  fleshy  outer  covering  and  a  thick-walled  light  brown  nutlet;  seed  ovoid, 
pointed,  pale  yellow. 

A  tree,  sometimes  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  12'-14'  in  diameter,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  soft  white  hairs,  soon  becoming  gla- 


Fig.  30! 

brous  or  nearly  so,  and  in  their  first  winter  light  orange-red  and  marked  by  small  lenticels 
and  small  horizontal  nearly  orbicular  elevated  concave  leaf-scars  displaying  a  ring  of 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  often  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  sharp-pointed,  and 
covered  by  thin  lustrous  chestnut-brown  ovate  rounded  scales  scarious  on  the  margins, 
those  of  the  inner  rows  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  pale-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface, 
and  nearly  1'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  smooth,  sometimes  nearly  \'  thick  but  usually 
thinner,  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into 
slightly  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  orange  color  or  some- 
times dark  brown,  with  thick  light-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills,  or  westward  only  in  elevated  mountain  canons  in 
the  neighborhood  of  streams ;  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  southward  into  Mexico 
and  through  the  mountain  regions  of  western  Texas  and  southern  New  Mexico  to  the 
Santa  Rita  Mountains  and  the  canons  of  the  Colorado  Plateau,  Arizona. 


2.  MACLURA  Nutt. 
Toxylon  (loxylon)  Rafn. 

A  tree,  with  thick  milky  slightly  acrid  juice,  thick  deeply  furrowed  dark  orange-colored 
bark,  stout  tough  terete  pale  branchlets,  with  thick  orange-colored  pith,  lengthening  by 
an  upper  axillary  bud,  marked  by  pale  orange-colored  lenticels  and  armed  with  stout 
straight  axillary  spines,  short  stout  spur-like  lateral  branchlets  from  buds  at  the  base  of 
the  spines,  and  thick  fleshy  roots  covered  by  bright  orange-colored  bark  exfoliating  freely 
in  long  thin  persistent  papery  scales.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  and  apiculate  at  apex,  rounded,  cuneate  or  subcordate  at  base,  entire, 
penniveined,  the  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets;  petioles  elongated,  slender,  terete,  pubescent;  stipules  lateral,  nearly  triangular, 
minute,  hoary-tomentose,  caducous.  Flowers  dioecious,  light  green,  minute,  appearing  in 


332  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

early  summer;  calyx  4-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  sestivation;  the  staminate  long- 
pedicellate,  in  short  or  ultimately  elongated  racemes  borne  on  long  slender  drooping  pe- 
duncles from  the  axils  of  crowded  leaves  on  the  spur-like  branchlets  of  the  previous  year; 
calyx  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  pubescent  pedicel,  coated  on  the  outer 
surface  with  pale  hairs,  divided  to  the  middle  into  equal  acute  boat-shaped  lobes;  stamens 
4,  inserted  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  on  the  margins  of  the  minute  thin  pulvinate  disk; 
filaments  flattened,  light  green,  glabrous,  infolded  above  the  middle  in  the  bud,  with  the 
anthers  inverted  and  back  to  back,  straightening  abruptly  in  anthesis  and  becoming  ex- 
serted;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  middle,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells 
attached  laterally  to  a  minute  oblong  or  semiorbicular  connective,  free  and  spreading  above 
and  below,  opening  by  longitudinal  lateral  slits;  pistillate  sessile  in  dense  globose  many- 
flowered  heads  on  short  stout  peduncles  axillary  on  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  ovoid,  divided 
to  the  base  into  oblong  thick  concave  lobes,  rounded,  thickened,  and  covered  with  pale  hairs 
at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  ovary  and  closely  investing  it,  the  2  outer  lobes  much  broader 
than  the  others,  persistent  and  inclosing  the  fruit;  ovary  ovoid,  compressed,  sessile,  green, 
and  glabrous;  style  covered  by  elongated  slender  filiform  white  stigmatic  hairs;  ovule  sus- 
pended from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Drupes  oblong,  compressed,  rounded  and 
often  notched  at  apex,  acute  at  base,  with  thin  succulent  flesh,  and  a  thin  crustaceous 
light  brown  nutlet,  joined  by  the  union  of  the  thickened  and  much  elongated  perianths  of 
the  flowers  into  a  globose  compound  fruit  saturated  with  milky  juice,  mammillate  on  the 
surface  by  their  thickened  rounded  summits,  light  yellow-green,  usually  of  full  size  but 
seedless  on  isolated  pistillate  individuals.  Seed  oblong,  compressed,  rounded  at  base,  ob- 
lique and  marked  at  apex  by  the  conspicuous  oblong  pale  hilum,  without  albumen ;  seed- 
coat  membranaceous,  light  chestnut-brown;  embryo  recurved;  cotyledons  oblong,  nearly 
equal;  radicle  elongated,  incumbent,  ascending. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  eastern  North  America. 

The  generic  name  is  in  compliment  to  William  Maclure,  distinguished  geologist. 

1.  Madura  pomifera  Schn.    Osage  Orange.    Bow  Wood. 

Toxylon  (loxylon)  pomiferum  Rafn. 

Leaves  3'-5'  long,  2'-3'  wide;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn; 
petioles  l|'-2'  in  length.     Flowers:  racemes  of  the  staminate  flowers  I'-l?'  long;  heads 


Fig.  302 


of  the  pistillate  flowers,  f '-!'  in  diameter.  Fruit  4'-5/  in  diameter,  ripening  in  the  autumn, 
and  soon  falling  to  the  ground. 


HORACES  333 

A  tree,  sometimes  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  stout  erect 
ultimately  spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  open  irregular  round-topped  head,  and 
branchlets  light  green  often  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  orange  color  during 
their  first  winter,  and  ultimately  paler.  Winter-buds  depressed-globose,  partly  immersed 
in  the  bark,  covered  by  few  closely  imbricated  ovate  rounded  light  chestnut-browTn  ciliate 
conspicuous  scales.  Bark  f '-!'  thick,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  rounded 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly 
hard,  very  strong,  flexible,  coarse-grained,  very  durable,  bright  orange  color  turning  brown 
on  exposure,  with  thin  light  yellow  sapwood  of  5-10  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used 
for  fence-posts,  railway-ties,  wheel-stock,  and  formerly  by  the  Osage  and  other  Indians 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River  for  bows  and  war-clubs.  The  bark  of  the  roots  contains 
moric  and  morintannic  acid,  and  is  used  as  a  yellow  dye.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  some- 
times used  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands;  southern  Arkansas  to  southern  Oklahoma  and  south- 
ward in  Texas  to  about  latitude  35°  36';  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley 
of  the  Red  River  in  Oklahoma. 

Largely  planted  in  the  prairie  regions  of  the  Mississippi  basin  as  a  hedge  plant,  and  oc- 
casionally in  the  eastern  states;  hardy  in  New  England;  occasionally  naturalized  beyond 
the  limits  of  its  natural  range. 

3.  FICUS  L.    Fig. 

Trees,  with  milky  juice,  naked  buds,  stout  branchlets,  thick  fleshy  roots  frequently 
produced  from  the  branches  and  developing  into  supplementary  stems.  Leaves  invo- 
lute, entire  and  persistent  in  American  species;  stipules  inclosing  the  leaf  in  a  slender 
sharp-pointed  bud-like  cover,  interpetiolar,  embracing  the  leaf-bearing  axis  and  inclosing 
the  young  leaves,  deciduous.  Flo\ver-bearing  receptacle  subglobose  to  ovoid,  sessile  or 
stalked,  solitary  by  abortion  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  existing  or  fallen  leaves,  surrounded 
at  base  by  3  anterior  bracts  distinct  or  united  into  an  involucral  cup  bearing  on  the  interior 
at  the  apex  numerous  rows  of  minute  triangular  viscid  bracts  closing  the  orifice,  those  of 
the  lower  rows  turned  downward  and  infolding  the  upper  flowers,  those  immediately 
above  these  horizontal  and  forming  a  more  or  less  prominent  umbilicus.  Flowers  sessile 
or  pedicellate,  the  pedicels  thickening  and  becoming  succulent  with  the  ripening  of  the 
fruit,  unisexual,  often  separated  by  chaffy  scales  or  hairs;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower 
usually  divided  into  2-6  sepals;  stamen  1  ;  filament  short,  erect;  anther  innate,  ovoid, 
broad  and  subrotund,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
sepals  or  lobes  of  the  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  usually  narrower  than  those  of  the  stami- 
nate flower;  ovary  sessile,  erect  or  oblique,  surmounted  by  the  lateral  elongated  style 
crowned  by  a  2-lobed  stigma;  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  or  lateral  below  the  apex 
of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  mostly  immersed  in  the  thickened  succulent  receptacle, 
obovoid  or  reniform;  flesh  thin,  mucilaginous;  nutlet  with  a  flat  crustaceous  minutely 
tuberculate  shell.  Seed  suspended;  testa  membranaceous;  embryo  incurved,  in  thin  fleshy 
albumen,  cotyledons  equal  or  unequal,  longer  than  the  incumbent  radicle. 

Ficus,  of  which  about  six  hundred  species  have  been  described,  is  largely  distributed 
through  the  topics  of  both  hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  being  found  on  the 
islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  A  few  species  extend  beyond 
the  tropics  into  southern  Florida,  Mexico,  Argentina,  southern  Japan  and  China,  the  coun- 
tries bordering  the  Mediterranean,  the  Canary  Islands,  and  South  Africa.  Two  species 
of  the  section  Urostigma  with  monoecious  flowers  occur  in  tropical  Florida.  Ficus  Carica 
L.,  probably  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  is  cultivated  in  the  southern  states  and 
in  California  for  its  large  sweet  succulent  fruits,  the  figs  of  commerce. 


334  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Receptacles  subglobose,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  leaves  oblong,  usually  pointed  at  the 
ends.  i.  F.  aurea  (D). 

Receptacles  obovoid,  long-stalked;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base. 

2.  F.  brevifolia  (D). 

1.  Ficus  aurea  Nutt.    Wild  Fig. 

Leaves  oblong,  usually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  a  short  broad 
point  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  2'-5'  long,  l|'-3'  wide,  thick 
and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  less  lustrous  below,  with 


Fig.  303 


a  broad  light  yellow  midrib  slightly  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  and  numerous  obscure 
primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  fine  closely  reticu- 
lated veinlets,  continuing  to  unfold  during  a  large  part  of  the  year;  usually  falling  during 
their  second  season;  petioles  stout,  slightly  grooved,  £'-!'  in  length;  stipules  ovate-lance- 
olate, thick,  firm,  tinged  with  red,  about  1'  long.  Flowers:  receptacles  developing  in 
succession  as  the  branch  lengthens,  subglobose,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  the  orifice  lateral  closed  and  marked  by  a  small  point  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
minute  bracts,  becoming  £'  in  diameter  and  yellow  when  fully  grown,  ultimately  turning 
bright  red;  flowers  reddish  purple,  separated  by  minute  reddish  chaff-like  scales  more  or 
less  laciniate  at  apex,  sessile  or  long-pedicellate;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  divided  to 
below  the  middle  into  2  or  3  broad  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  stout  flattened  filaments; 
lobes  of  the  anther  oblong,  attached  laterally  to  the  broad  connective;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  divided  to  the  middle  into  4  or  5  narrow  lobes,  closely  investing  the  ovate  sessile 
ovary.  Fruit  ovoid,  immersed  in  the  thickened  reddish  purple  walls  of  the  receptacle; 
seed  ovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  thin  light  brown  coat  and  a  large  lateral  oblong 
pale  hilum. 

A  broad  round-topped  epiphytal  tree,  50°-60°  high,  germinating  and  growing  at  first 
on  the  branches  and  trunks  of  other  trees  and  sending  down  to  the  ground  stout  aerial 
roots  which  gradually  growing  together  form  a  trunk  often  3°-4°  in  diameter,  the  growth 
of  additional  roots  from  the  branches  extending  the  tree  over  a  large  area,  and  terete 
pithy  light  orange-colored  branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  conspicuous  stipular 
scars,  large  slightly  elevated  horizontal  oval  leaf-scars  displaying  a  marginal  ring  of  large 
pale  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  smaller  elevated  concave  circular  scars  left  by  the 


MOKACEA:  335 

receptacles  in  falling.  Bark  smooth,  ashy  gray,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  \'  thick,  and 
broken  on  the  surface  into  minute  appressed  scales  disclosing  in  falling  the  nearly  black 
inner  bark.  Wood  exceedingly  light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  perishable  in  contact 
with  the  ground,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Hummocks  on  the  shores  and  islands  of  southern  Florida;  from  the 
Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  and  Tampa  Bay  on  the  west  coast,  to  the  southern  keys;  com- 
mon and  now  rapidly  spreading  over  the  eastern  and  southern  borders  of  the  Everglades; 
attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne;  on  the  Bahama  Islands. 

2.  Ficus  brevifolia  Nutt.    Fig.    Wild  Fig. 
Ficus  populnea  Sarg.,not  Willd. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  contracted  into  a  short  broad  point  or  occa- 
sionally rounded  at  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  2^'-5'  long,  I%'-5'  wide,  thin 
and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower,  with  a  light  yel- 
low midrib,  and  slender  remote  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  con- 
nected by  finely  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  sometimes  1'  in  length;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  \'  long,  tinged  with  red.  Flowers:  receptacles  obovoid,  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  yellow  until  fully  grown,  ultimately  turning  bright  red  and  becoming  \'-\'  long,  on 
stout  drooping  stalks  \'-\'  in  length;  flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate,  separated  by  minute 
chaff-like  scales  more  or  less  laciniate  at  apex;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  divided  nearly 
to  the  base  into  three  or  four  broad  acute  lobes;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  with  narrow 
lobes  shorter  than  the  ovoid  pointed  ovary.  Fruit  ovoid;  seed  ovoid,  with  a  membrana- 
ceous  light  brown  coat  and  an  oblong  lateral  pale  hilum. 


Fig.  304 

An  epiphytal  tree,  rarely  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  occasionally  developing  aerial  roots  and  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and 
terete  branchlets  light  red  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
brown  tinged  with  orange  and  later  with  red,  and  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  narrow 
stipular  scars,  large  elevated  horizontal  oval  or  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  showing  a  marginal 
row  of  conspicuous  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  and  elevated  concave  receptacle  scars. 
Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  orange-brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  hardly  distin- 
guishable sapwood. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  dry  slightly  elevated  coral  rocks;  Florida  from  the  shores  of 
Bay  Biscayne  to  the  Everglades  Keys,  and  on  several  of  the  southern  keys  to  Key  West; 
not  common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 


336  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

XHI.  OLACACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juices,  their  stems  sometimes  twining,  and  alternate  usu- 
ally entire  persistent  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  axillary 
cymes  or  racemes,  rarely  solitary;  calyx  4  to  6-lobed;  petals  4-6,  inserted  on  a  hypogy- 
nous  disk,  free  or  united  into  a  campaimlate  or  tubular  corolla;  stamens  4-12,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  free,  rarely  united;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  opening 
longitudinally;  ovary  superior  or  partly  inferior,  free  or  immersed  in  the  disk,  1-4-celled; 
styles  mostly  united;  stigmas  entire  or  lobed;  ovules  1-3  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  naked  or  nearly  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  disk,  1-celled,  1-seeded;  seed  pendu- 
lous; embryo  minute,  erect,  in  copious  fleshly  albumen;  radicle  superior. 

Olacaceae  with  twenty-five  genera  and  a  large  number  of  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics, 
and  is  most  abundant  in  those  of  the  Old  World. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Corolla-lobes  short;  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes;  drupe  almost  inclosed  in  the  enlarged 
disk  of  the  flower;  branches  unarmed.  1.  Schoepfia. 

Corolla-lobes  elongated;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes;  drupe  nearly  naked;  branch- 
lets  armed.  2.  Ximenia. 

1.  SCHOEPFIA  Schreb. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  slender  unarmed  branchlets.  Leaves  entire,  subcoriaceous,  petio- 
late.  Flowers  small,  perfect  in  axillary  cymes,  rarely  solitary;  calyx  disciform,  obscurely 
4-toothed,  or  nearly  entire,  petals  4,  5  or  rarely  6,  united,  their  tips  free,  valvate;  stamens 
opposite  the  petals,  filaments  free,  anthers  attached  by  the  back;  ovary  partly  immersed  in 
the  disk,  3-celled;  style  elongated,  stigma  3-lobed;  ovules  3  in  each  cell,  pendulous  from 
the  free  apex  of  the  axile  placentas.  Fruit  nearly  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  disk  of  the  flower, 
the  stone  crustaceous  or  chartaceous. 

Schoepfia  with  twelve  or  fourteen  species  is  distributed  in  the  New  World  from  southern 
Florida  and  Lower  California  to  Brazil  and  Peru,  and  in  the  Old  World  from  southern 
Japan  and  southern  and  western  China  to  the  East  Indies  and  the  eastern  Himalayas. 

The  generic  name  is  in  compliment  to  Johann  David  Schoepf,  German  physician  and 
botanist,  and  traveler  in  North  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

1.  Schoepfia  chrysophylloides  Planch. 
Schoepfia  Schreberi  Small,  not  Gmel. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  often  slightly  falcate,  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  and 
often  unsymmetric  at  base,  light  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  l£'-S'  long,  f- 


Fig.  305 


OLACACE.E 


337 


1|'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  4'  long  and  If  wide;  petioles  stout,  wing- 
margined,  1'— I'  in  length.  Flowers  sessile,  pink  or  red,  in  axillary  1-3-  usually  2-flowered 
clusters  on  peduncles  aV-£'  in  length;  calyx  cup-shaped,  the  rim  slightly  dilated,  almost 
filled  by  the  fleshy  disk;  corolla  ovate-cylindric,  i'-£'  long,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute, 
united,  reflexed;  stamens  4,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sessile; 
ovary  mostly  immersed  in  the  disk;  style  not  more  than  .^'  long;  Fruit  ovoid  or  ovoid- 
oval  scarlet,  f'-|'  in  length;  stone  crustaceous;  seed  not  seen. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  erect  branches  and 
slender  pale  gray  unarmed  branchlets.  Bark  thin,  grayish  brown,  closely  and  regularly 
reticulated. 

Distribution.  In  sandy  or  rocky  soil ;  banks  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River,  Lee  County, 
near  Miami  and  at  Cocoanut  Grove,  Dade  County,  and  on  the  southern  keys,  Florida;  on 
the  Bahama  Islands,  and  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  Guatamala. 


2.  XIMENIA  L. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  terete  armed  or  unarmed  branchlets.  Leaves  entire,  subcoria- 
ceous,  often  fascicled,  short-petiolate.  Flowers  perfect,  white,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  short 
axillary  cymes  or  rarely  solitary ;  calyx  small,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  per- 
sistent ;  petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous,  narrow,  bearded  on  their  inner  face,  valvate  in  the  bud, 
reflexed  above  the  middle;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  filaments  free,  filiform; 
anthers  linear,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  laterally, 
their  connective  apiculate  at  apex;  ovary  4-celled  below,  only  the  apex  1-celled,  ex- 
ternally 4-grooved,  glandular  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  style;  stigma 
entire,  subcapitate;  ovules  linear,  solitary  in  each  cell,  pendulous  from  the  apex  of  the 
axile  placenta,  anatropous;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  ovoid  or  globose;  exo- 
carp  thick  and  succulent,  endocarp  crustaceous  or  subligneous;  seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
endocarp,  pendulous,  surrounded  by  a  thin  spongy  coat;  testa  membranaceous;  cotyledons 
elliptic;  embryo  minute,  erect;  raphe  terete. 

Ximenia  with  four  or  five  species  is  widely  distributed  on  tropical  shores  of  the  two  worlds. 

Ximenia  commemorates  the  name  of  Francisco  Ximenes,  a  Dominican  priest  who  pub- 
lished in  Mexico  in  1615  a  work  on  the  plants  and  animals  of  that  country. 

1.  Ximenia  americana  L. 

Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic,  rounded  and  often  emargmate  and  apiculate  at  apex,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below, 


338  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

lJ'-2£'  long,  |'-lj'  wide,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  a  prominent  midrib 
and  obscure  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  narrow  wing-margined  at  apex,  i'-f  in  length. 
Flowers  bell-shaped,  fragrant,  about  f  long,  on  slender  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  minute 
acuminate  caducous  bractlets,  in  3  or  4-flowered  clusters  on  peduncles  ^'-|'  long;  calyx- 
lobes  acute,  petals  elliptic  and  rounded  or  obtusely  pointed  at  apex,  yellowish  white,  leathery, 
conspicuously  bearded  on  the  inner  surface  from  base  nearly  to  apex.  Fruit  broad-ovoid 
to  subglobose,  bright  yellow,  with  thin  acid  flesh,  l'-lj'  long,  on  slender  pedicels  about 
-|'  in  length,  in  usually  2  or  3-fruited  drooping  clusters;  stone  ovoid,  apiculate  at  apex, 
covered  with  minute  pits,  light  red;  seed  yellow,  with  bright  orange-colored  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2|'-3|'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 
armed  with  stout  straight  spines  usually  f'-l'  in  length,  and  slender  branchlets  slightly 
angled  and  light  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  terete  and  light  gray  or 
red-brown  and  marked  by  numerous  lenticels;  more  often  a  shrub  with  long  vine-like  stems. 
Bark  close,  dark  red,  astringent.  Wood  very  heavy,  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  compact, 
brown  tinged  with  red  with  lighter-colored  sapwood.  Hydrocyanic  acid  has  been  obtained 
from  the  fruit. 

Distribution.  Florida,  near  Eustis  Lake,  Lake  County,  to  the  southern  keys,  attaining 
its  largest  size  on  the  west  coast  and  on  Long  Key  in  the  Everglades;  common  on  the  shores 
of  the  Antilles  and  southward  to  Brazil,  and  on  those  of  west  tropical  Africa,  the  Indian 
peninsula,  the  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  New  Guinea,  Australia,  and  on  those  of 
many  of  the  islands  of  the  south  Pacific  Ocean. 

Section  3.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual;  calyx  5-lobed;  ovary  superior,  1- 
celled;  ovule  solitary,  rising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell;  fruit  inclosed  in  the 
thickened  calyx;  leaves  persistent. 

XIV.  POLYGONACE^E. 

Trees,  with  alternate  coriaceous  stalked  leaves,  their  stipules  sheathing  the  stem. 
Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  stamens  8;  ovary  3-celled;  ovule  orthotropous.  Fruit  a 
nutlet,  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx-tube;  seed  erect;  embryo  axillary  in  ruminate 
farinaceous  albumen;  radicle  superior,  ascending,  turned  toward  the  hilum.  Of  this, 
the  Buckwheat  family  with  thirty  widely  distributed  genera,  only  Coccolobis  is  arbo- 
rescent in  North  America. 

1.  COCCOLOBIS  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  orbicular,  ovate,  obovate,  or  lanceolate, 
petiolate,  their  stipules  inclosing  the  branch  above  the  node  with  membranaceous  trun- 
cate entire  brown  persistent  sheaths.  Flowers  jointed  on  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  1  or 
few-flowered  fascicles  subtended  by  a  minute  bract  and  surrounded  by  a  narrow  trun- 
cate membranaceous  sheath,  each  pedicel  and  those  above  it  being  surrounded  by  a  simi- 
lar sheath,  the  fascicles  gathered  in  elongated  terminal  and  axillary  racemes  inclosed  at 
the  base  of  the  sheath  of  the  nearest  leaf  and  sometimes  also  in  a  separate  sheath;  calyx 
cup-shaped,  the  lobes  ovate,  rounded,  thin,  white,  reflexed  after  anthesis,  and  thicken- 
ing and  inclosing  the  nutlet;  stamens  with  filiform  or  subulate  filaments  dilated  and  united 
at  base  into  a  short  discoid  cup  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  anthers  ovoid,  introrse, 
2-celled,  the  cells  parallel,  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  free,  sessile,  3-angled,  contracted 
into  a  short  stout  style,  divided  into  three  short  or  elongated  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ovoid 
or  globose,  rounded  or  acute  and  crowned  at  apex  by  the  persistent  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
narrowed  at  base;  flesh  thin  and  acidulous,  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  thin  crustaceous  or 
bony  wrall  of  the  nutlet  often  divided  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  into  several  more 
or  less  intrusive  plates.  Seed  subglobose,  acuminate  at  apex,  3-6-lobed;  testa  membra- 
naceous, minutely  pitted,  dark  red-brown,  and  lustrous. 

Coccolobis  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  with  about  one  hundred  and 


POLYGONACE^E 


339 


twenty  species  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  Mexico,  Central  America,  Brazil, 
and  Peru.  It  possesses  astringent  properties  sometimes  utilized  in  medicine.  Many  of 
the  species  produce  hard  dark  valuable  wood. 

Coccolobis,  from  KOKKOS  and  \o&6s,  is  in  allusion  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruits  crowded,  in  drooping  racemes;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  cordate  at  base. 

1.  C.  uvifera  (D). 
Fruits  not  crowded,  in  erect  or  spreading  racemes;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

2.  C.  laurifolia  (D). 

1.  Coccolobis  uvifera  Jacq.    Sea  Grape. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular  rounded  or  sometimes  short-pointed  at  apex,  deeply 
cordate  at  base,  with  undulate  margins,  thick  and  coriaceous,  minutely  reticulate-venulose, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  puberulous  below,  4'-5'  long,  5'-6'  wide,  with  a 
stout  often  bright  red  midrib  frequently  covered  below  with  pale  hairs,  and  about  5  pairs 
of  conspicuous  primary  veins  red  on  the  upper  side,  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  connected 
by  cross  veinlets ;  gradually  turning  red  or  scarlet  and  falling  during  their  second  or  third 


Fig.  307 

years;  petioles  short,  stout,  flattened,  puberulous,  abruptly  enlarged  at  base,  leaving 
in  falling  large  pale  elevated  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  scars;  stipular  sheath  £'  broad, 
slightly  puberulous,  persistent  during  2  or  3  years.  Flowers  appearing  almost  continuously 
throughout  the  year  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels  |'  long,  in  1-6-flowered  subsessile  fasci- 
cles, in  terminal  and  axillary  thick-stemmed  many-flowered  racemes  6'-14'  in  length;  calyx 
I'  across  when  expanded,  the  lobes  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  and  rather  longer  than 
the  red  stamens;  ovary  oblong,  with  short  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  crowded,  in  long  hanging 
racemes,  ovoid  to  obovoid,  f  long,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  stalk-like  base,  purple  or 
greenish  white,  translucent,  with  thin  juicy  flesh,  and  a  thin-walled  light  red  nutlet. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  short  gnarled  contorted  trunk  3°-4° 
in  diameter,  stout  branches  forming  a  round  compact  head,  and  stout  terete  branchlets, 
with  thick  pith,  light  orange  color,  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels,  gradually  growing 
darker  in  their  second  and  third  years;  frequently  a  shrub,  with  semiprostrate  stems;  in  the 
West  Indies  often  50°  tall.  Bark  about  3*5'  thick,  smooth,  light  brown  and  marked  by 
large  irregular  pale  blotches.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown  or  violet 
color,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  in  cabinet-making. 


840  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Saline  shores  and  beaches;  Florida,  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern 
keys  on  the  east  coast,  and  from  Tampa  Bay  to  Cape  Sable  on  the  west  coast;  common  on 
the  Bermuda  and  Bahama  Islands,  in  the  Antilles,  and  in  South  America  from  Colombia 
to  Brazil. 

2.  Coccolobis  laurifolia  Jacq.    Pigeon  Plum. 

Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  base,  with  slightly  undulate  revolute  margins,  thick  and  firm,  bright  green 
above,  paler  below,  3 '-4'  long,  \\'-%!  wide,  with  a  conspicuous  pale  midrib  and  3  or  4  pairs 
of  remote  primary  veins  connected  by  prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  flat- 
tened, \'  in  length,  abruptly  enlarged  at  base;  stipular  sheath  glabrous,  |'  wide.  Flowers 
in  early  spring,  on  slender  pedicels  J'long,  in  few  or  1-flowered  fascicles  on  racemes  termi- 
nal on  short  axillary  branches  of  the  previous  year,  and  2'-3'  in  length;  calyx  £'  across,  the 
cup-shaped  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens,  with  slender  yellow  filaments  enlarged 
at  base,  and  dark  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  oblong,  with  elongated  stigmatic  lobes. 


Fig.  308 


Fruit  in  erect  or  spreading  sparsely-fruited  racemes,  ripening  during  the  winter  and  early 
spring,  ovoid,  narrowed  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  dark  red,  \'  long,  with  thin  acidulous 
flesh  and  a  hard  thin-walled  light  brown  nutlet. 

A  glabrous  tree,"  60°-70°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  dense  round-topped  head,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branchlets 
usually  contorted  and  covered  with  light  orange-colored  bark,  becoming  darker  and 
tinged  with  red  in  their  second  or  third  year.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong, 
brittle,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood; 
occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  abundant  of  the  tropical  trees  of  the  seacoast 
of  southern  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  keys  and  on  the  west  coast  from  Cape 
Romano  to  Cape  Sable;  common  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on  many  of  the  Antilles,  and  in 
Venezuela. 

XV.  NYCTAGINACE^E. 

Trees  with  alternate  stalked  persistent  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or 
unisexual;  calyx  corolla-like,  5-lobed;  stamens  5-8;  ovule  campy lotropous.  Fruit  an- 
thocarpus,  crowned  by  the  persistent  teeth  of  the  calyx.  Seed  erect;  cotyledons  unequal, 
folded  round  the  soft  scanty  albumen;  radicle  short,  inferior,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 
A  family  of  about  twenty  genera  widely  distributed  chiefly  in  the  warmer  and  tropical  parts 
of  the  New  World,  with  a  single  arborescent  representative  in  North  America. 


NYCTAGINACE.E  341 

1.  TORRUBIA  Veil. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  unarmed  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  alternate, 
entire,  short-stalked.  Flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  unisexual;  calyx  tubular  or  funnel-shaped, 
elongated,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  plaited  in  the  bud,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  calyx  under  the  ovary,  minute  or  rudimentary  in  the  unisexual  pistillate 
flower;  filaments  folded  in  the  bud,  filiform,  unequal,  free;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2- 
celled,  the  cells  parallel,  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  oblong-ovoid,  sessile,  1 -celled, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  columnar  style;  stigmas  capitate,  lacerate.  Fruit  fleshy,  cy- 
lindric,  costate,  smooth;  utricle  elongated,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  wall  confluent  with 
the  thin  transparent  coat  of  the  erect  seed. 

Torrubia,  with  about  15  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  one  species  extending 
into  southern  Florida.  The  genus  was  named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Torrubia,  a  Spanish  natu- 
ralist of  the  18th  century. 

1.  Torrubia  longifolia  Britt.    Blolly. 
Pisonia  longifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  occasionally  emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
at  base,  l'-l^'  long,  ^'  wide,  thick  and  firm,  with  slightly  thickened  undulate  margins,  light 
green  and  glabrous,  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  with  a  stout  midrib  and 


Fig,  309 

obscure  veins;  petioles  stout,  channeled,  \'  in  length.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  au- 
tumnal, greenish  yellow,  short-pedicellate,  in  terminal  long-stalked  few-flowered  panicled 
cymes,  with  slender  divergent  branches,  the  ultimate  divisions  2  or  3-flowered;  bracts  and 
bractlets  minute,  acute;  calyx  funnel-shaped,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  acute  erect 
lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  as  long  as  the  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  win- 
ter or  early  spring,  prominently  costate  with  ten  rounded  ribs,  fleshy,  smooth,  bright  red, 
f  long;  utricle  terete,  light  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-50°  high,  with  an  erect  or  inclining  trunk,  15 '-20'  in  diameter, 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  branch- 
lets  light  orange  color  when  they  first  appear,  later  often  producing  numerous  short  spur- 
like  lateral  branchlets,  light  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked  by  large  elevated 
semi-orbicular  or  lunate  leaf-scars;  usually  much  smaller;  often  shrubby.  Bark  about 
xV'  thick,  light  red-brown,  and  broken  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather 
soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored  sap  wood. 


342  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Sea-beaches  and  the  shores  of  salt  water  lagoons;  Cape  Canaveral. 
Florida  to  the  southern  keys,  attaining  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  Key  and 
Old  Rhodes  Key;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 

Subdivision  2.  Petalatse.  Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  (without  a 
corolla  in  Lauraceoc,  in  Liquidambar  in  Hamamelidacece,  in  Euphorbiacece,  in 
some  species  of  Acer,  in  Reynosia,  Condalia,  and  Krugiodendron  in  Rhamnaceae, 
in  Fremontia  in  Sterculiacece,  in  Calyptranthes  in  Myrtacece,  and  in  Conocarpu* 
in  Combretaceoe). 

Section  1.  Polypetalse.   Corolla  of  separate  petals. 

A.     Ovary  superior  (partly  inferior  in  Hamamelidacece;  inferior  in  Malus, 

Sorbus,  Cratcegus  and  Amelanchier  in  Rosaceoe). 


XVI.    MAGNOLIACE^). 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  branchlets  lengthening  by  large  terminal  or  the 
flower-bearing  branchlets  by  upper  axillary  buds,  the  other  axillary  buds  obtuse,  flattened, 
and  rudimentary,  bitter  aromatic  bark,  and  thick  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  con- 
duplicate  and  inclosed  in  their  stipules  in  the  bud,  feather-veined,  petiolate.  Flowers  per- 
fect, large,  solitary,  terminal,  pedicellate,  inclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  stipular  caducous  spathe: 
sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  deciduous;  stamens  and 
pistils  numerous,  imbricated  in  many  ranks,  the  stamens  below  the  pistils  on  the  surface 
of  an  elongated  receptacle  ripening  into  a  compound  fruit  of  1-2-seeded  follicles  or  samara: 
ovules  2,  collateral,  anatropous.  Four  of  the  ten  genera  of  the  Magnolia  family  are  repre- 
sented in  North  America;  of  these  two  are  arborescent. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Anthers  introrse;  mature  carpels,  fleshy,  opening  on  the  back  at  maturity,  persistent;  seed- 
coat  thick,  pulpy,  and  bright  scarlet;  leaves  entire,  or  auriculate  at  base.  1.  Magnolia. 

Anthers  extrorse;  mature  carpels  dry,  indehiscent,  deciduous;  seed-coat  dry  and  coriaceous: 
leaves  lobed  or  truncate.  2.  Liriodendron. 

1.  MAGNOLIA  L.    Magnolia. 

Trees,  with  ashy  gray  or  brown  smooth  or  scaly  bark,  branchlets  conspicuously  marked 
by  large  horizontal  or  longitudinal  leaf-scars  and  by  narrow  stipular  rings,  and  large  terete 
acuminate  or  often  obtusely-pointed  more  or  less  gibbous  winter-buds  usually  broadest  at 
the  middle,  their  scales  large  membranaceous  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petioles  and 
deciduous  with  the  unfolding  of  each  successive  leaf,  the  petiole  of  the  outer  stipule  rudi- 
mentary, adnate  on  the  straight  side  of  the  bud,  and  marked  at  its  apex  by  the  scar  left 
by  the  falling  of  the  last  leaf  of  the  previous  season.  Leaves  entire,  sometimes  auriculate. 
persistent  or  deciduous,  often  minutely  punctate,  their  numerous  primary  veins  arcuate 
and  more  or  less  united  within  the  margins.  Flowers  appearing  in  the  American  species 
after  the  leaves,  their  stipular  spathes  thin  and  membranaceous;  sepals  3,  spreading  or 
reflexed;  petals  6-12  in  series  of  3's,  concave,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  early  deciduous, 
their  filaments  shorter  than  the  2-celled  introrse  anthers  and  terminating  in  apiculate 
fleshy  connectives;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled;  style  short,  recurved,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face; 
ovules  horizontal.  Fruit  a  scarlet  or  rusty  brown  cone  formed  of  the  coalescent  2-seeded 
drupaceous  persistent  follicles  opening  on  the  back;  seeds  suspended  at  maturity  by  long 
thin  cords  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels;  seed-coat  thick,  drupaceous,  the  outer  portion  becom- 
ing fleshy  and  at  maturity  pulpy,  red  or  scarlet,  the  inner  crustaceous;  embryo  minute  at 


MAGNOLIACE^E  343 

the  base  of  the  fleshy  homogeneous  albumen,  its  radicle  next  the  hilum;  cotyledons  short 
and  spreading. 

Magnolia  with  about  thirty  species  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  southern 
Mexico,  and  eastern  and  southern  Asia,  seven  species  growing  naturally  in  the  United 
States.  All  the  parts  are  slightly  bitter  and  aromatic,  and  the  dried  flower-buds  are  some- 
times used  in  medicine.  Several  species  from  eastern  Asia  and  their  hybrids  producing 
flowers  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  are  favorite  garden  plants  in  the  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Magnol  (1638-1715),  professor  of  botany  at 
Montpellier. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Styles  deciduous  from  the  follicles  of  the  fruit;  petals  greenish  or  yellow;  winter-buds  silky 

tomentose. 

Petals  greenish;  branchlets  glabrous.  1.  M.  acuminate  (A,  C). 

Petals  canary  yellow;  branchlets  pubescent.  2.  M.  cordata  (C). 

Styles  persistent  on  the  follicles  of  the  fruit. 
Petals  white. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  persistent;  fruit  and  branchlets  tomentose.  3.  M.  grandiflora  (C). 
Leaves  thin,  deciduous  (semipersistent  in  4). 
Leaves  cuneate  at  base. 

Leaves  scattered  along  the  branches,  pale  and  pubescent  below;  winter-buds 

glabrous  or  silky  pubescent.  4.  M.  virginiana  (A.  C). 

Leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  flowering  branches,  green  and  glabrous  below: 

winter-buds  glabrous.  5.  M.  tripetala  (A,  C). 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  narrow  base;  fruit  tomentose;  winter-buds  hoary-tomentose. 

6.  M.  macrophylla  (C). 
Petals  pale  yellow  or  creamy  white;  leaves  obovate-spathulate,  auriculate,  crowded  at 

the  ends  of  the  flowering  branches;  winter-buds  glabrous. 

Leaves  acute;  petals  pale  yellow;  tips  of  the  mature  carpels  elongated,  straight  or 

incurved.  7.  M.  Fraseri  (A,  C). 

Leaves  bluntly  pointed;  petals  creamy  white;  tips  of  the  mature  carpels  short,  incurved. 

8.  M.  pyramidata  (C). 

1.  Magnolia  acuminataL.    Cucumber-tree.    Mountain  Magnolia. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded, 
cuneate  or  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  base,  when  they  unfold  densely  villose  below  and 
slightly  villose  above,  and  at  maturity  thin,  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, paler  and  glabrous  or  villose-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  6'-10'  long,  and  4'-6' 
wide,  with  often  undulate  margins;  turning  dull  yellow  or  brown  in  the  autumn  before 
falling;  petioles  slender,  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  I'-l^'  in  length. 
Flowers  on  hairy  soon  glabrous  pedicels  ^'-f '  long,  bell-shaped,  green  or  greenish  yellow 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  sepals  membranaceous,  acute,  \'-\\'  long,  soon  reflexed: 
petals  6,  ovate  or  obovate,  concave,  pointed,  erect,  2|'-3'  long,  those  of  the  outer  row 
rarely  more  than  1'  wide  and  much  wider  than  those  of  the  inner  row.  Fruit  ovoid  or 
oblong,  often  curved,  glabrous,  dark  red,  2|'-3'  long,  rarely  more  than  1'  thick;  seeds 
obovoid,  acute,  compressed,  about  \'  long. 

A  pyramidal  tree,  60°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small 
branches  spreading  below  and  erect  toward  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  soft  pale  caducous  hairs,  soon  bright  red-brown,  lustrous,  and  marked 
by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  turning  gray  during  their  third  season.  Winter-buds: 
terminal,  oblong-ovoid,  acuminate,  thickly  covered  with  long  lustrous  white  hairs, 
\'-\'  long,  and  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  obtuse  compressed  lateral  buds  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  narrow  elevated  leaf-scars  conspicuously  marked  by  a  double  row 


344  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

of  large  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Bark  \'-%  thick,  furrowed,  dark  brown,  and  covered 
by  numerous  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  durable,  and  light 
yellow-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood  of  usually  25-30 
layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  used  for  flooring  and 
cabinet-making. 


Fig.  310 


Distribution.  Lowr  mountain  slopes  and  rocky  banks  of  streams;  southern  Ontario, 
western  New  York,  central  to  western  Pennsylvania,  southern  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  to  central  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee;  banks  of  the  Savannah  River  above  Augusta,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lump- 
kin,  Stewart  County,  Georgia;  northern  Alabama,  northeastern,  northwestern  and  south- 
central  Mississippi;  Eagle  Rock,  Barry  County,  and  on  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
Cape  Girardeau  County,  Missouri,  and  Baxter  County,  Arkansas;  in  eastern  Oklahoma 
(Page,  Le  Flore  County);  in  West  Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana,  represented  by  var.  ludo- 
viciana  Sarg.  differing  in  its  broadly  obovate,  oval  or  ovate  leaves,  and  in  its  larger 
flowers,  3|'-4'  long,  the  outer  petals  If  wide.  Rare  at  the  north;  most  abundant  and 
of  its  largest  size  at  the  base  of  the  high  mountains  of  the  Carolinas  and  Tennessee 
up  to  altitudes  of  4000°. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  northern  and  central 
Europe. 

2.  Magnolia  cordata  Michx. 
Magnolia  acuminata  var.  cordata  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  abruptly  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  cuneate,  broad-cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  when  they  unfold  villose- 
pubescent  more  densely  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  dark  green, 
lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  covered  below  with  short  matted  pale  hairs,  4'  or  5' 
long,  2|'-3|'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins;  remaining  green  until 
late  in  the  autumn  and  turning  brown  and  falling  after  severe  frost;  petioles  slender,  cov- 
ered when  they  first  appear  with  matted  silky  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  |'-f '  in  length. 
Flowers  on  stout  pedicels,  |'— |'  long  and  covered  with  long  silky  white  hairs,  cup-shaped, 
bright  canary  yellow;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  soon  reflexed;  petals  6,  erect  and  spreading, 
H'-lf  long,  |'-f'  wide.  Fruit  oblong,  often  curved,  glabrous,  dark  red,  l'-lf  long, 
I'-f '  thick. 

A  shrub,  4°-8°high,  flowering  freely  when  not  more  than  half  that  size;  or  in  gardens  a 
tree  sometimes  20°-30°  tall  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a 


MAGNOLIACE^E 


345 


round-topped  head,  and  slender  dark  dull  red-brown  branchlets  thickly  covered  during  two 
years  with  short  pubescence  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels.  Winter-buds  oblong- 
obovate,  often  falcate,  bluntly  pointed,  thickly  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  ter- 
minal \'  long  and  \'  thick,  the  axillary  \'-\'  in  length  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  narrow 


Fig.  311 


leaf-scars  marked  by  an  irregular  row  of  minute  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.     Bark  dark 
brown,  and  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Dry  Oak-woods,  valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  Georgia;  Spears  Plantation 
six  miles  south  and  Goshen  Plantation  sixteen  miles  south  of  Augusta,  Richmond  County, 
near  Mayfield,  Hancock  County,  and  Bath,  Richmond  County.  Often  cultivated,  and 
preserved  in  gardens  for  more  than  a  century;  not  rediscovered  as  a  wild  plant  until  1913 
(L.  A.  Berckmans) ;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

3.  Magnolia  grandiflora  L.    Magnolia. 

Magnolia  fastida  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate  or  ovate,  acute  and  bluntly  pointed  or  acuminate  at 
apex,  cuneate  at  base,  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  more  or  less  densely 
coated  below  with  rusty  tomentum,  5'-8'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and 
primary  veins,  deciduous  in  the  spring  at  the  end  of  their  second  year;  petioles  stout, 
rusty-tomentose,  l'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  on  stout  hoary-tomentose  pedicels  \'-\'  long, 
opening  from  April  or  May  until  July  or  August,  fragrant,  7'-8'  across,  the  petaloid  sepals 
and  6  or  sometimes  9  or  12  petals  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  oval  or  ovate,  those  of  the 
inner  ranks  often  somewhat  acuminate,  concave,  and  coriaceous,  3'-4'  long  and  l^'-2' 
wide;  base  of  the  receptacle  and  lower  part  of  the  filaments  bright  purple.  Fruit  ovoid  or 
oval,  rusty  brown,  covered  while  young  with  thick  lustrous  white  tomentum,  at  maturity 
rusty-tomentose,  3'-4'  long,  1^'-2|'  thick;  seeds  obovoid  or  triangular-obovoid,  more  or 
less  flattened,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  of  pyramidal  habit,  60°-100°  or  rarely  120°-135°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk 
2°-3°  or  occasionally  4°-4|°  in  diameter,  rather  small  spreading  branches,  and  branchlets 
hoary-tomentose  at  first,  slightly  tomentose  in  their  second  year,  and  much  roughened  by 
the  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  a  marginal  row  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars.  Whiter-buds  pale  or  rusty-tomentose,  the  terminal  \'-\\'  in  length.  Bark  ^'-f 
thick,  gray  or  light  brown,  and  covered  with  thin  appressed  scales  rarely  more  than  1'  long. 
Wood  hard,  heavy,  creamy  white,  soon  turning  brown  with  exposure,  hardly  distinguish- 
able from  the  sapwood  of  60-80  layers  of  annual  growth;  little  used  except  for  fuel. 


346 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  on  the  borders  of  river  swamps  and  Pine-barren  ponds, 
or  rarely  on  high  rolling  hills;  coast  of  North  Carolina  southward  to  De  Soto  County, 
Florida,  extending  across  the  peninsula,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  through  the 
other  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  ranging  inland  to  central  Missis- 


Fig.  3 12 

sippi  and  to  southern  Arkansas,  and  northward  on  the  bluffs  of  the  lower  Mississippi  River 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River,  Mississippi;  best  developed  and  most  abundant  on  the 
bluff  formation  of  the  lower  Mississippi  River,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  West  Feliciana 
Parish,  Louisiana. 

Largely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  all  countries  of  temperate  climate;  in  the 
eastern  United  States  precariously  hardy  as  far  north  as  Trenton,  New  Jersey.  Numerous 
varieties,  differing  in  the  form  of  the  leaf  and  in  the  duration  of  the  flowering  period,  have 
appeared  in  European  nurseries;  of  these,  the  most  distinct  is  the  variety  exoniensis  Loud., 
with  a  rather  fastigiate  habit  and  broadly  elliptic  leaves  densely  clothed  with  rusty  tomen- 
tum  on  the  lowrer  surface;  this  variety  begins  to  flower  when  only  a  few  feet  high. 


4.  Magnolia  virginiana  L.    Sweet  Bay.    Swamp  Bay. 
Magnolia  glauca  L. 

Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic  and  obtuse  or  oblong-lanceolate,  covered  when  they  unfold 
with  long  white  silky  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity  bright  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  finely  pubescent  and  pale  or  nearly  white  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, 4 '-6'  long,  l^'-3'  wide,  with  a  conspicuous  midrib  and  primary  veins;  falling  in  the 
north  late  in  November  and  in  early  winter,  at  the  south  remaining  on  the  branches  with 
little  change  of  color  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  in  the  spring;  petioles  slender, 
^'-f '  in  length.  Flowers  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  2'— f'  long,  creamy  white,  fragrant, 
globular,  2'-3'  across,  continuing  to  open  during  several  weeks  in  spring  and  early  summer; 
sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse,  concave,  shorter  than  the  9-12,  obovate  often  short-pointed 
concave  petals.  Fruit  ellipsoidal,  dark  red,  glabrous,  2'  long  and  \'  thick;  seeds  obovoid, 
oval,  or  suborbicular,  much  flattened,  \'  in  length. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  15'-20'  in  diameter,  with 
small  mostly  erect  ultimately  spreading  branches  and  slender  bright  green  branchlets 
hoary-pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  marked  by  narrow  horizontal  pale 
lenticels,  gradually  turning  bright  red-brown  in  their  second  summer;  usually  a  low  shrub. 
Winter-buds  covered  with  fine  silky  pubescence,  the  terminal  |'-f '  long. 


MAGNOLIACE^ 


347 


Distribution.  Deep  swamps;  Magnolia,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  and  southward  from  New  Jersey  generally  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to 
southeastern  Virginia  and  occasionally  in  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  in  Penn- 
sylvania as  far  west  as  the  neighborhood  of  Chambersburg,  Franklin  County.  In  the 
southern  states  usually  replaced  by  the  var.  australis  Sarg.,  differing  in  the  thick  silky  white 
pubescence  on  the  pedicels  and  branchlets.  Leaves  persistent  without  change  of  color 


Fig.  3 13 


until  spring,  elliptic  to  ovate,  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  lanceolate,  l'-4'  wide;  petioles 
puberulous,  pubescent  or  tomentose. 

A  tree,  60°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  small  short 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  usually  becoming  glabrous 
in  their  second  year;  in  southern  Florida  often  much  smaller  and  on  the  Everglade  Keys 
shrubby,  and  generally  not  more  than  10°  tall.  Wood  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thick  creamy  white  sap  wood  of  90-100  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  in  the  southern 
states  in  the  manufacture  of  broom  handles  and  other  articles  of  woodenware. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  Pine-barren  ponds,  in  shallow  swamps  and  on  rich  hummocks 
usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  swamps  of  the  lower  Cape  Fear  River  near  Wil- 
mington, New  Hanover  County,  North  Carolina,  to  southern  Florida;  common  in  the 
interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas; 
ranging  inland  to  Cuthbert,  Randolph  County,  western  Georgia,  to  Tuskegee  and  Selma, 
Alabama,  Tishomingo  County,  northeastern  Mississippi,  and  to  Winn  and  Natchitoches 
Parishes,  western  Louisiana;  less  abundant  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  than  eastward. 

The  northern  form  is  often  cultivated  as  a  garden  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  in 
Europe. 

X  Magnolia  major  or  Thompsoniana,  a  probable  hybrid  between  Magnolia  virginiana 
and  Magnolia  tripetala,  raised  in  an  English  nursery  a  century  ago,  and  still  a  favorite 
garden  plant,  is  intermediate  in  character  between  these  species. 

5.  Magnolia  tripetala  L.    Umbrella-tree.    Elkwood. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  when 
they  unfold  nearly  glabrous  above,  covered  below  with  thick  silky  caducous  tomentum, 
at  maturity  membranaceous,  glabrous,  18'-20'  long,  8'-10'  wide,  with  a  thick  prominent 
midrib  and  numerous  slender  primary  veins;  falling  in  the  autumn  with  little  change  of 
color;  petioles  stout,  I'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  on  slender  glabrous  pedicles  covered  with 
a  glaucous  bloom  and  2'-2|'  long,  cup-shaped,  white;  sepals  narrowly  obovate,  5'-6'  long, 


348 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1%'  wide,  thin,  light  green,  becoming  reflexed;  petals  6  or  9,  concave,  coriaceous,  ovate, 
short-pointed,  erect,  those  of  the  outer  row  4'-5'  long  and  sometimes  2'  wide,  much  longer 
and  broader  than  those  of  the  inner  rows;  filaments  bright  purple.  Fruit  ovoid,  gla- 
brous, 2|'-4'  long,  rose  color  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  obovoid,  %'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  often  inclining  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in 
diameter,  stout  irregularly  developed  contorted  branches  wide-spreading  nearly  at  right 
angles  with  the  stem  or  turning  up  toward  the  ends  and  growing  parallel  with  it,  and  stout 
brittle  branchlets  green  during  their  first  season,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  bright  red- 
dish brown,  very  lustrous,  and  marked  by  occasional  minute  scattered  pale  lenticels,  and 
by  the  large  oval  horizontal  slightly  raised  leaf-scars  with  scattered  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars,  brown  during  their  second  and  gray  during  their  third  season;  generally  much  smaller, 
sometimes  surrounded  by  several  stems  springing  from  near  the  base  of  the  trunk  and 


Fig.  314 


growing  into  a  large  bush  surmounted  by  the  head  of  the  central  stem.  Winter-buds:  ter- 
minal, acute  or  bluntly  pointed,  purple,  glabrous,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  usually 
about  1'  long;  axillary  globose,  the  color  of  the  branch.  Bark  \'  thick,  light  gray,  smooth, 
and  marked  by  many  small  bristle-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not 
strong,  light  brown,  with  creamy  white  sap  wood  of  35-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Deep  rather  moist  rich  soil  along  the  banks  of  mountain  streams  or  the 
margins  of  swamps,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Appalachian  Mountain  region,  but  no- 
where very  common;  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  Pennsylvania  (Lancaster  and 
York  Counties),  to  southern  Alabama,  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  northeastern 
Mississippi;  in  central  and  southwestern  Arkansas;  and  in  southeastern  Oklahoma  (near 
Page,  Le  Flore  County,  0.  W.  Stevens),  extending  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  nearly 
to  the  coast;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountains  in  Tennessee  up  to  altitudes  of  2000°. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  in  northern  and 
central  Europe. 

6.  Magnolia  macrophylla  Michx.    Large-leaved  Cucumber-tree. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  often  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  or  rounded  at 
apex,  narrowed  and  cordate  at  base,  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery 


MAGNOLIACE^E 


,'349 


gray  and  pubescent,  especially  along  the  stout  midrib  and  primary  veins  on  the  lower 
surface,  20'-30'  long,  9'-10'  wide;  falling  in  the  autumn  with  little  change  of  color;  petioles 
stout,  3'-4'  in  length,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent.  Flowers  on  stout  hoary- 
tomentose  pedicels  l'-l|'  long,  soon  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  cup-shaped,  fra- 
grant, 10'-12'  across;  sepals  membranaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  much  nar- 
rower than  the  6  ovate  concave  thick  creamy  white  petals  with  a  rose  colored  blotch  at 
base,  6'-7'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  at  maturity  reflexed  above  the  middle,  those  of  the  inner 
row  narrower  and  often  somewhat  acuminate.  Fruit  ovoid  to  nearly  globose,  pubescent, 
2£'-3'  long,  bright  rose  color  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  obovoid,  compressed,  •§•'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  stout  brittle  branchlets 
hoary- tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  light  yellow-green,  pubescent,  and  conspicuously 


marked  during  their  first  winter  by  the  large  irregularly  shaped  sometimes  longitudinal 
slightly  raised  leaf-scars  with  many  scattered  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  turning  reddish 
brown  during  their  second  and  gray  during  their  third  season.  Winter-buds:  terminal, 
bluntly  pointed,  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  snowy  white  tomentum,  If '-2'  long,  f'-f 
thick;  lateral,  much  flattened,  brownish,  pubescent,  \'-\'  long.  Bark  generally  less  than 
I'  thick,  smooth,  light  gray,  divided  on  the  surface  into  minute  scales.  Wood  hard,  close- 
grained,  light,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  light  yellow  sapwood  of  about  40  layers 
of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Sheltered  valleys  in  deep  rich  soil;  nowhere  common,  and  growing  gen- 
erally in  isolated  groups  of  a  few  individuals;  Piedmont  region  of  central  North  Carolina 
to  middle  and  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama,  southern  and  northeastern  Mississippi 
to  the  valley  of  the  Green  River,  Kentucky;  in  eastern  and  western  Louisiana;  probably 
most  abundant  in  south-central  Mississippi. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  the  temperate 
countries  of  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

7.  Magnolia  Fraseri  Walt.  Mountain  Magnolia.  Long-leaved  Cucumber-tree. 
Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  cordate  and  conspicuously 
auriculate  at  base,  bright  green  and  often  marked  on  the  upper  surface  wyhen  young  with 
red  along  the  principal  veins,  glabrous,  10'-12'  long,  6'-7'  wide,  or  on  vigorous  young 
plants  sometimes  of  twice  that  size;  falling  in  the  autumn  without  change  of  color;  petioles 
slender,  3'-4'  in  length.  Flowers  on  stout  glabrous  pedicels  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  and  l'-l|'  long,  pale  yellow,  sweet  scented,  8'-10'  across;  sepals  narrowly  obovate, 


350  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rounded  at  apex,  4'-5'  long,  deciduous  almost  immediately  after  the  opening  of  the 
bud,  shorter  than  the  6  or  9  obovate  acuminate  membranaceous  spreading  petals  con- 
tracted below  the  middle,  those  of  the  inner  rows  narrower  and  conspicuously  narrowed 
below.  Fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  bright  rose-red  when  fully  ripe,  4'-5'  long,  l^'-2'  thick, 
the  mature  carpels  ending  in  long  subulate  persistent  tips;  seeds  obovoid,  compressed,  f 
long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  inclining  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  often  undi- 
vided for  half  its  length  or  separating  at  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  diverging 
stems,  regular  wide-spreading  or  more  or  less  contorted  and  erect  branches,  and  stout 
brittle  branchlets  soon  becoming  bright  red-brown,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  minute 
pale  lenticels  and  in  their  first  winter  by  the  low  horizontal  leaf-scars  with  crowded  com- 
pressed fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  grayish  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds:  ter- 


Fig.  316 

tninal,  glabrous,  purple,  l£'-2'  long,  £'  thick;  axillary,  minute  and  obtuse.  Bark  rarely 
more  than  \'  thick,  dark  brown,  smooth,  covered  by  small  excrescences,  or  on  old  trees 
broken  into  minute  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with 
thick  creamy  white  sap  wood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Valleys  of  the  streams  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  from  south- 
western Virginia  and  northeastern  Kentucky  to  northern  Georgia;  in  northern  Alabama 
and  in  West  Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana  (Laurel  Hill,  R.  S.  Cocks) ;  in  South  Carolina  east- 
ward to  the  neighborhood  of  Aiken,  Aiken  County;  probably  most  abundant  and  of  largest 
size  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Savannah  River  in  South  Carolina  up  to  altitudes  of  4000°. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  the  temper- 
ate countries  of  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

8.  Magnolia  pyramidata  Pursh. 

Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  the  apex  usually  abruptly  narrow  ed  into  a  short  blunt  point, 
auriculate  at  base,  with  more  or  less  spreading  lobes,  thin,  glabrous,  light  yellow-green 
on  the  upper,  pale  and  glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  while  young,  5|'-8^' 
long,  from  3i'-4^'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  numerous  slender  forked  primary 
veins  and  conspicuously  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  1|'-2|'  in  length.  Flowers 
creamy  white,  3|'-4'  across  when  fully  expanded;  sepals  oblong-obovate,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed to  the  short-pointed  apex,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-acuminate  petals  grad- 
ually narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  base.  Fruit  oblong,  2'-2^  long,  bright  rose 


MAGNOLIACE.E 


351 


color,  the  mature  carpels  ending  in  short  incurved  persistent  tips;   seeds  ovoid,  com- 
pressed. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  ascending  branches,  slender  branchlets  bright  red- 
brown  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  small  low  oval  leaf-scars  with  many 
crowded  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  later  becoming  ashy  gray. 


Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  near  Cuthbert,  Randolph 
County,  Georgia;  near  Mariana,  Jackson  County,  and  Bristol,  Liberty  County,  Florida; 
valleys  of  the  Choctawhatchee  River,  Dale  County,  and  of  the  Pea  River,  Coffee  County, 
and  near  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  rare  and  local. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe. 


2.  L1RIODENDRON  L. 

Trees,  with  deeply  furrowed  brown  bitter  bark,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  ele- 
vated leaf-scars  and  narrow  stipular  rings,  and  compressed  obtuse  winter-buds,  their  scales 
membranaceous  stipules  joined  at  the  edges,  accrescent,  strap-shaped,  often  slightly  fal- 
cate, oblique  at  the  unequal  base,  tardily  deciduous  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaf.  Leaves 
recurved  in  the  bud  by  the  bending  down  of  the  petiole  near  the  middle,  bringing  the  apex 
of  the  blade  to  the  base  of  the  bud,  sinuately  4-lobed,  heart-shaped,  truncate  or  slightly 
cuneate  at  base,  truncate  at  apex  by  a  broad  shallow  sinus,  and  minutely  apiculate. 
Flowers  appearing  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  cup-shaped,  conspicuous,  inclosed  in 
the  bud  in  a  2-valved  stipular  membranaceous  caducous  spathe;  sepals  spreading  or  re^ 
flexed,  ovate-lanceolate,  concave,  greenish  white,  early  deciduous;  petals  erect,  rounded  at 
base,  early  deciduous;  filaments  filiform,  half  as  long  as  the  linear  2-celled  extrorse  anthers 
adnate  to  the  outer  face  of  the  connective  terminating  in  a  short  fleshy  point;  pistils  imbri- 
cated on  the  elongated  sessile  receptacle  into  a  spindle-shaped  column;  ovary  inserted  by 
a  broad  base;  style  narrowly  acuminate,  laterally  flattened,  appressed;  stigmas  short,  re- 
curved at  the  summit;  ovules  2,  suspended  from  near  the  middle  of  the  ventral  suture. 
Fruit  a  narrow  light  brown  cone  formed  of  the  closely  imbricated  dry  and  woody  indehis- 
cent  carpels  consisting  of  a  laterally  compressed  4-ribbed  pericarp,  the  lateral  ribs  confluent 
into  the  margins  of  the  large  wring-like  lanceolate  compressed  style  marked  vertically  by  a 
thin  sutural  line,  the  carpels  deciduous  when  ripe  in  the  autumn  from  the  slender  elongated 
axis  of  the  fruit  persistent  on  the  branch  during  the  winter.  Seeds  suspended,  2  or  single 
by  abortion;  testa  thin,  coriaceous,  and  marked  by  a  narrow  prominent  raphe;  embryo 
minute  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  its  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Liriodendron,  widely  distributed  in  North  America  and  Europe  during  the  cretaceous 


352 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


period,  is  now  represented  by  two  species,  one  in  eastern  North  America,  the  other  L. 
chinensis  Sarg.  in  central  China. 

Liriodendron,  from  \ipiov  and  devSpov,  is  descriptive  of  the  lily-like  flower. 

1.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.    Yellow  Poplar.    Tulip-tree. 

Leaves  dark  green  and  shining  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-G'  long  and 
broad;  turning  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  angled,  5'-6'  in 
length.  Flowers  l^'-2'  deep,  on  slender  pedicels  f'-l'  long;  petals  green  conspicuously 
marked  with  orange  at  base.  Fruit  %%'-3'  long,  about  \'  thick,  ripening  late  in  Septem- 
ber and  in  October,  the  mature  carpels  \'-\\'  long  and  about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  nearly  200°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  8°-10°  in  diameter,  destitute 
of  branches  for  80°-100°  from  the  ground,  short,  comparatively  small  branches  forming  a 


Fig.  318 

narrow  pyramidal,  or  in  old  age  a  broader  spreading  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light 
yellow-green  and  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  during  their  first  summer,  reddish 
brown,  lustrous,  and  marked  during  then*  first  winter  by  many  small  pale  lenticels  and 
roughened  by  the  elevated  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  marked  by  numerous  small 
'scattered  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  and  dark  gray  during  their  third  year.  Winter-buds 
^dark  red  covered  by  a  glaucous  bloom,  the  terminal  \'  long,  much  longer  than  the  lateral 
buds.  Bark  thin  and  scaly  on  young  trees,  becoming  deeply  furrowed,  brown,  and  l'-2' 
thick.  Wood  light,  soft,  brittle,  not  strong,  easily  worked,  light  yellow  or  brown,  with  thin 
creamy  white  sap  wood;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  construction,  the  interior 
finish  of  houses,  boatbuilding,  and  for  shingles,  brooms,  and  wooden  ware.  The  intensely 
acrid  bitter  inner  bark,  especially  of  the  roots,  is  used  domestically  as  a  tonic  and  stimulant, 
and  hydrochlorate  of  tulipiferine,  an  alkaloid  separated  from  the  bark,  possesses  the  prop- 
erty of  stimulating  the  heart. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  rather  moist  soil  on  the  intervales  of  streams  or  on  mountain 
slopes;  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  to  southwestern  Vermont  (Powrnal,  Bennington 
County),  and  westward  to  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan  and  northeastern  Mis- 
souri, and  southward  to  Orange  County  (Rock  Spring  Run),  Florida,  southern  Alabama, 
Mississippi  and  Louisiana,  southeastern  Missouri  and  northeastern  Arkansas;  most  abun- 
dant and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin,  and  on  the  slopes  of 
the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  up  to  altitudes  of  5000°. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western  and  central 
Europe. 


ANONACE.E 


353 


XVH.  ANONACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets  marked  by  conspicuous 
leaf-scars,  and  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  entire,  feather- 
veihed,  petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  axillary  or  opposite  the 
leaves;  sepals  3,  valvate  in  the  bud;  petals  6,  in  2  series,  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud; 
stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  subglobose  or  hemispheric  receptacle,  with  distinct  fila- 
ments shorter  than  their  fleshy  connectives  terminating  in  a  broad  truncate  glandular  ap- 
pendage; anthers  introrse,.2-celled.  opening  longitudinally;  pistils  inserted  on  the  summit 
of  the  receptacle;  ovary  1-celled;  ovules  1  or  many,  anatropous.  Fruit  baccate  or  com- 
pound. Seeds  inclosed  in  an  aril ;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  smooth,  brown,  and  lustrous; 
albumen  ruminate,  deeply  penetrated  by  the  folds  of  the  inner  layer  of  the  seed-coat;  em- 
bryo minute;  radicle  next  the  hilum.  Two  of  the  forty-eight  or  fifty  genera  of  the  Custard- 
apple  family,  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  tropics  and  more  numerous  in  the  Old 
World  than  in  the  New,  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  ovules  numerous;  fruit  developed  from  one  pistil.    1 .  Asimina. 
Petals  valvate  in  the  bud;  ovule  solitary;  fruit  developed  from  several  confluent  pistils. 

2.  Anona. 

1.  ASIMINA  Adans. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  emitting  a  heavy  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised,  with  minute  buds 
covered  with  cinereo-pubescent  caducous  scales,  and  branchlets  marked  by  conspicu- 
ous leaf-scars.  Leaves  membranaceous,  reticulate-venulose,  deciduous.  Flowers,  solitary 
pedicellate,  nodding;  sepals  ovate,  smaller  than  the  petals,  green,  deciduous;  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  sessile,  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  reticulate-veined, 
accrescent,  the  three  exterior  alternate  with  the  sepals,  spreading,  those  of  the  interior  row 
opposite  the  sepals,  erect,  and  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  outer  row;  stamens  linear- 
cuneate,  densely  packed  on  the  receptacle;  filaments  shorter  than  the  fleshy  connective; 
anther-cells  separated  on  the  connective;  pistils  3-15,  sessile  on  the  summit  of  the  recepta- 
cle, projecting  from  the  globular  mass  of  stamens;  ovary  1-celled;  style  oblong,  slightly  re- 
curved toward  the  apex  and  stigmatic  along  the  margin;  ovules  4-20,  horizontal,  2-ranked 
on  the  ventral  suture,  the  raphe  toward  the  suture.  Fruit  baccate,  sessile  or  stipitate,  oval 
or  oblong,  smooth.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  ranks,  ovoid,  apiculate,  compressed,  marked  at  the 
base  by  a  large  pale  hilum. 

Asimina  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America.  Six  species  are  distinguished;  of  these 
one  is  a  small  tree;  the  others  are  low  shrubs  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  regions. 

Asimina  is  from  Asiminier,  the  old  colonial  name  of  the  French  in  America  for  the 
Pawpaw. 

1.  Asimina  triloba  Dtmal.    Pawpaw. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  and  regularly  narrowed  to 
the  base,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  with  short  rusty  brown  caducous  tomentum  and 
slightly  pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  10'-12'  long,  4'-6'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins.  Flowers 
nearly  2'  across  when  fully  grown,  on  stout  club-shaped  pedicels  from  axils  of  the  leaves 
of  the  previous  year,  l'-l|'  long  and  covered  with  long  scattered  rusty  brown  hairs;  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  pale  green,  densely  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface:  petals  green  at  first, 
covered  with  short  appressed  hairs,  gradually  turning  brown  and  at  maturity  deep  vinous 
red  and  conspicuously  venulose,  those  of  the  outer  row  broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  pointed 
at  apex,  reflexed  at  maturity  above  the  middle  and  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  sepals, 
those  of  the  inner  row  pointed,  erect,  their  base  concave,  glandular,  nectariferous,  marked 


354  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

by  a  broad  band  of  a  lighter  color.  Fruit  attached  obliquely  to  the  enlarged  torus,  ob- 
long, nearly  cylindric,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  pointed  at  the  ends,  more  or  less  fal- 
cate, often  irregular  from  the  imperfect  development  of  some  of  the  seeds,  3'-5'  long,  l'-l|' 
in  diameter,  greenish-yellow,  becoming  when  fully  ripe  in  September  and  October  dark 
brown  or  almost  black,  with  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white  barely  edible  flesh  on  some  plants 
and  on  others  with  orange-colored  succulent  flesh;  seeds  separating  readily  from  the  aril, 
1'  long,  \'  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends. 

A  shrub  or  low  tree,  sometimes  35°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  rarely  exceeding  a 
foot  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  or  rusty  pubescent,  light 


Fig.  319 

brown  branchlets  tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  longitudinal  parallel  or  reticulate  narrow 
shallow  grooves.  Winter -buds  acuminate,  flattened,  \'  long,  and  clothed  with  rusty  brown 
hairs.  Bark  rarely  more  than  f '  thick,  dark  brown,  marked  by  large  ash-colored  blotches, 
covered  by  small  wart-like  excrescences  and  divided  by  numerous  shallow  reticulate  de- 
pressions. Wood  light,  soft  and  weak,  coarse-grained,  spongy,  light  yellow  shaded  with 
green,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  12-20  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  inner  bark 
stripped  from  the  branches  in  early  spring  is  used  by  fishermen  of  western  rivers  for  string- 
ing fish.  The  sweet  and  luscious  wholesome  fruit  is  sold  in  large  quantities  in  the  cities  and 
towns  in  those  parts  of  the  country  where  the  tree  grows  naturally. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  moist  soil;  western  New  Jersey  and  western  New  York  (Greece, 
Monroe  County)  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  westward  to  southern  Michigan, 
southwestern  Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  and  eastern  Oklahoma,  and 
southward  to  Western  Florida  (Taylor  County),  central  Alabama,  and  through  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana  to  eastern  Texas  (near  Marshall,  Harrison  County,  and  Dennison,  Grayson 
County);  comparatively  rare  in  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard;  very  common 
in  the  Mississippi  valley,  forming  thick  forest  undergrowth  on  rich  bottom-lands,  or  thick- 
ets many  acres  in  extent. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts; interesting  as  the  most  northern  representative  of  the  Custard-apple  family  and 
its  only  species  extending  far  beyond  the  tropics. 

2.  ANONA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  glandular  often  reticulated  bark,  terete  branchlets  marked  by  con- 
spicuous leaf-scars,  and  often  pubescent  during  their  first  season.  Leaves  coriaceous,  often 


ANONACE^ 


355 


glandular-punctate,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers  nodding  on  bracted  pedicels; 
calyx  small,  3-lobed,  green,  deciduous;  petals  6  in  2  series,  valvate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous, 
sessile,  ovate,  concave,  3-angled  at  apex,  thick  and  fleshy,  white  or  yellow,  the  exterior  al- 
ternate with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  inner  row  often  much  smaller  than  those  of 
the  outer  row;  stamens  club-shaped,  densely  packed  on  the  receptacle;  filaments  shorter 
than  the  fleshy  connective;  anther-cells  confluent;  pistils  sessile  on  the  receptacle,  free  or 
united;  ovary  1-celled;  style  sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  oblong,  stigmatic  on  the  inner 
face;  ovule  1,  erect;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  compound,  many-celled,  fleshy,  ovoid  or  globose, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal;  cotyledons  appressed. 

Of  the  fifty  species  of  Anona  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  of  the  two  worlds,  a  single 
species  reaches  the  coast  of  southern  Florida.  Of  exotic  species,  Anona  muricata  L.,  the 
Soursop  and  Anona  reticulata  L.,  of  the  West  Indies,  and  Anona  Cherimolia  Mill.,  of  west- 
ern tropical  America,  are  now  occasionally  cultivated  as  fruit-trees  in  Florida. 

Anona  is  the  name  given  by  early  authors  to  the  Soursop. 

1.  Anona  glabra  L.   Pond  Apple. 
Anona  palustris  Small,  not  L. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  acute,  tapering  or  rounded  at  base,  bright  green  on  the  upper, 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  coriaceous,  3'-5'  long,  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib; 


Fig.  320 


deciduous  late  in  the  winter;  petioles,  stout  \'  in  length.  Flowers  nodding  on  short  stout 
pedicels  thickened  at  the  ends,  opening  in  April  from  an  ovoid  3-angled  bud;  divisions 
of  the  calyx  broad-ovate,  acute;  petals  connivent,  acute,  concave,  pale  yellow  or  dirty 
white,  those  of  the  outer  row  marked  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  by  a  bright  red  spot, 
and  broader  and  somewhat  longer  than  those  of  the  inner  row.  Fruit  ripening  in  No- 
vember, broadly  ovate,  truncate  or  depressed  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  3'-5'  long,  2'-3£' 
broad,  light  green  when  fully  grown,  becoming  yellow  and  often  marked  by  numerous  dark 
brown  blotches  when  fully  ripe,  with  a  thick  elongate  fibrous  torus  and  light  green  slightly 
aromatic  insipid  flesh  of  no  comestible  value;  seeds  \'  long,  slightly  obovoid,  turgid, 
rounded  at  the  ends,  their  margins  contracted  into  a  narrow  wing  formed  by  the  thickening 
of  the  outer  coat. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  often  18'  in  diameter  above  the  swell  of  the  thick- 
ened tapering  base  sometimes  enlarged  into  spreading  buttresses,  stout  wide-spreading 
often  contorted  branches,  slender  branchlets  brown  or  yellow  during  their  first  season,  be- 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

coming  in  their  second  year  brown  and  marked  by  small  scattered  wart-like  excrescences. 
Bark  f  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  divided  by  broad  shallow  fissures,  separating  on  the  sur- 
face into  numerous  small  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  light  brown  streaked  with 
yellow. 

Distribution.  Florida:  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast,  and  the  shores  of  the  Manatee 
River  on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  Keys;  in  shallow  fresh  water  ponds,  on  swampy 
hummocks,  or  on  the  borders  of  fresh  water  streams  flowing  from  the  everglades;  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  shpres  of  Bay  Biscayne  near  the  Miami  River,  growing  in  the  shade  of 
larger  trees;  forming  a  pure  forest  of  great  extent  on  the  swampy  borders  of  Lake  Oke- 
chobee;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

XVIH.    LAURACRffi. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  or  angled  branchlets,  naked  or  scaly 
buds,  and  alternate  punctate  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dicecious,  yellow  or  greenish;  calyx  6-lobed,  the  lobes  in  2  series,  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
corolla  0;  stamens  9  or  12,  inserted  on  the  base  or  near  the  middle  of  the  calyx  in  3  or  4 
series  of  3's,  distinct;  anthers  4-celled,  superposed  in  pairs,  opening  from  below  upward  by 
persistent  lids;  ovary  1-celled;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from 
the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  berry;  seed  without  albumen;  testa 
thin  and  membranaceous,  of  2  coats;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy;  radicle 
superior,  turned  toward  the  hilum,  included  between  thick  and  fleshy  cotyledons.  The 
Laurel  family  with  about  forty  genera,  confined  mostly  to  the  tropics,  is  represented  in 
North  America  by  seven  genera;  of  these  five  are  arborescent. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Leaves  entire,  persistent;  stamens  12  those  of  the  inner  row  reduced  to  staminodes. 
Calyx-lobes  persistent  under  the  fruit,  in  our  species.  1.  Persea. 

Calyx-lobes  deciduous. 

Flower  cymose  in  axillary  or  subterminal  panicles.  2.  Ocotea. 

Flowers  in  axillary  many-flowered  umbels  inclosed  before  anthesis  in  an  involucre  of 

deciduous  scales.  3.  Umbellularia. 

Leaves  entire  or  lobed,  deciduous;  stamens  9  in  the  American  species;  flowers  in  few- 

flowered  drooping  racemes.  4.  Sassafras. 

Leaves  entire,  persistent;  stamens  9,  those  of  the  outer  row  fertile  and  united  in  a  column 

inclosing  the  pistil;  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  cymose  panicles.         5.  Misanteca. 

1.  PERSEA  MiU. 

Trees,  with  naked  buds.  Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  alternate,  scattered,  penniveined, 
subcoriaceous,  rigid,  tomentose  or  rarely  glabrous,  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  vernal, 
in  short  axillary  or  axillary  and  terminal  panicles  on  slender  peduncles  from  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  year,  pedicellate,  their  pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  the  lateral 
flowers  of  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  inflorescence  in  the  axils  of  small  deciduous  lanceo- 
late acute  bracts;  calyx  campanulate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  6  lobes,  those  of  the 
outer  series  shorter  than  the  others,  deciduous,  or  enlarged  and  persistent  under  the  fruit; 
stamens  about  as  long  as  the  inner  lobes  of  the  calyx;  filaments  flattened,  longer  than  the 
anthers,  hirsute,  those  of  the  third  series  furnished  near  the  base  with  2  nearly  sessile 
orange-colored  glands  rounded  on  the  back  and  slightly  2-lobed  on  the  inner  face;  anthers 
ovoid,  flattened,  erect,  those  of  the  outer  series  introrse  or  subintrorse,  those  of  the  third 
series  extrorse  or  laterally  dehiscent,  the  upper  cells  rather  larger  than  the  lower;  stamin- 
odes large,  sagittate,  stipitate,  2-lobed  on  the  inner  face,  beaded  at  apex;  ovary  sessile,  sub- 
globose,  glabrous,  narrowed  into  a  slender  simple  style  gradually  enlarged  at  apex  into  a 


LAUBACE^E 


357 


discoid  obscurely  2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  oblong-obovoid  to  sub- 
globose,  more  or  less  fleshy.  Seed  globose,  pendulous,  without  albumen;  testa  thin  and 
membranaceous,  separable  into  2  coats,  the  outer  cartilaginous,  grayish  brown,  the  inner 
gray  or  nearly  white,  closely  adherent  to  the  thick  dark  red  cotyledons. 

About  one  hundred  species  of  Persea  are  distinguished.  They  are  distributed  in  the  New 
World,  from  the  coast  region  of  the  southeastern  United  States  and  Texas  to  Brazil  and 
Chili,  and  occur  in  the  Canary  Islands  and  in  tropical  and  subtropical  Asia.  Persea  ameri- 
cana  Mill.,  the  Avocado  or  Alligator  Pear,  a  native  of  the  Antilles  and  cultivated  for  its 
edible  fruit  in  all  tropical  countries,  is  nowT  sparingly  naturalized  in  southern  Florida. 
Many  species  yield  hard  dark-colored  handsome  wood  valued  in  cabinet-making. 

Persea  was  the  classical  name  of  a  tree  of  the  Orient,  transferred  by  Plumier  to  one  of 
the  tropical  species  of  this  genus. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Calyx  persistent  under  the  fruit  (Tamala  Raf.  Persea,  sec.  Eupersea  Benth.   Notaphoebe 

sec.  Eriodaphne  Meisn.) 

Peduncles  short;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  veined,  glabrous;  branch- 
lets  puberulous.  1.  P.  Borbonia  (C). 
Peduncles  elongated;  leaves  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface;  branchlets  tomentose.                                      2.  P.  palustris  Sarg.  (C). 

1.  Persea  Borbonia  Spreng.    Red  Bay. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  often  slightly  contracted  into  a  long  point 
rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  when  they  unfold  thin,  pilose,  and  tinged  with 
red,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and 
glaucous  below,  3r-4t'  long,  f'-H'  wide,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  a  narrow  orange- 


Fig.  321 


colored  midrib,  remote  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins,  and  thin  closely 
reticulated  veinlets;  unfolding  early  in  the  spring,  gradually  turning  yellow  a  year  later,  and 
falling  during  their  second  spring  and  summer;  petioles  stout,  rigid,  red-brown,  \'-\'  in 
length,  flattened  and  somewhat  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  in  falling  leaving  small  circu- 
lar leaf-scars  displaying  the  end  of  a  single  fibro- vascular  bundle.  Flowers:  peduncles 
glabrous,  \'-V  in  length;  calyx  pale  yellow  or  creamy  white,  about  f  long,  with  thin  lobes 


358 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  outer  broadly  ovate,  rounded  and  minutely  apiculate,  puberu- 
lous,  about  half  as  long  as  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  lobes  of  the  inner  series  covered 
within  by  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  \'  long,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  very  lustrous;  flesh 
thin  and  dry,  not  readily  separable  from  the  ovoid  slightly  pointed  seed. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2§'-3'  in  diameter,  stout  erect  branches  forming  a 
dense  shapely  head,  thick  fleshy  yellow  roots,  and  branchlets  many-angled,  light  brown, 
glabrous  or  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their 
second  year  terete  and  dark  green;  usually  much  smaller.  Winter-buds  coated  with  thick 
rufous  tomentum,  \'  long.  Bark  \'-\  thick,  dark  red,  deeply  furrowed  and  irregularly 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  app"ressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained,  bright  red,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  for  cabinet-making,  the 
interior  finish  of  houses,  and  formerly  in  ship  and  boatbuilding. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  rich  moist  soil,  or  occasionally  in  dry 
sandy  loam  in  forests  of  the  Long-leaved  Pine;  southern  Delaware  (Cypress  swamp  near 
Dogsboro,  Sussex  County,  teste  NuttalV) ;  coast  region  from  Virginia  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  Louisiana  to  southern  Arkansas. 

2.  Persea  palustris  Sarg.    Swamp  Bay. 
Persea  pubescens  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  entire,  often  narrowred  toward  the  apex  into  a  long  point, 
gradually  narrowed  at  base,  when  they  unfold  dark  red,  thin  and  tomentose,  at  maturity 
pale  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  and  rusty-tomentose  on  the  midrib  and 


Fig.  322 


primary  veins  below,  4'-6'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  thick  conspicuous  veins  and  slightly  revo- 
lute  margins;  persistent  until  after  the  beginning  of  their  second  year  and  then  turning  yellow 
and  falling  gradually;  petioles  stout,  rusty-tomentose,  |'-f  in  length.  Flowers:  peduncles 
tomentose, *2'-3'  in  length;  calyx  pale  yellow  or  creamy  white,  often  nearly  \'  long,  with 
thick  firm  lobes  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  tomentum,  those  of  the  outer  series 
broadly  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  apex,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  ovate  lanceolate  lobes  of  the  inner  series  slightly  thickened  at  the  apex  and  hairy 
within.  Fruit  nearly  black,  f  long. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  3.0°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in  diame- 


LAURACE.E 


359 


ter,  and  stout  branchlets  terete  or  slightly  angled  while  young,  coated  when  they  first  ap- 
pear with  rusty  tomentum  reduced  in  their  second  season  to  fine  pubescence  persistent 
until  the  end  of  their  second  or  third  year.  Bark  rarely  exceeding  •£-'  in  thickness,  dull 
brown,  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  the  surface  separating  into  thick  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  close-grained,  orange  color  streaked  with  brown,  with 
thick  light  brown  or  gray  sapwood  of  36-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Pine-barren  swamps,  often  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  plants,  usually 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from  southeastern  Virginia  (Dismal  Swamp)  to  the  valley 
of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  and  the  Everglades  Keys,  Florida,  Alabama  and  Mississippi; 
extending  inland  to  the  neighborhood  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  Aiken,  South  Caro- 
lina, western  Georgia  (Meriwether  County)  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  and  to 
Autauga,  Chilton  and  Tuscaloosa  Counties,  Alabama  (R.  H.  Harper). 

2.  OCOTEA  Aubl. 

Leaves  scattered,  alternate  or  rarely  subopposite,  penniveined,  coriaceous,  rigid,  gla- 
brous or  more  or  less  covered  with  pubescence.  Flowrers  glabrous  or  tomentose  on  slender 
bibracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  minute  bracts,  in  cymose  clusters 
in  axillary  or  subterminal  stalked  panicles;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  the  6  lobes  of  the  limb 
nearly  equal,  deciduous;  stamens  of  the  inner  series  reduced  to  linear  staminodes,  with 
minute  abortive  anthers;  filaments  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  outer 
series  opposite  its  exterior  lobes,  shorter  or  sometimes  rather  longer  than  the  anthers,  gla- 
brous or  hirsute,  furnished  in  the  thirfl  series  near  the  base  with  two  conspicuous  globose 
stalked  yellow  glands;  anthers  oblong,  flattened,  4-celled,  introrse  in  the  2  outer  series, 
extrorse,  subextrorse,  or  very  rarely  introrse  in  the  third  series,  in  the  pistillate  flower  rudi- 
mentary and  sterile;  ovary  ovoid,  glabrous,  more  or  less  immersed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  erect  style  dilated  at  apex  into  a  capitate  obscurely  lobed 
stigma;  in  the  staminate  flower  linear-lanceolate,  effete  or  minute,  sometimes  0;  raphe 
ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  nearly  inclosed  while  young  in  the  thickened  tube  of 
the  calyx,  exserted  at  maturity,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  cup-like  truncate  or  slightly 
lobed  calyx-tube;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovoid,  pendulous;  testa  thin,  membra- 
naceous. 

Ocotea  with  nearly  two  hundred  species  is  confined  principally  to  the  tropical  region  of 
the  New  World  from  southern  Florida  to  Brazil  and  Peru,  with  Old  Wrorld  representatives 
in  the  Canary  Islands,  South  Africa,  and  the  Mascarene  Islands.  One  species  grows  nat- 
urally in  Florida. 

Ocotea  produces  hard,  strong,  durable,  beautifully  colored  wood  often  employed  in  cabinet- 
making. 

The  name  is  derived  from  the  native  name  of  one  of  the  species  of  Guiana. 

1 .  Ocotea  Catesbyana  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  contracted  above  into  a  long  point  rounded 
at  apex,  when  they  unfold  thin,  membranaceous,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  and  some- 
times puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  below.  3'-6'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins, 
a  broad  stout  midrib,  slender  remote  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins 
and  connected  by  coarsely  reticulate  conspicuous  veinlets;  petioles  broad,  flat,  f'~|'  in 
length.  Flowers  perfect,  appearing  in  early  summer  in  elongated  panicles,  their  peduncles 
slender,  glabrous,  light  red,  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the 
year  or  from  those  of  the  previous  year,  and  3'— A'  long;  calyx  nearly  \'  across  when  ex- 
panded, puberulous  en  the  outer  surface,  hoary  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  on  the 
margins  of  the  lobes,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  filaments  of  the  2  outer  series 
slightly  hirsute  at  the  base  and  shorter  than  their,  introrse  anthers;  filaments  of  the  third 
series  as  long  or  longer  than  their  extrorse  anthers.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  ovoid 


360  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

or  subglobose,  f  long,  lustrous,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  the  thickened  cup-like  tube  of 
the  calyx  truncate  or  obscurely  lobed  and  bright  red  like  the  thickened  pedicels;  flesh  thin 
and  dry;  seed  with  a  thin  brittle  red-brown  coat,  the  inner  layer  lustrous  on  the  inner 
surface  and  marked  by  broad  light-colored  veins  radiating  from  the  small  hilum;  embryo 
y  long,  light  red-brown. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  18'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  thin  terete  branchlets  glabrous  and 
dark  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  lighter  colored,  and  in  their 
second  year  light  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red  and  often  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels, 
and  in  their  second  or  third  year  by  small  semiorbicular  leaf-scars,  displaying  a  single  central 


Fig.  323 

fibro-vascular  bundle-scar.  Bark  about  |'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  roughened  on 
the  otherwise  smooth  surface  by  numerous  small  excrescences.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Shores  and  islands  of  Florida  south  of  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  east  coast 
and  of  Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coast;  comparatively  common  except  on  some  of  the 
\vestern  keys,  and  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  rich  wooded  hummocks 
adjacent  to  Bay  Biscayne;  in  the  Bahamas. 

3.  UMBELLULARIA  Nutt. 

A  pungent  aromatic  tree,  with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets  marked 
in  their  second  and  third  years  by  small  semicircular  or  nearly  triangular  elevated  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  horizontal  row  of  minute  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  naked  buds,  and  thick 
fleshy  brown  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  cuneate  or  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  entire  with 
thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  petiolate,  coated  when  they  appear  on  the  lower  sur- 
face with  pale  soft  pubescence  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  dull  and  paler  below,  with  a  slender  light  yellow 
midrib,  and  remote,  obscure,  arcuate  veins  more  or  less  united  near  the  margins,  and  con- 
nected by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  perfect  in  axillary  stalked  many-flowered 
umbels,  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  an  involucre  of  5  or  6  imbricated  broadly  ovate  or  obovate 
pointed  concave  yellow  caducous  scales,  the  latest  umbels  subsessile  at  the  base  of  terminal 
leaf-buds;  pedicels  slender,  puberulous,  without  bractlets,  from  the  axils  of  obovate  mem- 


LATJRACEvE 


361 


branaceous  puberulous  deciduous  bracts  decreasing  in  size  from  the  outer  to  the  inner; 
calyx  divided  almost  to  the  base  into  6  nearly  equal  broadly  obovate  rounded  pale  yellow 
lobes  spreading  and  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens  inserted  on  the  short  slightly  thickened 
tube  of  the  calyx;  filaments  flat,  glabrous,  pale  yellow,  rather  shorter  than  the  anthers, 
those  of  the  third  series  furnished  near  the  base  with  2  conspicuous  stipitate  orange-colored 
orbicular  flattened  glands;  anthers  oblong,  flattened,  light  yellow,  those  of  the  first  and 
second  series  introrse,  those  of  the  third  series  extrorse;  stamens  of  the  fourth  series  reduced 
to  minute  ovate  acute  yellow  staminodes;  ovary  sessile,  ovoid,  often  more  or  less  gibbous, 
glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  stout  columnar  style  rather  shorter  than  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx  and  crowned  by  a  simple  capitate  discoid  stigma.  Fruit  ovoid,  surrounded  at 
base  by  the  enlarged  and  thickened  truncate  or  lobed  tube  of  the  calyx,  yellow-green  some- 
times more  or  less  tinged  with  purple;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovoid,  light  brown; 
testa  separable  into  2  coats,  the  outer  thick,  hard,  and  woody,  the  inner  thin  and  papery, 
closely  investing  the  embryo,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface. 

Umbellularia  consists  of  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name,  a  diminutive  of  umbella,  relates  to  the  character  of  the  inflorescence. 

1.  Umbellularia  calif ornica  Nutt.    Calif ornia  Laurel.    Spice-tree. 
Leaves  2'-5'  long,  |'-1|'  wide,  unfolding  in  winter  or  early  in  the  spring  and  continuing 
to  appear  as  the  branches  lengthen  until  late  in  the  autumn ;  beginning  to  fade  during  the 
summer,  turning  to  a  beautiful  yellow  or  orange  color  and  falling  one  by  one  during  their 


Fig.  324 

second  season,  or  often  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  sixth  year;  petioles  jV~i'  m 
length.  Flowers  appearing  in  January  before  the  unfolding  of  the  young  leaves,  the 
umbels  on  peduncles  sometimes  1'  in  length.  Fruit  about  1'  long,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3,  on 
elongated  thickened  pedicels,  persistent  on  the  branch  after  the  fruit  ripens  and  falls  late 
in  the  autumn;  seeds  germinating  soon  after  they  reach  the  ground,  the  fruit  remaining 
below  the  surface  of  the  soil  and  attached  to  the  young  plant  until  midsummer. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-75°,  occasionally  100°-175°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-6°  in  diameter, 
sometimes  tall  and  straight  but  usually  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  large  diverging 
stems,  stout  spreading  or  rarely  pendulous  (var.  pendula  Redh.)  branches  forming  a  broad 
round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence  when 
they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  yellow-green,  and  in  their  second  and  third 
years  light  brown  tinged  with  red;  at  high  altitudes,  and  in  southern  California  much 
smaller;  often  reduced  to  a  large  or  small  shrub,  or  on  bluffs  facing  the  ocean  to  broad  mats 


362  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

of  prostrate  stems.  Bark  :|'-1'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  separating  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  rich  brown, 
with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth;  the  most  valuable 
wood  produced  in  the  forests  of  Pacific  North  America  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and 
for  furniture.  The  leaves  yield  by  distillation  a  pungent  volatile  oil,  and  from  the  fruit  a 
fat  containing  umbellulic  acid  has  been  obtained. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  Coos  River,  Oregon,  southward  through  the  California  coast 
ranges  and  along  the  high  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  2500°  ;  usually  near  the  banks  of  water- 
courses and  sometimes  on  low  hills:  common  wyhere  it  can  obtain  an  abundant  supply  of 
water;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  rich  valleys  of  southwestern  Oregon, 
forming  with  the  Broad-leaved  Maple  a  considerable  part  of  the  forest  growth. 

4.  SASSAFRAS  Nees.    Sassafras. 
Pseudosassafras  H.  Lee. 

Aromatic  trees,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  dark  red-brown  bark,  scaly  buds,  slender 
light  green  lustrous  brittle  branchlets  containing  a  thick  white  mucilaginous  pith  and 
marked  by  small  semiorbicular  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  a  single  horizontal  row  of 
minute  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  stout  spongy  stoloniferous  roots  covered  by  thick 
yellow  bark.  Flower-bearing  buds  terminal,  ovoid,  acute,  with  9  or  10  imbricated  scales 
increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the  3  outer  scales  ovate,  rounded,  often  apiculate  at 
apex,  keeled  and  thickened  on  the  back,  pale  yellow-green  below,  dull  yellow-brown  above 
the  middle,  loosely  imbricated,  slightly  or  not  at  all  accrescent,  deciduous  at  the  opening  of 
the  bud,  much  smaller  than  the  thin  accrescent  light  yellow-green  scales  of  the  next  rows 
turning  dull  red  before  falling,  and  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  below,  concave,  coated 
on  the  outer  surface  with  soft  silky  pubescence,  glabrous  or  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  re- 
flexed,  f '  long,  nearly  %'  broad,  tardily  deciduous,  the  2  inner  scales  foliaceous,  lanceolate, 
acute,  light  green,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  delicate  pale  hairs,  glabrous  on  the  inner 
surface,  infolding  the  leaves;  sterile  and  axillary  buds  much  smaller.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  entire  or  often  1-3-lobed  at  apex,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
divided  by  deep  broad  sinuses,  gradually  narrowed  at  base  into  elongated  slender  petioles, 
feather-veined,  with  alternate  veins  arcuate  and  united  or  running  to  the  points  of  the 
lobes,  the  lowest  parallel  with  the  margins,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  mucilaginous, 
deciduous.  Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  with  the  first  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  the  males 
and  females  usually  on  different  individuals,  in  lax  drooping  few-flowered  racemes  in  the 
axils  of  large  obovate  bud-scales,  their  pedicels  slender,  rarely  forked  and  2-flowered,  with- 
out bracts,  pilose,  from  the  axils  -of  linear  acute  scarious  hairy  deciduous  bracts,  or  that  of 
the  terminal  flower  often  without  a  bract;  calyx  pale  yellow-green,  divided  nearly  to  the 
base  into  narrow  obovate  concave  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  after  anthesis,  glabrous  or 
pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  those  of  the  inner  row  a  little  larger  than  the  others;  sta- 
mens in  the  American  species  9,  in  the  Asiatic  12  with  those  of  the  inner  series  reduced  to 
staminodes,  inserted  on  the  somewhat  thickened  margin  of  the  shallow  concave  calyx-tube, 
those  of  the  outer  series  opposite  its  outer  lobes;  filaments  flattened,  elongated,  light  yellow, 
those  of  the  inner  series  furnished  at  base  wjith  2  conspicuous  orange-colored  stipitate  glands 
rounded  on  the  back,  obscurely  lobed  on  the  inner  face,  in  the  Asiatic  species  alternating 
with  3  staminodes;  anthers  introrse,  oblong,  flattened,  truncate  or  emarginate  at  apex, 
4-celled,  2-celled  in  the  Formosan  species,  orange-colored,  in  the  female  flower  reduced  to 
flattened  ovate  pointed  or  slightly  2-lobed  dark  orange-colored  stipitate  staminodes,  6  in  2 
rows  in  the  American  species  and  12  similar  to  the  stamens  and  staminodes  of  the  staminate 
flower  in  the  Asiatic  species;  or  occasionally  fertile  and  similar  to  or  a  little  smaller  than 
those  of  the  staminate  flower;  ovary  ovoid,  light  green,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile  in  the  short 
tube  of  the  calyx,  narrowed  into  an  elongated  simple  style  gradually  enlarged  above  into  a 
capitate  oblique  obscurely  lobed  stigma;  in  the  staminate  flower  0  in  the  American  species, 


LATJRACE/E 

present,  usually  abortive,  rarely  fertile  in  the  Asiatic  species.  Fruit  an  oblong  dark  blue  or 
black  lustrous  berry  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  and  thickened  obscurely  6-lobed  or 
truncate  scarlet  or  orange-red  limb  of  the  calyx,  raised  on  a  much  elongated  scarlet  stalk 
thickened  above  the  middle;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  oblong,  pointed,  light  brown; 
testa  thin,  membranaceous,  barely  separable  into  2  coats,  the  inner  coat  much  thinner  than 
the  outer,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous. 

Sassafras  is  confined  to  temperate  eastern  North  America,  central  China  and  to  Formosa 
where  Sassafras  tzumu  -Hems!,  and  S.  randaiense  Rehd.  occur. 

Sassafras  was  first  used  as  a  popular  name  for  this  tree  by  the  French  in  Florida. 

11.  Sassafras  officinale  Nees  &  Ebermaier. 
Sassafras  Sassafras  Karst. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  densely  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  pubescent  or 
puberulous  below  at  maturity  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn 
delicate  shades  of  yellow  or  orange  more  or  less  tinged  with  red;  petioles  f'-l^'  in  length. 
Flowers  %'  long  when  fully  expanded  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  perianth,  in 


Fig.  325 


racemes  about  2'  in  length,  stamens  9.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October,  blue, 
$'  long,  on  stalks  l|'-2'  in  length,  separating  when  ripe  from  the  thick  scarlet  calyx-lobes 
persistent  with  the  stalks  of  the  fruit  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  nearly  6°  in  diameter,  short  stout  more 
or  less  contorted  branches  spreading  almost  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  narrow  usually 
flat-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  yellow-green  and  coated  when  they  first 
appear  with  pale  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lustrous,  gradually  turn- 
ing reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years;  frequently  not  more  than  40°-50°  tall; 
at  the  north  and  in  Florida  generally  smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Winter-buds  l'-f '  long- 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  reddish  brown  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  becom- 
ing on  old  trunks  sometimes  1|'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided 
into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  soft, 
weak,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in  the  soil,  aromatic,  dull  orange-brown,  with 
thin  light  yellow  sapwood  of  7  or  8  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fence-posts  and 
rails,  in  the  construction  of  light  boats,  ox-yokes,  and  in  cooperage.  The  r<3ots  and  espe- 
cially their  bark  are  a  mild  aromatic  stimulant,  and  oil  of  sassafras,  used  to  perfume  soap  and 
other  articles,  is  distilled  from  them.  Gumbo  filet,  a  powder  prepared  from  the  leaves  by 


364 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


the  Choctaw  Indians  of  Louisiana,  gives  flavor  and  consistency  to  gumbo  soup.  Passing 
into  the  var.  albidum  Blake,  with  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  young  leaves,  glabrous  often 
glaucous  young  branch  lets,  and  lighter  colored  less  valuable  wood;  uplands  of  western  New 
England  to  the  mountains  of  western  North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennessee. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  rich  sandy  well-drained  soil,  southern  Maine  and  eastern 
Massachusetts,  through  southern  Vermont  to  southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan,  and 
southeastern  Iowa  to  eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  and  southward  to  central  Florida 
(Orange  County)  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  ascending  on  the  southern 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  4000°;  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  often 
taking  possession  of  abandoned  fields. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


5.  MISANTECA  Cham.  &  Schl. 

Trees  with  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  coriaceous,  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  minute,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axillary  cymose  panicles;  peduncles  and  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  acuminate  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  perianth  fleshy,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  6- 
toothed;  stamens  9,  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  perianth,  those  of  the  outer  rank  united 
into  a  fleshy  column,  furnished  at  base  with  three  pairs  of  glands,  inclosing  the  pistil  and 
slightly  longer  than  the  perianth,  those  of  the  inner  ranks,  sterile,  short  or  obsolete;  anthers 
extrorse,  2-celled,  the  cells  united;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  thick  style  as  long  as 
the  staminal  tube;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  baccate,  olive-shaped,  surrounded  at  base  by 
the  enlarged  ligneous  capsular  perianth  of  the  flower  much  thickened  on  the  margin;  peri- 
carp thin  and  fleshy;  endocarp  thin,  crustaceous;  seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit;  testa 
thin,  crustaceous;  hilum  minute,  apical;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy;  radicle  superior, 
minute. 

Of  the  three  species  of  the  genus  now  known  one  occurs  in  southern  Florida  and  Cuba,  and 
the  others  hi  tropical  Mexico. 

The  name  of  the  genus  is  derived  from  the  name  of  the  tree,  Palo  Misanteca  at  Misantha, 
near  the  coast  of  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz  where  the  type  species  was  discovered. 

1.  Misanteca  triandra  Mez.-» 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  ovate  or  broad-elliptic,  entire,  abruptly  long-pointed  and  acu- 
minate at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  base,  deeply  tinged  with  red  and 


Fig.  326 


CAPPARIDACE^E  365 

villose  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  3'-4'  long  and  \\'-%  wide,  with  slightly  undulate 
margins,  a  prominent  midrib,  slender  primary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets  conspicuous  on 
the  lower  surface;  petioles  stout,  narrow  wing-margined  at  apex,  pubescent  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  glabrous,  -3-'-^'  in  length.  Flowers  glabrous  or  puberulous,  purplish,  about 
TV  long,  in  3-5-flowered  cymes  on  slender  peduncles,  in  pubescent  panicles  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  tube  of  the  perianth  funnel- form,  the  lobes  equal,  triangular,  acute;  column  of 
stamens  pilose;  ovary  glabrous.  Fruit  in  few-fruited  clusters  on  much  elongated  and 
thickened  peduncles,  ellipsoidal  or  slightly  ovoid,  acute,  dark  blue,  f  long  and  f  thick; 
cupule  light  red,  thickened  and  verrucose,  acute  at  base,  the  margin  reflexed,  thin  and  en- 
tire on  the  inner  edge,  thick  and  crenulate  on  the  outer  edge;  seed  ellipsoidal,  pointed  at 
apex,  rounded  at  base,  light  brown,  slightly  ridged  when  dry. 

A  tree  in  Florida  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  15'-20'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  and 
pendent  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  slender  red  branchlets  pubes- 
cent when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  marked  by  numerous  large  pale 
lenticels. 

Rich  hummocks  between  Miami  and  Homestead,  Dade  County,  Florida;  in  Cuba  and 
Jamaica. 

XIX.    CAPPARIDACE^. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  trees,  or  shrubs,  wyith  acrid  often  pungent  juices,  alternate 
or  rarely  opposite  leaves,  regular  or  irregular  usually  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  cymes 
or  racemes  or  solitary,  numerous  ovules  inserted  in  two  rows  on  each  of  the  two  placentas, 
capsular  or  baccate  1-celled  fruit,  and  seeds  without  albumen.  A  family  of  thirty-four 
genera,  mostly  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  and  widely  distributed  in  the  two 
hemispheres.  Of  the  seven  genera  which  occur  in  North  America  only  one  has  an  arbores- 
cent representative. 

1.  CAPPARIS  L. 

Trees,  with  naked  buds.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  entire,  feather- veined,  coria- 
ceous, persistent,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals  4,  valvate 
in  the  bud,  glandular  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  short  re- 
ceptacle; stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  their  filaments  free,  elongated, 
much  longer  than  the  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  long-stalked, 
2-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentas;  stigmas  sessile,  orbicular;  ovules  campy lotropous. 
Fruit  baccate,  siliquiform  (in  the  North  American  species)  separating  into  3  or  4  valves. 
Seeds  reniform,  numerous,  surrounded  by  pulp;  seed-coat  coriaceous;  embryo  convolute; 
cotyledons  foliaceous,  fleshy. 

Capparis,  with  more  than  one  hundred  species,  mostly  tropical,  is  found  in  the  two 
hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  occurring  in  Central  and  South  America.  Two 
of  the  West  Indian  species  reach  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  the  most  northern  station 
of  the  genus  in  America;  of  these  one  is  arborescent. 

Capparis,  from  Kairira.^,  the  classical  name  of  Capparis  spinosa  L.,  is  derived  from 
the  Persian  kabor,  capers,  the  dried  flower-buds  of  that  species. 

1.  Capparis  jamaicensis  Jacq. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex,  slightly  revolute,  coriaceous, 
light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  covered  on  the  lower  by 
minute  ferrugineous  scales,  2'-3'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  incon- 
spicuous primary  veins;  petioles  stout  covered  at  first  with  ferrugineous  scales  often  be- 
coming nearly  glabrous,  %'-%'  in  length.  Flowers  1|'  in  diameter,  opening  in  Florida  in 
April  and  May  from  obtuse  or  acute,  4-angled  buds;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  lepidote  on  the 
outer  surface,  furnished  on  the  inner  with  a  small  ovate  gland,  recurved  when  the  flower  is 


366 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


fully  expanded,  and  about  half  the  size  of  the  round  white  petals  turning  purple  in  fading; 
stamens  20-30,  with  purple  filaments  villose  toward  the  base,  l|'-2'  long;  anthers  yellow; 
ovary  raised  on  a  slender  stipe  about  1|'  in  length.  Fruit  9'-12'  long,  terete,  sometimes 
slightly  torulose,  pubescent-lepidote,  the  long  stalk  appearing  jointed  by  the  enlargement 
of  the  pedicel  and  torus  below  the  insertion  of  the  stipe;  seed  light  brown,  1|'  long. 


Fig.  327 


A  small  slender  shrubby  tree,  18°-20°high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  5 '-6'  in  diameter, 
and  thin  angled  branchlets  dark  gray,  smooth  or  slightly  rugose,  and  covered  with  minute 
ferrugineous  scales.  Bark  rarely  more  than  |'  thick,  slightly  fissured,  the  dark  red-brown 
surface  broken  into  small  irregularly  shaped  divisions.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
yellow  faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  about  15  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Florida;  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cape  Sable  to  the  southern  keys; 
generally  distributed,  but  nowhere  abundant;  common  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

XX.    HAMAMELIDACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets,  naked  or  scaly  buds,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  stipulate,  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect  or  uni- 
sexual; calyx  4-parted  or  0;  petals  4  or  0;  stamens  4-8;  anthers  attached  at  the  base,  in- 
trorse,  2-celled;  ovary  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  receptacle,  2-celled;  ovules  1  or  many, 
anatropous,  suspended  from  an  axile  placenta;  micropyle  superior;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit 
a  woody  capsule  opening  at  the  summit.  Seed  usually  1 ;  embryo  surrounded  by  fleshy 
albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  flat,  longer  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 
The  Witch  Hazel  family  with  twenty  genera  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  south- 
western, southern,  and  eastern  Asia,  the  Malay  Archipelago,  Madagascar,  and  South 
Africa.  Of  the  three  North  American  genera  two  are  arborescent. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Flowers  usually  unisexual,  capitate,  without  petals,  limb  of  the  calyx  short  or  nearly  obso- 
lete; capsules  consolidated  by  their  base  into  a  globose  head;  seed  with  a  terminal 
wing;  leaves  palmately  lobed.  1.  Liquidambar. 

Flowers  usually  perfect,  with  calyx  and  corolla;  capsules  not  consolidated  into  a  head;  seed 
without  a  wing.  2-  Hamamelis. 


HAMAMELIDACE.E 


1.  LIQUID AMBAR  L. 


367 


Trees,  with  balsamic  juices,  scaly  bark,  terete  often  winged  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  plicate  in  the  bud,  alternate,  palmately  lobed,  glandular-serrate, 
long-petiolate;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  perfect 
in  capitate  heads  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  4  deciduous  bracts,  the  staminate  in 
terminal  racemes,  the  pistillate  in  solitary  long-stalked  heads  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves; 
staminate  flowers  without  a  calyx  and  corolla;  stamens  indefinite,  interspersed  with  minute 
scales;  filaments  filiform,  shorter  than  the  oblong  obcordate  anthers  opening  longitudinally; 
pistillate  flowers  surrounded  by  long-awned  scales,  the  whole  confluent  into  a  globular 
head;  calyx  obconic,  its  limb  short  or  nearly  obsolete;  stamens  usually  4,  inserted  on  the 
summit  of  the  calyx;  anthers  minute,  usually  rudimentary  or  abortive,  rarely  fertile;  ovary 
partly  inferior,  of  2  united  carpels  terminating  in  elongated  subulate  recurved  persistent 
styles  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovules  numerous.  Capsules  armed  with  the  hardened 
incurved  elongated  styles  free  above,  septicidally  dehiscent,  consolidated  by  their  base 
into  a  globose  head;  pericarp  thick  and  woody;  endocarp  thin,  corneous,  lustrous  on  the 
inner  surface.  Seeds  usually  solitary  or  2  by  the  abortion  of  many  ovules,  compressed, 
angulate;  seed-coat  opaque,  crustaceous,  produced  into  a  short  membranaceous  obovate 
terminal  wing  rounded  at  the  oblique  apex. 

Liquidambar  with  about  four  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States,  southern 
and  central  Mexico,  Central  America,  southwestern  Asia,  middle  and  southeastern  China, 
and  Formosa.  Liquid  storax,  an  opaque  grayish  brown  resin,  is  derived  from  Liquidam- 
bar orientalis  Mill.,  a  native  of  Asia  Minor. 

Liquidambar  from  liqiiidus  and  ambar  in  allusion  to  the  fragrant  juices. 

1.  Liquidambar  Styraciflua  L.    Sweet  Gum.    Bilsted. 

Leaves  generally  round  in  outline,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  base,  deeply 
5-7-lobed,  with  acutely  pointed  divisions  finely  serrate  with  rounded  appressed  teeth, 


Fig.  328 


when  they  unfold  pilose  on  the  lower  surface,  soon  becoming  glabrous  with  the  exception  of 
large  tufts  of  pale  rufous  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  at  maturity  thin,  bright 
green,  smooth  and  lustrous,  6'-7'  across,  with  broad  primary  veins  and  finely  reticulate 
veinlets;  exhaling  when  bruised  a  pleasant  resinous  fragrance;  in  the  autumn  turning  deep 
crimson;  petioles  slender,  covered  at  first  near  the  base  with  rufous  caducous  hairs,  and 
5 '-6'  in  length;  stipules  entire,  glabrous,  \'-%'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  terminal 
racemes  2'-3'  long  covered  with  rufous  hairs,  in  heads  stalked  toward  the  base  of  the 
raceme  and  nearly  sessile  above,  j'  in  diameter,  and  surrounded  by  ovate  acute  deciduous 
hairy  bracts  much  larger  than  the  lanceolate  acute  bracts  of  the  female  inflorescence  \' 


368  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

across  and  conspicuous  from  the  broad  stigmatic  surfaces  of  the  recurved  and  contorted 
styles.  Fruit  I'-l?'  in  diameter,  persistent  during  the  winter,  the  carpels  opening  in  the 
autumn;  seed  \'  long  and  rather  longer  than  its  wing,  with  a  light  brown  coat  conspicu- 
ously marked  by  oblong  resin-ducts. 

A  tree,  80°-140°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  forming 
while  the  tree  is  young  a  pyramidal  head,  and  in  old  age  a  comparatively  small  oblong 
crown,  and  slender  branchlets  containing  a  large  pith,  slightly  many-angled,  covered  when 
they  first  appear  with  caducous  rufous  hairs,  light  orange  color  to  reddish  brown  in  their 
first  winter,  marked  by  occasional  minute  dark  lenticels  and  by  large  arcuate  leaf-scars 
showing  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles,  developing  in  their  second  season 
corky  wings  appearing  on  the  upper  side  of  lateral  branches  in  3  or  4-  parallel  ranks  and 
irregularly  on  all  sides  of  vertical  branches,  and  increasing  in  width  and  thickness  for  many 
years,  sometimes  becoming  2'-3'  broad  and  1'  thick.  Winter-buds  acute,  i'  long,  and 
covered  by  ovate  acute  minutely  apiculate  orange-brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  those 
of  the  inner  rows  accrescent,  tipped  with  red,  and  about  1'  long  at  maturity.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  straight,  close-grained,  not  strong,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin 
almost  white  sapwood  of  60-70  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  the  outside  and  inside 
finish  of  houses,  in  cabinet-making,  for  street  pavement,  wooden  dishes,  and  fruit  boxes. 

Distribution.  Fairfield  County,  Connecticut,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to 
southeastern  Pennsylvania,  southward  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay, 
Florida,  and  westward  through  southern  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  southeastern  Mis- 
souri, and  through  Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas;  reappearing  on  the  mountains  of  central  and  southern  Mexico  and  on  the  highlands 
of  Guatemala;  in  the  maritime  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  and  in  the  basin 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  River  one  of  the  common  trees  of  the  forest,  covering  rich  river 
bottom-lands  usually  inundated  every  year;  in  the  northern  and  middle  states  on  the 
borders  of  swamps  and  low  wet  swales;  at  the  north  rarely  more  than  60°-70°  tall,  with 
a  trunk  usually  not  more  than  2°  in  diameter. 

Unsurpassed  in  the  brilliancy  of  the  autumnal  colors  of  the  leaves;  and  often  planted 
as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states. 

2.  HAMAMEL1S  L.    Witch  Hazel. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  zigzag  branchlets,  naked  buds,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  unsymmetrical  at  base,  crenately  toothed  or  lobed, 
the  primary  veins  conspicuous;  stipules  acute,  infolding  the  bud,  deciduous.  Flowers 
perfect,  autumnal  or  hiemal,  in  3  or  rarely  4-flowered  terminal  clusters,  from  buds  ap- 
pearing in  summer,  on  short  recurved  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  fur- 
nished near  the  middle  with  2  acute  deciduous  bractlets,  covered  like  their  acute  bracts  and 
bractlets  with  dark  ferrugineous  pubescence,  each  flower  surrounded  by  2  or  3  ovate  acute 
bracts,  the  outer  slightly  united  at  base  into  a  3-lobed  involucre;  calyx  4-parted  pale  pubes- 
cent on  the  outer  surface,  orange-brown,  yellow  or  red  on  the  inner  surface,  persistent  on 
the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  reflexed;  petals  bright  yellow,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the 
cup-shaped  receptacle,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  strap-shaped,  falling  with  the  stamens 
when  the  ovules  are  fertilized;  stamens  8,  inserted  in  2  rows  on  the  margin  of  the  receptacle, 
the  4  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  fertile,  the  others  reduced  to  minute  strap-shaped 
scales;  filaments  free,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  prolonged  into  a  thickened  pointed  connec- 
tive; anthers  ellipsoid,  opening  laterally  from  without  by  persistent  valves;  ovary  of  2 
carpels,  free  at  apex,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  receptacle,  partly  superior,  remaining 
during  the  winter  without  enlarging  and  surrounded  and  protected  by  the  calyx;  styles 
subulate,  spreading,  stigmatic  at  apex,  persistent;  ovule  solitary.  Fruit  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  usually  2  from  each  flower-cluster,  capsular,  2-beaked  at  apex,  surrounded  for 
one-third  or  one-half  its  length  by  the  enlarged  persistent  calyx  bearing  at  the  base  the 
blackened  remnants  of  the  floral  bracts,  the  thick  and  woody  outer  layer  splitting  from 


HAMAMELIDACE.E 


369 


above  loculicidally  before  the  opening  of  the  thin  crustaceous  inner  layer.  Seed  oblong, 
acute,  suspended;  testa  crustaceous,  chestnut  brown,  shining;  forcibly  discharged  when 
ripe  by  the  contraction  of  the  edges  of  the  valves  of  the  bony  endocarp;  embryo  surrounded 
by  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  hilum  oblong,  depressed. 

Hamamelis  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America  and  eastern  Asia,  with  three  American 
and  two  or  three  Asiatic  species;  of  the  American  species  two  are  sometimes  small  trees, 
and  the  third  H.  vernalis  Sarg.  is  a  shrub  of  southern  Missouri,  western  Arkansas,  and 
eastern  Oklahoma. 

The  name  is  from  ci/xa,  at  the  same  time  with,  and  /urjXts  an  Apple-tree,  and  was  applied 
by  the  ancients  to  the  Medlar  or  some  similar  tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  smooth,  conspicuously  unsymmetrical  at  base;  flowers  autumnal. 

1.  H.  virginiana  (A,  C). 
Leaves  roughened  by  persistent  tubercles,  slightly  unsymmetrical  at  base;  flowers  hiemal. 

2.  H.  macrophylk  (C). 

1.  Hamamelis  virginiana  L. 

Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  long-pointed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  apex,  very  unequal 
at  base,  the  lower  side  rounded  or  subcordate,  the  upper  usually  cuneate  and  smaller, 
irregularly  and  coarsely  crenately  lobed  above  the  middle,  entire  or  dentate  below,  when 


they  unfold  coated,  especially  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib  and  veins  and  on  the 
petioles  and  stipules  with  stellate  ferrugineous  pubescence,  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
dull  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  pilose  above,  lighter  colored  and  lustrous  below,  and  pu- 
bescent or  puberulous  on  the  stout  midrib  and  6  or  7  pairs  of  primary  veins,  4 '-6'  long, 
2'-2|'  wide;  turning  delicate  yellow  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  pubescent  early  in 
the  season,  becoming  glabrous  £'-!'  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  coriaceous,  $'-$' 
long.  Flowers  opening  from  the  middle  of  September  to  the  middle  of  November;  calyx 
orange-brown  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  bright  yellow;  ^'-f'  long.  Fruit  ripening 
when  the  flowers  of  the  season  are  expanding,  \'  long,  pubescent,  dull  orange-brown  and 
surrounded  for  half  its  length  by  the  large  persistent  calyx;  seed  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  flexible  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
scurfy  rusty  stellate  hairs,  gradually  disappearing  during  the  summer,  and  in  their  first 
winter  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  light  orange-brown  and  marked  by  small  white 
dots,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  or  reddish  brown;  usually  a  stout  shrub  sending 


370 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


up  from  the  ground  numerous  rigid  diverging  stems  5°-20°  tall.  Winter-buds  acute, 
slightly  falcate,  light  orange-brown,  covered  with  short  tine  pubescence,  f '-£'  long.  Bark  |' 
thick,  light  brown,  generally  smooth  but  broken  into  minute  thin  appressed  scales  disclos- 
ing in  falling  the  dark  reddish  purple  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual 
growth!  The  bark  and  leaves  are  slightly  astringent  and  although  not  known  to  possess 
essential  properties  are  largely  used  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts  and  decoctions  and  in 
homoeopathic  practice,  Pond's  Extract  being  made  by  distilling  the  bark  in  diluted  alcohol. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to 
southern  Ontario,  southern  Wisconsin,  southeastern  Minnesota  and  northeastern  Iowa,  and 
southward  to  central  Georgia  and  southern  Arkansas,  growing  usually  on  the  borders  of 
the  forest  in  low  rich  soil  or  on -the  rocky  banks  of  streams;  of  its  largest  size  and  probably 
only  arborescent  on  the  slopes  of  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  and  South 
Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  northern  states,  and  in  western 
and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Hamamelis  macrophylla  Pursh. 

Leaves  short-obovate  or  occasionally  broad-elliptic,  rounded,  acute  or  rarely  acuminate 
at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  narrow  slightly  unsymmetrical  base,  crenate- 
lobulate  above  the  middle  with  small  rounded  lobes,  covered  with  short  stellate  hairs  more 


Fig.  330 

abundant  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  above,  paler 
below,  and  roughened  by  the  persistent  tubercle-like  bases  of  the  stellate  hairs,  3'-5"  long, 
2'-3'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  five  or  six  pairs  of  primary  veins;  petioles  slender, 
pubescent,  |'-f  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarious,  hoary-pubescent,  |'-|-' 
long.  Flowers  opening  in  December,  January  and  February;  calyx  yellow  on  the  inner 
surface;  petals  light  yellow,  %'  long  and  less  than  iV  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn, 
about  \'  in  length;  seed  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black. 

A  tree,  often  30°-45°  high,  producing  stoloniferous  shoots  round  the  tall  trunk  often  1° 
in  diameter,  erect  and  spreading  branches,  and  branchlets  rusty  or  hoary-tomentose  during 
their  first  year,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  and  grayish  brown  in  their  second 
season;  often  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  rusty-tomentose,  about  \'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Rich  soil,  by  streams  or  along  the  borders  of  the  forest;  valley  of  the 
lower  Savannah  River,  near  Savannah,  Chatham  County,  and  along  the  Wittlocoochee 
River,  Lowndes  County,  Georgia,  to  central  and  western  Florida;  through  Alabama:  in 


PLATANACE.E  371 

southern  and  central  Mississippi,  and  through  Louisiana  to  eastern  Texas  (Beaumont, 
Jefferson  County,  and  Fletcher,  Harding  County),  and  southern  Arkansas;  generally  dis- 
tributed and  most  abundant  in  Louisiana;  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bluffs  of 
the  Alabama  River  in  Dallas  County,  Alabama. 

XXI.  PLATANACE^E. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  thick  deeply  furrowed  scaly  bark  exfoliating  from  the  branches 
and  young  trunks  in  large  thin  plates,  terete  zigzag  pithy  branchlets  prolonged  by  an  upper 
axillary  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Winter-buds  axillary,  conic,  large,  smooth,  and  lustrous, 
nearly  surrounded  at  base  by  the  narrow  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  conspicuous  dark 
fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  covered  by  3  deciduous  scales,-  the  2  inner  accrescent,  strap- 
shaped,  rounded  at  apex  at  maturity,  marking  in  falling  the  base  of  the  branchlet  with 
narrow  ring-like  scars,  the  outer  scale  surrounding  the  bud  and  splitting  longitudinally  with 
its  expansion,  the  second  light  green,  covered  by  a  gummy  fragrant  secretion  and  usually 
inclosing  a  bud  in  its  axil,  the  third  coated  with  long  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  longitudinally 
plicate  in  vernation,  alternate,  broadly  ovate,  cordttte,  truncate,  or  cuneate  and  decurrent 
on  the  petiole  at  base,  more  or  less  acutely  3-7-lobed,  and  occasionally  furnished  with  a 
more  or  less  enlarged  basal  lobe,  the  lobes  entire,  dentate  with  minute  remote  callous  teeth, 
or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  penniveined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins 
and  connected  by  inconspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  clothed  while  young  like  the  petioles, 
stipules,  and  young  branchlets  with  caducous  stellate  sharp-pointed  branching  hairs,  pale 
on  the  lower  and  rufous  on  the  upper  surface,  long-petiolate;  turning  brown  and  withering 
in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  abruptly  enlarged  at  base  and  inclosing  the  buds; 
stipules  membranaceous,  laterally  united  below  into  a  short  tube  surrounding  the  branchlet 
above  the  insertion  of  their  leaf,  acute,  more  or  less  free  above,  dentate  or  entire,  thin  and 
scarious  on  flowering  shoots,  broad  and  leaf-like  on  vigorous  sterile  branchlets,  caducous, 
marking  the  branchlet  in  falling  with  narrow  ring-like  scars.  Flowers  minute,  appearing 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  in  dense  unisexual  pedunculate  solitary  or  spicate  heads, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  separate  peduncles  or  rarely  united  on  the  same  pe- 
duncle; staminate  heads  dark  red  on  axillary  peduncles;  pistillate  heads  light  green  tinged 
with  red,  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  the  lateral  heads  in  the  spicate  clusters  sessile  and 
embracing  at  maturity  the  peduncle,  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter; 
calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  divided  into  3-6  minute  scale-like  sepals  slightly  united  at 
base,  about  half  as  long  as  the  3-6  cuneiform  sulcate  scarious  pointed  petals;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  opposite  them,  with  short  nearly  obsolete  filaments,  and 
elongated  clavate  2-celled  anthers,  their  cells  opening  longitudinally  and  crowned  by  a 
capitate  pilose  truncate  connective;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  divided  into  3-6,  usually  4, 
rounded  sepals  much  shorter  than  the  acute  petals;  stamens  scale-like,  elongated-obovoid, 
pilose  at  apex;  ovaries  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  superior,  oblong,  sessile,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  long  ridged  jointed  pale  hairs  persistent  round  the  fruit,  gradually  nar- 
rowed into  long  simple  bright  red  styles  papillose-stigmatic  to  below  the  middle  along 
the  ventral  suture;  ovules  1  or  rarely  2,  suspended  laterally,  orthotropous.  Head  of  fruit 
composed  of  elongated  obovoid  akenes  rounded  and  obtuse  or  acute  at  apex,  surmounted 
by  the  persistent  styles,  1-seeded,  light  yellow-brown;  pericarp  thin,  coriaceous.  Seed 
elongated-oblong,  suspended;  testa  thin  and  firm,  light  chestnut-brown;  embryo  erect  in 
thin  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  elongated  cylindric  erect 
radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  apical  hilum.  Wood  hard  and  heavy  not  strong,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  numerous  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays  and  bands  of 
smaller  ducts  marking  the  layers  of  annual  growth.  A  family  of  a  single  genus. 

1.  PLATANUS  L.    Plane-tree. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

A  genus  of  four  or  five  species  of  eastern  and  western  North  America,  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  of  southwestern  Asia,  all  resembling  each  other  except  in  the  form  of  the  lobes 


372 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


of  the  leaves  and  the  amount  of  pubescence  on  their  lower  surface,  in  the  pointed  or  obtuse 
apex  of  the  akene,  and  in  the  number  of  heads  of  pistillate  flowers  on  their  peduncle. 

Of  the  exotic  species,  the  Old  World  Platanus  acerifolia  Willd.,  of  doubtful  origin,  and 
often  considered  a  hybrid  between  P.  orientalis  L.  and  the  Plane-tree  of  the  eastern  United 
States,  is  now  a  common  street  tree  in  the  cities  of  all  the  countries  of  temperate  Europe, 
and  is  largely  used  as  a  street  and  shade  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  California. 

Platanus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Plane-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Heads  of  fruit  usually  solitary;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  slightly  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad, 
mostly  serrulate,  or  entire,  truncate  or  rarely  cuneate  at  base.     1 .  P.  occidentalis  (A,  C) . 
Heads  of  fruit  racemose. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed  to  below  the  middle,  the  lobes  entire,  remotely  and  obscurely  dentate, 
or  rarely  sinuate-toothed,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  or  cuneate  at  base. 

2.  P.  racemosa  (G). 

Leaves  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  elongated,  slender,  entire,  or  rarely  remotely  dentate, 
deeply  cordate  or  rarely  cuneate  or  truncate  at  base.  3.  P.  Wrightii  (H). 

1.  Platanus  occidentalis  L.    Sycamore.    Buttonwood. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  3-5-lobed  by  broad  shallow  sinuses  rounded  at  the 
bottom,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  sinuate- toothed  writh  long  straight  or  curved  remote 
acuminate  teeth,  or  entire  with  undulate  margins,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate,  or  long- 


Fig.  331 

cuneate  and  decurrent  on  the  petiole  at  base  (var.  attenuata  Sarg.),  thin  and  firm,  bright 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lowrer,  glabrous  at  maturity  with  the  exception 
of  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  under  side  of  the  thin  midrib  and  stout  yellow  veins,  4'-7' 
long  and  broad,  or  twice  as  large  on  vigorous  shoots  and  then  frequently  furnished  with 
dentate  basal  lobes;  petioles  stout,  terete  or  slightly  angled,  becoming  puberulous  3'-5'  in 
length;' stipules  I'-li'  long,  entire  or  sinuate-toothed.  Flowers :  peduncles  coated  with  pale 
tomentum,  bearing  1  and  sometimes  2  heads  of  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  1'  in  diameter,  on 
slender  glabrous  stems  3'-6'  in  length;  akene  about  f '  long  and  truncate  or  obtusely  rounded 
at  apex. 

A  tree,  occasionally  140°-170°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  10°-11°  in  diameter  above 
its  abruptly  enlarged  base,  often  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  large  secondary 
trunks,  or  rising  70°-80°,  with  a  straight  column-like  shaft  free  of  branches  and  with  little 


PLATANACEvE 


373 


dimunition  of  diameter,  massive  spreading  limbs  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head 
sometimes  100°  in  diameter,  their  extremities  usually  erect  or  more  or  less  pendulous,  and 
slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  like  the  leaves,  petioles,  and  stipules  with  thick  pale  de- 
ciduous tomentum,  during  their  first  summer  dark  green  and  glabrous,  marked  by  minute 
oblong  pale  lenticels,  becoming  dark  orange-brown  and  rather  lustrous  during  their  first 
winter  and  light  gray  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  |'-f  long.  Bark  of  young 
trunks  and  large  branches  rarely  more  than  \'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  broken  into  small 
oblong  thick  appressed  plate-like  scales,  smooth,  light  gray,  and  separating  higher  on  the 
tree  into  large  thin  scales,  in  falling  exposing  large  irregular  surfaces  of  the  pale  yellow, 
whitish,  or  greenish  inner  bark,  becoming  at  the  base  of  large  trunks  2'-3'  thick,  dark 
brown,  and  divided  by  deep  furrows  into  broad  rounded  rjdges  covered  by  small  thin  ap- 
pressed scales.  Wood  the  favorite  material  for  tobacco  boxes,  ox-yokes,  and  butcher's 
blocks,  and  now  largely  used  for  furniture  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  lakes  on  rich  bottom-lands;  southeastern  Maine 
to  northern  Vermont  and  through  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan  to  central  and  southern 
Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  eastern  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of 
the  Arkansas  River  (Clay  County),  and  southward  to  western  Florida  (Gladsden  County) 
central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  (Zavalla  County) 
western  Texas;  common  but  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom  lands 
of  streams  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers;  less  abundant  and  of 
smaller  size  in  the  coast  region  of  the  Carolinas  and  in  western  Texas;  ascending  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  2500°.  The  most  massive  if  not  tbe  tallest 
deciduous-leaved  tree  of  eastern  North  America. 

Sometimes  planted  as  a  street  tree,  especially  in  the  cities  of  eastern  Texas;  passing  into 

1.  Platanus  occidentalis  var.  glabrata  Sarg. 
Platanus  glabrata  Fern. 

Leaves  usually  broader  than  long,  truncate,  broad-cuneate  or  rarely  cordate  at  base, 
3-lobed  by  sinuses  acute  or  rounded  in  the  bottom,  the  lobes  long-acuminate,  entire,  the 
lateral  lobes  often  furnished  near  the  base  with  one  or  rarely  with  two  small  acuminate  in- 


Fig.  332 


374 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


curved  secondary  lobes  occasionally  found  also  on  the  terminal  lobe,  tomentose  below  and 
pubescent  above  when  the  flowers  open  the  end  of  March  in  Texas,  later  becoming  glabrous 
except  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  usually  about  ^f'-o-^'  long  and  3'-3|' 
wide;  petioles  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous.  Peduncles  bearing  one  or  rarely  two  heads. 
Flowers  and  Fruit  like  those  of  the  species. 

Distribution.  Western  Texas,  common;  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  near  Austin, 
Travis  County,  to  that  of  the  Devil's  River,  \7alverde  County;  in  Coahuila  and  Nuovo 
Leon;  rarely  northward  with  widely  scattered  individuals;  the  prevailing  form  on  the 
Edwards  Plateau  and  in  the  counties  adjacent  to  the  Rio  Grande. 

2.  Platanus  racemosa  Nutt.    Sycamore. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed  to  below  the  middle  by  broad  sinuses  acute  or  rounded  in  the  bottom, 
the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  dentate  with  remote  callous  tipped  teeth,  or  occa- 


Fig.  333 


sionally  coarsely  sinuate- toothed,  usually  cordate  or  sometimes  truncate,  or  cuneate  and 
decurrent  on  the  petiole  at  base,  thick  and  firm,  light  green  above,  paler  and  more  or  less 
thickly  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence  most  abundant  along  the  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  6'-10'  long  and  broad;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  l'-3'  in  length;  stipules  !'-!%' 
long,  entire  or  dentate,  often  persistent  until  spring.  Flowers :  peduncles  hoary-pubescent, 
bearing  usually  4  or  5  heads  of  staminate  flowers  and  2-7  heads  of  pistillate  flowers,  a  head 
of  the  staminate  flowers  occasionally  appearing  on  the  pistillate  peduncle  above  the  heads 
of  fertile  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  zigzag  glabrous  or  pubescent 
stems  6'-9'  in  length;  akene  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  ¥  long,  tomentose  while  young, 
becoming  glabrous. 

A  tree,  40°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  9°  in  diameter  above  the  broad  tapering 
base,  erect  and  free  of  branches  for  half  its  height,  more  often  divided  near  the  ground 
into  secondary  stems  erect,  inclining,  or  prostrate  for  20°-30°  at  their  base,  thick  heavy 
more  or  less  contorted  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  round-topped  head, 
and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  pale  deciduous  tomentum,  light  reddish  brown, 
and  marked  by  numerous  small  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  gradually  darker 
in  their  second  and  third  years;  usually  smaller,  writh  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter.  Winter- 
buds  nearly  %'  long.  Bark  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  3' -4'  thick,  dark  brown,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, writh  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  scales;  thinner, 
smooth,  and  pale,  or  almost  white  higher  on  the  trunk  and  on  the  branches. 

Distribution.     Banks  of  the  streams  of  western  California;   valley  of  the  upper  Sac- 


PLATANACE.E 


375 


ramento  River  (Tehama  County)  southward  through  the  interior  valleys,  along  the  west- 
ern foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  on  the  southern  coast  ranges;  and  on  Mount  San 
Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California;  exceedingly  common  in  all  the  valleys  of  the  California 
coast  ranges  from  Monterey  to  the  southern  borders  of  the  state,  and  ascending  the 
southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  3000°-4000°. 

3.  Platanus  Wrightii  S.  Wats.    Sycamore. 

Leaves  divided  by  narrow  sinuses  to  below  the  middle  and  sometimes  nearly  to  the 
center  into  3-7  but  usually  into  3-5  elongated  acute  lobes  entire,  or  dentate  with  callous- 
tipped  teeth,  or  occasionally  furnished  with  1  or  2  lateral  lobes,  sometimes  deeply  cordate 
by  the  downward  projection  of  the  lower  lobes,  or  often  truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  thin 
and  firm  in  texture,  light  green  and  glabrous  above,  covered  below  with  pale  pubescence, 
6'-8'  long  and  broad,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  primary  veins  connected  by  conspicuous 


Fig.  334 

reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  l|'-3'  in  length.  Flowers: 
peduncles  hoary-tomentose,  bearing  1-4  heads  of  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  on  slender  gla- 
brous stems  6'-8'  long,  about  f  in  diameter;  akenes  glabrous,  \'  long,  truncate  at  apex. 

A  tree,  often  60°-80°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  gradually  tapering 
and  free  of  branches  for  20°-30°,  or  with  a  trunk  divided  at  the  ground  into  2  or  3  large 
stems  usually  more  or  less  reclining  and  often  nearly  prostrate  for  15°-20°,  thick  con- 
torted branches,  the  lowest  growing  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  trunk  and  50°-60°  long, 
the  upper  usually  erect  at  first,  finally  spreading  into  a  broad  open  handsome  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  becoming 
glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  marked  by  minute  scattered  len- 
ticels,  and  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray,  and  gradually  darker  in  their  second 
or  third  year.  Winter-buds  hardly  more  than  $'  long.  Bark  at  the  base  of  the  trunk 
dark,  3'-4'  thick,  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  ridges,  and  covered  on  the 
surface  with  small  appressed  scales,  thinner  and  separating  into  large  scales  10°-15°  above 
the  ground,  and  gradually  passing  into  the  smooth  much  thinner  creamy  white  bark 
faintly  tinged  with  green  of  the  upper  branches. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  mountain  canons  of  southwestern  New  Mexico 
and  southern  Arizona;  in  northern  Arizona  in  Oak  Creek  Canon  near  Flagstaff  (P.  Lowell); 
and  in  Sonora;  the  largest  and  one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  on 
all  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  canons  up  to 
altitudes  of  ,5000°-60000  above  the  sea. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


XXII.  ROSACES. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  watery  juices,  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alternate 
leaves  (opposite  in  Lyonothamnus),  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5 
(0  in  Cercocarpus),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  with  the  numerous  distinct  stamens  on 
the  edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube;  anthers  introrse  (extrorse  in  Vauquelinia),  2-celled, 
the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  superior  in  Lyonothamnus  and  Heteromeles,  often 
partly  superior  in  Amelanchier;  ovules  2  in  each  cell  (1  in  Cowania  and  Cercocarpus,  4  in 
Lyonothamnus),  anatropous.  Seeds  without  albumen  (albuminous  in  Lyonothamnus  and 
Cowania) .  A  family  of  about  ninety  genera  chiefly  confined  to  the  temperate  parts  of  the 
world  and  producing  many  of  the  most  valuable  fruits,  including  the  apple,  pear,  quince, 
strawberry,  raspberry,  and  blackberry.  The  six  tribes  into  which  the  genera  of  the  family 
are  grouped,  have  arborescent  representatives  in  North  America. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Tribe  1.  SPIR^OIDE^:.  Fruit  a  woody  capsule. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymose  corymbs;  calyx-lobes  persistent;  ovary  5-celled;  ovules  as- 
cending; mature  carpels  adherent  below  and  opening  down  the  back;  albumen  0;  leaves 
simple.  1.  Vauquelinia. 

Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs;  calyx-lobes  deciduous;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules  4  in  each 
cell,  pendulous;  mature  carpels  opening  on  the  ventral  and  partly  on  the  dorsal  suture; 
albumen  thin;  leaves  opposite,  simple  or  pinnately  divided. 

2.  Lyonothamnus. 
Tribe  2.  POMOIDE^E.     Fruit  a  pome  composed  of  the  thickened  and  succulent  calyx- tube 

inclosing  the  papery  or  bony  carpels;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles. 
Mature  carpels  papery. 

Carpels  as  many  as  the  styles. 

Flowers  in  few-flowered  terminal  racemes  on  short  spur-like  lateral  branchlets;  ovary 
3-5-celled;  styles  more  or  less  united  below;  leaves  simple;  winter-buds  small. 

3.  Malus. 

Flowers  in  broad  compound  terminal  cymes;  ovary  2-4,  usually  3-celled;  styles 
distinct;  fruit  subglobose;  leaves  unequally  pinnate;  winter-buds  large. 

4.  Sorbus. 

Flowers  in  large  terminal  corymbose  panicles;  ovary  nearly  superior,  2-celled; 
styles  distinct;  fruit  obovoid.  5.  Heteromeles. 

Carpels  becoming  at  maturity  twice  as  many  as  the  styles;  flowers  in  erect  or  nodding 
racemes;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior;  styles  2-5,  more  or  less  united  below; 
fruit  subglobose  or  pyriform;  leaves  simple,  deciduous.  6.  Amelanchier. 

Mature  carpels  bony;  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  corymbs;  ovary  1-5-celled;  styles  dis- 
tinct; fruit  globose  to  pyriform;  leaves  simple,  deciduous.  7.  Cratsegus. 
Tribe  3.  DRYADS.     Calyx-tube  turbinate,  campanulate  or  hemispheric;  petals  5;  ovary 
composed  of  1  or  several  carpels;  fruit  an  akene  tipped  with  the  elongated  plumose 
style. 

Flowers  terminal  on  short  branchlets,  solitary;  calyx-tube  turbinate;  carpels  5-12;  leaves 

alternate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  8.  Cowania. 

Tribe  4.  CERCOCARP^E.     Calyx-tube  salver-shaped;  petals  0;  ovary  composed  of  a  single 

carpel;  fruit  an  akene,  tipped  with  the  elongated  plumose  style. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire  or  serrate.  9.  Cercocarpus. 

Tribe  5.  PRUNOIDE^E.     Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe;  ovary  1-celled;  style  terminal;  ovules 
pendulous. 
Flowers  in  fascicled  umbels,  or  racemes;  leaves  simple,  deciduous  or  persistent. 

10.  Prunus. 


ROSACEJE 


877 


Tribe  6.  CHRYSOBALANOIDE/E.     Fruit  a   1-seeded  drupe;    ovary  1-celled;  style  lateral, 

ovules  ascending. 
Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymose  panicles;  leaves  simple,  persistent. 

11.  Chrysobalanus, 

1.  VAUQUELINIA  Corr. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets  and  scaly  bark.  Leaves  alternate  or 
rarely  opposite,  lanceolate,  serrate,  long-petiolate,  reticulate-veined,  coriaceous,  persistent; 
stipules  minute,  acute,  deciduous.  Flowers  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  com- 
pound terminal  leafy  cymose  corymbs;  calyx  short-turbinate,  coriaceous,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  erect,  persistent;  petals  5,  orbicular  or  oblong,  white,  becom- 
ing reflexed,  persistent;  stamens  15-25,  inserted  in  3  or  4  series,  equal  or  semiequal,  those 
of  the  outer  row  opposite  the  petals;  filaments  subulate,  exserted,  persistent;  anthers  versa- 
tile, extrorse;  carpels  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  inserted  on  the  thickened  base  of  the  calyx- 
tube  and  united  below  into  a  5-celled  ovoid  tomentose  ovary  crowned  with  5  short  spread- 
ing styles  dilated  into  capitate  stigmas;  ovules  subbasilar,  ascending,  prolonged  at  the  apex 
into  thin  membrariaceous  wings;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior..  Fruit  a  woody  ovoid 
5-celled  tomentose  capsule  inclosed  at  the  base  by  the  remnants  of  the  flower,  the  mature 
carpels  adherent  below  and  at  maturity  splitting  down  the  back.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  as- 
cending, compressed;  testa  membranaceous,  expanded  into  a  long  terminal  membranaceous 
wing;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat;  radicle  straight,  erect. 

Vauquelinia  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  New  Mexico,  Arizona 
and  Lower  California  to  southern  Mexico.  Three  species  are  distinguished;  of  these  one 
inhabits  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  French  chemist  Louis  Nicholas  Vauquelin  (1763- 


1.  Vauquelinia  calif ornica  Sarg. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  abruptly  cuneate 
or  slightly  rounded  at  base,  and  remotely  serrate  with  minute  glandular  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  puberulous  above  and  densely  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  bright 


Fig.  335 


yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  and  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  l§'-3'  long, 
i'-j'  wide,  with  a  thick  conspicuous  midrib  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  and  numerous  thin 
primary  veins  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets;  deciduous  in  spring  or  early  summer;  petioles 
thick,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  June,  \'  in  diameter,  in  hoary-tomentose 
panicles  2'-3'  across;  petals  oblong;  inner  surface  of  the  disk  pilose.  Fruit  fully  grown  by 


378  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

the  end  of  August,  \'  long,  persistent  on  the  branches  after  opening  until  the  spring  of  the 
following  year;  conspicuous  from  the  contrast  of  the  bright  red  faded  petals  and  the  white 
silky  pubescence  of  the  calyx  and  carpels;  seed  yV  long,  and  one  third  as  long  as  its  wing. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  slender  often  hollow  trunk  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  rigid  upright 
contorted  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  bright  reddish  brown  and  more  or  less 
thickly  covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  brown  or  gray  in  their  second  year 
and  marked  by  large  elevated  leaf-scars;  or  more  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds:  axillary 
minute,  acuminate,  reddish  brown,  pubescent.  Bark  about  re'  thick,  dark  red-brown, 
and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  square  persistent  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  dark  rich  browrn  streaked  with  red,  with  14  or  15  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Bottoms  and  rocky  sides  of  gulches,  or  on  grassy  slopes;  mountain  ranges 
of  extreme  south  western  New  Mexico  (Guadalupe  Canon,  teste  E.  A.  Means},  southern 
Arizona,  Sonora,  and  Lower  California;  arborescent  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Arizona  on 
the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains  at  altitudes  of  about  5000°  above  the  sea. 

2.  LYONOTHAMNUS  A.  Gray. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  scaly  bark  exfoliating  in  long  strips,  stout  terrete  pubescent  ulti- 
mately glabrous  branchlets,  and  scaly,  acuminate  buds.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petiolate, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  finely  crenulate-serrate  or  serru- 
late lobulate  below  the  middle,  or  sometimes  irregularly  pinnately  parted  into  3-8  linear- 
lanceolate  remote  lobulate  segments,  coriaceous,  transversely  many-veined,  dark  green 
above,  paler  and  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  persistent;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  minute, 
caducous.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  terminal  pubescent  cymose 
corymbs,  with  minute  acute  persistent  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  hemispheric,  with 
1-3  bractlets,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  the  lobes  nearly  triangular,  slightly  keeled, 
apiculate,  persistent;  disk  10-lobed,  with  a  slightly  thickened  margin;  petals  5,  orbicular, 
sessile,  white;  stamens  15,  inserted  in  pairs  opposite  the  petals  and  singly  opposite  the 
sepals;  filaments  subulate,  incurved,  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  oblong,  2-celled,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally;  carpels  2,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  forming  a 
superior  glandular,  hairy  ovary;  styles  2,  spreading;  stigmas  capitate,  truncate;  ovules  4 
in  each  cell,  suspended;  micropyle  superior;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  of  2  woody  ovoid  glan- 
dular-setulose  carpels,  dehiscent  on  the  ventral  and  partly  dehiscent  on  the  dorsal  suture. 
Seeds  ovate-oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends;  seed-coat  light  brown,  thin  and  membranaceous; 
hilum  orbicular,  apical;  raphe  broad  and  wing-like;  cotyledons  oblong,  acuminate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  straight  radicle  directed  toward  the  hilum. 

Lyonothamnus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  found  only  on  the  islands  off  the  coast 
of  southern  California. 

Lyonothamnus,  in  honor  of  its  discoverer,  William  S.  Lyon. 

1.  Lyonothamnus  floribundus  A.  Gray.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  4'-8'  long,  |'  wide  when  entire,  or  4'  wide  when  pinnately  divided,  when  they 
unfold  covered  below  with  hoary  deciduous  tomentum,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above  and  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  pubescent  below,  with  an  orange-colored 
midrib.  Flowers  in  June  and  July,  \'-\r  in  diameter,  in  clusters  varying  from  4/-8/  across. 
Fruit  ripens  in  August  and  September,  iV  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  single  straight  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter, 
and  slender  branchlets  at  first  pale  orange  color  and  coated  with  deciduous  pubescence, 
becoming  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  bright  red  and  lustrous;  usually  shrubby,  with 
several  tall  stems,  or  in  exposed  situations  a  low  bush.  Bark  \'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and 
composed  of  numerous  thin  papery  layers,  forming  after  exfoliating  long  loose  strips  per- 
sistent on  the  stem.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  bright  clear  red  faintly  tinged 
with  orange. 


ROSACES  379 

Distribution.     Steep  slopes  of  canons  in  dry  rocky  soil;  on  the  islands  of  Santa  Catalina, 
Santa  Cruz,  San  Clemente,  Santa  Rosa,  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on 


Fig.  336 


the  northern  shores  of  Santa  Cruz;  on  Santa  Catalina  much  smaller  and  rarely  arborescent. 
Now  occasionally  cultivated  in  California. 

3.  MALUSHall.    Apple. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets,  small  obtuse  buds  covered  by  im- 
bricated scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet 
with  conspicuous  ring-like  scars,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud  in  the 
American  species,  simple,  often  incisely  lobed,  especially  those  near  the  end  of  vigorous 
branchlets,  petiolate,  deciduous,  the  petioles  in  falling  leaving  narrow  horizontal  scars 
marked  by  the  ends  of  three  equidistant  fibro- vascular  bundles;  stipules  free  from  the 
petioles,  filiform,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes,  with  filiform  de- 
ciduous bracts  and  bractlets,  on  short  lateral  spur-like  often  spinescent  branchlets;  calyx- 
tube  obconic,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  acuminate,  becoming  reflexed, 
persistent  and  erect  on  the  fruit  or  deciduous;  petals  rounded  at  apex,  contracted  below 
into  a  stalk-like  base,  white,  pink  or  rose  color;  stamens  usually  20  in  3  series,  those  of  the 
outer  series  opposite  the  petals;  carpels  3-5,  usually  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  united  into 
an  inferior  ovary;  styles  united  at  base;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  pome  with  homogeneous  flesh,  and  papery  carpels  joined  at 
apex,  free  in  the  middle;  seeds  2,  or  by  abortion  1  in  each  cell,  ovoid,  acute,  erect,  without 
albumen;  seed-coat  cartilaginous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons 
plano-convex,  fleshy;  radicle  short,  inferior.  Malus  is  confined  to  North  America  where 
nine  species  have  been  recognized,  to  western  and  southeastern  Europe,  and  to  central, 
southern,  and  eastern  Asia.  Of  exotic  species,  Malus  pumila  Mill,  of  southeastern  Europe 
and  central  Asia,  the  Apple-tree  of  orchards,  has  become  widely  naturalized  in  north- 
eastern North  America.  Several  of  the  species  of  eastern  Asia  and  their  hybrids  are  cul- 
tivated for  their  handsome  flowers,  or  for  then-  fruits,  the  Siberian  Crabs  of  pomologists. 

Malus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Apple-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Calyx  persistent  on  the  green  or  rarely  yellow  fruit  covered  with  a  waxy  exudation;  leaves 
of  vigorous  shoots  laterally  lobed;  anthers  dark  (Chloromeles). 
Leaves  glabrous  at  maturity. 


380 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Leaves  on  flowering  branchlets,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate. 

Leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  distinctly  lobed,  those  of  flowering  branchlets 

incisely  serrate  or  lobed. 

Leaves  subcordate,  with  the  lowest  pair  of  veins  springing  directly  from  the  base, 

light  green  on  the  lower  surface.  1.  M.  glabrata  (A). 

Leaves  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  the  lowest  pair  of  veins  at  some  distance  from 

the  base. 

Leaves  glaucescent  beneath,  thickish  at  maturity.     2.  M.  glaucescens  (A,  C). 
Leaves  light  green  on  the  lower  surface,  thin.  3.  M.  coronaria  (A,  C). 

Leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  only  slightly  lobed,  those  of  flowering  branch- 
lets  serrate. 

Leaves  oval-elliptic,  acute;  fruit  much  depressed,  distinctly  broader  than  high. 

4.  M.  platycarpa  (A,  C). 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  thin;  fruit  subglobose.  5.  M.  lancifolia. 

Leaves  on  flowering  branchlets  usually  rounded  at  apex,  those  at  the  end  of  vigorous 

shoots  only  slightly  lobed;  fruit  subglobose.  6.  M.  angustifolia  (A,  C). 

Leaves  tomentose  or  villose  at  maturity,  at  least  those  of  vigorous  shoots,  strongly 

veined. 

Calyx  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface;  leaves  of  flowering  branchlets  without  lobes,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  7.  M.  bracteata  (A,  C). 
Calyx  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;   leaves  usually  incisely  lobed, 
pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath,  rarely  glabrous.  8.  M.  ioensis  (A,  C). 
Calyx  deciduous  from  the  yellow  or  reddish  fruit  without  a  waxy  exudation;  leaves  of  vig- 
orous shoots  often  3-lobed  at  apex;  anthers  yellow  (Sorbomalus). 

9.  M.  fusca  (B,  G). 

1.  Malus  glabrata  Rehd.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  triangular-ovate  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  cordate  or  rarely  truncate 
at  base,  lobed  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  short-acute  or  short-acuminate  coarsely  serrate  lobes, 


Fig.  337 

when  they  unfold  bronze  color  and  sparingly  covered  with  caducous  hairs,  glabrous  when 
fully  expanded,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  2|'-3' 
long  and  2'-2|'  wide,  with  5-7  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins,  the  lowest  pair  from  the 
base  of  the  leaf;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  t'-lj'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  often  4'  long  and  3%'  wide.  Flowers  about  1  \'  in  diameter, 


ROSACES 


381 


on  slender  glabrous  purple  pedicels  f'-l \'  long,  in  4-7-flowered  clusters;  calyx- tube  purple 
and  glabrous,  the  lobes  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  longer  than  the  tube;  petals 
suborbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  below,  about  f '  wide,  often  erose- 
denticulate;  stamens  about  one  third  shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  slightly  longer  than 
the  stamens,  villose  below  the  middle.  Fruit  on  slender  pedicels  about  f '  in  length,  de- 
pressed globose,  slightly  angled,  distinctly  ribbed  at  the  deeply  impressed  apex,  about  lj' 
high  and  l£'  in  diameter,  with  a  deep  basal  cavity;  seed  obo void-oblong,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  1°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  often 
armed  with  stout  straight  spines  up  to  1^'  in  length,  and  glabrous  purple  branchlets,  be- 
coming purple-brown  and  slightly  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  dull  red-brown 
in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid, 
acute,  glabrous,  dark  purple-brown  up  to  \r  in  length. 

Distribution.  A  common  Crab  Apple  in  the  valleys  of  western  North  Carolina  at  al- 
titudes of  2000°-3500°;  near  Biltmore,  Buncombe  County,  Dillsboro,  Jackson  County,  and 
Highlands,  Macon  County. 

2.  Malus  glaucescens  Rehd.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  triangular-ovate  or  ovate,  acute,  short-acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  truncate 
or  rounded  at  base,  those  of  flowering  branchlets  more  or  less  lobed  and'  coarsely  serrate 
with  abruptly  acuminate  teeth,  their  lobes  triangular,  broad-ovate  and  abruptly  acumi- 


Fig.  338 

nate,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  usually  the  longest,  bronze  color  and  covered  with  thin  floccose 
tomentum  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  dull  yellowish  green  above,  glaucescent  below, 
l|'-3^'  long  and  1 |'-3'  wide,  with  4-7  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins;  turning  yellow  or 
dark  purple  and  falling  early  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  slightly  villose  at  first,  soon 
glabrous,  l|'-3'  in  length;  stipules  filiform,  purple,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose,  about  \' 
long;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  slightly  cor- 
date at  base,  often  deeply  lobed,  3'-3|'  long,  3'  wide,  with  petioles  l|'-2'  in  length. 
Flowers  1|'-1|'  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  f'-l|'  in  length,  in  usually 
5-7-flowered  clusters,  calyx-tube  coated  with  floccose  caducous  pubescence  or  glabrous, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  lobes  densely  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface; 
petals  oval,  abruptly  contracted  below  into  a  long  claw,  white  or  rose  color,  f '-f '  wide; 
stamens  about  one  third  shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens, 
densely  villose  below  and  united  at  base  for  about  one  fourth  of  their  length.  Fruit 


382 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


depressed  globose,  pale  yellow  when  ripe,  I'-ly'  high,  Ij'-lf '  in  diameter,  with  a  shallow 
only  slightly  corrugated  cavity  at  apex  and  a  shallow  concave  depression  at  base. 

An  arborescent  shrub  or  small  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  often  spreading  into  thickets, 
with  a  trunk  4'  or  5'  in  diameter,  spreading  spinescent  branches  forming  an  open  irregular 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  bright  red-brown 
in  their  first  and  second  years,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  and  marked  by  yellow  lenticels. 
Bark  dark  gray,  divided  by  shallow  longitudinal  fissures  and  finally  separating  into  small 
thin  scales. 

Distribution.  Glades  and  open  woods  in  rich  soil;  western  New  York  (Ontario,  Munroe, 
Cattaraugus  and  Erie  Counties)  to  southern  Ontario,  western  Pennsylvania  (near  Carnot, 
Allegheny  County);  and  southeastern  and  northern  Ohio;  Tiptop,  Tazewell  County,  Vir- 
ginia; near  Spruce  Pine,  Mitchell  County,  North  Carolina;  slopes  of  Lookout  Mountain, 
above  Valleyhead,  DeKalb  County,  Alabama;  apparently  most  generally  distributed  and 
most  abundant  in  Ohio. 

3.  Malus  coronaria  L.    Crab  Apple.    Garland  Tree. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  rounded,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  abruptly  short-pointed 
at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle, 
tinged  with  red  .and  villose-pubescent  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity 


Fig.  339 

yellow-green  above,  paler  below,  2'-3'  long  and  1|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  thin 
inconspicuous  primary  veins;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender, 
at  first  puberulous,  becoming  glabrous,  I'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
broad-ovate,  usually  lobed  with  short  acute  lobes,  more  coarsely  serrate,  thicker,  often  3'-4' 
long  and  2'-3'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and  stout  petioles  often 
tinged  with  red  and  l|'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  l|'-lf  in  diameter,  on  glabrous  pedicels 
%'-l'  long,  in  3-6-flowered  clusters:  calyx-tube  glabrous,  or  rarely  more  or  less  densely 
villose-pubescent  (var.  dasy calyx  Rehd.),  the  lobes  long-acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube, 
sparingly  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  ob- 
long-obovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  claw,  about  \'  wide;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  clothed  for  half  their  length  with  long  white  hairs  and 
united  at  the  base.  Fruit  on  slender  pedicels  l|'-2'  in  length,  green  when  fully  grown, 
yellow-green  at  maturity,  f '-!'  high  and  l'-lf  wide. 

A  tree,  often  forming  dense  thickets,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'- 14'  in  diameter,  divid- 
ing 8°-10°  above  the  ground  into  several  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  open 
head,  and  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubes- 
cent, bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  occasional  small  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  and 


ROSACE^E  383 

developing  in  their  second  year  stout,  spur-like,  somewhat  spinescent  lateral  branchlets. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  with  bright  red  scales  scarious  and  ciliate  on  the  dark  margins.  Bark 
s'  thick,  longitudinally  fissured,  the  outer  layer  separating  into  long  narrow  persistent  red- 
brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  red,  with  yellow  sapwood  of 
18-20  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  many  small  domestic 
articles. 

Distribution.  Western  New  York  to  southern  Ontario  and  westward  through  Ohio,  south- 
ern Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  southern  Wisconsin  to  Missouri  (Jackson  and  Butler 
Counties),  and  southward  through  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Delaware,  and  along  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains  to  North  Carolina,  sometimes  up  to  altitudes  of  3300°;  the  var.  dasycalyx 
common  and  widely  distributed  in  Ohio  (Lorain,  Clark,  Franklin,  Hardin  and  Lucas  Coun- 
ties, R.  E.  Horsey},  and  in  Wells  and  Porter  Counties,  Indiana  (C.  C.  Deam). 

Sometimes  planted  in  the  gardens  of  the  northern  and  eastern  states;  passing  into 

Malus  coronaria  var.  elongata  Rehd. 
Mains  elongata  Ashe. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  broad- 
cuneate  at  base,  incisely  serrate  or  slightly  lobed,  floccose-tomentose  when  they  unfold,  soon 
glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  lighter  below,  2'-3£'  long,  l'-li'  wide;  at  the  end  of  vig- 


Fig.  340 


orous  shoots  ovate,  rounded  or  broad  and  cuneate  at  base,  acuminate,  lobed  with  short 
acuminate  lobes,  3|'-4'  long,  2'-2|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and 
slightly  pubescent  orange-colored  petioles  l'-l|'  in  length.  Flowers  and  Fruit  as  in  the 
species. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  forming  dense  almost  impenetrable  thickets. 

Distribution.  Western  New  York  (Ontario,  Cattaraugus  and  Erie  Counties);  Virginia 
(on  Peak  Mountain,  Pulaski  County);  West  Virginia  (near  Elkins,  Randolph  County, 
and  WTiite  Sulphur  Springs,  Greenbrier  County),  and  westward  to  southern  Ohio  (Oberlin, 
Lorain  County);  North  Carolina  (near  Highlands,  Macon  County);  and  northeastern 
Georgia  (Rabun  County). 

4.  Malus  platycarpa  Rehd.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  rounded  apex  into  a  short  point, 
rounded  at  base,  and  sharply  usually  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  covered  with  long 


384 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


white  hairs  caducous  except  from  the  midrib  and  at  maturity  glabrous;  dark  yellow-green, 
lustrous,  and  slightly  rugulose  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3 ¥  long 
and  1|'-2|'  wide,  with  5-7  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  villose,  often 
becoming  nearly  glabrous,  I'-l^'  in  length;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  broad-ovate  and 
lobed  with  short  triangular  lobes  sometimes  4'  long  and  nearly  as  wide.  Flowers  about 
\y  in  diameter,  on  glabrous  pedicels  l%'-%¥  long,  in  3-6-flowered  clusters;  calyx-tube 
glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent  (var.  Hoopesii  Rehd.),  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
longer  than  the  tube,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  densely  tomentose  on  the  inner 
surface;  petals  orbicular-obovate,  usually  irregularly  incisely  dentate  and  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  base  into  a  short  claw,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base,  \'  to 


Fig.  341 


nearly  1'  wide;  stamens  slightly  shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  stamens, 'villose  below  the  middle  and  united  below  for  one  third  their  length.  Fruit 
on  slender  pedicels,  \\'-\\r  in  length,  depressed  globose  with  a  deep  cavity  at  base  and 
apex,  l^'-lf  high  and  2'-2|'  wide;  seeds  oblong-obovoid,  about  ¥  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'  or  5'  in  diameter,  spreading  unarmed  branches,  and 
branchlets  clothed  when  they  first  appear  with  thin  villose  tomentum,  becoming  by  the 
end  of  their  first  year  glabrous,  brown  or  purple-brown  and  lustrous,  dull  brown  in  their 
second  season,  and  ultimately  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous  except 
on  the  villose  margins  of  the  purplish  brown  scales,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Near  Franklin,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina;  Mercer  Springs,  Mercer 
County,  West  Virginia;  near  Olympia,  Bath  County,  Kentucky;  Youngstown,  Mahoning 
County,  Ohio  (R.  E.  Horsey}. 

5.  Malus  lancifolia  Rehd.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  apex,  rounded 
or  broad-cuneate  at  base,  finely  or  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  short  or  occasionally  with 
larger  teeth  pointing  forward,  covered  with  thin  floccose  tomentum  when  they  unfold, 
soon  glabrous,  bright  yellow-green,  l£'-3'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  8-10  pairs  of  veins;  petioles 
slender,  slightly  villose  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  £'-1'  in  length;  leaves  on  vigorous  shoots 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  slightly  lobed,  more  densely  pubescent  below,  2|'-3f '  long,  2'-2|' 
wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  4-7  pairs  of  veins  slightly  villose  through  the  season,  and 
stouter  petioles.  Flowers  li'-l|'  in  diameter,  in  3-6-flowered  clusters,  on  slender  glabrous 
pedicels  about  1|'  in  length;  calyx  glabrous,  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  coated  with  villose  tomentum  on  the  inner  surface; 


ROSACE^E 


385 


petals  contracted  into  a  long  narrow  claw,  glabrous,  white  or  rose  color,  \'  wide;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  densely  villose  below  the  middle.  Fruit  on  slender  droop- 
ing pedicels  about  I'  long,  subglobose,  l'-l|'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-1.5'  in  diameter,  spreading  spinescent  branches 
forming  an  open  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  or  nearly  gla- 


Fig.  342 


brous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and 
ultimately  gray-brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  brownish  gray,  divided  by  shallow  longitudinal 
fissures  and  separating  into  thin  plates. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  Pennsylvania  (Scranton,  Lackawanna  County)  to  the 
western  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  state,  and  southward  to  Randolph  and  Greenbrier 
Counties,  West  Virginia,  Pulaski  County  (on  Peak  Mountain),  Virginia,  and  to  the  moun- 
tains of  North  Carolina  up  to  altitudes  of  3200°,  and  westward  to  northeastern  Kentucky, 
through  southern  Ohio,  eastern  Indiana  (Delaware  County)  and  southern  Illinois  (Rich- 
land,  Jackson,  Gallatin  and  Pope  Counties);  Missouri  (Jackson  and  Wayne  Counties). 

C.  Malus  angustifolia  Michx.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  and  crenately  serrate,  hoary-tomentose  below  and  sparingly 
villose  above  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  or  occasionally  pubescent  on  the  midrib 
below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous  dull  green  on  the  upper  and  light  green  on  the  lower 
surface,  l'-2'  long,  \'-\'  wide;  turning  brown  in  drying;  petioles  slender,  at  first  villose, 
soon  glabrous,  £'-f  in  length;  stipules  linear,  rose-colored,  \'  long;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vig- 
orous shoots  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic,  usually  lobed  with  numerous  short  acute  lobes, 
or  coarsely  serrate,  usually  rounded  at  apex,  broad-cuneate  at  base,  at  maturity  glabrous, 
or  slightly  floccose-pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  2'-3'  long,  l£'-2' 
wide, with  stout  often  rose-colored  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles.  Flowers  about  V  in  diam- 
eter, very  fragrant,  on  slender  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  pedicels,  f'-l'  long,  in  mostly 


386 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


3-5-flowered  clusters;  calyx-tube  short  and  broad,  glabrous,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the 
tube,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  thickly  covered  with  hoary  tomentum  on  the  inner 
surface;  petals  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a  long  claw,  rose-colored, 
about  I'  wide;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  5,  united  at  base,  villose  below  the 
middle.  Fruit  depressed-globose,  pale  yellow-green,  f '-!'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  rigid  spreading  or  rarely 
slender  and  pendulous  (var.  pendula  Rehd.)  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and 
young  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  pale  caducous  pubescence,  soon  glabrous,  in  their 
first  winter  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  in  their  second  year  light  brown  and 
marked  by  occasional  orange-colored  lenticels.  Winter-buds  jV  long,  chestnut-brown, 


Fig.  343 

slightly  pubescent.  Bark  |'— J '  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  divided  by  deep  longitudi- 
nal fissures  into  narrow  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  persistent  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood; 
occasionally  employed  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools  and  other  small  objects.  The  fruit 
is  used  for  preserves. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Virginia  hi  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  southward  to 
western  Florida,  and  through  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi  to  western  Louisiana  (near 
Winnfield,  Winn  County);  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  ranging  inland  to  the  Appala- 
chian foothills  and  in  Mississippi  to  the  neighborhood  of  luka,  Tishomingo  County  in  the 
northeastern  corner  of  the  state;  in  southern  Illinois  (Pope  and  Johnson  Counties.  E.  J. 
Palmer) . 

7.  Malus  bracteata  Rehd. 

Leaves  elliptic-ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acute,  on  flowering  branchlets  sometimes  obtusish 
at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  serrate  or  incisely  serrate,  sometimes  slightly  lobed 
near  the  base,  covered  below  with  floccose  tomentum  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  and 
at  maturity  thin,  bright  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  light  green  below,  l|'-3'  long, 
I'-l^'  wide;  petioles  glabrous,  reddish  like  the  under  side  of  the  midrib,  |'-1'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  ovate,  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  usually  lobed  with  4  or 
5  pairs  of  short  acute  or  rounded  lobes,  more  thickly  tomentose  wrhen  they  unfold,  at  ma- 
turity thicker,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  often  3'-3^'  long  and  2'-2|' 
wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  petiole.  Flowers  I'-lj'  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous 
or  nearly  glabrous  pedicels,  in  3-5-flowered  clusters,  with  subulate  bractlets  i'— |'  long, 
often  persistent  until  after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  glabrous,  the  lobes  slightly  longer 
than  the  tube,  villose  on  the  inner  surface:  petals  oval,  narrowed  into  a  slender  claw,  deep 


ROSACE^E 


387 


pink,  fV— I'  wide;  stamens  about  one  third  shorter  than  the  petals;  styles  slightly  shorter 
than  the  stamens,  united  at  base  and  villose  below  for  a  third  of  their  length.  Fruit  de- 
pressed-globose, with  a  shallow  basal  cavity  and  a  shallow  slightly  corrugated  cavity  at 
apex,  slightly  viscid,  f'-l'  high  and  I'-lf '  wide. 


Fig.  344 


A  tree,  15°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  6'  or  7'  in  diameter,  thick  branches  forming  a 
broad  often  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  branchlets  red  and  glabrous  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, becoming  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  and  dull  red- 
brown  and  armed  with  occasional  stout  spines  or  unarmed  the  following  year,  the  vigorous 
shoots  more  or  less  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  or  often  densely  pubes- 
cent until  autumn.  Winter-buds  red-brown,  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent.  Bark  dark 
brown  and  broken  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Missouri  (Allenton,  St.  Louis  County,  and  Campbell,  Dunklin  County); 
northern  Kentucky  (Fordsville,  Ohio  County) ;  Tennessee,  without  locality:  North  Carolina 
(Biltmore,  Buncombe  County,  near  Highlands,  Macon  County,  up  to  altitudes  of  3500°,  and 
Abbottsburg,  Bladen  County) ;  Georgia  (Dillard,  Rabun  County,  near  Augusta,  Richmond 
County);  Florida  (River  Junction,  Gadsden  County). 

8.  Malus  ioensis  Britt.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  or  oblong-obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  crenately  serrate,  and  often  slightly  lobed  with  acute  or 
rounded  lobes,  hoary -tomentose  below  and  floccose-pubescent  above  when  they  unfold,  and 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and 
tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous  below,  2£'-4'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and 
primary  veins;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  hoary- tomen- 
tose in  early  spring,  becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow 
base,  often  deeply  lobed,  covered  below  through  the  season  with  floccose  easily  detached 
tomentum,  often  4'  or  5'  long  and  3'  or  4'  wide,  with  a  thick  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and 
stout  hoary-tomentose  petioles  f'-l'  in  length.  Flowers  l|'-2'  in  diameter,  on  villose  pu- 
bescent pedicels  l'-l|'  long,  in  3-6-flowered  clusters;  calyx  covered  with  hoary  tomentum, 
the  lobes  narrow,  rather  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  below 
into  a  long  slender  claw,  rose  color  or  white,  about  |'  wide;  stamens  shorter  than  the  pet- 
als; styles  5,  united  at  base,  covered  below  for  a  third  of  their  length  with  long  white  hairs. 


388 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fruit  on  stout  tomentose  or  villose  stems  l'-l|'  long,  depressed  globose,  with  shallow  basal 
and  apical  depressions,  green  or  greenish  yellow,  f'-l'  high,  and  l'-lj'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming 
a  wide  open  head,  and  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous  or 


Fig.  345 

slightly  pubescent,  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  occasional  small  pale  lenticels  in  their 
first  winter,  the  lateral  branchlets  usually  spinescent.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  pu- 
bescent above  the  middle.  Bark  Y  thick,  covered  with  long  narrow  persistent  red-brown 
scales. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Minnesota  to  Iowa,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  Missouri,  and 
through  southern  Wisconsin  and  Illinois  to  Huntington  County,  Indiana.  Passing  into 
var.  Palmeri  Rehd.,  differing  from  the  type  in  its  smaller  oblong  more  thinly  pubescent 
leaves  usually  rounded  at  apex,  those  of  the  flowering  branchlets  crenately  serrate  and  not 
lobed;  a  small  tree  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  slender  stem,  spiny  zigzag  branches 
and  stout  branchlets  densely  tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  or 
nearly  glabrous  and  reddish  or  gray-brown  at  the  end  of  their  first  season;  the  common  form 
in  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  eastern  Oklahoma.  On  the  Edwards  Plateau,  in  western  Texas 
(Blanco,  Kendall,  and  Kerr  Counties)  M.  ioensis  is  represented  by  the  var.  texana  Rehd., 
differing  in  its  smaller  and  broader  leaves  only  slightly  or  not  at  all  lobed  and  densely  villose 
through  the  season;  usually  an  intricately  branched  shrub  forming  large  dense  thickets. 
A  shrub  from  Campbell,  Dunklin  County,  southeastern  Missouri,  with  small  leaves  and 
flowers,  a  glabrescent  calyx,  and  long  slender  flexible  branches  armed  with  numerous  long 
straight  spines  is  distinguished  as  var.  spinosa  Rehd.  A  variety  with  elliptic-ovate  to 
oblong-ovate  leaves  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  nearly  entire  or  crenately  serrate, 
pubescent  below  at  least  on  the  veins,  with  densely  villose  petioles  is  distinguished  as  var. 
creniserrata  Rehd.;  a  small  tree  with  slender  spineless  branchlets  villose  while  young;  near 
Pineville,  Rapides  Parish,  and  Crowly,  Arcadia  Parish,  western  Louisiana.  A  variety 
with  less  deeply  lobed  glabrescent  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  is  distinguished  as  var.  Bushii 
Rehd. ;  Williamsville,  Wayne  County,  and  Monteer,  Shannon  County,  southern  Missouri. 

Malus  ioensis  var.  plena  Rehd.,  the  Bechtel  Crab,  a  form  with  large  rose-colored  double 
flowers  is  a  favorite  garden  plant. 

X  Malus  Soulardii  Britt.  with  ovate,  elliptic  or  obovate  usually  obtuse  leaves,  rugose 
and  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  and  depressed-globose  fruit  2'-2f  in  diameter,  is  be- 
lieved to  be  a  hybrid  of  Malus  ioensis  and  Malus  pumila. 


ROSACES  389 

!).  Malus  fusca  Schn.    Crab  Apple. 
Malus  rivularis  Roem. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base, 
sharply  serrate  with  appressed  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly  3-lobed,  when  they  un- 
fold pubescent  on  the  lower  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  glabrous  below,  l'-4'  long, 
f '-If  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  vein- 
lets;  before  falling  in  the  autumn  turning  bright  orange  and  scarlet;  petioles  stout,  rigid, 


Fig.  346 

pubescent,  I'-l?'  in  length;  stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  £'-$'  long;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  ovate  to  obovate,  acuminate,  often  3-lobed  above  the  middle, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  2|'-3^'  long  and  wide,  with  petioles  often  2'  in  length.  Flowers 
f '  in  diameter  on  slender  pubescent  or  glabrous  pedicels,  ^'-f '  long,  in  short  many-flowered 
clusters;  calyx-tube  deciduous  from  the  mature  fruit,  glabrous,  puberulous  or  tomentose, 
the  lobes  rather  longer  than  the  tube,  minutely  apiculate,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  hoary- 
tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  orbicular  to  obovate,  erose  or  undulate  on  the  mar- 
gins, abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  claw,  j'  wide,  white  or  rose  color;  styles  2-4,  glabrous. 
Fruit  obovoid-oblong,  |'-f '  long,  yellow-green,  light  yellow  flushed  with  red  or  sometimes 
nearly  red;  flesh  thin  and  dry. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  long  pale  hairs  soon  deciduous  or  persistent  until  the  autumn,  becoming  bright 
red  and  lustrous,  and  later  dark  brown,  and  marked  by  minute  remote  pale  lenticels;  often 
a  shrub  with  numerous  slender  stems.  Winter-buds  iV  long,  chestnut-brown,  the  inner 
scales  at  maturity  lanceolate,  usually  bright  red,  and  nearly  \'  in  length.  Bark  \'  thick, 
and  covered  by  large  thin  loose  light  red-brown  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  20-30  layers 
of  annual  growth;  used  for  mallets,  mauls,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  the  bearings  of  ma- 
chinery. The  fruit  has  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams,  often  forming  almost  im- 
penetrable thickets  of  considerable  extent;  Aleutian  Islands  southward  along  the  coast  and 
islands  of  Alaska  and  British  Columbia  to  Sonoma  and  Plumas  Counties,  California;  of  its 
largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western  Europe. 

X  Malus  Dawsoniana  Rehd.,  a  hybrid  of  Malus  fusca  and  a  form  of  M.  pumila,  has  been 
raised  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum  from  seeds  collected  in  Oregon. 


390  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

4.  SORBUSL.    Mountain  Ash. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  aromatic  bark,  stout  terete  branchlets,  large  buds  covered 
by  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet  by 
conspicuous  ring-like  scars,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate  in  the  Ameri- 
can species,  the  pinnae  con  duplicate  in  the  bud,  serrate,  deciduous;  stipules  free  from  the 
petioles,  foliaceous.  Flowers  in  broad  terminal  leafy  cymes;  calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  rounded,  abruptly  narrowed  below,  white; 
stamens  usually  20  in  3  series,  those  of  the  outer  series  opposite  the  petals;  carpels  2-5, 
usually  3;  styles  usually  3,  distinct;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle 
inferior.  Fruit  a  small  subglobose  red  or  orange-red  pome  with  acid  flesh,  and  papery 
carpels  free  at  the  apex.  Seeds  2,  or  by  abortion  1,  in  each  cell,  ovoid,  acute,  erect;  seed- 
coat  cartilaginous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons  plano-convex, 
flat;  radicle  short,  inferior. 

Sorbus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  and  elevated  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere  with  three  or  four  species  in  North  America  of  which  one  is  arborescent,  and 
with  many  species  in  eastern  Asia  and  in  Europe.  Of  the  exotic  species,  Sorbus  Aucu- 
paria  L.,  the  common  European  Mountain  Ash,  or  Rowan-tree,  with  several  of  its 
varieties  and  hybrids,  is  often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Canada  and  the 
northern  states  and  has  become  sparingly  naturalized  northward. 

Sorbus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Pear  or  of  the  Service-tree. 

1 .  Sorbus  americana  Marsh. 

Leaves  6'-8'  long,  with  13-17  lanceolate  acute  taper-pointed  leaflets  unequally  cuneate 
or  rounded  and  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate  above  with  acute  often  glandular  teeth, 
sessile  or  short-stalked,  or  the  terminal  leaflet  on  a  stalk  sometimes  \'  long,  when  .they  un- 


Fig.  347 


fold  slightly  pubescent  below,  at  maturity  membranaceous,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green, 
on  the  upper  surface,  and  paler  or  glaucescent  and  rarely  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
2'-4^'  long,  i-1'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  thin  veins;  turning  bright  clear 
yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  petioles  grooved,  dark  green  or  red,  2'-3'  in  length,  the 
rachis  often  furnished  with  tufts  of  dark  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  petiolules;  stipules 
broad,  nearly  triangular,  variously  toothed,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves 
are  fully  grown,  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  flat  cymes  3'-4'  across,  with  acute 
minute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  broadly  obconic  and  puberulous,  with  short, 


ROSACE^E 


391 


nearly  triangular  lobes  tipped  with  minute  glands  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  nearly 
orbicular  creamy  white  petals.  Fruit  \'  in  diameter,  subglobose  or  slightly  pyriform, 
bright  orange-red,  with  thin  flesh;  seeds  pale  chestnut  color,  rounded  at  apex,  acute  at 
base,  about  -|'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a.  trunk  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading  slender 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  pubescent  at  first, 
soon  glabrous,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  marked  by  the 
large  leaf-scars  and  by  oblong  pale  remote  lenticels,  and  darker  in  their  second  year,  the 
thin  papery  outer  layer  of  bark  then  easily  separable  from  the  bright  green  fragrant  inner 
layers;  more  often  a  tall  or  sometimes  a  low  shrub,  with  numerous  stems.  Winter-buds 
acute,  i'-f  long,  with  dark  vinous  red  acuminate  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  more  or 
less  pilose,  covered  with  a  gummy  exudation,  the  inner  scales  hoary-tomentose  in  the  bud. 
Bark  \'  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  gray  surface  irregularly  broken  by  small  appressed 
plate-like  scales.  Wood  close-grained,  light,  soft  and  weak,  pale  brown,  with  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  astringent  fruit  is  employed  domestically 
in  infusions  and  decoctions,  and  in  homoeopathic  remedies. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  rocky  hillsides;  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba 
and  southward  through  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  Quebec  and  Ontario,  the 
elevated  portions  of  the  northeastern  United  States  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  to 
Minnesota,  and  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  western  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia 
to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  in  North  Carolina  ascending  to  altitudes  of  nearly 
6000°;  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior; 
in  the  United  States,  except  in  New  England,  more  often  a  shrub  than  a  tree;  on  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains  usually  low,  with  narrower  leaflets  and  smaller  fruit  than  northward. 

Often  cultivated  in  Canada  and  the  northeastern  States  for  the  beauty  of  its  fruit  and 
the  brilliancy  of  its  autumn  foliage.  Of  its  forms  the  most  distinct  is 

Sorbus  americana  var.  decora  Sarg. 
Pyrun  .lambucifolia  A.  Gray,  not  Cham,  and  Schlecht. 
Pyrus  americana  var.  decora  Sarg. 
Sorbus  decora  Schn. 

Sorbus  scopulina  Britt.,  in  part,  not  Greene. 
Pyrus  sitchensis  Rob.  and  Fern.,  not  Piper. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  with  7-13  oblong-oval  to  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  blunt  and  rounded, 
abruptly  short-pointed  or  acuminate  at  apex,  pubescent  below  as  they  unfold,  at  matu- 


Fig.  348 


392  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rity  glabrous,  dark  bluish  green  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  on  the  lower  surface;  petioles 
stout,  usually  red  l£'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  in  rather  narrower  clusters,  ap- 
pearing eight  to  ten  days  later  than  those  of  the  type.  Fruit  subglobose,  bright  orange- 
red,  often  \'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  spreading 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  handsome  head. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Labrador  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  Minne- 
sota, southward  to  the  mountains  of  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  New  York. 
Distinct  in  its  extreme  forms  but  connected  with  Sorbus  americana  by  intermediate  forms. 

This  variety  of  Sorbus  americana,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus  when  the 
large  and  brilliant  fruits  cover  the  branches  in  autumn  and  early  winter,  occasionally 
finds  a  place  in  the  gardens  of  eastern  Canada  and  the  northern  states. 

5.  HETEROMELES  Roem. 

A  tree,  with  smooth  pale  aromatic  bark,  stout  terete  branchlets  pubescent  or  puberu- 
lous  while  young,  acute  winter-buds  covered  by  loosely  imbricated  red  scales,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  sharply  and  remotely  serrate  with 
rigid  glandular  teeth,  or  rarely  almost  entire,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below, 
feather- veined,  with  a  broad  midrib  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  petiolate  with 
stout  petioles  often  furnished  near  the  apex  with  1  or  2  slender  glandular  teeth ;  stipules 
free  from  the  petioles,  subulate,  rigid,  minute,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  on  short  stout 
pedicels,  in  ample  tomentose  terminal  corymbose  leafy  panicles,  then-  bracts  and  bract- 
lets  acute,  minute,  usually  tipped  with  a  small  gland,  caducous;  calyx-tube  turbinate, 
tomentose  below7,  glabrate  above,  the  lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  spreading,  persistent; 
disk  cup-shaped,  obscurely  sulcate;  petals  flabellate,  erose-denticulate  or  emarginate  at 
apex,  contracted  below  into  a  short  broad  claw,  thick,  glabrous,  pure  white;  stamens  10, 
inserted  in  1  rowr  with  the  petals  in  pairs  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  subulate, 
incurved,  anthers  oblong-ovoid,  emarginate;  carpels  2,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  and 
slightly  united  into  a  subglobose  tomentose  nearly  superior  ovary;  styles  distinct,  slightly 
spreading,  enlarged  at  apex  into  abroad  truncate  stigma;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending; 
raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  obovoid,  fleshy,  the  thickened  calyx-tube  con- 
nate to  the  middle  only  with  the  membranaceous  carpels  coated  above  with  long  white 
hairs  filling  the  cavity  closed  by  the  infolding  of  the  thickened  persistent  calyx-lobes, 
their  tips  erect  and  crowning  the  fruit.  Seed  usually  solitary  in  each  cell,  ovoid,  obtuse, 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  slightly  punctate,  light  brown; 
hilum  orbicular,  conspicuous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano- 
convex; radicle  short,  inferior. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  western  North  America. 

The  generic  name,  from  erepos  and  w\ov,  is  in  reference  to  its  difference  from  related 
genera. 

1.  Heteromeles  arbutifolia  Roem.    Tollon.    Toyon. 

Leaves  appearing  with  the  flowers  in  early  summer,  3'-4'  long,  I'-lf  wide,  usually 
persistent  during  at  least  two  winters;  petioles  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  from 
June  to  August  in  clusters  4 '-6'  across  and  often  more  or  less  hidden  by  young  lateral 
branchlets  rising  above  them.  Fruit  ripening  in  November  and  December,  mealy,  as- 
tringent and  acid,  scarlet  or  rarely  yellow,  ^'  long,  remaining  on  the  branches  until  late  in 
the  winter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  dividing  a  few 
feet  above  the  ground  into  many  erect  branches  forming  a  handsome  narrow  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  in  their  first  winter 
dark  red  and  slightly  puberulous,  ultimately  becoming  darker  and  glabrous.  Winter-buds 
j'  long.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light  gray,  with  a  generally  smooth  surface  roughened  by  ob- 


BOSACE.E  393 

scure  reticulate  ridges.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  7  or  8  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  fruit-covered  branches 
are  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  used  in  California  in  Christmas  decorations. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams  or  on  dry  hills  and  especially 
on  their  northern  slopes,  and  often  on  steep  sea-cliffs;  California:  coast  region  from  Men- 
docino  County  to  Lower  California;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  islands  off 


Fig.  349 


the  California  coast;  on  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  on  the  San  Bernardino 
Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  2000°  above  the  sea  and  usually  shrubby;  very  abundant 
and  forming  groves  of  considerable  extent  on  the  island  of  Santa  Catalina. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  California,  and  rarely  in  the  countries 
of  southern  Europe. 

6.  AMELANCHIER  Med. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets,  acute  or  acuminate  buds, 
with  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  and  bright-colored,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  alternate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  entire  or  serrate,  penniveined, 
petiolate,  deciduous;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles,  linear,  elongated,  rose  color,  cadu- 
cous. Flowers  in  erect  or  terminal  racemes,  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels  developed 
from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acuminate  pink  deciduous  bracts;  calyx-tube  campanulate 
or  urceolate,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  recurved,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  disk  green, 
entire  or  crenulate,  nectariferous;  petals  white,  obovate-oblong,  spatulate  or  ligulate, 
rounded,  acute  or  truncate  at  apex,  gradually  contracted  below  into  a  short  slender  claw; 
stamens  usually  20,  inserted  in  3  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  opposite  the  petals;  filaments 
subulate,  persistent  on  the  fruit,  anthers  oblong;  ovary  inferior  or  superior,  more  or  less 
adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  the  summit  glabrous  or  tomentose,  5-celled,  each  cell  incom- 
pletely divided  by  a  false  partition;  styles  2-5,  connate  below,  spreading  and  dilated 
above  into  a  broad  truncate  stigma;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  erect;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
subglobose  or  pyriform,  dark  blue  or  bluish  black,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
open  at  the  summit,  the  cavity  surrounded  by  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  remnants 
of  the  filaments;  flesh  sweet,  dry  or  juicy;  carpels  membranaceous,  free  or  connate,  gla- 
brous, or  villose  at  apex.  Seeds  10  or  often  5  by  the  abortion  of  1  of  the  ovules  in  each 
cell,  ovoid-ellipsoid;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  mucilaginous;  embryo 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano-convex;  radicle  inferior. 

Amelanchier  is  widely  distributed  with  many  species  through  the  temperate,  northern 


394 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  mountainous  regions  of  eastern  and  western  North  America;  it  occurs  with  one  species 
in  southern  Europe,  northern  Africa  and  southwestern  Asia,  and  with  another  in  central 
and  western  China  and  Japan.  Only  three  species,  all  North  American,  attain  the  habit 
and  size  of  trees.  The  fruit  of  nearly  all  the  species  is  more  or  less  succulent,  and  several 
are  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  early  and  conspicuous  flowers,  and  oc- 
casionally for  their  fruit.  The  name  is  of  doubtful  origin. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  finely  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex;  flowers  on  elongated  pedicels  in  nodding 
racemes;  summit  of  the  ovary  glabrous;  winter-buds  lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 
Leaves  densely  white  tomentose  while  young;  flowers  appearing  before  or  as  the  leaves 
unfold  in  silky  tomentose  racemes;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acuminate  or  nearly  triangu- 
lar and  acute;  fruit  dry  and  tasteless.  1.  A.  canadensis  (A). 
Leaves  slightly  pubescent  as  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous,  dark  red-brown  while  young; 
flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves  are  nearly  half  grown  in  glabrous  racemes;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate  or  subulate,  long-acuminate;  fruit  sweet  and  succulent. 

2.  A.  laevis  (A). 

Leaves  coarsely  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  rounded  at  apex,  oblong-ovate 
or  oval;  flowers  on  shorter  pedicels  in  short  erect  or  spreading  racemes;  summit  of  the 
ovary  covered  with  hoary  tomentum;  winter-buds  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate.  3.  A.  florida  (F,  C,  G). 

1.  Amelanchier  canadensis  Med.    Service  Berry.    Shad  Bush. 
Amelanchier  canadensis  var.  tomentula  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate-oval,  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate  and 
often  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded,  slightly  cordate  or  occasionally  cuneate 
at  base,  and  finely  serrate  with  acuminate  teeth  pointing  forward;  thickly  coated  when 


Fig.  350 


they  unfold  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  more  or  less  densely  pale  pubescent  below 
until  midsummer,  later  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  yellowish  green  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  usually  2'-4'  long  and  !'-#'  wide,  southward 
sometimes  up  to  6'  in  length,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  thin  primary  veins;  petioles 
slender,  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  usually  becoming  glabrous  by  midsummer,  H'-2'  in 


HOSACE.E  395 

length.  Flowers  \'-}-,'  long,  appearing  in  early  spring  before  or  as  the  leaves  unfold,  on 
pedicels  i'-|'  in  length,  in  short  nodding  silky  tomentose  racemes,  their  bracts  and  bract- 
lets  linear-lanceolate,  villose,  bright  red;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous  or  densely 
hoary-tonientose,  the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate  or  nearly  triangular  and  acute,  glabrous  or 
hoary-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed  after  the 
petals  fall;  petals  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  nearly  truncate  at  apex,  about  £'  wide; 
summit  of  ovary  glabrous.  Fruit  ripening  in  June  and  July,  maroon-purple,  dry  and 
tasteless,  about  \'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  erect  and 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  thickly 
covered  when  they  first  appear  with  long  white  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  bright  red-brown 
during  their  first  year,  becoming  darker  in  their  second  season,  and  marked  by  numerous 
pale  lenticels;  usually  smaller,  and  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  sometimes  a 
shrub  only  a  few  feet  tall.  Winter-buds  green  tinged  with  brown,  \'-\'  long,  about  TV 
thick.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  dark  ashy  gray,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  longitudinal 
ridges  covered  by  small  persistent  scales. 

Distribution.  At  the  north  usually  on  dry  exposed  hills,  on  the  borders  of  woods  and 
in  fence  rows,  southward  often  on  the  banks  of  .streams  and  the  borders  of  swamps;  valley 
of  the  Penobscot  River  (Winn  and  Milford,  Penobscot  County)  and  Washington  County 
(Pembroke,  M.  L.  Fernald),  Maine;  Quebec  (near  Longueuil,  Bro.  M.  Victorin);  valley 
of  the  Connecticut  River  (central  Vermont,  southern  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut),  and  westward  through  western  Massachusetts,  New  York,  southern  On- 
tario, southern  Ohio,  southern  Michigan,  and  Indiana  and  Illinois;  in  central  Iowa  and 
southeastern  Nebraska  (Nemaha  County,  J.  M.  Bates),  and  southward  to  western  Florida, 
southern  Alabama,  south  central  Mississippi,  Louisiana  westward  to  St.  Landry  Parish 
(near  O'pelousas,  R.  S.  Cocks),  northwestern  Arkansas  and  northeastern  Oklahoma;  rare 
and  of  small  size  in  the  south  Atlantic  coast-region ;  ascending  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  altitudes  of  about  2200°,  not  common;  abundant  and  probably  of  its  largest 
size  in  western  New  York  and  southern  Michigan. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  and  the  first  of  all  the  cultivated  species  to  flower  in  the  spring. 

2.  Amelanchier  laevis  Wieg.    Service  Berry. 
Amelanchier  canadensis  of  many  authors,  in  part,  not  L. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  rarely  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  abruptly 
short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  and  occasionally  slightly  cordate  or  rarely  cuneate  at 
base,  and  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  with  subulate  callous-tipped  teeth,  covered  when 
they  unfold  with  long  matted  pale  hairs  more  abundant  on  the  lower  surface  than  on  the 
upper  surface,  soon  glabrous,  dark  red-brown  until  nearly  half  grown,  and  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  slightly  glaucous  above,  paler  below,  usually  2'-2|'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide, 
rarely  3' '-3|'  long  and  not  more  than  1'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  primary  veins, 
rarely  deep  green  and  lustrous  above  (f.  nitida  Wieg.);  petioles  slender,  slightly  villose 
at  first,  soon  glabrous,  %'-!'  in  length.  Flowers  i'-f'  long,  appearing  when  the  leaves  are 
nearly  half  grown  on  pedicels  |'-1'  in  length,  in  open  few-flowered  nodding  racemes,  be- 
coming much  lengthened  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  linear-lanceo- 
late, slightly  villose,' tinged  with  rose  color;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
lanceolate  or  subulate,  long-acuminate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  on  the 
inner  surface,  usually  reflexed  before  the  petals  fall;  petals  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at 
apex,  about  $'  wide;  summit  of  the  ovary  glabrous.  Fruit  ripening  in  June  and  July,  obo- 
void  to  subglobose,  usually  rather  broader  than  long,  about  |'  in  diameter,  purple  or 
nearly  black,  glaucous,  sweet  and  succulent,  on  pedicels  often  l|'-2'  in  length. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°-40°  high,  often  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  red- 
dish brown  when  they  first  appear,  rather  darker  during  their  first  winter  and  dull  grayish 


396 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


brown  in  their  second  season,  and  marked  by  small  dark  lenticels;  at  the  north  often  a 
shrub  sometimes  only  a  few  feet  high.  Winter-buds  \'  long,  about  j1^'  thick,  green  tinged 
with  red,  the  inner  scales  lanceolate,  bright  red  above  the  middle,  ciliate  with  silky  white 
hairs,  and  sometimes  1'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown, 
divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  longitudinal  ridges  and  covered  by  small  persistent 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  brown  sometimes 
tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  oc- 
casionally used  for  the  handles  of  tools  and  other  small  implements. 


Fig.  351 

Distribution.  Cool  ravines  and  hillsides;  Newfoundland,  through  the  maritime  prov- 
inces of  Canada,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  northern  Wisconsin,  and  southward  through 
New  England,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to 
northern  Georgia;  on  the  North  Carolina  Mountains  ascending  to  altitudes  of  5500°; 
common  and  generally  distributed  at  the  north  and  in  New  England,  New  York  and 
through  the  Appalachian  forests;  the  forma  nitida  only  in  Newfoundland. 

Occasionally  cultivated  and  very  beautiful  in  spring  with  its  abundant  pure  white  flow- 
ers and  conspicuous  red-brown  leaves. 


3.  Amelanchier  florida  Lindl.    Service  Berry. 

Amelanchier  alnifolia  Sarg.,  probably  not  Nutt. 
Amelanchier  Cusickii  Fern. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oval  or  ovate,  or  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate  or 
occasionally  broad-obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate 
at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  only  above  the  middle  with  straight  teeth;  when  they  unfold 
often  tinged  with  red  and  sometimes  floccose-pubescent  below,  usually  soon  glabrous,  at 
maturity  thin,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  rarely  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  l|'-2|'long,  and  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  about  ten  pairs  of  primary 
veins;  petioles  slender,  at  first  glabrous  or  puberulous  becoming  glabrous,  ^'-1'  in  length. 
Flowers  £'-f'  long,  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown  on  pedicels  |'-j' 
in  length,  in  short  crowded  erect  glabrous  or  pubescent  racemes,  their  bracts  and  bractlets 
scarious,  slightly  villose;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  the  lobes  ovate, 
long-acuminate,  glabrous  or  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  or  rarely  nearly 
glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  soon  reflexed;  petals  oblong-obovate  gradually  narrowed  or 
broad  at  the  rounded  apex,  \'-\'  wide;  summit  of  the  ovary  densely  tomentose.  Fruit 


ROSACES  397 

usually  ripening  in  July,  on  pedicels  |'-f '  long,  in  short  nearly  erect  or  spreading  racemes, 
short-oblong  or  ovoid,  dark  blue,  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  \'  to  nearly 
I'  in  diameter,  sweet  and  succulent. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  small  erect 
and  spreading  branches  forming  an  oblong  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  glabrous,  pu- 
bescent or  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  bright  red-brown  and  usually  glabrous  dur- 
ing their  first  season,  rather  darker  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown; 
more  often  a  large  or  small  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  acute  or  acuminate, 


Fig.  352 

dark  chestnut-brown,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  £'-$'  long,  scales  of  the  inner  ranks  ovate, 
acute,  brightly  colored,  coated  with  pale  silky  hairs,  -£'-£'  l°ng-  Bark  about  \'  thick, 
smooth  or  slightly  fissured,  and  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  light  brown.  The  nutritious  fruit  was  an  important  article  of  food  with 
the  Indians  of  northwestern  America,  who  formerly  gathered  and  dried  it  in  large  quantities. 
Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Yukon  River  (near  Dawson)  and  Wrangell,  Alaska,  and 
southward  to  the  coast  region  of  British  Columbia,  and  southward  in  Washington  and 
Oregon  possibly  to  northern  California,  ranging  east  in  the  United  States  to  western 
Idaho,  and  probably  to  the  northern  Rocky  Mountain  region;  its  range,  like  that  of  the 
other  species  of  western  North  America,  still  very  imperfectly  known. 

7.  CRATJEGUS.  Hawthorn. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  dark  scaly  bark,  rigid  terete  more  or  less  zigzag  branchlets 
marked  by  oblong  mostly  pale  lenticels,  and  by  small  horizontal  slightly  elevated  leaf- 
scars,  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  red  or  orange-brown  and  lustrous  or 
gray,  rarely  unarmed  or  armed  with  stout  or  slender  short  or  elongated  axillary  simple  or 
branched  spines  generally  similar  in  color  to  that  of  the  branches  or  trunk  on  which  they 
grow,  often  bearing  while  young  linear  elongated  caducous  bracts,  and  usually  producing 
at  their  base  one  or  rarely  two  buds  often  developing  the  following  year  into  a  branch,  a 
leaf,  or  a  cluster  of  flowers,  or  sometimes  lengthening  into  a  leafy  branch.  Winter-buds 
small,  globose  or  subglobose,  covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  rounded 
and  obtuse  at  apex,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  the  inner  accrescent,  green  or 
rose  color,  often  glandular,  soon  deciduous.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  gen- 
erally serrate,  sometimes  3-nerved,  often  more  or  less  lobed,  especially  on  vigorous  leading 
branchlets,  membranaceous  to  coriaceous,  petiolate,  deciduous;  stipules  often  glandular- 
serrate,  linear,  acuminate,  frequently  bright-colored,  deciduous,  or  on  vigorous  branchlets 


398  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

often  foliaceous,  coarsely  serrate,  usually  lunate  and  stalked  and  mostly  persistent  until 
autumn.  Flowers  pedicellate,  in  few  or  many-flowered  simple  or  compound  cymose  corymbs 
terminal  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets,  with  linear  usually  bright-colored  often  glandular 
caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  leaving  prominent  gland-like  scars,  the  lower  branches  of  com- 
pound corymbs  usually  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  mostly 
3-flowered,  the  central  flower  opening  before  the  others;  calyx-tube  usually  obconic,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate  and  usually  gland-tipped,  rarely  foliaceous,  glandular-serrate 
or  entire,  green  or  reddish  toward  the  apex,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  persistent  and 
often  enlarged  on  the  fruit,  or  deciduous;  disk  thin  or  fleshy,  entire,  lobed  or  slightly  sulcate, 
concave  or  somewhat  convex;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  orbicular,  entire  or  somewhat 
erose  or  rarely  toothed  at  apex,  white  or  rarely  rose  color,  spreading,  soon  deciduous; 
stamens  often  variable  in  number  in  the  same  species  by  imperfect  development,  but 
normally  5  in  1  row  and  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  10  in  5  pairs  in  1  row  alternate  with 
the  petals,  or  15  in  2  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  in  5  pairs  opposite  the  sepals  and  alter- 
nate with  and  rather  longer  than  those  of  the  inner  row,  or  20  in  3  rows,  those  of  the  inner 
row  shorter  and  alternate  with  those  of  the  2d  row,  or  25  in  4  rows,  those  of  the  4th  row- 
alternate  with  those  of  the  3d  row;  filaments  broad  at  base,  subulate,  incurved,  often 
persistent  on  the  fruit;  anthers  pale  yellow  to  nearly  white,  or  pink  to  light  or  dark  rose 
color  or  purple;  ovary  composed  of  1-5  carpels  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube  and 
united  with  it;  styles  free,  with  dilated  truncate  stigmas,  persistent  on  the  mature  carpels; 
ovules  ascending;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  subglobose,  ovoid  or  short-oblong, 
scarlet,  orange-colored,  red,  yellow,  blue,  or  black,  generally  open  and  concave  at  apex, 
flesh  usually  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  1-5;  united  below,  more  or  less  free  and  slightly  spread- 
ing above  the  middle,  thick-walled,  rounded,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  apex,  full  and  rounded 
or  narrowed  at  base,  rounded  or  conspicuously  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  flattened, 
or  nearly  round  when  only  1,  their  ventral  faces  plane  or  plano-convex,  in  some  species 
penetrated  by  longitudinal  cavities  or  hollow's,  and  marked  by  a  more  or  less  conspicuous 
hypostyle  sometimes  extending  to  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  nutlet. 
Seed  solitary  by  abortion,  erect,  compressed,  acute,  with  a  membranaceous  light  chestnut- 
brown  coat;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  radicle  short, 
inferior. 

Cratsegus  is  most  abundant  in  eastern  North  America,  where  it  is  distributed  from  New- 
foundland to  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico,  and  is  represented  by  a  large  number  of 
arborescent  and  shrubby  species.  A  few  species  occur  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Pacific- 
coast  regions,  and  in  China,  Japan,  Siberia,  central  and  southwestern  Asia,  and  in  Europe. 
The  genus  is  still  very  imperfectly  knowrn  in  North  America,  and  in  the  absence  of  sufficient 
information  concerning  them  several  arborescent  species  are  necessarily  excluded  from  the 
following  enumeration.  The  beautiful  and  abundant  flowrers  and  showy  fruits  make^many 
of  the  species  desirable  ornaments  of  parks  and  gardens,  and  several  are  cultivated.  Of 
exotic  species,  the  Old  World  Cratoegus  Oxyacantha  L.,  and  C.  monogyna  Jacq.,  early  intro- 
duced into  the  United  States  as  hedge  plants,  have  now  become  naturalized  in  many  places 
in  the  northeastern  and  middle  states.  Cratsegus  produces  heavy  hard  tough  close- 
grained  red-brown  heartwood  and  thick  lighter  colored  usually  pale  sapwood;  useful  for 
the  handles  of  tools,  mallets,  and  other  small  articles. 

The  number  of  the  stamens,  although  it  differs  on  the  same  species  within  certain  usually 
constant  limits,  and  the  color  of  the  anthers,  which  appears  to  be  specifically  constant  with 
one  exception,  afford  the  most  satisfactory  characters  for  distinguishing  the  species  in 
the  different  groups. 

Cratcffus,  from  icpdros,  is  in  reference  to  the  strength  of  the  wood  of  these  trees. 


ROSACE.E  399 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NATURAL  GROUPS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN 
ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

1 .  Nutlets  without  ventral  cavities. 

*Veins  of  the  leaves  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  only. 

-*- Petioles  short,  usually  slightly  wing-margined  above  the  middle,  glandless  or  with 
occasional  minute  glands;  leaves  cuneate  at  base. 

Corymbs  compound,  generally  many-flowered;  flowers  appearing  after  the  unfolding 

of  the  leaves;  flesh  of  the  fruit  usually  green  or  greenish  yellow,  dry  and  mealy. 

Leaves  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  rarely  thin,  dark  green  and  shining  above, 

usually  serrate  only  above  the  middle,  their  veins  thin  except  on  vigorous 

shoots;  fruit  mostly  subglobose  to  short-oblong;  nutlets  1-5,  thick,  usually 

obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back. 

I.  Crus-galli  (page  400). 

Leaves  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  mostly  acute,  their  veins  prominent; 
fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  often  conspicuously  punctate,  £'-!'  long; 
nutlets  2-5,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back.  II.  Punctatae  (page  422). 

Corymbs  simple,  few-flowered;  flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  unfolding  of  the 
leaves;  fruit  scarlet,  lustrous;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  subacid;  nutlets  rounded  and 
slightly  grooved  on  the  back.  III.  ^Istivales  (page  434). 

-^Petioles  elongated,  slender,  eglandular  or  occasionally  glandular;  corymbs  many- 
flowered  (few-flowered  in  one  species  each  of  Dilatatas  and  Intricatci). 
+-I- Leaves  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  ends,  broad  at  base  on  one  species;  fruit  not 
more  than  f '  in  diameter;  flesh  usually  thin  and  dry.       IV.  Virides  (page  4S7). 
•M-  Leaves  usually  broad  at  base. 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  often  broader  than  high,  red  or  green,  often 
slightly  5-angled,  pruinose;  mature  calyx  raised  on  a  short  tube;  flesh  of  the 
fruit  dry  and  mealy ;  nutlets  5,  grooved  on  the  back.  V.  Pruinosae  (page  449) . 
Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  generally  longer  than  broad, 
rarely  slightly  pruinose,  mature  calyx  sessile;  flesh  of  the  fruit  dry  and  mealy; 
stamens  10,  anthers  rose  color;  leaves  hairy  above  early  in  the  season. 

VI.  Silvicolae  (page  453). 

Fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  red  or  scarlet;  flesh  of  the  fruit  usually  soft  and 
juicy;  anthers  rose  color  or  pink;  leaves  thin,  at  maturity  glabrous  below. 

VII.  Tenuifoliae  (page  456). 

Fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovoid,  crimson,  scarlet,  or  rarely  yellow;  flesh  thick, 
occasionally  succulent,  and  edible;  nutlets  usually  5,  thin,  pointed  at  the 
ends,  mostly  obscurely  grooved  or  ridged  on  the  back;  corymbs  tomentose  or 
pubescent;  leaves  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  broad,  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  base,  at  maturity  usually  pubescent  or  tomentose  below. 

VIII.  Molles  (page  463). 

Fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  scarlet;  flesh  usually  soft  and  juicy;  nutlets  3-5, 
grooved  and  usually  ridged  on  the  back;  corymbs  glabrous  or  tomentose: 
leaves  thin  or  rarely  subcoriaceous,  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  more  or  less  acutely 
lobed;  anthers  rose  or  purple;  rarely  wThite  in  shrubby  species. 

IX.  Coccineae  (page  488). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  crimson,  or  red  tinged  with  green,  its  calyx 
enlarged  and  prominent;  nutlets  5;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color;  leaves 
thin,  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  as  broad  or  broader  than  long. 

X.  Dilatatae  (page  500). 
•n- Leaves  cuneate  at  base. 

Corymbs  many-flowered;  leaves  subcoriaceous;  fruit  subglobose,  rarely  short- 
oblong;  nutlets  2  or  3,  obtuse  at  the  ends,  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  back; 
corymbs  glabrous  or  tomentose;  leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  above. 

XI.  Rotundifoliae  (page  504). 


400  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Corymbs  few-flowered  (many-flowered  in  one  species  of  Bracteatce) . 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  greenish  or  yellowish;  nutlets  3-5,  usually 

rounded  at  the  ends,  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  back;  leaves  suhcoria- 

ceous,  yellow-green.  XII.  Intricate  (page  508). 

Fruit  subglobose,  red  or  orange-red;  nutlets  3-5,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back; 

stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color;  leaves  thin,  incisely  lobed. 

XIII.  Pulcherrimae  (page  511). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  |'-f  long;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  at  the  ends, 
prominently  ridged  on  the  back;  corymbs  villose;  bracts  large  and  con- 
spicuous; calyx-lobes  foliaceous;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  leaves  dark 
green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  above,  their  petioles  sparingly  glandular 
through  their  whole  length.  XIV.  Bracteatae  (page  513). 

—i- Petioles  long  or  short,  leaves  and  corymbs  glandular;  corymbs  usually  simple,  few- 
flowered;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong  or  obovoid,  green,  orange,  or  red,  flesh 
usually  hard  and  dry;  branchlets  conspicuously  zigzag.       XV.  Flavae  (page  515). 
**Veins  of  the  leaves  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  to  the  sinuses;  corymbs 

many-flowered;  stamens  usually  20. 

Fruit  depressed-globose  to  short-oblong,  not  more  than  |'  long,  scarlet;  nutlets  2-5, 
prominently  ridged  and  often  grooved  on  the  back;  anthers  rose  color  or  yellow. 

XVI.  Microcarpae  (page  530). 

Fruit  subglobose,  |'-|'  in  diameter,  blue  or  blue-black;  nutlets  3-5,  obtuse  at  the  ends, 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back;  anthers  yellow;  leaves  cuneate  at  base,  dark  green  and 
lustrous.  XVII.  Brachyacanthae  (page  533). 

2.  Nutlets  with  longitudinal  cavities  on  their  ventral  faces;  flowers  in  many  flowered  com- 
pound corymbs. 

Fruit  obovoid  to  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  lustrous,  orange  or  scarlet;  nutlets  2  or  3, 

obtuse  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back;  leaves  thin  to  subcoria- 

ceous,  mostly  pubescent  below.  XVIII.  Macracanthae  (page  535) . 

Fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  black;  rarely  chestnut  color;  nutlets  5,  obtuse  at  the 

ends,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back;  stamens  10-20;  anthers  pale  rose  color. 

XIX.  Douglasianae  (page  545). 

Fruit  subglobose,  short-oblong  to  ovoid,  scarlet;  nutlets  3-5,  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged 
on  the  back,  ventral  cavities  obscure;  leaves  scabrate  above. 

XX.  Anomalae  (page  547). 

I.  CRUS-GALLI. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Corymbs,  leaves,  and  young  branchlets  slightly  hairy  while  young,  soon  becoming  glabrous 

(glabrous  while  young  in  1,  4,  6,  9,  and  13). 
Stamens  10. 

Anthers  rose  color  or  purple. 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate-cuneiform,  coriaceous,  their  veins  within  the  parenchyma; 
fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  dull  red  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

1.  C.  Crus-galli  (A). 

Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  usually  acute,  coriaceous;  fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose, 

dark  crimson,  lustrous,  the  flesh  red  and  juicy.  2.  C.  Canbyi  (A). 

Leaves  obovate,  usually  short-pointed  at  the  broad  apex,  subcoriaceous;  fruit 

short-oblong  to  obovoid,  bright  scarlet.  3.  C.  peoriensis  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  or  broadly  ovate,  their   petioles  glandular  with 

minute  stipitate  glands;  fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  orange-red,  villose 

until  nearly  fully  grown.  4.  C.  fecunda  (A). 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate;  fruit  short-oblong,  green  tinged  with 
red.  5.  C.  regalis  (C). 


ROSACE  J3  401 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  apex;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  dull  dark  crimson.  6.  C.  arduennae  (A). 
Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex;  fruit  subglobose 
to  obovoid,  dull  red,  or  green  flushed  with  red.  7.  C.  algens  (A,  C). 
Leaves  broadly   oval  to   oblong,   rounded  or  acute  or  short-pointed  at  apex; 
fruit  subglobose,  dull  green  tinged  with  red  or  cherry-red.    8.  C.  Palmeri  (C). 
i Leaves  thin. 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  acute,  dull  green  above;  fruit  subglobose,  flattened  at 
the  ends,  dark  dull  crimson.  9.  C.  erecta  (A). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  lustrous  above;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  scarlet.  10.  C.  acutifolia  (A). 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  coarsely  serrate;  corymbs  many-flowered;  anthers  large, 

bright  rose  color;  fruit  green  tinged  with  dull  red.  11.  C.  Bushii  (C). 

Leaves  narrow-obovate,  finely  serrate;  corymbs  few-flowered;  anthers  small  pale 

rose  color;  fruit  crimson,  lustrous.  12.  C.  Cocksii  (C). 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate;  calyx-lobes  slender,  elongated. 

13.  C.  arborea  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate;  calyx-lobes  short  and  broad.  14.  C.  uniqua  (C). 

Corymbs,  leaves,  and  branchlets  more  or  less  villose  or  pubescent  through  the  season. 
Stamens  10. 

Anthers  rose  color  or  pink. 

Leaves  finely  crenately  serrate,  scabrate  above;  anthers  rose  color. 

15.  C.  Engelmannii  (A). 
Leaves  coarsely  serrate  with  straight  teeth,  glabrous  above;  anthers  pink. 

16.  C.  montivaga  (C). 
Anthers  yellow  (doubtful  in  17  and  18). 

Leaves  oval,  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  thin  to  subcoriaceous;  fruit  globose 
to  subglobose,  orange-red.  17.  C.  denaria  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  thin;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  dark  red,  more  or  less  pruinose.  18.  C.  signata  (C). 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  scabrate;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  green  tinged  with 

red,  slightly  pruinose.  19.  C.  edita  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  occasionally  acute  at 

apex,  glabrous  or  scabrate  above;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose  or  short-oblong, 

dark  red.  20.  C.  tersa  (C). 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  at  apex,  subcoriaceous,  pale 

below;  fruit  subglobose,  orange  color  with  a  red  cheek.   21.  C.  berberifolia  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  rarely  acute  at  apex, 

coriaceous,  glabrate  or  slightly  scabrate  above;  fruit  subglobose,  orange  or 

yellow  with  a  red  cheek.  22.  C.  edura  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  subcoriaceous, 

glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  pale  below;  fruit  ellipsoid  to   short-oblong,  yellow. 

23.  C.  crocina  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  or  obtuse  or  rarely  truncate  at  apex, 
coriaceous,  scabrate  above;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  bright  red  or  scarlet. 

24.  C.  fera  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  thin  to  subcoriaceous;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong, 
somewhat  flattened  at  apex,  bright  orange-red.  25.  C.  Mohrii  (C). 


402 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1 .  Crataegus  Crus-galli  L.     Cock-spur  Thorn. 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  and  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  slender  entire  base,  and  sharply  serrate  above  with  minute  appressed  usually  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  membranaceous  and  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  June,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  reticulate- venulose,  l'-4'  long,  and  i'-l'  wide,  with 
a  slender  midrib,  and  primary  veins  within  the  parenchyma;  turning  bright  orange  and 
scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  often  5' -6'  long.  Flowers  -j'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  minutely  glandular-serrate;  stamens 
10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  usually  2,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 


Fig.  353 


ripening  late  in  October  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  spring,  short-oblong  to 
subglobose,  \'  long,  dull  red  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  calyx  little  enlarged; 
nutlets  usually  2,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  high  rounded  grooved  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  writh  dark  brown, 
scaly  bark,  stout  rigid  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  gla- 
brous, light  brown  or  gray  branchlets  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  sharp- 
pointed  chestnut-brown  or  ashy  gray  spines  3'-4'  long  and  becoming  on  the  trunk  and 
large  branches  6'-8'  in  length  and  furnished  with  slender  lateral  spines. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  the  slopes  of  low  hills  in  rich  soil;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  near  Montreal,  southward  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Appalachian  foothills  to  North 
Carolina,  and  westward  through  western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  southern 
Michigan. 

A  form,  var.  pyracanthifolia  Ait.,  with  narrower  elliptic  to  obovate  leaves  acute  or 
rounded  at  apex,  and  slightly  pubescent  while  young  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib,  and 
with  rather  smaller  flowers  and  smaller  bright  red  fruit,  is  not  rare  in  eastern  Pennsylvania 
and  northern  Delaware;  a  form,  var.  salicifolia  Ait.,  cultivated  in  European  gardens,  but 
not  known  in  a  wild  state,  with  thinner  narrower  and  more  elongated  lanceolate  or  oblance- 
olate  leaves,  should  also  probably  be  referred  to  this  species.  A  form,  var.  oblongata  Sarg., 
with  rather  brighter  colored  oblong  fruit  often  1'  long,  and  nutlets  acute  at  the  ends,  is  not 
rare  near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and  at  Durham,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  form, 
var.  c.apillata  Sarg.,  with  thinner  leaves,  slightly  villose  corymbs,  and  1  or  rarely  2  nutlets, 
occurs  near  Wilmington,  Delaware. 


ROSACE^E 


403 


Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  for  hedges  in  the  eastern  United  States, 
and  very  frequently  in  the  countries  of  eastern  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Crataegus  Canbyi  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  obovate  or  oval,  acute,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  and  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate 
above  the  middle,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May  and 
then  glabrous  or  very  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  and 
on  the'corymbs,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above, 
pale  and  dull  below,  2'-2|'  long,  and  l'-l£'  wide,  with  a  thick  pale  midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs 
of  remote  primary  veins  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface;  petioles  glandular  with  scattered 


Fig.  354 

dark  red  persistent  glands,  red  below  the  middle,  £'-£'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  often  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  acute  lobes,  and  fre- 
quently 3'-4'  long  and  2'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad 
loose  many-flowered  long-branched  corymbs;  calyx- tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  entire,, 
or  serrate  with  minute  scattered  glandular  teeth;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  12  or 
13;  anthers,  small,  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  but  persistent  until 
after  the  beginning  of  winter,  on  elongated  slender  stems,  in  loose  many-fruited  drooping 
clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  distinct  depresssion  at 
the  insertion  of  the  stalk,  lustrous,  dark  crimson,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots, 
•|'-f  long;  calyx-lobes  reflexed,  closely  appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  thick,  bright  red,  very  juicy;  nutlets  3-5,  with  a  broad  rounded  ridge,  bright  chestnut- 
brown,  about  I'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18' in  diameter,  large  ascending  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head  occasionally  30°-35°  in  diameter,, 
and  glabrous  chestnut-brown  branchlets  armed  writh  thick  usually  straight  chestnut-brown 
spines  f'-l£'  long. 

Distribution.  Hedges  and  thickets  near  Wilmington,  Newcastle  County,  Delaware; 
shores  of  Chesapeake  Bay  (near  Perry ville,  Cecil  County),  Maryland,  and  in  eastern 
Pennsylvania. 

3.  Crataegus  peoriensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  short-pointed  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  broad  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed, cuneate  and  entire  below,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  usually  only  above  the 
middle,  and  sometimes  irregularly  lobed  with  short  broad  terminal  lobes,  when  they  unfold 


404  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

villose  above,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  bright  bronze  color,  becoming 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  1|'- 
2'  long,  and  f  wide,  with  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  conspicuous  on  the  under  side 
and  extending  obliquely  from  the  slender  midrib  to  the  end  of  the  lobes;  petioles  usually 
about  j'  in  length,  slightly  glandular  above  the  middle,  and  covered  when  they  first  appear 
with  short  pale  deciduous  hairs;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  deeply  divided  into 
broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  £'-3'  long,  and  l\f  wide.  Flowers  opening  in  May  and  June,  cup- 
shaped,  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  glabrous 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  narrow  acuminate,  entire  or  irregularly 
glandular-serrate,  pubescent  below  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10:  anthers 


Fig.  355 


small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  early  in  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited 
clusters,  short-oblong  or  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  slightly  depressed  at  the  insertion 
of  the  stalk,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  many  small  dark  dots,  £'-f  long;  calyx-lobes  en- 
larged, erect,  incurved  and  persistent;  flesh  thick,  nearly  white,  firm  and  dry;  nutlets  2 
or  3,  about  |'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  1°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  flat-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  orange-brown  branchlets 
armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  dull  chestnut-brown  spines  2'-2|'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods,  the  moist  borders  of  streams  and  depressions  in  the  prairie, 
and  on  hillsides  in  clay  soil,  Short  and  Peoria  Counties,  Illinois. 

4.  Crataegus  fecunda  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  or  broad-ovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  and  short- 
pointed  at  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  and  coarsely  and  usually  doubly 
serrate  except  toward  the  base,  when  they  unfold  dark  green,  lustrous  and  roughened  above 
by  short  pale  appressed  caducous  hairs  and  pale  yellow-green  and  villose  on  the  midrib  and 
primary  veins  below,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  at  matu- 
rity thin  and 'firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green 
on  the  lower  surface,  2'-2^'  long,  and  \\'-%!  wTide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  remote  primary 
veins  after  midsummer  often  bright  red  below ;  turning  late  in  the  autumn  to  brilliant  shades 
of  orange  or  scarlet  or  deep  rich  bronze  color;  petioles  often  glandular,  at  first  coated  with 
pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  dull  red  at  maturity,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  often  slightly  lobed  with  short  broad  acute  lobes,  convex  by  the  hanging  down  of  the 
margins,  3'-4'  long,  and  2'-3'  wide.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  wide 
many-flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs,  with  large  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx- 


ROSACES 


405 


tube  narrowly  obconic,  more  or  less  villose,  the  lobes  elongated,  acute,  coarsely  serrate 
with  stipitate  dark  red  glands,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally 
12-15;  anthers  small,  dark  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  on  slender  pedicels  often  \'  long, 


Fig.  356 

in  broad  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  full  and  rounded  at 
the  ends,  covered  until  nearly  fully  grown  with  long  soft  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  orange- 
red  marked  by  many  small  dark  dots,  £'-!'  long;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  erect  and 
incurved,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  toward 
the  base;  flesh  very  thick,  firm  and  hard,  pale  green;  nutlets  2  or  3,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10/-12/  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  brown  scaly 
bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  rather 
open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  soft  matted  pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous, 
light  orange-green,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their  second  season,  and  armed  with  numerous 
very  slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2'-2^'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  woodlands  near  Allenton,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  and  on  the 
bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  River,  St.  Claire  County,  Illinois. 

5.  Crataegus  regalis  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave- 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely,  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  acute  straight  or 


Fig.  357 


406  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  sparingly  villose  above  and  on  the 
midrib  below,  soon  glabrous,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April, 
becoming  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  \\'-9L\'  long,  and  I'-l-J-'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow 
midrib  and  primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown;  petioles  stout, 
reddish  brown  toward  the  base,  about  1'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
broadly  oval,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  slightly  incisely  lobed,  3'-4'  long,  and  l£'-2'  wide, 
with  a  thicker  midrib  and  veins.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad 
many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or 
remotely  serrate;  stamens  10 ;  anthers  yellow;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  or 
October,  on  slender  stems,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  \'-\'  long,  green 
tinged  with  red;  calyx-lobes  slightly  enlarged,  reflexed  and  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe 
fruit;  flesh  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  |'  long. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending  or  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  glabrous  orange-brown  branchlets 
armed  with  stout  or  slender  nearly  straight  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  woods,  northwestern  Georgia  and  northern  Alabama;  common  in  the 
flat  woods  near  Rome,  Floyd  County,  Georgia. 

6,  Crataegus  arduennae  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the 
middle  to  the  entire  cuneate  base,  and  finely  crenulate-serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth, 


Fig.  358 

glabrous  and  deeply  tinged  with  red  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  very 
lustrous  above,  pale  below,  \\'-%\'  long,  and  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and 
obscure  primary  veins  mostly  within  the  parenchyma;  petioles  stout,  occasionally  sparingly 
glandular,  f'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  mostly  elliptic,  short-pointed, 
coarsely  serrate,  usually  laterally  lobed,  and  often  2|'-3'  long,  and  1  \'-%!  wide,  with  a  stout 
midrib  and  prominent  slender  primary  veins.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the 
lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  linear,  acuminate,  tipped  with  small  dark  red 
glands,  entire  or  slightly  and  irregularly  serrate;  stamens  5-12;  usually  10;  anthers  small, 
pale  yellow;  styles  1  or  2.  Fruit  on  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters, 
short-oblong,  dull  dark  crimson,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  long,  and  f '-$'  in 
diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  reflexed  and  appressed;  flesh  thin  and 


ROSACEJE  407 

yellow;  nutlet  1,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  obtuse  ends,  grooved  and 
irregularly  ridged  on  the  dorsal  face,  or  2  and  then  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  high 
wide  rounded  ridge,  about  fG'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth  light 
gray  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag 
branchlets  light  orange-green  when  the  first  appear,  becoming  dark  purple  and  lustrous  and 
ultimately  grayish  brown,  and  armed  with  many  slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  dark 
purple-brown  shining  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Central  and  northern  Missouri,  northern  Illinois,  northeastern  Indiana 
(Allen  County),  southeastern  Michigan,  southern  Ontario,  through  Ohio  to  western  New 
York  (South  Buffalo,  Erie  County),  and  in  eastern  Pennsylvania  (Berks  County). 

7.  Crataegus  algens  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above,  villose  on  the  upper  side  of  the 


Fig.  359 

midrib  and  nearly  full  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity 
glabrous,  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l^'-2'  long,  and  f'-li' 
wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn  to  shades  of 
orange,  yellow,  and  brown;  petioles  slender,  rarely  glandular  with  minute  glands,  about 
}-'  in  length ;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  short- 
pointed  at  apex,  coarsely  serrate,  and  often  3'  long  and  \\'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter, 
on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  entire  or  remotely  serrate;  stamens 
10;  anthers  yellow;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels, in  few-fruited  hanging  clusters,  subglobose  to  obovoid,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  dull  red,  or 
green  flushed  with  red,  \'-\'  long;  calyx  somewhat  enlarged,  with  reflexed  persistent  lobes; 
nutlets  usually  1  or  2,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  \'-\'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  7'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending 
wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  round-topped  head,  and  stout  glabrous  bright 
chestnut-brown  branchlets  becoming  gray  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout 
nearly  straight  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  and  fields;  western  North  Carolina  to  northern  Georgia 
and  central  Alabama  (near  Selma,  Dallas  County,  common),  and  to  eastern  Tennessee;  one 
of  the  commonest  species  in  the  neighborhood  of  Asheville,  Buncombe  County,  North 
Carolina. 


408  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

8.  Crataegus  Palmeri  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  oblong,  rounded,  acute  or  short-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above  with  straight  gland-tipped 
teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  in  May,  and  then  very 
thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  bluish  green  below,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l|'-2'  long,  and  li'-lf ' 
wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  very  thin  primary  veins;  petioles 
stout,  rose-colored  in  the  autumn,  about  f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 


Fig.  360 

oblong-ovate  to  elliptic,  usually  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  occasionally  laterally  lobed,  glandu- 
lar at  base,  2£'-3'  long,  and  H'-2'  wide.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels, 
in  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate, 
tipped  with  small  dark  glands,  entire  or  slightly  serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  pale  yellow: 
styles  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  thin  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  October, 
on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  dull  green  tinged 
with  red  or  cherry-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  sessile,  with 
erect  and  incurved  lobes  mostly  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  3,  thin,  acute  at  the 
ends,  slightly  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  low  grooved  ridge,  j'-fV  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth 
pale  bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head, 
and  slender  nearly  straight  glabrous,  bright  chestnut -brown  branchlets  armed  with  thin 
straight  dark  red-browrn  shining  spines  f  '-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Missouri,  usually  in  low  rich  soil;  common  near  Carthage 
and  Webb  City,  Jasper  County,  and  near  Noel,  McDonald  County. 

9.  Crataegus  erecta  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  and 
finely  glandular-serrate,  when  they  unfold  often  villose  with  a  few  short  caducous  pale 
hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 
May,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long,  and  l'-l  j'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  thin  prominent 
primary  veins;  in  the  autumn  turning  dull  orange  color;  petioles  slender,  glandular  with 
minute  dark  glands,  usually  dark  red  after  midsummer,  %'~¥  m  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  often  nearly  orbicular,  coarsely  serrate  with  broad  nearly  straight 
glandular  teeth,  and  sometimes  3'  long  and  2|'  wide.  Flowers  ^'-f '  in  diameter,  on  slender 


ROSACE^E  409 

pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely  and  irregularly 
serrate;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  11-13;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3  or  4, 
surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  short  pale  hairs.  Fruit  on  elongated  pedicels,  in 
few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  and  usually  a  little  longer  than  broad,  flattened 
at  the  ends,  dark  dull  crimson  marked  by  occasional  dark-colored  dots,  \'-\'  long;  calyx- 
tube  short,  the  lobes  closely  appressed,  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base  and  usually 
persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  3  or  4,  with  a  broad  high  grooved  ridge,  Ty  long. 


Fig.  361 

A  tree,  25°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  ascending  branches  forming 
a  wide  open  rather  symmetrical  head,  and  bright  chestnut-brown  or  orange-brown  ulti- 
mately dark  brown  spreading  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight  chestnut-brown  spines 
l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  River,  St.  Claire  County,  Illinois 
(east  St.  Louis,  near  Fish  Lake,  and  Kahokia) ;  banks  of  Desperes  River,  south  St.  Louis, 
St.  Louis  County,  and  Osage,  Cole  County,  Missouri. 

10.  Crateegus  acutifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate 
at  the  usually  entire  base,  finely  crenulate-serrate  often  only  above  the  middle  with  glan- 
dular teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  10th  of  May,  and  then 
membranaceous,  and  lustrous  above,  with  occasional  short  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  about  If  long,  and  1'  wide,  with  a  slender  light  yellow 
midrib  and  about  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins:  petioles  glandular  when  they  first 
appear  with  minute  dark  glands,  %'-%'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
frequently  divided  at  apex  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  and  often  3'  long  and 
2'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  compact 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely and  irregularly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles 
2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  pedicels  f-f 
long,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright 
scarlet,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  \'  long;  calyx-tube  prominent,  with  closely  ap- 
pressed lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets  2  or  3,  with  a  broad  rounded 
ridge,  about  iV  long. 


410 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading  branches 
forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  rather  open  head,  and  stout  bright  chestnut-brown 


Fig.  362 

• 

branchlets  dark  gray-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  occasionally  armed  with  scattered 
thin  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods;  banks  of  the  Desperes  River  near  Carondelet,  St.  Louis 
County,  Missouri;  in  St.  Claire  County,  Illinois  (north  of  stock  yards,  East  St.  Louis,  and 
near  Kahokia). 

11.  Crataegus  Bushii  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  broad  and  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  or  elliptic  and  acute,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above, 


Fig.  363 


when  they  unfold  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  and  villose  with 
short  white  hairs  on  both  sides  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  lustrous,  glabrous,  1  j'-l|'  long,  and 
\'-V  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  and  few  slender  prominent  primary  veins;  petioles 


ROSACE^E  411 

villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  usually  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  usually  elliptic,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  frequently  3'  long  and  1^'  wide, 
with  stouter  and  more  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  f'-l'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  elongated,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  occasionally  slightly  dentate;  stamens 
20;  anthers  large,  bright  rose  color;  styles  twro  or  three,  surrounded  at  base  by  con- 
spicuous tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  October  or  in  November,  on  slender 
pedicels  about  |'  long,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  green  tinged  with 
dull  red,  \'  long,  with  only  slightly  enlarged  erect  and  incurved  calyx-lobes  mostly  decidu- 
ous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  green,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  2  or  3,  with  a  high 
rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  nearly  straight  dull  chestnut- 
brown  branchlets  gray-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  unarmed  or  sparingly  armed  with 
stout  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l^'-lf  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  upland  woods  near  Fulton,  Hemstead  County,  southern  Arkansas; 
Chopin,  Natchitoches  Parish,  near  Winn,  Winnfield  Parish,  and  Lake  Charles,  Calcasieu 
Parish,  Louisiana;  in  the  neighborhood  of  Marshall,  Harris  County,  Texas. 

12.  Crataegus  Cocksii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  finely  serrate  above  the  middle  with  straight  acuminate  teeth,  glabrous,  dark  green 


Fig.  364 


and  lustrous  above,  dull  and  paler  below,  I'-l  j'  long,  and  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib, 
and  primary  veins  mostly  within  the  parenchyma;  petioles  slender,  about  \'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-obovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  short-pointed  at 
apex,  thicker,  more  coarsely  serrate,  often  1^'  long  and  1'  wide.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter, 
on  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  ob- 
conic, glabrous,  the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate,  entire,  sparingly 
villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20,  small,  pale  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded 
at  base  by  clusters  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels  about  \' 
in  length,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  crimson,  lustrous, 
i'-£'  long,  with  spreading  calyx-lobes  mostly  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  2  or  3, 
obovoid,  acute  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  \r  long. 

A  slender  tree,  20° -25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  with  dark  red-brown  bark 
covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales,  smooth  slender  drooping  branches  forming  a 
broad  open  head,  and  slender  bright  red-brown  pendulous  branchlets  becoming  gray  in 
their  second  year,  and  armed  with  straight  slender  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines 
H'-lf  ID  length. 


412  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Low  rich  woods  at  the  marble  quarry  near  Winnfield,  Winn  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

Distinct  in  the  Crus-galli  Group  in  its  head  of  slender  pendulous  branches. 

13.  Crataegus  arborea  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  narrowed,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  concave-cuneate  at  the  long  tapering  entire  base,  and  finely  serrate  above  the 
middle  with  minute  straight  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of 
April  and  then  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  below,  If '-2'  long,  and  about  f '  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  and  brown; 


Fig.  365 


petioles  ^'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  coarsely  serrate,  occasionally 
slightly  lobed,  and  often  3'  long  and  1|'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels, 
in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
slender,  elongated,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles 
usually  2.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October,  globose  to  subglobose,  \'-\'  in  diame- 
ter, red,  the  calyx  enlarged,  with  elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate  reflexed  lobes;  nutlets 
usually  2,  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascending 
branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  branchlets  orange-green  in  their  first  season, 
becoming  reddish  in  their  first  winter,  and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.  In  open  woods  usually  in  clay  soil  near  Montgomery,  Montgomery 
County,  Alabama. 

14.  Crataegus  uniqua  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  occasionally  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to 
the  long  cuneate  base,  and  finely  serrate  above  the  middle  with  straight  or  incurved  glandu- 
lar teeth,  more  than  half  grown  and  sparingly  villose  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  when 
the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  below7,  I'-l  J'  long,  and  ^'-f '  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib,  and  slender  primary 
veins  mostly  within  the  parenchyma;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  %'-%'  in  length ;  leaves  at 
the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  coarsely  serrate,  2'-2|' 
long,  and  I'-lJ'  wide.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  mostly  5-8-flow- 
ered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  short  and  broad,  acuminate, 
entire  or  slightly  dentate  near  the  middle,  sparingly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens 
20;  anthers  small,  nearly  white;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  on  slender  drooping  pedicels,  short- 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  red,  about  \'  long  and  \ '  thick;  calyx  prominent,  with 


ROSACE^E 


413 


reflexed  closely  appressed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  2  or  3,  broad 
and  rounded  at  base,  narrowed  at  apex,  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  slender  stem  covered  with  close  dark  slightly  ridged  bark, 
small  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag 


Fig.  366 

orange  or  red-brown  branchlets  unarmed,  or  armed  with  few  or  many  straight  or  slightly 
curved  dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  f'-l'  in  length. 

Distribution.    Woods  in  low  sandy  soil;  eastern  Texas  (near  Marshall,  Harrison  County, 
and  Livingston,  Polk  County). 

15.  Crataegus  Engelmannii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  elliptic,  rounded  or  often  short-pointed  and  acute  at  apexr 
gradually  narrowed  or  entire  below,  finely  crenulate-serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle 


Fig.  367 


and  generally  only  at  the  apex,  nearly  fully  grown  and  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  by 
short  rigid  pale  hairs  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May,  and  at  maturity 


414 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


coriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  above,  pale  below,  and  pilose  on  both  sur- 
faces of  the  slender  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins  and  veinlets,  l'-lf  long,  and 
s'-l'  wide;  petioles  glandular,  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  usually  about 
\'  in  length.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  8-11-flowered  vil- 
Ipse  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrow, 
acuminate,  entire,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  usually  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  10;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  November,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  glabrous  clusters,  globose  or  short-oblong,  bright 
orange-red,  with  a  yellow  cheek,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  large  spread- 
ing lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets  2  or  3,  thick,  with  a  broad 
rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  usually  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  low  flat-topped  or  rounded  head,  and  branchlets  covered  with  long 
pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous  and  bright  red-brown,  becoming  gray  or 
gray  tinged  with  red  during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  straight 
or  slightly  curved  spines  l|'-2f  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  slopes  and  ridges;  common  near  Allenton  and  Pacific, 
St.  Louis  and  Franklin  counties,  Missouri;  near  Eureka  Springs,  Carroll  County,  Arkansas. 

16.  Crataegus  montivaga  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval,  rhombic  or  suborbicular,  rounded,  acute  or  acuminate  or  ab- 
ruptly short-pointed  at  apex,  coucave-cuneate  at  base,  and  sharply  coarsely  serrate  usually 


Fig.  368 


to  below  the  middle  with  straight  acuminate  glandular  teeth,  covered  above  with  short 
white  hairs  and  glabrous  below  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  dark  green,  lustrous 
and  scabrate  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  l'-lf  long,  and  f'-l'  wide,  with  a  slender 
midrib  and  prominent  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  villose  early  in  the  season,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  late  in  April,  about  |'  in  diameter,  on 
villose  pedicels  \'-%  long,  in  compact  mostly  7-10-flowered  villose  corymbs,  their  bracts 
and  bractlets  linear-obovate,  conspicuously  glandular-serrate;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous  or  with  occasional  hairs  near  the  base,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  wide 
base,  glandular-serrate,  sometimes  laciniate  near  the  acuminate  apex,  glabrous  on  the 
outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10-15,  usually  10;  anthers  pink;  styles 
2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  September  or  in  October,  on  erect  nearly  glabrous  or  vil- 
lose pedicels,  short-oblong  to  ellipsoid,  orange-red,  about  \'  long;  the  calyx  enlarged  and 
conspicuous;  flesh  thin,  yellow-green;  nutlets  2  or  3,  rounded  at  apex,  with  a  low  broad 
rounded  ridge,  about  j'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  more  than  12°-lo°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  erect 


ROSACES 


415 


and  spreading  branches,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  orange-brown  and  covered 
with  long  scattered  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  dull  red-brown  and  glabrous  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  gray  the  following  year.  Bark  of  the  branches  smooth 
and  dark  brown,  becoming  slightly  scaly  on  the  trunk. 

Distribution.  Rocky  banks  of  streams;  western  Texas  (Comal,  Kendall,  Bandera, 
Edwrards,  Brown  and  Calhoun  Counties,  and  on  the  Davis  Mountains,  Jeff  Davis  County); 
common  on  the  banks  of  the  Guadalupe  and  other  streams  on  the  Edwrards  Plateau. 

Interesting  as  the  extreme  southwestern  representative  of  the  Crus-galli  Group,  and  its 
only  species  in  western  Texas. 

17.  Crataegus  denaria  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  and  entire  below,  and  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above 


Fig.  369 


with  straight  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  slightly  pilose  above  and  gla- 
brous below,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  toward  the  end  of  May,  and  at 
maturity  firm  to  subcoriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on 
the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  and  f'-li'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  few  remote  thin 
primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  petioles  stout,  conspicu- 
ously glandular,  and  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broadly  oval 
to  ovate  or  obovate,  occasionally  incisely  lobed,  2^'-3'  long,  and  l£'-2'  wide.  Flowers 
\'-\'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered  sparingly  villose 
corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acuminate  and 
glandular  at  apex,  mostly  entire  or  slightly  serrate  below;  stamens  usually  10;  styles  3-5. 
Fruit  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  i'-jV 
in  diameter,  orange-red,  the  calyx  somewhat  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  closely  appressed 
lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  T\'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches,  and 
branchlets  sparingly  villose  with  long  matted  white  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
glabrous,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  straight  slender  spines  about  1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  eastern  Mississippi;  common  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Columbus,  Lowndes  County. 

18.  Crataegus  signata  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  elliptic,  rounded  and  often  short-pointed  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  sharply  glandular- 


416 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


serrate  usually  only  above  the  middlf,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 
April,  and  then  gray-green  and  coated  above  and  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midrib  and  prin- 
cipal veins  writh  short  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green, 
lustrous  and  slightly  pilose  above,  paler  and  pubescent  below  on  the  slender  midrib  and 
2-5  pairs  of  primary  veins,  l£'-2'  long,  and  f'-l'  wide;  petioles  slender,  grooved  above, 
glandular,  usually  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broad- 
ovate  to  elliptic,  coarsely  dentate  or  sometimes  incisely  lobed,  frequently  2|'  long  and 
2'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  compact 
hairy  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  with  long  matted  hairs,  the  lobes 
narrow,  acute,  entire  or  irregularly  glandular-serrate,  usually  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface, 
villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  few  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  toward  the  end  of  October,  in  few-fruited  drooping  slightly  villose 


Fig.  370 

clusters,  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  red,  more  or  less  pruinose,  marked  by 
numerous  pale  dots,  and  about  \'  long;  calyx  enlarged,  with  elongated  closely  appressed 
lobes  usually  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  prominently 
ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-18°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  ashy 
gray  bark,  often  nearly  black  near  the  base  of  old  stems,  and  separating  freely  into  thin 
plate-like  scales,  numerous  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  or 
oval  compact  head,  and  stout  chestnut-brown  branchlets  armed  with  stout,  nearly  straight 
bright  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  glades  and  dry  copses  of  the  Pine-covered  coast-plain  of  southern 
Alabama. 

19.  Crataegus  edita  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  elliptic,  acute  at  the  gradually  narrowed  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  and  coarsely  and  often  doubly 
serrate  above,  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  15th  to  the  20th  of  April  lustrous  and  sca- 
brate  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  rigid  pale  hairs  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface, 
and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous,  and  slightly  roughened  above,  pale  yellow- 
green  and  scabrate  below,  l|'-2'  long,  and  \'-\'  wide;  petioles  stout,  villose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  puberulous,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often 
slightly  divided  into  lateral  lobes,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  sometimes  3'  long,  and  1^' 
wide,  with  stout  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose 


ROSACES 


417 


pedicels,  in  villose  few-flowered  narrow  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous 
or  slightly  hairy  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  usually  entire  or  obscurely 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  cr  3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  or  in 
November,  on  stout  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  pedicels  usually  about  £'  long,  in  drooping 
few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  slightly  pruinose,  dull  green  tinged 


Fig.  371 

with  red,  \'-\'  long,  with  a  prominent  calyx-tube  and  elongated  spreading  lobes  puberulous 
on  the  inner  surface  and  often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  very  thin, 
green,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  2  or  3,  with  a  broad  low  rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  in  low  moist  ground  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  free  of 
branches  for  18°-20°,  stout  horizontal  branches  forming  a  broad  round  symmetrical 
head,  and  nearly  straight  branchlets  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  light 
chestnut-brown  becoming  dark  gray-brown  in  their  second  or  third  year,  and  armed  with 
stout  or  slender  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-2'  long;  or  on  the  dry  soil  of  low  hills 
much  smaller  and  generally  20°-25°  high. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  on  the  borders  of  streams,  and  on  dry  hills  in  forests  of 
Oak  and  Pine;  near  Marshall,  Harris  County,  Texas;  Natchitoches,  Natchitoches  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

20.  Cratsegus  tersa  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  rounded  and  obtuse  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  con- 
cave-cuneate  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above  with  acute  or  rounded  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  sparingly  villose  above  and  tomentulose  below,  nearly  fully 
grown  wrhen  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark 
green,  lustrous,  and  glabrous  or  scabrate  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  l£'-2'  long, 
and  l'-lj'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  thin  primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn 
yellow,  orange,  and  brown;  petioles  stout,  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  glabrous  at  matur- 
ity, about  \'  in  length;  leaves  on  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots,  broad-obovate,  short-pointed 
at  the  rounded  apex,  often  2'  long  and  \\'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary 
veins.  Flowers  f  '-• f'  m  diameter,  on  short  stout  hairy  pedicels,  in  usually  8-10-flowered 
very  compact  corymbs  densely  clothed  with  long  matted  pale  hairs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  the  outer  and 
slightly  pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  18-20;  anthers  pale  rose  color,  styles  usually 
2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  stout  glabrous  stems,  in  compact  drooping  few- 
fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  about  f '  long,  dark  red;  calyx  prom- 


418 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


inent,  with  enlarged  erect  or  spreading  glandular-serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and 
mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  mostly  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  |'  long. 


Fig.  372 

A  tree,  sometimes  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  stout  chestnut-brown  branchlets  at  first  pilose, 
becoming  glabrous  before  autumn,  and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.     Low  woods  west  of  Opelousas,  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana. 

21.  Crataegus  berberifolia  T.  &  G. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  at  apex,  narrowed 
from  above  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  and  serrate  above  with  straight  or  in- 
curved teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March  or  early  in 
April  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs,  and  whitish  and  pubescent  below. 


Fig.  373 

and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  especially  on  the  thin  midrib  and  slender  primary 
veins,  H'-2A  long,  and  f '-!'  wide:  petioles  comparatively  slender ,.at  first  densely  villose,  be- 


ROSACE^E 


419 


coming  glabrous,  usually  about  |'  in  length.  Flowers  \-\'  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose 
pedicels,  in  compact  mostly  4-5-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
thickly  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  sparingly  villose 
or  nearly  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  entire  or  slightly  serrate; 
stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
hairs.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  puber- 
ulous  clusters,  subglobose,  orange  with  a  red  cheek,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx-tube 
slightly  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  incurved  lobes;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3, 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  1'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  £,  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  gray  scaly 
bark,  stout  branches  spreading  into  a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
covered  at  first  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  orange-brown  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season,  and  pale  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  unarmed  or  armed 
with  occasional  slender  nearly  straight  red-brown  spines  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  prairies  and  low  moist  soil  a  few  miles  west  of  Opelousas,  St. 
Landry  Parish,  Louisiana. 

22.  Crataegus  edura  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  occasionally  acute  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  base,  and  serrate  only  at  the  apex,  nearly 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April  and  then  thin,  dark  green  and  puberulous 


Fig.  374 

above  especially  on  the  midrib,  very  pale  and  villose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  cori- 
aceous, 1  i'-l|'  long,  and  l^'"! i'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  primary  veins  within  the 
parenchyma;  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  petioles  slender,  light  yellow, 
pilose,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  f '-f  in  diameter,  on  short  sparingly  villose  pedicels,  in 
compact  hairy  5-12-flowered  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  with  a  few 
hairs  at  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glabrous;  stamens  16-20;  anthers  pale 
yellow  or  nearly  white;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  September,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  orange  or  yellow  with  a  red  cheek,  about  T%'  in 
diameter;  calyx-lobes  little  enlarged,  closely  appressed,  often  deciduous;  nutlets  2  or  3, 
rather  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  branches  spreading  out  into  a  broad 
flat-topped  head,  and  branchlets  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  becoming 
reddish  brown,  unarmed  or  armed  with  chestnut-brown  or  gray  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.     Low  woods  near  Opelousas,  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana. 


420 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


23.  Crataegus  crocina  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
the  slender  entire  base,  and  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle  with  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  more  or  less  pubescent,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  pale  and  covered  below  with  short 
matted  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  thin  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins,  l|'-2' 


Fig.  375 

long,  and  ^'-1'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  petioles  slender,  puber- 
ulous,  about  I'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate, 
acuminate  more  coarsely  serrate,  often  2|'  long  and  -|'  wide.  Flowers  opening  at  the  end 
of  April  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  ^'-f '  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  pedicels,  in 
compact  few-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  matted  white 
hairs,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface, 
slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  apex;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  styles 
usually  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  ellipsoidal  or  short-oblong,  nearly  \'  long,  yellow, 
the  calyx  prominent,  with  elongated  mostly  recurved  lobes;  nutlets  usually  2,  narrowed 
and  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming 
a  wide  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  mostly  unarmed  branchlets  covered  at  first  with 
matted  pale  hairs,  and  dark  orange-brown  and  puberulous  in  their  first  winter. 

Distribution.     Low  woods  near  Opelousas,  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana. 

24.  Crataegus  f  era  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  con- 
cave-cuneate  at  the  slender  entire  base,  and  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle  with  straight 
or  incurved  teeth,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April  and  then  thin, 
covered  above  by  short  white  hairs,  and  slightly  villose  along  the  midrib  and  veins  below, 
and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  scabrate  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  on  the  slender  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins, 
2|'-3'  long,  and  about  f  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  petioles 
slender,  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  puberulous,  f  '-f '  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  often  short-pointed  at  apex, 
coarsely  serrate,  often  2|'  long,  and  \\'  wide.  Flowers:  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  compound  many-flowered  corymbs  covered  more  or  less 
thickly  with  white  hairs:  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  slightly  hairy  near  the  base,  gla- 


ROSACEvE 


421 


brous  above,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular-dentate,  glabrous 
on  the  outer  surface  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  16-20;  anthers  light 
yellow;  styles  usually  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October,  on  long  slender 
pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose  or  subglobose,  bright  red  or  scarlet, 
:y  in  diameter;  flesh  thin  and  mealy;  calyx  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  erect  persistent 
lobes;  nutlets  2  or  3,  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  i'-f 


Fig.  376 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-9'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  form- 
ing a  broad  flat-topped  hea.d,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets,  villcse  at  first,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  pale  reddish  brown,  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  sometimes  armed  with.slender 
straight  spines  l'-lj'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  open  Oak  and  Hickory  woods  near  Opelousas,  St.  Landry  Parish, 
and  Natchitoches,  Natchitoches  Parish,  Louisiana. 

25.  Crataegus  Mohrii  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  or  rhombic,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the 
entire  base,  and  coarsely,  occasionally  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth, 


Fig.  377 


422  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

when  they  unfold  glabrous  and  slightly  villose  along  the  midrib  and  the  lower  side  of  the 
principal  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity 
thin  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l'-l|'  long, 
and  f '-!'  wide,  usually  with  4  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins,  a  stout  midrib  sometimes  pu- 
berulous  on  the  under  side  and  bright  red  in  the  autumn;  petioles  frequently  red  at  ma- 
turity, I'— I'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  3'  long  and  2'  wide, 
mostly  broad-elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate,  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  and  frequently  divided 
toward  the  apex  into  short  broad  acute  lobes;  petioles,  strait,  glandular;  petioles  broadly 
winged,  and  occasionally  glandular  with  minute  dark  glands.  Flowers  cup-shaped, 
about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  thin-branched  many-flowered 
glabrous  or  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  occasionally  pilose 
toward  the  base,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  finely  glandular-serrate;  stamens 
20;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
hairs.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  October,  gracefully  drooping  on  elongated  thin 
bright  red  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-bblong,  somewhat  flat- 
tened at  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  base,  bright  orange-red,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  a  short  tube  and  usually  erect  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
nutlets  usually  3,  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  from  20°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin 
ashy  gray  or  light  red-brown  bark,  sometimes  armed  with  long  slender  or  branched  spines, 
spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  open  broad  symmetrical  head, 
and  branchlets  furnished  with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines 
I'-lf  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Georgia  to  central  Alabama  and  eastern  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward to  middle  Tennessee;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  low  flat  woods  near 
Birmingham,  Jefferson  County,  Alabama,  ascending  into  the  poorer  and  drier  soils  of  the 
neighboring  hillsides  and  low  mountain  slopes. 

II.  PUNCTATE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Fruit  usually  short-oblong. 

Anthers  rose  color  or  yellow;  stamens  20;  leaves  obovate,  often  acutely  lobed  above  the 
middle,  their  veins  deeply  impressed;  fruit  on  stout  pedicels,  short-oblong  to  sub- 
globose,  flattened  at  the  ends,  dull  red  or  bright  yellow,  marked  by  large  pale  dots. 

26.  C.  punctate  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color;  stamens  10-20;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  their  veins  not  deeply 
impressed,  fruit  on  long  slender  pedicels,  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  rounded  at  the 
ends,  dull  brick-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots.  27.  C.  pausiaca  (A). 

Fruit  usually  globose  or  subglobose. 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pale  yellow. 
Corymbs  villose. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rarely  rhombic,  acute;  fruit  globose,  or  sometimes 
broader  than  high,  dull  red,  marked  by  small  pale  dots.  28.  C.  collina  (A,  C) . 
Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  incisely  lobed;  fruit  globose, 
dull  red.  29.  C.  amnicola  (C). 

Corymbs  glabrous;  leaves  broadly  oval  to  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  occa- 
sionally rounded  at  base,  subcoriaceous;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dull 
orange-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots.  30.  C.  fastosa  (C). 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  rarely  obovate,  acuminate;  flowers  in  compact  usually 
6-8-flowered  corymbs.  31.  C.  sylvestris  (A). 


ROSACE^E  423 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhombic,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex;  flowers  in  wide 
usually  9-12-flowered  corymbs.  32.  C.  verruculosa. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface. 
Corymbs  slightly  villose. 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhombic,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex;  fruit  globose,  dark 

dull  red.  33.  C.  sordida  (C). 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex;  fruit  often  rather  longer 

than  broad,  bright  canary-yellow.  34.  C.  brazoria  (C). 

Corymbs  densely  villose;  leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex; 

fruit  subglobose,  dark  dull  red.  35.  C.  dallasiana  (C). 

Stamens  10. 

Anthers  pale  yellow;  leaves  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  and  short- 
pointed  at  apex;  fruit  subglobose,  pubescent  at  the  ends,  dull  orange-red. 

36.  C.  Lettermanii  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex;  fruit  globose, 
bright  scarlet,  slightly  pruinose.  37.  C.  pratensis  (A). 

26.  Crateegus  punctata  Jacq. 

Leaves  obovate,  pointed  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  entire 
base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  the  middle  with  minute  teeth,  and  sometimes 
more  or  less  incisely  lobed,  thickly  covered  below  with  pale  hairs  and  pilose  above  when 


Fig.  378 

they  unfold,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  May  until  early  in 
June  and  then  pilose  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  pale  gray-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  more  or  less 
villose  on  the  lower  surface,  2 '-3'  long,  and  f  '-If  wide,  with  a  broad  prominent  midrib,  and 
primary  veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  surface;  turning  bright  orange  or  orange  and 
scarlet  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  at  first  villose  or  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or 
glabrous,  £'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  incisely  lobed,  and 
often  3'-4'  long  and  If -2'  wide.  Flowers  f -f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in 
tomentose  or  villose  many-flowered  compact  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose 
or  tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  nearly  entire  or  minutely  glandular-serrate,  villose 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color  or  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  conspicuous  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  October,  on  elongated 
nearly  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  truncate  at 
the  ends  dull  red  or  bright  yellow  (var.  aurea  Ait.)  and  usually  agreeing  with  the  anthers 
in  color,  marked  by  numerous  small  white  dots,  f-1'  long;  nutlets  5,  about  \'  long. 


424  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout  branches  spread- 
ing nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  round  or  flat-topped  head,  or  sometimes  ascending 
and  forming  a  narrow  open  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  decidu- 
ous pubescence,  becoming  light  orange-brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  slender  straight 
light  orange-brown  or  gray  spines  2'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Common  and  generally  distributed;  rich  hillsides;  valley  of  the  Chateau- 
gay  River,  Quebec,  to  the  valley  of  the  Detroit  River,  Ontario,  southward  through  western 
New  England  to  Delaware,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia, 
ascending  in  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  to  altitudes  of  nearly  6000°,  and  westward 
through  New  York,  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  southern  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  southern 
Wisconsin,  southeastern  Minnesota,  and  in  central  Iowa.  A  form  (var.  canescens  Britt.), 
densely  hoary-tomentose  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  on  the  petioles  and 
corymbs,  occurs  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  near  Albany,  Albany  County,  New 
York;  and  a  form  (var.  microphylla  Sarg.)  with  smaller  leaves  and  compact  few-flowered 
corymbs  has  been  found  at  Linesville  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania. 

27.  Crataegus  pausiaca  Ashe. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  near 
the  middle  to  the  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  and  finely  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight 
glandular  teeth,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  20th  to  the  end  of 


Fig.  379 

May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green,  and  slightly  villose  above  and  along 
the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  above, 
paler  below,  2'-2|'  long,  and  !?'-!£'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  5  or  6  pairs  of 
primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  end  of  the  leaf;  petioles  slender,  wing-mar- 
gined above  the  middle,  villose  only  early  in  the  season,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  elliptic  to  rhombic,  long-pointed,  slightly  or  deeply  divided  into  broad 
lateral  lobes,  coarsely  serrate,  often  3£'-4'  long  and  2'-2^'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter, 
on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  thin-branched  villose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  below  with  closely  appressed  white  hairs,  glabrous 
above,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  minute 
dark  glands,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely  toothed  above  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the 
outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10-15,  rarely  20;  anthers  dark  rose 
color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening 
about  the  middle  of  October,  on  elongated  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  drooping 
many-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  brick- 


ROSACE.E 


425 


red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  fV^iV  long,  and  about  f  thick;  calyx  small,  with  spreading 
appressed  lobes  mostly  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  hard,  slightly  juicy,  green 
or  greenish  yellow;  nutlets  3  or  4,  thin,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back 
with  a  high  broad  deeply  grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  brown  scaly  bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round 
or  flat-topped  head,  slender  straight  branchlets  light  orange-green  and  sparingly  villose  at 
first,  becoming  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  light  or  dark  gray-brown  the 
following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  slender  straight  orange-brown  shining 
spines  l£'-2'  in  length,  long  persistent  on  the  branches  and  trunk,  finally  ashy  gray,  and 
becoming  sometimes  a  foot  long,  with  long  slender  lateral  spines. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  low  moist  bottom-lands,  Bucks,  Berks  and  Dela- 
ware counties,  eastern  Pennsylvania;  at  Chapin,  Ontario  County,  New  York. 

28.  Cratsegus  collina  Chapm. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  occasionally  to  rhombic,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  irregularly  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular 
incurved  or  straight  teeth,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  covered  with  soft  pale  hairs 


Fig.  380 


most  abundant  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  principal  veins,  less  than  one  third 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  yellow- 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  stout  yellow  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  primary 
veins,  If '-2'  in  length,  and  l'-lj'  wide;  petioles  slender,  villose,  soon  glabrous,  more  or  less 
winged  toward  the  apex,  j'— f  long;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  frequently  divided 
into  short  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  more  coarsely  dentate  and  often  3'  long  and  2f '  wide, 
with  a  stout  broadly  winged  petiole  generally  light  red  like  the  lower  side  of  the  base  of 
the  midrib.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  stout  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  vil- 
lose corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose  particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  usually  glabrous  on  the  outer  'surface, 
villose  on  the  inner  surface,  finely  glandular-serrate  with  dark  glands,  bright  red  toward  the 
apex ;  stamens  usually  20 ;  anthers  large,  pale  yellow ;  styles  5 .  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
on  stout  elongated  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  or  drooping  puberulous  clusters,  subglobose 
but  sometimes  rather  broader  than  long,  dull  red,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  j'~¥  in 
diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  closely  appressed,  glandular-serrate,  mostly  persistent; 


426 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


flesh  yellow;  nutlets  5,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  and  often  grooved  on  the 
back,  about  ?'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°  but  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  but- 
tressed at  base,  frequently  armed  with  numerous  large  much-branched  spines  sometimes 
6'-8'  long,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  flat-topped  symmetrical 
head,  and  branchlets  tinged  with  red  and  villose  with  long  matted  silky  white  hairs  when 
they  first  appear,  soon  puberulous,  and  dull  reddish  brown,  becoming  gray  in  their  second 
year,  and  furnished  with  stout  lustrous  spines  2'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Hillsides  in  rich  soil  in  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains  from  southwestern  Virginia  to  central  Georgia  and  westward  to  northeastern 
Mississippi  and  middle  Tennessee;  in  central  Alabama;  ascending  to  altitudes  of  2500°  above 
the  sea. 

29.  Crataegus  amnicola  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  sometimes  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight 
or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  incisely  lobed  above  the  middle  with  short  acute  or  acu- 


Fig.  381 


ruinate  lobes,  deeply  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  short  pale  mostly  caducous  hairs 
when  they  unfold,  about  half  grown  and  sparingly  villose  on  the  midrib  and  veins  when  the 
flowers  open  late  in  April  or  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  green, 
glabrous,  1|'-1|'  long,  and  I'-l^'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  red,  and 
brown;  petioles  slender,  sparingly  villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  sometimes 
slightly  glandular,  \'-\'  in  length:  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  2'  long 
and  1|'  wide.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  slightly  villose  pedicels, 
in  narrow  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  with  a 
few  scattered  hairs  at  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous; 
stamens  20;  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  on  slender  elongated  glabrous  pedicels, 
in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  dull  red,  about  %  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged, 
with  elongated  coarsely  serrate  reflexed  conspicuous  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  and  firm: 
nutlets  3-5,  rounded  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  nearly  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascending 
branches  forming  a  large  wide  head,  and  branchlets  villose  at  first  with  long  matted  white 
hairs,  soon  glabrous,  becoming  orange-brown  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  unarmed, 
or  armed  with  stout  spines  l|'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  woods  and  the  borders  of  streams,  southeastern  Tennessee, 
northwestern  Georgia,  and  northeastern  Alabama;  common. 


ROSACES  427 

30.  Crataegus  fastosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at 
the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  covered  above  with  long  pale  hairs  and  provided  below  with  large  tufts  of  snow- 
white  tomentum  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  20th  to 
the  25th  of  April  dark  yellow-green  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  still 
tomentose  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  yellow- 
green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  If '-2'  long,  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  a  prom- 
inent light  yellow  midrib  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  and  usually  3-5  pairs  of 
primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  at  first  densely  villose,  becoming  puberulous,  \'-\'  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  occasionally  lobed  with  broad  acute  lobes. 
Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowered  glabrous 
corymbs,  with  large  conspicuous  oblong-obovate  and  acute  to  lanceolate  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate  bracts  and  bractlets  usually  persistent  until  after  the  petals  fall;  calyx  broadly 
obconic,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  slender,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular- 


Fig.  382 

serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers 
pale  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit 
ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  October,  on  thin  reddish  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose.  to  short-oblong,  dull  orange-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots, 
f '  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  spreading  serrate  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side,  mostly 
deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow-green;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  low  often  grooved  ridge,  about  TV  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black  scaly  bark,  small  ascending  branches  forming  an  irregular  open  head,  and 
slender  nearly  straight  branchlets,  dark  orange-green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  before  autumn  bright  reddish  brown  and  very  lustrous,  and  dull  reddish  brown 
the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown 
shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.     Low  woods  near  Fulton,  Hemstead  County,  Arkansas;  not  common. 

31.  Crataegus  silvestris  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  rarely  obovate,  acuminate,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the 
entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided 
above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acuminate  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs,  and  villose 


428 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


below  on  the  slender  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  yellow-green 
lustrous  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  still  villose  on  the  lower  surface, 
2j'-2^'  long,  and  If '-2'  wide;  petioles  stout,  slightly  hairy  on  the  upper  side,  occasion- 
ally glandular,  and  f  '-f '  in  length.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in 
compact  villose  usually  6-8-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  slender,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  usually  3.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September,  on 
slender  reddish  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  or  spreading  clusters,  subglobose 
to  short-oblong,  truncate  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  dull  orange-red,  about  |'  in  diameter: 


Fig.  383 

calyx  prominent  with  a  broad  deep  cavity,  and  spreading  coarsely  serrate  persistent  lobes 
villose  on  the  upper  surface;  flesh  thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3,  gradually  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  deeply  grooved  ridge,  about  ^'  long 
and  i'-i'  wide. 

A  tree,30°-35°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  1°  in  diameter,  large  ascending  and  spreading 
branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  stout  nearly  straight  glabrous  branchlets,  light  orange- 
green  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  chestnut- 
brown  and  lustrous  in  then*  first  season,  and  dull  red-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed 
with  slender  straight  .or  slightly  curved  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.     Woods  in  low  moist  soil,  near  London,  Ontario. 
32.  Crataegus  verruculosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhombic,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base, 
and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  dark  red,  covered  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  below  by  long  matted  white 
hairs  most  abundant  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from 
the  1st  to  the  10th  of  May  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper 
surface,  and  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  nearly  smooth  above,  pale  and  still  pubescent  below  on  the  stout 
midrib  and  conspicuous  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf, 
l|'-2'  long,  and  I'-l^'  wide;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  apex,  at  first  villose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  puberulous,  j'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broad- 
ovate  to  oval,  sharply  doubly  serrate  with  straight  teeth,  sometimes  slightly  lobed  above 
the  middle  with  short  acute  lobes,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  2'  wide.  Flowers  £'  in  di- 
ameter, on  long  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  compound  6-12  usually  9-flowered 
villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  thickly  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the 
lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  slender,  acute,  tinged  with  red  at  apex,  spar- 


ROSACES 


429 


ingly  glandular-serrate,  pubescent;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber, on  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  somewhat 
flattened  and  pubescent  at  the  ends,  dark  red;  calyx  prominent,  with  more  or  less  decid- 
uous lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  very  irregularly 
ridged  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  thick  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  nearly  straight 
branchlets  thickly  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  reddish 


Fig.  384 

or  orange-brown,  nearly  glabrous  and  roughened  by  minute  tubercles  at  the  end  of  their 
first  season,  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  straight  stout  or 
slender  dark  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  spines  f '-!'  long. 
Distribution.     Springfield,  Greene  County,  Missouri;  not  rare. 

33.  Crataegus  sordida  Sarg. 

Leaves  rhombic,  acute,  or  occasionally  obovate  and  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate 
and  entire  below,  serrate  above  with  narrow  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  occa- 
sionally irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  about  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  the  first  week  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  bright  green,  lustrous 
and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  particu- 
larly on  the  midrib  and  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  paler  below,  generally  about  \\'  long  and  1  \'  wide;  petioles  stout,  slightly 
winged  toward  the  apex,  at  first  villose,  soon  glabrous,  about  \'  long,  often  bright  red  in  the 
autumn;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  oblong  or  oval,  coarsely  dentate, 
usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  3'-4'  long,  2'-2£'  wide,  and  de- 
current  on  the  stout  glandular  petioles.  Flowers  I'-lj'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels, 
in  few-flowered  compact  slightly  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes 
narrow,  acuminate,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  dull  white;  stamens  20;  anthers  small, 
rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening 
and  falling  the  middle  of  September,  on  short  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters, 
globose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  dark  dull  red;  calyx  prominent,  with  elongated  coarsely  serrate 
appressed  or  incurved  lobes;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3,  broad,  rounded  and  ridged 
on  the  back  with  a  low  rounded  ridge,  j'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  often  armed  with  long- 


430 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


branched  spines,  small  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  oval  head,  and  slender  nearly 
straight  branchlets,  dark  orange-green  and  villose  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs  some- 
times persistent  until  autumn,  dull  chestnut-brown  in  their  second  season,  and  dark 


Fig.  385 


gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  furnished  with  numerous  thin  nearly  straight  bright 
chestnut-brown  shining  spines  1'-%%'  long,  or  often  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Low  woods  and  the  gravelly  banks  of  streams  in  Shannon,  Carter,  and 
.Ripley  Counties,  southern  Missouri. 

34.  Crataegus  brazoria  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and 
entire  at  base,  and  coarsely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate  above  with  straight  spreading 
teeth,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  and  often  bright  red  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully 


Fig.  386 

grown  and  covered  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under  side  of  the  thin 
midrib  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  primary  veins  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end 
of  March,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 


ROSACES 


431 


above,  paler  below,  2'-2|'  long,  and  lj'-li'  wide;  petioles  slender,  early  in  the  season  to- 
raentose,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  i'-f'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  broad-ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  dentate,  5'  long, 
and  2|'  wyide,  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  slightly  villose  7 
or  8-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs, 
the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  obscurely  glandular-serrate  or  nearly  entire,  villose  on  both 
surfaces;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  dark  red;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  thin  ring  of 
hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  after  the  1st  of  October,  in  spreading  or  drooping  few- 
fruited  clusters,  subglobose  and  often  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  canary-yellow, 
marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  %'-%'  long;  calyx  prominent,  the  lobes  usually  deciduous 
before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  light  yellow,  rather  dry  but  sweet  and  edible;  nutlets 
5,  rounded  and  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  numerous  ascending 
branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  covered 
when  they  first  appear  with  matted  pale  hairs,  dull  reddish  brown  and  often  puberulous 
in  their  second  season,  and  reddish  browTn  the  following  year,  and  unarmed  or  occasionally 
armed  with  long  thin  gray  spines. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  woods  near  the  banks  of  the  Brazos  River,  Columbia  and  Bra- 
zoria,  Brazoria  County,  Texas. 

35.  Crataegus  dallasiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  concave- 
cuneate  entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  wTith  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  usu- 
ally slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  and  villose 


Fig.  387 

above  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  and  villose  or  tomentose  below  when  the  flowers 
open  early  in  April,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  on  the  slender  midrib  and  3  or  4 
pairs  of  thin  arching  veins,  l-f-2^'  long,  and  1  \'-\\'  wide;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined 
toward  the  apex,  hoary-tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  about  \'  in 
length.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  many-flowered 
densely  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  densely  coated  with  long  matted 
pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  minute  red  gland,  sparingly  and 
irregularly  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers  light  rose  color;  styles  5.  Fruit 
ripening  at  midsummer,  on  stout  erect  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  sub- 


432 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


globose,  dull  dark  red,  f'-^'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  spreading  lobes  bright  red 
on  the  upper  side  at  the  base;  nutlets  5,  acute  at  the  narrow  ends,  thin,  rounded  and 
grooved  with  a  broad  shallow  groove  or  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  j'-fV  Jong. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  bark,  small 
erect  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets 
thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  before  autumn, 
ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  straight  slender  gray  spines  1|'-1|'  long. 

Distribution.  Forest-covered  bottom-lands  of  the  small  tributaries  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Dallas  County,  Texas;  not  common. 

36.  Crataegus  Lettermanii  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  at  the  mostly  entire  base,  coarsely  often 
doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  slightly  and 


Fig.  388 


irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  strongly  plicate 
when  they  unfold  and  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  pale  tomentum,  nearly  half  grown, 
roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 
May,  and  at  maturity  thick,  bright  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above,  pale  and  pubescent 
below  on  the  stout  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins,  about  2'  long  and  \%'  wide; 
petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  above  the  middle,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  usually  about  f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  broad-oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  more  coarsely  serrate,  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-2|'  wide. 
Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  pedicels  in  compact,  many-flowered  thick- 
branched  densely  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow, 
acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles 
5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October, 
on  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  spreading  or  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  or 
occasionally  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  and  puberulous  at  the  ends,  dull  orange-red, 
marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  broad,  the  lobes  enlarged,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  reflexed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin;  nutlets  5, 
prominently  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  with  thin  dark  brown  or  nearly  black 
bark  separating  freely  into  small  plate-like  scales,  and  often  armed  with  thin  much- 
branched  spines  frequently  7 '-8'  long,  small  erect  branches  forming  a  wide  open  head,  and 
branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum,  dull  red-brown,  villose  or 


ROSACE^E  433 

pubescent  during  their  first  season,  and  furnished  with  stout  straight  bright  red-brown 
shining  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  inundated  during  several  weeks  in  winter,  among  Oaks 
and  Hickories;  near  Allenton,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri. 

37.  Cratsegus  pratensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  from  near 
the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  usually  only  above 
the  middle  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  early  in  the  season  with  a  minute  dark 
red  caducous  gland,  and  often  more  or  less  deeply  divided  toward  the  apex  into  short  broad 
acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  bronze-yellow  or  dark  red,  and  covered  with  short 
pale  hairs,  almost  smooth  and  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May, 
and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thick,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l|'-2'  long,  and 
I'-lf '  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  toward 


Fig.  389 

the  end  of  the  leaf,  and  raised  and  prominent  below;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  usually 
about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  oval  or  broad-ovate,  frequently 
3'  long  and  2|'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose 
many-flowered  corymbs  pubescent  or  puberulous  at  first  but  soon  glabrous;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  coated  toward  the  base  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  narrow, 
acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow 
ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  remaining  on  the  branches 
until  November,  on  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  globose, 
bright  scarlet,  slightly  pruinose,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter; 
calyx  prominent,  with  much  enlarged  coarsely  glandular-serrate  lobes  often  deciduous  be- 
fore the  fruit  becomes  entirely  ripe;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3,  thick  and  broad, 
about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3'-7'  in  diameter,  often  armed  with  long 
slender  much-branched  ashy  gray  spines,  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  sym- 
metrical head,  and  branchlets  occasionally  slightly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
glabrous,  light  orange-brown  in  their  first  season,  and  reddish  or  grayish  brown  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  furnished  with  numerous  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved  shining  chestnut- 
brown  spines  2'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  near  the  banks  of  small  streams  in  the  prairie  region  of  Stark 
and  Peoria  Counties,  Illinois. 


434 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


III.  ^STTVALES. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  small  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, oblong-obovate;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  pink  or  pale  rose  color. 

38.  C.  aestivalis  (C) . 

Leaves  hoary -tomentose  below  early  in  the  season,  becoming  villose  with  rufous  hairs  most 

abundant  on  the  midrib  and  veins;  stamens  20;  anthers  deep  rose  color. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  often  slightly  lobed 

above  the  middle,  lustrous  above;  pedicels  villose-pubescent.      39.  C.  rufula  (C). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-cuneiform,  narrowed  at  apex,  dull  above;  pedicels  glabrous. 

40.  C.  opaca  (C). 

38.  Crataegus  aestivalis  Sarg.    May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 
Mespilus  oestivalis  Walt. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  small  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  coarsely  crenately 
serrate  above  the  middle  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  beginning  to  unfold  as  the  flowers  open  the 


Fig.  390 


middle  of  March,  and  when  the  fruit  ripens  at  the  end  of  May  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  yellow-green  below,  l^'-2'  long,  and  i'-f '  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  ob- 
scure primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  narrow7  wing-margined  to  below  the  middle,  rarely  fur- 
nished with  occasional  deciduous  glands,  about  |'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  ends  of  vigorous 
shoots  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  and  usually  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  con- 
cave-cuneate  at  base,  often  lobed  with  one  or  two  lateral  lobes.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter, 
on  pedicels  about  \'  long,  in  compact  2  or  3-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconie, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  short,  entire,  without  glands, 
acute  or  acuminate  and  often  red  at  apex,  persistent  and  red  on  the  fruit;  stamens  15-20: 
anthers  large,  pink  or  pale  rose  color;  styles  usually  3.  Fruit  on  a  short  slender  erect 
pedicel,  about  ^'  long,  usually  solitary,  short-oblong,  scarlet,  lustrous,  about  \'  in  length, 
the  calyx  persistent  with  erect  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  juicy,  acidulous;  nutlets  usually  3,  acute 
at  ends,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  \r  long. 


UOSACE/E 


435 


A  slender  tree,  20°-iJ.50  high,  with  a  tajl  stem  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  flaky 
bark,  erect  or  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  straight  or 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  and  dull 
gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  gray  spines  |'-lf  in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  river  banks,  the  borders  of  swamps  and  in  depressions  filled  with 
water  during  most  of  the  year;  banks  of  the  Ogeechee  River  near  Meldrim,  Effingham 
County,  and  near  Valdosta,  Lowndes  County,  Georgia;  swamp  of  the  Combahee  River  near 
Yemassee,  Hampton  County,  and  near  Aiken,  Aiken  County,  South  Carolina;  pond  holes 
eight  or  nine  miles  west  of  Newbern,  Craven  County,  North  Carolina;  passing  into  var. 
maloides  Sarg.  with  young  leaves  tinged  with  red  and  villose  along  the  upper  side  of  the 
midrib,  those  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  broad-obovate,  rounded  and  divided 
at  apex  into  3  short  rounded  lobes,  longer  acuminate  calyx-lobes  and  dark  red  anthers. 
Wet  prairies,  Volusia  County,  Florida;  and  into  var.  cerasoides  Sarg.  differing  in  the 
presence  of  short  white  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  young  leaves,  in  the  longer  acumin- 
ate calyx-lobes  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface  and  often  minutely  serrate  near  the 
middle,  in  the  dark  rose-colored  anthers,  and  the  late  ripening  fruit  up  to  \'  in  diameter,  on 
drooping  pedicels  often  \'  in  length.  An  arborescent  shrub  with  a  round-topped  head 
30°-40°  across,  numerous  large  erect  and  spreading  stems  often  30°  high,  covered  with 
smooth  pale  bark  separating  into  thin  plate-like  scales,  in  falling  disclosing  the  dull  red  in- 
ner bark,  and  slender  nearly  straight  glabrous  branchlets  armed  with  straight  slender  spines 
\'-\\'  in  length.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  July  and  in  August.  Low,  wet,  often  inundated 
prairies  near  Sewall,  Valusia  County,  Bradfordville,  Leon  County,  Jasper,  Hamilton 
County,  and  Quincy,  Gadsden  County,  Florida.  A  form  of  this  variety  growing  in 
Valusia  County  (f.  luculenta  Sarg.)  differs  in  the  more  numerous  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  young  leaves,  in  the  rather  smaller  flowers,  smaller  and  less  juicy  fruit  ripen- 
ing at  the  end  of  June  or  early  in  July,  and  in  its  often  arborescent  habit. 

39.  Crataegus  rufula  Sarg. 
Cratoegus  cestivalis  Torr.  &  Gray  in  part,  not  Mespilus  cestivalis  Walt. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and 
entire  at  base,  finely  crenately  glandular-serrate,  and  often  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle; 


Fig.  391 

with  short  rounded  lobes,  covered  above  with  soft  pale  hairs  and  whitish  tomentose  below 
when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  or  slightly 


436  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

pubescent  along  the  midrib  on  the  upper  surface,  rufous-pubescent  especially  on  the  midrib 
and  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  1%'-%'  long,  and  t'-lf'  wide,  rarely  not  more  than  1'  long 
and  I'  wide;  petioles  slender,  villose-pubescent  with  rufous  hairs,  occasionally  glandular, 
j'-|'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  ends  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  short- 
pointed  to  elliptic  and  acuminate,  laterally  lobed,  or  deeply  3-lobed  at  apex,  often  2|' 
long  and  1^'  wide.  Flowers  appearing  from  the  10th  to  the  end  of  March,  f '-!'  in  diam- 
eter, in  mostly  3-5-flowered  clusters,  on  villose-pubescent  pedicels  about  -$'  in  length; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  or  villose-pubescent  sometimes  in  the  same  cluster, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  entire  or  slightly  glandular- 
serrate  nearly  to  apex,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;  stamens  20; 
anthers  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  white  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  May,  often  solitary  on  glabrous  erect  pedicels  \'-\'  long,  sub- 
globose,  scarlet,  lustrous,  about  \'  in  diameter,  the  calyx  persistent  with  erect  lobes; 
nutlets  only  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  I'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  rough 
deeply  furrowed  dark  bark,  paler  and  less  deeply  furrowed  on  smaller  and  younger  stems, 
stout  ascending  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  tomentum,  glabrous  or 
rusty  tomentose  until  the  early  summer,  becoming  chestnut-brown,  lustrous  and  glabrous 
before  autumn  and  dull  gray  in  their  second  year,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  slender  or 
stout  straight  spines  ^'-1|'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Depressions  filled  with  water  except  at  midsummer,  sandy  borders  of 
ponds  and  streams  and  low  wet  prairies,  Cottondale  and  Round  Lake,  Jackson  County, 
and  Quincy,  Gadsden  County,  Florida;  near  Bainbridge,  Decatur  County,  and  Albany, 
Dougherty  County,  Georgia;  near  Dothan,  Houston  County,  Alabama;  pond  holes  along 
the  Neuse  River  near  Goldsboro,  Wayne  County,  North  Carolina. 

40.  Crataegus  opaca  Hook. 
Cratoegus  cestivalis  Torr.  &  Gray  in  part,  not  Mespilus  cestivalis  Walt. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-cuniform,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  bluntly  pointed 
at  apex,  cuneate  at  the  often  glandular  base,  finely  crenately  serrate  above  the  middle  with 


Fig.  392 

minute  glandular  teeth,  pilose  above  and  hoary-tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  and 
at  maturity  dull  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy  on  the  midrib  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  with  rusty  brown  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  midrib 


ROSACES  437 

and  veins,  2'-2-£'  long,  and  |'-1'  wide;  petioles  slender,  villose-pubescent,  about  ¥  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  often  irregularly  laterally 
lobed,  and  2|'-3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  February  and  March  before  or 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  1'  in  diameter,  on  glabrous  pedicels  \'  long,  in  3-5-flowered 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrowed  from  a  wide  base, 
short,  nearly  triangular,  acute  and  tipped  at  apex  with  a  conspicuous  gland,  entire  or 
minutely  serrate,  glabrous,  often  deeply  tinged  with  red;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  deep 
rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing early  in  May,  in  usually  2-3-fruited  clusters,  depressed-globose,  scarlet,  lustrous, 
dotted  with  pale  spots,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  with  a  small  narrow  cavity  surrounded  by  the 
erect  calyx-lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on  the 
back,  4'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  stem  occasionally  1°  in  diameter,  covered  with  deeply 
fissured  bark,  divided  into  dark  red-brown  persistent  scales,  slender  mostly  erect  branches 
forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  villose-pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  lustrous  and  bright  chestnut-brown  during  their  first  season, 
becoming  dull  gray  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  chestnut-brown 
spines  f'-l'  in  length,  or  more  often  unarmed;  occasionally  with  several  stems  forming  a 
large  shrub. 

Distribution.  In  deep  depressions  filled  with  water  for  most  of  the  year,  low  river 
banks  and  borders  of  swamps;  near  Mt.  Vernon,  Mobile  County,  and  near  Selma,  Dallas 
County,  Alabama;  southern  Mississippi  (Meridian,  Lauderdale  County,  and  Hattiesburg, 
Forest  County);  eastern  Louisiana;  sometimes  in  St.  Tammany  Parish  covering  large 
tracts  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  plants;  western  Louisiana  from  the  coast  to  nearly 
the  northern  border  of  the  state,  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River; 
rare  and  local  east  of  the  Mississippi  River;  common  westward.  The  fruit  is  largely  used 
in  making  preserves  and  jellies. 


IV.  VIRIDES. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  20. 

Fruit  not  exceeding  \'  in  diameter. 
Anthers  pale  yellow. 

Corymbs,  branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  pale  gray,  close  and  smooth. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rarely  rounded  at  apex; 
fruit  depressed-globose,  bright  scarlet  or  orange.          41.  C.  viridis  (A,  C). 
Leaves  ovate,  acute,  often  broadly  cuneate  at  base;  fruit  subglobose,  orange- 
red.  42.  C.  ovata  (A). 
Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  base;  fruit  globose, 
yellow-green  flushed  with  red.  43.  C.  vulsa  (C). 
Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  leaves  subcoriaceous. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  semiorbicular,  acute,  often  short-pointed  or  rarely 
rounded  at  apex;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid  or  globose,  dull  orange 
color.  44.  C.  glabriuscula. 

Leaves  oval  to  rhombic,  acute  or  acuminate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong, 
bright  orange-red.  45.  C.  blanda  (C). 

Corymbs  and  branchlets  villose-pubescent;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or 
rounded  at  apex;  fruit  subglobose,  orange-red.  46.  C.  velutina  (C). 

Anthers  deep  rose  color;  leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rarely 
rounded  at  apex;  fruit  globose  or  subglobose,  orange-red.     47.  C.  arborescens  (C). 
Fruit  |'-f'  in  diameter. 


438  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  cuneate  at  base;  calyx-tube  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  brick 

red  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  48.  C.  nitida  (A). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rhombic,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex;  fruit  subglo- 

bose  to  short-oblong,  dark  crimson.  49.  C.  mitis  (A). 

Leaves,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  ovate,  acute;  calyx-tube  villose;  fruit  subglo- 

bose  to  short-oblong,  dark  red.  50.  C.  atrorubens  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color;  corymbs  villose;  fruit  red. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  scabrate  above;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose, 

anthers  deep  rose  color.  51.  C.  ingens  (C). 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  smooth  above;  fruit 

globose  or  depressed-globose;  anthers  pale  rose  color.  52.  C.  penita  (C). 

Stamens  usually  10;  occasionally  12-20;  anthers  bright  red;  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval, 

usually  acute  or  acuminate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red. 

53.  C.  micracantha  (C). 

41.  Crataegus  viridis  L. 
Cratasgus  Davisii  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  base,  finely  serrate  above  with  incurved  glandular 


Fig.  393 


teeth,  and  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed  toward  the  apex,  tinged  with  red  and  slightly  hairy 
above  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  wrhen  the  flowers  open  in  April  and  May,  and 
at  maturity  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  large  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  l'-2'  long,  and 
2'-!'  wide,  with  a  thick  midrib  and  conspicuous  primary  veins;  often  turning  brilliant 
scarlet  late  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  I'-l?'  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  deeply  laterally  lobed  with  narrow  acuminate  lobes,  and  2f '-4' 
long,  and  l£'-2'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  many-flowered 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  entire;  stamens  20; 
anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-5,  usually  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale 
hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  through  the 
winter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  depressed-globose, 
bright  scarlet  or  orange,  $'-J'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  often  deciduous 


ROSACES  439 

from  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  usually  5,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and 
slightly  grooved  or  ridged  on  the  back,  TV~i'  l°ng- 

A  tree,  20°-35°  high,  with  a  straight  often  fluted  trunk  8°-12°  tall,  and  18'-20'  in  diam- 
eter, covered  with  close  gray  or  pale  orange-colored  bark,  small  branches  forming  a  round 
rather  compact  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  ashy  gray  to  light  red-brown  in  their 
first  winter,  and  unarmed  or  occasionally  armed  with  slender  sharp  pale  spines  f '-1'  long. 

Distribution.  On  the  often  inundated  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  rarely  in  drier 
ground  on  low  slopes;  southeastern  Virginia  (banks  of  the  Blackwater  River  near  Zuni, 
Isle  of  Wight  County),  North  Carolina  (Salisbury,  Rowan  County),  South  Carolina  (near 
Aiken,  Aiken  County),  eastern  Georgia  (near  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  and  Macon, 
Bibb  County),  western  Florida  (River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  and  Tallahassee,  Leon 
County  to  the  swamps  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River),  and  westward  through  central 
and  southern  Alabama,  southern  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  San 
Antonio  River  (Sutherland  Springs,  Wilson  County),  Texas,  and  to  central  and  western 
Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma  and  southeastern  Missouri  (Butler  County),  and  northward 
in  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  River  from  Louisiana  to  northeastern  Missouri, 
and  to  Pike  County,  Illinois,  ranging  eastward  in  Mississippi  to  Tishomingo  County  in  the 
northeastern  corner  of  the  state,  to  northwestern  Georgia,  southeastern  Tennessee,  and  to 
Richland  County,  Illinois;  rare  and  local  in  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states;  common 
and  often  forming  great  thickets  in  western  Louisiana,  the  coast  region  of  eastern  Texas, 
southern  Arkansas,  and  in  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  River. 

42.  Crataegus  ovata  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  broadly  or  acutely  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely 
often  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  and  occasionally  slightly  divided  into 


Fig.  394 

short  lateral  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  dark 
green,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  above  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  scattered  hairs 
near  the  base  of  the  midrib,  paler  below,  with  small  persistent  axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs, 
and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  2'-2f '  long,  and  If '-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib 
and  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  rose-colored  in  the  autumn,  about  f '  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  serrate,  and 
sometimes  3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in 
broad  loose  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
broad  acute,  entire  or  coarsely  glandular-serrate  toward  the  apex,  glabrous;  styles  5. 


440  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  elongated  pedicels,  in  long  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  or 
a  little  longer  than  broad,  orange-red,  I'— jV  l°ng'  calyx  enlarged,  with  elongated  closely 
appressed  lobes  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  5,  acute  at  the  ends, 
rounded  or  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  fa'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth 
gray  bark,  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first 
year,  becoming  grayish  brown  in  their  second  season,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occa- 
sional dark  purple  slender  slightly  curved  shining  spines  1'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil  on  the  banks  of  the  River  Desperes,  South  St.  Louis,  St. 
Louis  County,  and  near  Alba,  Jasper  County,  Missouri. 

43.  Crataegus  vulsa  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  broad  and  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  entire  base, 
irregularly  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth, 
and  often  divided  into  several  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  wrhen  they  unfold  dark  bronze-red, 
and  pilose  with  scattered  caducous  hairs,  and  furnished  below  with  tufts  of  pale  often  per- 


Fig.  395 

sistent  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
late  in  April,  and  at  maturity  thin,  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  about  2'  long  and  1^'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  pale  yello\* 
primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow  or  brown;  petioles  slender,  somewhat  villosc 
at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  about  f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad  and  rounded  or  occasionally  truncate  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  base,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  often  3'  long  and  2|'  wide, 
with  a  stout  winged  glandular  petiole.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  ii 
compact  3-10-flowered  corymbs,  with  linear  acuminate  glandular  red  bracts  and  bractlets 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base, 
acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely  serrate  toward  the  apex,  glabrous;  stamens 
20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  thin  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Frail 
ripening  at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  globose,  yellow-green  flushed  with  red,  $'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent, 
with  closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  yellow-green;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  rounded,  sometimes 
slightly  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  fa'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin 
fissured  bark  separating  into  light  gray  scales  tinged  with  brown,  and  often  armed  with 
long  compound  spines,  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  an  oval  usually  compact 


ROSACE^E 


441 


symmetrical  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  glabrous  chestnut-brown  branchlets  be- 
coming gray,  and  armed  with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines 
l'-lf  long;  sometimes  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  northwestern  Georgia 
and  northeastern  Alabama. 

44.  Crataegus  glabriuscula  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  semiorbicular,  acute  or  often  short-pointed  or  rarely  rounded 
at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  below  the  middle  to  the  slender  entire  base,  coarsely 
and  often  doubly  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle  with  broad  straight  gland-tipped 
teeth,  and  sometimes  divided  toward  the  apex  into  2  or  3  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  1st  of  April,  and  then  membranaceous  and  slightly  pilose 
above  with  scattered  hairs  most  abundant  along  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity 
subcoriaceous,  hard  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the 
lower  surface,  1^-2'  long,  and  f'-l'  wide,  with  a  thin  light  yellow  midrib,  and  primary 


Fig.  396 


veins  extending  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf,  conspicuous  secondary  veins  and  reti1 
culate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined,  |'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  often  ovate,  broadly  cuneate  at  base,  much  more  coarsely  serrate,  more  frequently 
lobed,  2'-2|'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in 
few-flowered  rather  compact  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
short,  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  entire,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens 
20,  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  often  persistent  until 
late  into  the  winter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  many-fruited  drooping  clusters, 
short-oblong  to  obovoid  or  nearly  globose,  dull  orange  color,  marked  by  minute  dark  dots, 
about  \'  long;  calyx  enlarged,  conspicuous,  with  spreading  or  closely  appressed  lobes  dull 
red  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  very  thin,  yel- 
low, dry  and  hard;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about 

tV  long- 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
thin  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  long  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender 
nearly  straight  branchlets,  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  slender  straight  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  spines  f'-l'  long. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  of  the  Trinity  River  and  its  branches  near  Dallas,  Dallas 
County,  Texas,  in  forests  of  Elms  and  Nettle-trees. 


442 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


45.  Crataegus  blanda  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  rhombic,  acute  or  acuminate,  and  occasionally  slightly  lobed  toward  the 
apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate 
above  the  middle  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  coated  with  soft  pale  hairs  when  they  unfold, 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May,  and  then  membranaceous,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above  and  glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of  large  axillary  tufts  of 
snow-white  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l|'-2'  long,  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  a  slender  mid- 
rib, and  2  or  3  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf; 


Fig.  397 

petioles  slender,  at  first  villose  along  the  upper  side,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  f'-l'  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  more 
deeply  lobed  above  the  middle,  2'-2|'  long,  and  l|'-2'  wide.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on 
slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  corymbs,  with  linear  entire  bracts 
and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
broad  base,  acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely  dentate,  glabrous;  stamens  20;  anthers  canary- 
"yellow ;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red,  \'  in  diameter; 
calyx  prominent,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  5, 
thin,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

An  unarmed  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black  bark  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small 
plate-like  scales,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head,  and  nearly 
straight  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange-green  at  first,  becoming  dull  red-brown  during 
their  first  season  and  darker  brown  the  following  year. 

Distribution.  Dry  uplands  and  low  rolling  hills  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County, 
Arkansas. 

46.  Crataegus  velutina  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
the  entire  base,  and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  more  than 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April  and  then  covered  above  by  short 
white  hairs  and  below  with  hoary  pubescence,  and  often  furnished  with  axillary  tufts  of 
white  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  smooth  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface  and 
covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  matted  pale  hairs,  If -2'  long,  and  H'-2'  wide,  with  a 
thin  midrib  and  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  thickly  covered  early  in  the  season  with 


ROSACES 


443 


matted  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  £'-!'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
ovate,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  usually  slightly  lobed  above  the 
middle,  and  often  2|'-3'  long  and  1^'  wide.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter  on  slender  villose  pedi- 
cels, in  usually  7-12-flowered  hairy  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  short,  acute,  entire,  slightly  villose;  stamens  20; 
anthers  yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit  on  long  slender  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  drooping  stems 
in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  orange-red,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  about  \'  in 
diameter:  calyx  prominent,  with  a  deep  narrow  cavity  pointed  in  the  bottom,  and  closely 


Fig.  398 

appressed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  acute  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  ridged 
on  the  back  with  a  low  grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  rough  scaly  bark, 
and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets,  hoary -tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  light  red- 
dish brown,  marked  by  pale  lenticels  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  near  the  end 
in  their  first  autumn,  and  ashy  gray  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  slender  nearly 
straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-l£'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Uplands  in  dry  sandy  soil,  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  near  Texacana, 
Bowie  County,  Arkansas;  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos  River  (near  Columbia, 
Brazoria  County),  Texas. 

47.  Crataegus  arborescens  Ell. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  and  abruptly 
short-pointed  and  slightly  lobed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  cuneate  and  entire  at  base, 
and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  the  middle  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  villose  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  midrib  with  short  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  often  furnished  on  the 
lower  surface  with  small  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  l'-2'  long,  and  f '-!'  wide,  with  a  slen- 
der midrib  and  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  oval  to  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic,  acuminate,  abruptly  or  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  at  base,  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  with  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  often 
2^'  long  and  1  j'  wide,  their  petioles  stout,  and  glabrous  early  in  the  season.  Flowers  \'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  wide  many-flowered  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  glabrous  or  slightly  pilose,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  entire,  glabrous 
or  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  stamens  20;  anthers 


444  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

deep  rose  color;  styles  usually  5.  Fruit  on  short  pedicels  in  many-fruited  drooping  clus- 
ters, globose  or  subglobose,  orange-red,  j'— 3'  in  diameter;  nutlets  5,  pointed  at  the  ends, 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  £'  long. 


399 


A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter  covered  with  close  pale  gray 
bark,  spreading  and  erect  branches  forming  a  broad  rather  open  irregular  head,  and  slender 
glabrous  red-brown  branchlets,  ashy  gray  in  their  second  season,  and  unarmed  or  armed 
with  straight  slender  chestnut-brown  spines. 

Distribution.  River  banks,  low  wet  woods  and  borders  of  swamps;  Georgia-coast 
region,  near  Dorchester,  Liberty  County,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Savannah,  and  on- 
the  Ogeechee  River  at  Fort  Argyle,  Chatham  County  (type  station);  near  Augusta, 
Richmond  County,  Georgia. 

48.  Crataegus  nitida  Sarg. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth, 


Fig.  400 

and  often  more  or  less  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  broad  acute  lobes,  dark  red  and  slightly 
villose  along  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  with  scattered  caducous  hairs  when  they  unfold, 


ROSACE.E 


445 


nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, dark  green  and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  dull  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, 2'-3'  long,  and  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  usually  red  on  the  lower  side,  and 
few  thin  prominent  primary  veins  generally  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  turning  in 
the  autumn  rich  orange  color  through  shades  of  bronze  and  orange-red;  petioles  stout,  gland- 
ular, villose  while  young  on  the  upper  side,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  i'-f  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  frequently  5'  long  and  2^'  wide.  Flow- 
ers -£'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  many-flowered  glabrous 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acuminate, 
entire  or  sparingly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-5. 
Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  droop- 
ing clusters,  short -oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  pruinose  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
marked  by  small  dark  dots,  £'-f  long,  and  about  f  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  en- 
larged, the  lobes  dark  red  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  usually  erect,  often  deciduous  be- 
fore the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets  2-5,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  low  rounded 
ridge,  light-colored,  |'  long. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  18'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
close  dark  bark  broken  into  thick  plate-like  scales,  stout  spreading  lower  branches  and 
erect  upper  branches  forming  a  broad  often  irregular  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets 
bright  orange-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  and  second  seasons,  becoming  pale 
reddish  brown  in  their  third  year,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with 
occasional  straight  thin  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.     Bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  River,  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois;  common. 

49.  Crataegus  mitis  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rhombic,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above  wdth  straight  glandular 
teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  of  May,  and  then 
light  yellow-green  above,  paler  below,  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  hairs 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  \\'-^>\'  long,  and  I'-l \'  wide,  with 


Fig.  401 

a  prominent  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  apex,  occa- 
sionally glandular  with  minute  glands,  \\'-\\'  in  length.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on 
long  slender  pedicels,  Y  compact  8-15-flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  writh  red  glandular  bracts 


446 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed 
from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate  below  the  middle  with  minute 
stipitate  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  styles  2-4,  usually  3.  Fruit  ripening  the 
middle  of  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to 
short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson,  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots,  \'- 
f  long,  about  £'  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  serrate,  closely  ap- 
pressed,  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  pale  orange  color,  and  juicy;  nut- 
lets usually  3,  thick,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with 
a  broad  high  rounded  deeply  grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
scaly  bark,  large  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  glabrous 
branchlets  dull  light  reddish  brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  brown  or  ashy 
gray,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  dull  red-brown  or  purplish  spines 
usually  about  1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  rich  soil  on  the  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  River  near  the  vil- 
lage of  Kahokia,  St.  Glair  County,  Illinois. 

50.  Crataegus  atrorubens  Ashe. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  usually  rounded  or  sometimes  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the  broad 
entire  base,  coarsely  and  usually  doubly  serrate  above,  and  often  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs 


Fig.  402 

of  short  acute  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  April  or  early  in  May 
and  then  slightly  roughened  above  by  short  scattered  white  hairs,  and  furnished  below 
with  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark 
dull  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  light  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  about 
2'  long  and  If  wide,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  frequently  3'  long,  and  2^'  wide,  with  a  thin 
midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  more  or  less 
densely  villose  early  in  the  season,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  V-\\'  in  length.  Flowers 
about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  glabrous  or 
villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  densely  villose  throughout  or  only  at  base 
with  pale  tomentum,  the  lobes  short,  acute,  finely  glandular-serrate,  villose  particularly 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping 
few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  red;  calyx 
somewhat  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets 
4  or  5,  thin,  rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  TV  long. 


ROSACE^E  447 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  red- 
brown  scaly  bark,  thin  erect  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  rather  narrow 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  occasional  dark  lenticels,  dark  green  more 
or  less  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  dark  chestnut-brown  and 
very  lustrous,  and  bright  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year,  and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri,  and  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  St.  Clair  County,  Illinois;  not  common.  , 

51.  Cratsegus  ingens  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate-oval  or  ovate,  broadly  or  acutely  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  crenately 
serrate  above,  and  often  slightly  lobed  toward  the  acute  apex,  about  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April  or  early  in  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid 
hairs  and  villose  below  along  the  midrib,  and  the  remote  slender  veins  extending  obliquely 


Fig.  403 


to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  scabrate  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  !%'-%'  long,  and  1|'-1|'  wide; 
turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  red,  or  brown;  petioles  stout,  narrowly  wing-mar- 
gined to  the  middle,  pubescent  while  young,  becoming  glabrous,  about  f '  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  often  3'-3|'  long,  and  2'  wide,  with  a 
stout  broad-winged  petiole  sometimes  l£'  long.  Flowers  £'-f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy 
pedicels,  in  many-flowered  compact  hairy  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  coated,  espe- 
cially toward  the  base  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acute,  glandu- 
lar with  bright  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  sparingly  villose  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  deep  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  stout  puber- 
ulous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  red,  about  f '  in 
diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  reflexed  appressed  nearly  glabrous  lobes;  nutlets  3-5, 
rounded  or  slightly  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  j'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming 
a  wide  round-topped  head,  and  unarmed  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs, 
soon  becoming  glabrous,  dark  chestnut-brown. 

Distribution.  Moist  woods  and  the  low  banks  of  streams;  southeastern  Tennessee  and 
northwestern  Georgia. 

52.  Crataegus  penita  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  oval,  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  broadly  or  acutely 
concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular 


448 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


mostly  straight  teeth,  and  often  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  deeply  tinged  with  red 
and  covered  with  pale  hairs  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
about  the  1st  of  May  and  then  smooth  above,  and  glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of 
axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  If '-2'  long,  and  I'-lf '  wide,  with  a  prominent 
midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  turning  orange,  yellow,  and  brown  in  the  autumn;  petioles 
slender,  covered  while  young  like  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the  midrib  with  pale  decid- 


Fig.  404 

uous  hairs,  ^'-f '  in  length;  leaves, at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  base,  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  and  2^ '-3'  long  and  broad,  with  a  stout  broadly  winged 
glandular  petiole.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  elongated  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy 
pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  nearly  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  slender,  acuminate,  entire,  or  furnished 
with  occasional  minute  glandular  teeth,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20; 
anthers  white  faintly  tinged  with  pink;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  elongated 
slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose  or  depressed-globose,  red,  about  \' 
in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side;  nut- 
lets 3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  broadly  grooved  on  the  back,  about 
I'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending  or 
spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  head,  unarmed  branchlets  puberulous  while  young, 
soon  glabrous,  becoming  light  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.     Low  moist  woods  and  the  banks  of  streams;  southeastern  Tennessee. 

53.  Crataegus  micracantha  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  gradually 
or  abruptly  narrowed  from  above  or  from  below  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base, 
coarsely  crenulate-serrate,  and  occasionally  3-lobed  above  with  short  broad  acute  lateral 
lobes,  wThen  they  unfold  villose  on  the  upper  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  more 
than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May  and  then  membranaceous 
and  slightly  villose  above  with  short  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm 
in  texture,  dark  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  smooth  above,  paler  and  tomentose  below  on 
the  slender  midrib  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  very  obscure  primary  veins,  2'-2|'  long,  and  l'-l \f  wide; 
petioles  slender,  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  or  pubescent,  %'-!'  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broadly  rhombic  to  obovate,  acuminate, fre- 
quently deeply  3-lobed  or  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  lateral  lobes,  usually  2*'-  3'  long. 


ROSACE.E  449 

Flowers  cup-shaped,  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels  thickly  coated  with  matted 
white  hairs,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered  compound  hairy  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrow \y 
obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  linear,  acuminate,  entire,  slightly  villose,  tipped  with  minute 
dark  glands;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  12,  15,  or  20;  anthers  small,  deep  bright  red; 
styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping 
many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright 
orange-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  long;  calyx  prominent, 


Fig.  405 

with  a  short  villose  tube,  and  spreading  erect  hairy  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe 
fruit;  nutlets  5,  thin,  acute  at  the  narrow  ends,  rounded  and  sometimes  slightly  grooved  on 
the  back,  about  j\'  long. 

An  unarmed  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
light  or  dark  brown  bark  separating  freely  into  thin  narrow  scales,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  flat-topped  handsome  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  coated 
until  after  the  flowering  time  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  bright  red-brown  and  puberu- 
lous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  or  dark  dull  reddish  brown  the  following  year. 

Distribution.  Common  in  low  woods  in  rich  moist  soil  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County, 
Arkansas. 

V.  PRUINOS-E. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  20. 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  elliptic;  fruit  subglobose,  green  and  pruinose  when  fully  grown,  becoming  dark 

purple-red  and  very  lustrous ;  anthers  large,  deep  rose  color.  54.  C.  pruinosa  (A,  C) . 

leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  russet-green;  anthers  small, 

light  rose  color.  55.  C.  georgiana  (C). 

Anthers  white;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate  at  base;  fruit  broader  than  high,  scarlet, 

pruinose,  becoming  lustrous.  56.  C.  callicarpa  (A). 

Stamens  10;  anthers  dark  rose  color;  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate;  fruit  subglobose,  green 

more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  pruinose.  57.  C.  dismncta  (A.) 

54.  Crataegus  pruinosa  K.  Koch. 

Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  broadly  or  acutely  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  irregularly  and  often 
doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular  straight  or  incurved  teeth,  and  divided  in  3  or  4  pairs 


450 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


of  short  acute  or  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  glabrous  with 
the  exception  of  a  fewr  short  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the  midrib, 
nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  May  and  then  mem- 
branaceous  and  bluish  green,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  blue-green  and  often 
glaucous  above,  pale  below,  I'-l?'  long,  and  £'-!'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  3  or  4  pairs 
of  thin  primary  veins  running  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  late  in  the  autumn  turning  dull 
orange  color;  petioles  slender,  glandular,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  often  bright  red  in 
early  spring  and  in  the  autumn,  I'-l?'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad- 
ovate,  often  rounded  at  base,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  frequently 
2|'  long  and  wide,  with  stouter  and  more  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  f'-l/  in 
diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  wide  base,  long-pointed,  finely 
glandular-serrate  below  the  middle;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  deep  rose  color;  styles  5, 


Fig.  406 


surrounded  at  base  by  a  thick  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  on  long  thin  light  green 
ultimately  bright  red  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  5-angled,  apple  green  and 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  until  nearly  fully  ripe,  at  maturity  late  in  October  subglo- 
bose  but  rather  broader  than  high,  barely  angled,  ^'~f'  in  diameter,  dark  purple-red, 
marked  by  many  small  dull  dots,  very  lustrous;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  well-developed 
tube,  and  enlarged  usually  erect  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens:  flesh  thick, 
light  yellow;  nutlets  5,  light-colored,  acute  at  apex,  nprrowred  and  rounded  at  base,  deeply 
grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  stem  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  spreading  horizontal  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  bright  chestnut- 
brown  during  their  first  season,  later  becoming  dark  reddish  brown,  and  armed  with  numer- 
ous stout  straight  light  chestnut-brown  spines  \'-\\'  long;  often  shrubby,  with  several 
intricately  branched  stems. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  low  hills  often  in  limestone  soil;  southwestern.  Vermont,  west- 
ward through  New  York  to  southern  Ontario  (neighborhood  of  Toronto),  and  through  Ohio 
and  Indiana  to  central  and  northern  Illinois,  and  southward  through  eastern  Pennsylvania 
to  northern  Delaware. 

55.  Crataegus  georgiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  base,  finely 
and  often  doubly  serrate  \vith  straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  divided  into 


ROSACES 


451 


numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  pale  caducous 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  bronze-yellow  when  they  unfold,  nearly  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  April  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  above  and  pale 
below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  blue-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
on  the  lower  surface,  1%'-%'  long,  and  I'-l  |'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  3  or  4 
pairs  of  thin  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  often  short-winged  at  the  apex,  usually  about 
f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  sometimes  deltoid 
and  usually  much  more  deeply  lobed.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in 
usually  5-7-flowered  compact  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely  and  irregularly 
serrate,  glabrous;  stamens  20;  anthers  small;  light  rose  color;  styles  5;  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the 


Fig.  407 

ends,  often  obscurely  5-angled,  dull  russet-green,  f'-£'  long;  calyx-lobes  only  slightly 
enlarged,  mostly  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens,  leaving  a  well-defined  ring  at  the  summit 
of  the  short  calyx-tube;  flesh  thin,  light  green;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  irregularly 
grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  slender  lustrous  chest- 
nut-brown branchlets  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  spines  rarely  more  than 
iy  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  river-bottoms  and  meadows  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome, 
Floyd  County,  Georgia. 

56.  Crataegus  callicarpa  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  with  long  straight 
glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  broad  acuminate  lateral 
lobes,  not  more  than  a  quarter  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  April  and  then  very 
thin,  yellow-green  and  slightly  villose  above  and  on  the  midrib  below,  and  at  maturity 
thin,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on 
the  lower  surface,  4 '-4^'  long,  and  2'-2^'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib,  a,nd  3  or  4  pairs  of  prom- 
inent primary  veins  connected  by  conspicuous  cross  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  slightly  wing- 
margined  at  apex,  sparingly  glandular,  I'-lJ'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
thicker,  with  shorter  glandular  petioles  rose-colored  toward  the  base.  Flowers  1'  in  diam- 
eter, on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  small  compact  5-10-flowered  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  to 


452 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


linear-obovate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets  usually  persistent  until  the  flowers  open; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  separated  by  wide  sinuses,  short,  broad, 
acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20; 
anthers  white;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing early  in  October  on  short  stout  spreading  pedicels  in  2  or  3-fruited  clusters,  broader  than 
high,  distinctly  5-angled,  rounded  at  the  wide  apex,  truncate  at  base,  with  a  deep  depres- 
sion at  the  insertion  of  the  pedicel,  scarlet,  pruinose,  becoming  lustrous,  marked  by  numer- 
ous large  pale  dots,  f— i'  broad,  and  about  f  high;  calyx-lobes  deciduous;  flesh  thin,  light 
yellow  slightly  tinged  with  red,  remaining  on  the  ground  through  the  winter  without  be- 
coming soft;  nutlets  5,  thin,  acute  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  or 
ridged  with  a  low  grooved  ridge  on  the  back,  \'-\'  long  and  wide. 


Fig.  408 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  stem  5'-6'  in  diameter  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark,  and 
stout  nearly  straight  branchlets  dark  orange-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light 
chestnut-brown,  lustrous  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  season,  and  dull 
reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  purplish 
spines  l'-l|'  in  length. 

Distribution.     Rich  hillsides,  near  Shrewsbury,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri. 

57.  Crataegus  disjuncta  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  full  and  rounded  or  concave  cuneate  at  the  entire  base, 
sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly 
and  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  narrow  acuminate  spreading  lobes,  thin,  gla- 
brous, dark  blue-green  above,  pale  below,  2£'-3'  long,  and  2|'-2^'  wide,  with  a  slender  yel- 
low midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the 
lobes;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  at  apex,  glandular,  I'-l \'  in  length.  Flowers  opening 
the  first  of  May,  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  stout  pedicels,  in  glabrous  compact  3-6  usually 
5-flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  with  conspicuous  glandular  early  deciduous  bracts  and  bract- 
lets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glabrous,  entire 
or  sparingly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  dark  rose  color;  styles  4  or  5, 
surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  on  stout  rigid  pedicels,  in 
drooping  or  spreading  clusters,  subglobose,  usually  rather  broader  than  high,  angled, 
green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  pruinose,  £'-f  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a 
short  tube  and  much  enlarged  spreading  or  erect  lobes  usually  deciduous  at  midsummer; 
flesh  thin,  greenish  yellow;  nutlets  usually  4,  rounded  at  the  ends,  deeply  grooved  on  the 
back,  about  \r  long. 

A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  tall  slender  trunk,  covered  with  dark  slightly  scaly  bark,  small 


ROSACES 


453 


erect  and  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag 
glabrous  branchlets  dark  olive-green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  dark  dull  red- 


Fig.  409 

dish  brown  or  purple  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
becoming  light  grayish  brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  nearly 
straight  dark  purple  lustrous  spines  2|'-3'  in  length. 

Distribution.     Gravelly  banks  of  small  streams  near  Monteer,  Shannon  County,  and  at 
Carl  Junction,  Jasper  County,  Missouri. 


VI.  SILVICOLJE. 

Medioximce  Sarg. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Fruit  on  short  erect  pedicels;  leaves  rounded  or  occasionally  slightly  cordate  at  base. 

58.  C.  drymophila  (C). 
Fruit  on  elongated  drooping  pedicels. 

Leaves  truncate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base;  anthers,  pale  rose.         59.  C.  diffusa  (A). 

Leaves  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base;  anthers,  dark  purple.  60.  C.  luxuriosa  (A). 

58.  Crataegus  drymophila  Sarg. 

Cratagus  silvicola  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  often 
doubly  serrate  above  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  into  short 
acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  and  coated  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  most 
abundant  on  the  upper  surface,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April 
and  then  nearly  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  smooth  or  scabrate 
above,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  or  occasionally  villose  along  the  under  side  of  the  slender 
midrib,  and  of  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  about 
2'  long  and  l^'-lf  wide;  petioles  slender,  glandular,  about  1'  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  deltoid,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  more  coarsely  serrate, 
more  deeply  lobed,  and  often  2|'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  about  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  thin-branched  glabrous  corymbs,  with  linear  glandular 
bright  red  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed,  acuminate,  glabrous,  entire  or  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers 
large,  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  at  the  end  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  short  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited 
clusters,  subglobose  and  often  a  little  broader  than  long,  red  or  greenish  yellow,  with  a  rosy 


454  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

cheek,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous 
before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
close  or  slightly  fissured  bark  broken  into  small  gray  or  red-brown  scales,  and  often  armed 
with  long  stout  branched  gray  spines,  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow 
irregular  or  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark  green  tinged  with  red  and 
covered  with  long  pale  scattered  white  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  gla- 


Fig.  410 

brous,  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  year,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with 
few  or  many  thin  straight  or  somewhat  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  l£'-2'  long; 
or  in  dry  soil  of  upland  forests  usually  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  flat  woods;  northern  Alabama  and  northwestern  and  central 
Georgia,  and  occasionally  on  the  drier  uplands  of  the  surrounding  country;  common; 
central  Mississippi  (Pelahatchee,  Rankin  County;  Jackson,  Hinds  County,  and  in  Franklin 
County);  eastern  Louisiana  (Holtsville,  St.  Tammany  Parish,  anthers  pink,  JR.  S.  Cocks). 

59.  Crataegus  diffusa  Sarg. 
Cratcegus  Beckwithce  Sarg. 
Crataegus  Robbinsiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  entire 
base,  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  more  or  less  deeply 
divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  spreading  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  deeply-tinged  with  red,  gla- 
brous below  and  covered  above  with  short  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  20th  of  May  and  then  thin,  pale  yellow-green 
and  hairy  above  and  pale  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  smooth,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  If '-2'  long,  and  I'-lf '  wide,  with 
a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the 
lobes;  often  turning  orange  color  tinged  with  red  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  slightly 
wing-margined  at  apex,  glandular  with  minute  stipitate  dark  glands,  |'-f'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  usually  long-pointed,  cordate  or  rarely  truncate 
at  base,  more  coarsely  serrate,  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-2|' 
wide,  with  a  stout  reddish  conspicuously  glandular  petiole  f '-• f'  in  length.  Flowers  £'~| ' 
in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  6-10-flowered  corymbs,  with  linear  glandular 
bracts  and  bractlets  mostly  deciduous  before  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  wide  base,  acuminate  at  the  gland-tipped 


ROSACES 


455 


apex,  entire  or  slightly  and  irregularly  toothed  near  the  middle;  stamens  7-10;  anthers 
light  rose  color;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  clusters, 
depressed-globose,  rather  broader  than  high,  dull  red  and  slightly  pruinose,  becoming  lus- 
trous, and  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  appressed  lobes  bright 
red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle  and  mostly  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin, 
hard,  greenish  white;  nutlets  4  or  5,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at 
apex,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray 
closely  appressed  scales,  comparatively  small  erect  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and 


Fig.  411 

slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  dark  lenticels,  green  tinged  with 
red  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  during  their 
first  winter,  and  pale  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender  or 
occasionally  stout  nearly  straight  bright  red-brown  shining  spines  \\'-\\'  long;  usually 
smaller  and  sometimes  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Connecticut  River  (Walpole,  Cheshire  County,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Westminster  and  Putney,  Windham  County,  Vermont),  western  Ver- 
mont (near  Burlington,  Chittenden  County);  eastern,  central  and  western  New  York: 
common. 

60.  Crataegus  luxuriosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the 
often  unsymmetrical  base,  finely  often  doubly  serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and 
slightly  divided  usually  only  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acute  lobes,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  May  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  rough- 
ened above  by  short  white  hairs  and  paler  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green 
and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  bluish  green  on  the  lower  surface,  2j'-2^'  long,  and 
If '-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  slightly 
wing-margined  at  apex,  occasionally  glandular  with  minute  persistent  glands,  l'-lj'  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  serrate, 
laterally  lobed  with  numerous  short  broad  lobes,  often  3'  long  and  2f '  wide.  Flowers 
f  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  mostly  6-12-flowered  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  long,  slender,  acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally 


456 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


slightly  dentate  near  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  villose  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  8-10;  anthers  bright  purple;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  be- 
ginning to  fall  early  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  usually  1-3-fruited 
clusters,  subglobose  to  slightly  obovoid,  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  pale  dots,  2'"!'  in 
diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  a  deep  narrow  cavity  and  spreading  and  incurved  usu- 
ally persistent  lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle;  flesh  thick,  yellow-green 
and  acid;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  4,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the 
back  with  a  broad  high  grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

An  oval-headed  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  8'-10'  in  diameter, 


Fig.  412 

covered  with  dark  gray  scaly  bark,  and  stout  zigzag  often  contorted  branchlets  dark 
orange-green  and  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light 
chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  in  their  first  season  and  dull  red-brown  the  following  year, 
and  armed  with  few  stout  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  I'-l^'  long, 
persistent  and  becoming  branched  on  old  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  hillsides,  Kittanning,  Armstrong  County,  and  on  the  flood  plain  of 
the  Allegheny  River  at  Whiskey  Hollow  across  the  river  from  Kittanning,  and  Lines- 
ville,  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania. 


vii.  TENUIFOLLE;. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  5-10. 
Corymbs  villose. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate;  stamens  usually  5;  anthers  pink;  fruit  obovoid  to  short-oblong. 

61.  C.  apiomorpha  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate;  stamens  10;  anthers  reddish  purple;  fruit  obovoid  to  sub- 
globose.  62.  C.  paucispina  (A). 
Corymbs  glabrous;  leaves  oval  or  ovate;  stamens  usually  5;  anthers  dark    reddish 
purple;  fruit  short-oblong.  63.  C.  pentandra  (A). 
Stamens  usually  20. 
Corymbs  villose. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  obovate  or  rarely  oval;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid. 

64.  C.  lucorum  (A). 
Leaves  rhombic  to  broad-ovate  or  rarely  obovate;  fruit  ellipsoidal. 

65.  C.  lacera  (C). 


ROSACE^E 


457 


Corymbs  glabrous. 
Leaves  ovate;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  fruit  subglobose  to  broad-obovoid,  dark  red. 

66.  C.  depilis  (A). 
Leaves  ovate:  stamens  15-20;  anthers  dark  rose  color;  fruit  subglobose. 

67.  C.  basilica  (A). 

61 .  Crataegus  apiomorpha  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  entire  often  unsym- 
metrical  base,  finely  doubly  serrate  above  with  slender  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided 
above  the  middle  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  triangular  acute  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green  and  tinged  with 
red  or  bronze  color,  and  covered  above  with  short  white  hairs  and  pale  and  glabrous  below, 
and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  blue-green  and  smooth  and  lustrous  or 


Fig.  413 


sometimes  dull  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  blue-green  on  the  lower  surface, 
\%'-2\'  long,  and  If'-l^'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib,  and  primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to 
the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  often  sparingly  glandu- 
lar, f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  3'  long.  Flowers  f'-f'  in 
diameter,  on  short  villose  or  glabrous  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowered  usually  hairy 
corymbs,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  glandular-serrate  with  stipi- 
tate  dark  red  or  purple  glands,  turning  red  before  falling,  mostly  persistent  until  after  the 
flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  at  base, 
slender,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular;  stamens  5-10,  usually  5;  anthers  pink; 
styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and 
soon  falling,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  obovoid  or  rarely  short- 
oblong,  bright  reddish  purple,  marked  by  small  scattered  pale  dots,  f '-§'  long,  and  \'-\'  in 
diameter;  calyx  much  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes,  their  tips  mostly  deciduous  from  the 
ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  juicy,  pleasantly  acid;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  rounded  and  ridged 
on  the  back  with  a  low  ridge,  about  I'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'  in  diameter  and  3°-6°  long,  covered  with 
dark  gray  bark  separating  into  thin  plates,  in  falling  disclosing  the  yellow  inner  bark, 
numerous  ascending  branches  forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  crown,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  dark  dull  red-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  the  following 
year,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  dull  red-brown  ultimately  ashy 
gray  spines  1'-!$'  long;  or  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  stems  spreading  into  small 
clumps. 


458 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.  Dry  open  places,  borders  of  woods,  and  the  margins  of  the  high  banks 
of  streams;  common  and  generally  distributed  in  northeastern  Illinois. 

62.  Crataegus  paucispina  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  rounded,  concave-cuneate  to  truncate  or  subcordate 
at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  deeply 
divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  acute  lateral  lobes  spreading  or  pointing  toward  the  apex  of  the 
leaf,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  light  yellow-green  and 
slightly  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs  and  paler  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  matur- 
ity membranaceous,  dark  blue-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  blue-green 
on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  and  H'-2^'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  thin 
primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  usually  with- 
out glands,  tinged  with  purple  in  the  autumn,  f  '-1|'  in  length.  Flowers  f  '-f '  in  diameter, 
on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  12-20-flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs,  their  bracts  and 
bractlets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  glandular,  red,  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  flowers 


Fig.  414 


open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular- 
serrate  with  small  dark  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  bright  reddish  purple;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by 
tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  during  the  first  half  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on 
slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  clusters,  obovoid  to  subglobose,  crimson  or  purplish, 
marked  by  numerous  small  pale  dots,  slightly  pruinose,  £'-f '  long,  and  about  f '  in  diameter; 
calyx  small,  with  reflexed  and  appressed  or  erect  and  incurved  serrate  lobes  dark  red  on  the 
upper  side  below  the  middle,  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  juicy, 
acid  and  edible;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  slightly 
grooved  or  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter  and  often  6°  long,  covered 
with  dark  gray  or  nearly  black  bark  separating  into  thin  plate-like  scales,  numerous 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  dark  yellow-green 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  olive- 
green  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  small  straight 
light  red-brown  shining  spines  \'-\'  long. 

Distribution.     Woods  and  river  banks  in  dry  clay  soil;  northeastern  Illinois;  common. 

63.  Crataegus  pentandra  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  entire  base, 
divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  and  coarsely  and 


ROSACES 


459 


often  doubly  serrate  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  small  dark  glands,  nearly 
fully  grown  and  very  thin  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  mem- 
branaceous,  dark  green  and  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs,  pale  and  glabrous 
below,  2'-2|'  long,  and  \\'-%!  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  thin  primary  veins  ex- 
tending to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  often  winged  toward  the  apex,  glandular 
with  minute  dark  glands,  usually  about  1'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
more  deeply  lobed,  and  often  4'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  |  ;'-f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  gla- 
brous, dark  red,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  finely  glandular-serrate;  stamens 
usually  5,  occasionally  6-10;  anthers  large,  dark  red-purple;  styles  3,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  thin  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  September  and  soon 
falling,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  narrow  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  dark  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  minute  pale  dots,  usually  about  f  long  and  \' 
in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged  and  persistent,  the  lobes  elongated,  strongly  incurved,  often 


deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3,  narrowed  and  acute 
at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
thin  bark  separating  into  papery  lustrous  pale  scales,  stout  branches  forming  a  broad  open 
irregular  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  bright  chestnut-brown  during  their  first 
season,  becoming  ashy  gray  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  many  thick  straight  or 
curved  bright  chestnut-brown  or  red-brown  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  and  limestone  ridges;  western  and  southern  Vermont;  southern 
Connecticut  (rocky  shore  of  Alewive  Creek,  Waterford,  New  London  County),  and  east- 
ern and  central  New  York  (Whitesboro,  Oneida  County). 

64.  Crataegus  lucorum  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  obovate  or  rarely  oval,  broad-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire 
base,  coarsely  serrate  above  with  straight  teeth  tipped  with  large  persistent  bright  red 
glands,  and  deeply  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  wide  acute  or  acuminate 
lobes,  rather  more  than  a  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  light 
yellow-bronze  color,  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  glabrous 
on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  smooth,  dark  dull  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  about  2'  long  and  \\'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow 
midrib,  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes ; 


460 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


petioles  slender,  glandular,  often  somewhat  winged  toward  the  apex,  l'-l£'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  ovate  and  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  mote 
deeply  lobed,  and  sometimes  3'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  thin  pedicels, 
in  narrow  compact  few-flowered  small  villose  corymbs;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  small,  dark  purple;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of 
September  and  soon  falling,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited  slightly  villose 
clusters,  obovoid  until  nearly  fully  grown  and  then  short-oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  s'-f  long; 
calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  elongated,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose  above,  closely 
appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  rounded,  and  sometimes  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 
A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  close  dark 
red-brown  bark,  slender  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  head,  and  thin  branch- 


Fig.  416 

lets  dark  green  and  somewhat  villose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dull  orange-brown 
in  their  first  summer  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly 
curved  bright  red-brown  lustrous  spines  \'-\\'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  along  the  margins  of  Oak-groves  on  the  banks  of  sloughs; 
Barrington,  Cook  County,  Illinois;  near  Ithaca,  Thompkins  County,  New  York. 

65.  Crataegus  lacera  Sarg. 

Leaves  rhombic  to  broad-ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  acute  at  apex,  broadly  cuneate  and 
entire  at  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided 
above  the  middle  into  numerous  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  thick 
hoary  tomentum  and  villose  above,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the 
20th  of  April  and  then  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  and  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with 
short  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  light  yellow-green,  paler  below  than 
above,  thin,  about  1|'  long  and  \\'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  few  remote 
primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  villose,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  slightly  winged 
at  the  apex,  often  red  toward  the  base,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
broad-ovate,  often  deeply  3-lobed,  coarsely  serrate,  3'-4'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  f '  in  di- 
ameter, on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  sparingly  villose  few-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  coarsely  glandular-ser- 
rate, glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small, 
rose  color;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  toward  the  end  of  October,  on  short  stout  gla- 


ROSACE^E 


461 


brous  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited  clusters,  ellipsoidal,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  cherry- 
red,  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots,  about  f '  long;  calyx  only  slightly 


Fig.  41 7 


enlarged,  with  small  nearly  triangular  villose  spreading  lobes  mostly  deciduous  before  the 
fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  orange  color;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  only 
slightly  ridged  on  the  rounded  back,  j\'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  scaly 
bark,  small  short  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark  olive-green 
and  villose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  red-brown  and  glabrous  during  their  first 
summer,  and  ultimately  dull  light  gray,  and  armed  with  thin  straight  bright  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  spines  f'-lf '  long. 

Distribution.     Low  rich  forest-glades  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas. 

66.  Crataegus  depilis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  and  often  unsymmetrical 
at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  often 


Fig.  418 


divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  deeply  tinged  with  red  and 
covered  above  with  fine  short  caducous  hairs,  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 


462 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


during  the  second  week  of  May,  and  at  maturity  merabranaceous,  glabrous,  smooth,  yel- 
lowish to  bluish  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long,  and  l'-l j' 
wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins;  turning  yellowish  and 
brown  or  russet  color  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  sparingly  glandular  with 
minute  glands,  f '-!'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  2|'  long  and 
1|'  wide.  Flowers  -|'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  glabrous  8-12-flowered 
corymbs,  with  linear  or  oblong  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  gla- 
brous, the  lobes  lanceolate,  glandular-serrate,  deeply  tinged  with  purple;  stamens  20;  an- 
thers pale  rose  color;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and  soon  falling,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  broad-obovoid,  dark  red  to 
reddish  purple,  lustrous,  \'~¥  long,  and  f '-f '  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the 
lobes  reflexed,  glandular-serrate,  and  red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base;  flesh  thick, 
yellow,  sweet,  juicy  and  slightly  acid;  nutlets  4  or  5,  full  and  rounded  at  apex,  narrowed 
and  acute  at  base,  and  prominently  but  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  some- 
times grooved  ridge,  i'-jV  l°ng- 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4 '-8'  in  diameter  and  6°-9°  long,  covered  with  dark 
gray  or  gray-brown  flaky  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  an  oblong  or  rounded  open 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  bright  red-brown  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first 
summer,  becoming  light  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  stout  or  slender 
nearly  straight  spines  \'-\\'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  clay  or  gravelly  soil  in  pastures  and  on  the  borders  of  woods;  north- 
eastern Illinois  (Lake,  Cook  and  Mill  Counties). 

67.  Crataegus  basilica  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  or  crenate 
base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  slender  glandular  teeth,  and 


Fig.  419 

divided  into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  early  in  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  below,  and 
at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  bright  green  and  scabrate  above,  paler  below,  2^'-3' 
long,  and  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  thin  veins  arching  to  the  point  of 
the  lobes ;  turning  yellow  and  brown  in  the  autumn ;  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  apex, 
l'-l|'  in  length.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  5-15-flowered 
glabrous  compact  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  acumi- 
nate, glabrous,  entire  or  occasionally  serrate;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  dark  rose  color; 


ROSACES  463 

styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  scarlet,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  £'-f '  in  di- 
ameter; flesh  soft,  sweet,  and  edible;  nutlets  8-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  prom- 
inently ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  broadly  grooved  ridge,  i'-TV  long- 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  7'-S'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  gray  or 
brown  scaly  bark,  ascending  or  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  head, 
and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark  chestnut-brown  in  their  first  season  becoming  dark  gray, 
and  armed  with  numerous  slender  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  ultimately  gray  spines 
2'-2|'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  and  the  borders  of  fields  and  roads,  western  North  Carolina, 
usually  at  altitudes  of  2000°-3000°  above  the  sea. 

VIII.  MOLLES. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pale  yellow  or  white  (rose  color  in  71). 

Leaves  broad  and  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong  or  obovoid,  red,  crimson  or  scarlet. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface. 
Leaves  thin. 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  scarlet,  ripening  in  August  and  September. 

68.  C.  mollis  (A). 

Fruit  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  dark  red,  ripening  in  October.     69.  C.  sera  (A). 
Leaves  subcoriaceous;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  crimson,  ripening  in  October 
and  November.  70.  C.  arkansana  (C). 

Mature  leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface;  fruit  depressed-globose,  red,  ripening 
in  August  and  September.  71.  C.  gravida  (A). 

Leaves  broad-cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrate  on  the  upper 

surface  at  maturity. 
Fruit  red. 

Leaves  villose  below  at  maturity  on  midrib  and  veins,  those  at  the  end  of  vigorous 
shoots  cuneate  at  base;  flowers  in  usually  7-12-flowered  corymbs;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  orange-red.  72.  C.  invisa  (C). 
Leaves  hoary-tomentose  below  at  maturity,  those  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
rounded,  cordate  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  the  broad  base;  flowers  in  15-20- 
flowered  corymbs;  fruit  ellipsoidal,  ovoid,  short-oblong  or  subglobose,  crimson. 

73.  C.  limaria  (C). 

Fruit  bright  canary  yellow,  subglobose;  leaves  villose  below  at  maturity  elliptic  to 
ovate,  oval  or  slightly  obovate.  74.  C.  viburnifolia  (C). 

Leaves  narrowed  at  base. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval.  75.  C.  Berlandieri  (C). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  or  slightly  obovate.  76.  C.  meridionalis  (C). 

Mature  leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  red. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oval;  flowers  in  3-10-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-lobes  glabrous. 

77.  C.  Treleasei  (C). 
Leaves  ovate;  flowers  in  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-lobes  villose. 

78.  C.  canadensis. 
Anthers  rose  color. 
Leaves  broad  at  base. 

Mature  leaves  smooth  on  the  upper  surface. 

Leaves  thick,  ovate,  acute  at  apex;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  bright  cherry 
red.  79.  C.  corusca  (A). 


464  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Leaves  thin,  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  at  apex;  fruit  subglobose  to 
ovoid,  bright  yellow.  80.  C.  Kelloggii  (A). 

Mature  leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  oblong-obovate;  fruit  short-oblong, 
crimson.  81.  C.  induta  (C). 

Leaves  narrowed  at  base;  fruit  red. 
Leaves  yellow-green. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovoid. 

82.  C.  texana  (C). 

Mature  leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface. 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong.  83.  C.  quercina  (C). 

Fruit  obovoid.  84.  C.  pyriformis  (C). 

Leaves  blue-green,  subcoriaceous,  ovate  to  suborbicular,  scabrate  on  the  upper 
surface;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  red.  85.  C.  lanuginosa  (C). 

Stamens  10. 
Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  broad  at  base. 

Leaves  smooth  on  the  upper  surface. 

Leaves  ovate  or  rarely  oval,  dark  yellow-green  above;  fruit  subglobose,  crimson, 

ripening  late  in  August.  86.  C.  arnoldiana  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  blue-green  above;  fruit  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  scarlet,  ripening 

in  September.  87.  C.  champlainensis  (A). 

Leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate 

at  base;  anthers  nearly  white;  fruit  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red. 

88.  C.  pennsylvanica  (A). 

Leaves  cuneate  at  base,  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  ovate,  acute;  fruit  obovoid, 
orange-red.  89.  C.  submollis  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  broad  at  the  rounded,  abruptly  cuneate  or  cordate  base. 
Leaves  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface. 

Leaves  oval,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base;  flowers  in  wride  many-flowered  corymbs; 

fruit  short-oblong,  crimson.  90.  C.  Ellwangeriana  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate;  flowers  in  compact  few-flowered  corymbs;  fruit  obovoid  to 

short-oblong,  scarlet.  91.  C.  Robesoniana  (A). 

Leaves  smooth  on  the  upper  surface  at  maturity,  ovate,  usually  broad-cuneate  at 

base;  fruit  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  crimson.  92.  C.  anomala  (A). 

Leaves  cuneate  at  base,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface  at  maturity;  fruit  subglobose, 

orange-red.  93.  C.  noelensis  (C). 

68.  Crataegus  mollis  Scheele.    Red  Haw. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,  usually  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  wide  base,  coarsely  and 
generally  doubly  serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  more  or  less  deeply  divided 
into  4  or  5  pairs  of  acute  or  rounded  lateral  lobes,  covered  above  with  short  pale  hairs  and 
hoary-tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early 
in  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green  and  hairy  above  and  pubescent  or 
tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green  and  slightly  rugose 
on  the  upper  surface  and  paler  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  lowyer  surface  along  the 
stout  midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  3 '-4' 
long  and  broad;  petioles  stout,  terete,  at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  often  slightly  glandular  with  small  dark  caducous  glands,  l'-li'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed,  with  a  deeper  basal  sinus,  and  frequently 
5 '-6'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  stout  densely  villose  pedicels,  in  broad 
many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs,  with  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-ser- 
rate with  bright  red  glands,  villose  on  the  outer,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface:  stamens 


ROSACE^E 


465 


20;  anthers  large,  light  yellow;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  to- 
mentura.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  August  and  early  in  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  droop- 
ing few-fruited  villose  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  rounded  at  the  ends,  more  or 
less  pubescent,  scarlet  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots;  f'-l'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  hairy,  with  large  erect  and  incurved  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit 
ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  rounded  and  ob- 
scurely ridged  on  the  back,  light  brown,  £'  long. 


Fig.  420 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  18'  in  diameter,  heavy  wide-spreading 
smooth  ashy  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  and  often  symmetrical  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  thick  coat  of  long  white  matted  hairs,  villose 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  occa- 
sional straight  thick  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  usually  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams;  northern  Ohio  and 
southwestern  Ontario  (Point  Edward)  to  northern  Missouri,  eastern  South  Dakota,  eastern 
Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas;  common;  near  Nashville,  Davidson  County,  Tennessee. 

69.  Crataegus  sera  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
broad  base,  irregularly  divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  sharply 
and  sometimes  doubly  serrate  nearly  to  the  base  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  unfolding 
about  the  1st  of  May  with  the  opening  of  the  flowrers  and  then  covered  above  with  short 
soft  white  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green 
and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4'  long,  and  2|'-3' 
wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the 
lobes;  petioles  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  I'-l^'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed,  and  often  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in 
diameter,  on  stout  densely  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowTered  tomentose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  coated  with  broad  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  broad,  acute 
or  acuminate,  glandular-serrate  with  large  dark  glands,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  and 
villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  4  or  5,  usually  5. 
Fruit  ripening  about  the  1st  of  October,  on  stout  puberulous  or  villose  pedicels,  in  drooping 
or  erect  few-fruited  clusters,  obovoid  or  short-oblong,  dull  dark  red,  marked  by  small  pale 
dots,  usually  slightly  villose  or  pubescent  at  the  ends,  f '  long,  and  \'  in  diameter;  calyx 
enlarged,  wjjth  erect,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  incurved  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the 
ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  usually  5,  thin,  light  brown, 
irregularly  grooved  on  the  back  with  a  broad  shallow  groove,  \'  long. 


466  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  thick  branches  form- 
ing a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  be- 


Fig.  421 

coming  light  red-brown  and  puberulous  and  ultimately  pale  orange-brown,  and  armed 
with  occasional  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  1  j'-l£'  in  length. 
Distribution.  Walpole  Island,  Lamberton  County,  southwestern  Ontario;  Belle  Isle  in 
the  Detroit  River,  near  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair  County,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Grand 
Rapids,  Kent  County,  Michigan;  northeastern  Illinois  (Cook,  Will,  Lake  and  Dupage 
Counties),  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Milwaukee,  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin. 

70.  Crataegus  arkansana  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  acute,  rounded,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  base, 
usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lobes,  and  serrate 
sometimes  to  the  base  with  short  straight  glandular  teeth,  when  the  flowers  open  about  the 


Fig.  422 

middle  of  May  nearly  one  third  grown  and  coated  with  soft  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity 
thick  and  leathery,  dull  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on 
the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  and  If '-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  light  yellow  midrib  and  primary 


KOSACE.E 


467 


veins  slightly  villose  below,  conspicuous  secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  late  in 
October  and  in  November  turning  bright  clear  yellow;  petioles  stout,  deeply  grooved,  more 
or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  glandular  with  minute  usually  deciduous  dark  glands,  at 
first  tomentose,  ultimately  glabrous  or  puberulous,  turning  dark  red  after  midsummer, 
l'-lf  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
base,  often  4'  long  and  3'  wide..  Flowers  nearly  1'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in 
broad- rather  compact  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated 
with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  short,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or 
slightly  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  pale  yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end 
of  October  and  falling  gradually  at  the  end  of  several  weeks,  on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in 
few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  or  rarely  obovoid,  rounded  and  slightly  tomen- 
tose at  the  ends,  bright  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  few  large  dark  dots,  f'-l'  long, 
about  f  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  small  linear-lanceolate  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate  erect  and  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  5,  small  in  com- 
parison to  the  size  of  the  fruit,  thin,  rounded  or  slightly  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back, 
*'  long. 

A  tree,  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem,  thick  slightly  ascending  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  dark  green  and  covered 
early  in  the  season  with  long  pale  hairs,  becoming  orange-brown,  glabrous,  and  very  lus- 
trous in  their  first  winter,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  straight  light  chestnut- 
brown  shining  spines,  \'-%'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  of  the  White  River  near  Newport,  Jackson  County,  Arkan- 
sas; hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  unsurpassed  late  in  the  autumn  in  the 
beauty  of  its  large  brilliant  abundant  fruits  long  persistent  on  the  branches. 

71.  Crataegus  gravida  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly 
serrate  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  incisely  lobed,  roughened  above  by 
short  pale  hairs  and  hoary- tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  nearly  half  grown  when  the 


Fig.  423 


flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin,  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and 
scabrate  above,  paler  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  below,  particularly  on  the  slender  mid- 
rib and  veins,  lf'-2£'  long,  and  1^'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange  and 
brown;  petioles  slender,  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  about  |'-1'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-ovate  to  nearly 
orbicular,  round  or  cuneate  at  the  broad  base,  more  coarsely  serrate,  more  deeply  lobed, 


468 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  often  2f '-3'  long  and  wide,  their  petioles  f '-!'  long.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on 
short  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  narrow  crowded  many-flowered  hoary-tomentose  cor- 
ymbs; calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually 
narrowed,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers  dark  rose;  styles  5. 
Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  on  elongated  tomentose  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  depressed-globose,  red;  calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  conspicuously  serrate, 
puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  reflexed  and  closely  appressed,  sometimes  deciduous  from 
the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  thin,  narrow  and  rounded  at 
base,  acute  at  apex,  rounded  and  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  TV  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  heavy  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a 
thick  coat  of  matted  pale  hairs,  orange-red  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
glabrous  and  reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight 
spines  about  1|'  long. 

Distribution.  Limestone  hills  in  the  neighborhood  of  Nashville,  Davidson  County, 
Tennessee. 

72.  Cratsegus  invisa  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  coarsely 
often  doubly  serrate  with  broad  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  usually  only 
above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acuminate  lobes,  densely  tomentose  below  and 


Fig.  424 

villose  above  when  they  unfold,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of 
March  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  by  short 
hairs  and  coated  below  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin,  yellow-green, 
scabrate  and  lustrous  above,  hairy  below  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  2|'-3'  long, 
and  2'-2|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  covered  with  pale  hairs 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  and  l|'-2'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  abruptly  cuneate  at  the  wide  base,  more  coarsely 
serrate,  deeply  divided  into  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  3|'-4'  long  and  3'-3?'  wide; 
petioles  slender,  villose,  l|'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  at  the  end  of  March,  about  f '  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels  thickly  coated  like  the  wide  calyx-tube  with  long  matted 
white  hairs,  in  broad  mostly  7-12-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-lobes  gradually  narrowed  from 
the  base,  short,  broad,  acuminate,  laciniately  glandular-serrate,  thickly  covered  with  long 
white  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  above  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20; 
anthers  white;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening 


HOSACE.E 


469 


at  the  end  of  October,  on  long  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  erect  or  spreading  few- 
fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  and  slightly  hairy  at  the  ends,  orange-red, 
marked  by  large  pale  dots,  and  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading 
lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle  and  villose  toward  the  apex;  flesh  thin, 
yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  broader  at  apex  than  at  base, 
rounded  and  only  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  covered  with  dark  brown  bark  broken  into 
small  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales,  large  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  irreg- 
ular head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  clothed  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary 
tomentum,  dull  gray-brown,  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  and  slightly  pubescent  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season  and  dark  gray  the  following  year,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with 
occasional  slender  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  I'-lj'  long. 

Distribution.  In  dense  woods  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  Red  River  near  Fulton, 
Hempstead  County,  and  near  Texarkana,  Miller  County,  Arkansas. 

73.  Crataegus  limaria  Sarg. 

Cratcegus  Mackensenii  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate 
with  broad  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acute 
lateral  lobes,  not  more  than  a  quarter  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April  and  then 


Fig.  425 


thin,  yellow-green  and  covered  above  with  short  white  hairs  and  thickly  coated  below  with 
hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  light  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
iomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3'  long,  and  l£'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  thin 
primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  covered  when  they  first 
appear  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  villose  through  the  season,  and  l'-l£'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  wide  base,  more 
deeply  lobed,  and  often  4'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  opening  early  in  April,  f'-l'  in  diame- 
ter, on  long  slender  pedicels  coated  with  matted  white  hairs,  in  compact  15-20-flowered 
villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  thickly  covered  with  white  hairs,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  the  base,  wide,  acuminate,  laciniately  glandular-serrate,  villose; 
stamens  20;  anthers  white;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomen- 
tum. Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  long  stout  erect  or  spreading  hairy  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  clusters,  ellipsoidal  to  ovoid  or  short-oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  truncate  at  base, 


470  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  villose  especially  at  the  ends,  f'-f ' m  diameter; 
calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  villose  tube,  and  erect  villose  persistent  lobes  dark  red  on 
the  upper  side  below  the  middle,  their  tips  slightly  spreading  or  incurved;  flesh  thick,  yel- 
low, dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  at  the  broad  base, 
slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  £'-J'  long. 

A  tree,  of  ten  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8 '-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark, 
stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  head,  and  slender  zigzag  branchlets 
thickly  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long  white  hairs,  light  orange-brown,  lustrous, 
pubescent  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  dull  gray-brown  and 
glabrous  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  purple 
ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  2'-2|'  long. 

Distribution.  In  dense  woods  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Red  River  near  Fulton, 
Hempstead  County,  Arkansas;  river  banks;  western  Texas  (Guadalupe  River,  near  Vic- 
toria, Victoria  County;  Cibolo  River,  Sutherland  Springs,  Wilson  County;  San  Antonio 
River,  Bexar  County;  C.  Mackensenii  Sarg.). 

74.  Crataegus  viburnifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  concave- 
ouneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  small  acute 


Fig.  426 

lobes,  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  March  and  then  thin,  yellow- 
green  and  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs  and  hoary-tomentose  below,  and  at  matu- 
rity thick,  deep  green,  very  lustrous  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  on  the  lower 
surface  with  pale  hairs,  2|'-3|'  long,  and  2'-2^'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary 
veins;  petioles  slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  densely  hoary-tomentose  early  in  the  season, 
becoming  glabrous,  f'-l|'  in  length.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  to- 
mentose  pedicels,  in  wide  lax  mostly  5-12-flowered  corymbs,  with  large  lanceolate  to  spatu- 
late  foliaceous  bracts  and  bractlets  slightly  serrate  above  the  middle,  and  generally  persist- 
ent until  after  the  petals  fall;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  coated  with  matted 
white  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  the  base,  long,  slender,  acuminate,  lacini- 
ately  glandular-serrate,  slightly  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  densely  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  white;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October,  on  long 
slender  drooping  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  bright  canary 
yellow,  about  1'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes;  flesh  thick,  light 
yellow,  soft  and  succulent;  nutlets  4  or  5,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
irregularly  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  grooved  ridge,  f '  long. 


ROSACES 


471 


A  tree,  30°-35°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray 
scaly  bark,  large  ascending  and  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and 
stout  nearly  straight  unarmed  branchlets  thickly  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  purple,  lustrous  and  nearly  glabrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season 
and  dark  brown  or  gray-brown  the  following  year. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  in  low  ground,  valley  of  the  Brazos  River  near  Colum- 
bia, Brazoria  County,  and  in  low  woods  on  the  Colorado  River,  at  Wharton,  Wharton 
County,  Texas. 

75.  Crataegus  Berlandieri  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and 
entire  below  the  middle,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  with  broad  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  and  unequally  divided  above  into  numerous  acute  or  acuminate  lobes, 


i£  427 


rhen  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March  coated  on  the  upper  surface 
with  short  pale  caducous  hairs  and  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  and 
at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  green,  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and 
pubescent  below,  and  usually  about  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  remote 
primary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  conspicuous  secondary  veins,  and  retic- 
ulate veinlets;  petioles  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  tomentose  early  in  the  season, 
becoming  pubescent,  f  '-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  5'  long  and 
3'  wide,  with  rounded,  acute  lobes.  Flowers  f  '  in  diameter,  on  long  stout  hoary-tomentose 
pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  to  lance- 
olate finely  glandular-serrate  villose  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  covered  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  the  lobes  broad,  acute,  very  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  and  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20,  anthers 
yellow  ;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  after  the  middle 
of  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  dropping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  sub- 
globose,  scarlet,  about  \'  long;  calyx  much  enlarged,  with  coarsely  serrate  erect  and  per- 
sistent villose  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  occasionally 
obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  lo°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  8'-10'in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dark 
brown  furrowed  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  branchlets 
hoary-tomentose  at  first,  soon  puberulous,  dull  reddish  brown  or  yellow-browrn  by  mid- 
summer, becoming  ashy  gray  late  in  the  autumn,  and  armed  with  few  straight  gray  spines 
about  1'  in  length. 


472 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.  Low  rich  woods  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Brazos  River  at  Columbia 
and  Brazoria,  Brazoria  County,  Texas. 

76.  Cratsegus  meridionalis  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acuminate,  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and 
coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  broad  straight  glandular  teeth,  poated  below  with 
hoary  tomentum  and  covered  above  with  short  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  more  than 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  April,  and  at  maturity 
thin,  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  villose-pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  especially  on  the  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins,  2'-3f '  long,  and  l'-2' 
wide;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  densely  villose-pubescent  with  white 
hairs  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  \'~\'  in  length;  leaves  at 
the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate  to  broad-elliptic,  more  coarsely  serrate,  occasionally 


Fig.  428 

slightly  divided  into  short  broad  lateral  lobes,  often  4'  long  and  2^'  wide,  with  a  stout  mid- 
rib and  petioles  broadly  wing-margined  at  apex,  and  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers  f '  in 
diameter,  on  stout  pedicels  thickly  covered  like  the  narrow  obconic  calyx-tube  with  matted 
silvery  white  hairs,  in  broad  compact  many-flowered  villose  corymbs,  with  conspicuous 
glandular-serrate  villose  bracts  and  bractlets  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  flowers  open; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  laciniately  glandular-serrate,  slightly  villose-pubescent 
when  the  buds  open;  stamens  20;  anthers  white;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad 
ring  of  white  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  September,  on 
elongated  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  red-stemmed  clusters,  short- 
oblong  to  subglobose,  rounded  at  the  ends,  scarlet,  \'  to  f '  in  diameter,  the  calyx  per- 
sistent, much  enlarged,  with  erect  or  spreading  conspicuous  lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at 
base,  acute  at  apex,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  often  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'  in  diameter,  covered  wTith  dark  bark  slightly  divided 
by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  thin  plates,  spreading  ashy  gray  branches  forming  a  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  zigzag  branchlets,  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  long  white 
hairs,  soon  glabrous,  orange-brown  or  reddish  brown  during  their  first  season  and  dull  gray 
the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  straight  slender  purple  spines  l'-2'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Limestone  soil,  in  upland  woods  and  glades;  common  in  the  limestone  belt 
of  central  Alabama,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Gallion,  Hale  County  to  western  Missis- 
sippi (Starkville,  Oktibbeha  County,  and  Brookville,  Noxubee  County). 

77.  Crataegus  Treleasei  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  sharply 
doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of 


ROSACES 


473 


narrow  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  unfolding  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers  at  the  end  of 
April  or  early  in  May  and  then  light  yellow-green  tinged  with  bronze  color,  lustrous  and 
covered  above  with  short  shining  caducous  white  hairs  and  hoary-tomentose  below,  and  at 
maturity  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  slender  midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary 
veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  lf'-2|'  long,  and  If '-2'  wide;  petioles 
slender,  more  or  less  wing-margined  at  apex,  villose  early  in  the  season,  pubescent  in  the 
autumn,  f'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  acute,  cune- 
ate  at  the  wide  base,  often  2f'-3'  long  and  2'-2^'  wide;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at 
apex  f'-l'  long.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels  covered  with  matted  pale 
hairs,  in  3-10-flowered  compact  compound  or  rarely  simple  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
broadly  obconic,  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  glabrous,  narrowed  from  the 
base,  with  wide  rounded  sinuses  between  them,  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  small  red 


\\ 


Fig.  429 


gland,  and  glandular-serrate  with  stipitate  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow; 
styles  4  or  5,  usually  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September,  on  stout  erect  villose  pedi- 
cels, in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  often  broader  than  high,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked 
by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  pubescent  at  the  ends,  and  £'-f '  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent, 
with  a  short  villose  tube,  and  reflexed  appressed  villose  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the 
ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  light  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  full  and  rounded  at 
apex,  narrowed  and  acute  at  base,  grooved  with  a  broad  shallow  groove  and  sometimes 
irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  TV  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  6'  in  diameter,  slender  branches  forming 
a  narrow  open  head,  and  thin  nearly  straight  branchlets  thickly  covered  at  first  with  long 
lustrous  white  hairs,  dull  light  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
becoming  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  dark  purple 
shining  spines  usually  about  1|'  long,  or  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  small  streams  in  moist  soil  from  Doe  Run  to  Bismarck,  St. 
Frangois  County,  Missouri. 

78.  Crataegus  canadensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  short-pointed,  slightly  lobed  usually  only  above  the  middle  with  short 
broad  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  and  frequently  doubly  serrate  to  the  broad-cuneate  base 
with  spreading  glandular  teeth,  coated  above  in  early  spring  with  soft  white  hairs,  and 
below  with  dense  hoary  tomentum,  about  a  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end 
of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  blue-green  and  scabrate  on  the 


474 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  on  the  midrib  and  primary  veins, 
2'-2|'  long,  and  l£'  to  nearly  ;}'  wide:  petioles  slender,  glandular,  often  more  or  less  winged 
above,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  f '-!'  in  length:  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broud  base,  more  deeply 
lobed,  often  2£'-8'  long  and  wide,  the  petioles  wing-margined  at  apex  often  glandular, 
and  l'-l'j'  in  length.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  in  broad  loose  tomentose  corymbs: 
ralyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose  with  long  matted  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  villose, 
and  glandular  with  large  red  stipitate  glands:  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  nearly  white; 
styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  thin  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in 
October  and  falling  gradually  until  after  midwinter,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  slightly 
villose  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose.  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  large 
scattered  pale  dots,  slightly  hairy  toward  the  ends,  £'-f '  long.  $'-£'  in  diameter:  calyx 
prominent,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  elongated,  glandular,  villose. 


Fig.  430 

spreading  or  reflexed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  pale  yellow. 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  J'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming 
a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  and 
covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  light  orange-brown 
and  very  lustrous,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  dark  chest- 
nut-brown shining  spines  2'-2£'  long. 

Distribution.  Limestone  ridges  near  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Chateaugay,  Caugh- 
nawaga,  and  La  Tortue  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

79.  Crataegus  corusca  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  truncate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  regularly 
divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  doubly  serrate  with  straight 
glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  glabrous 
below,  about  a  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin 
but  firm  and  rigid  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green,  bright  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  yellow-green  below,  2'-2|'  long  and  wide,  with  a  slender  pale  midrib  and  primary 
veins;  petioles  slender,  villose  early  in  the  season,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  dark  red 
below  the  middle,  lf'-2|'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  frequently  divided 
into  narrow  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  3^'^'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter. 
on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  narrow  many-flowered  corymbs  covered  with 
matted  pale  hairs:  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  or  villose  toward  the  base,  the 


475 


lobes  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  viL'ose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  pink;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  beginning  to  ripen  and 
fall  about  the  middle  of  September  and  continuing  to  fall  until  the  end  of  October,  on 
stout  pedicels,  in  glabrous  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong  to  obovoid,  bright  cherry-red, 
lustrous,  marked  by  dark  scattered  pale  dots,  f '-f '  long,  and  J'-f '  in  diameter;  calyx  little 


Fig.  431 


enlarged,  the  lobes  slightly  glandular-serrate,  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  dark-colored,  rounded  on  the  back,  J' 
long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  S'-IO7  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  branches  form- 
ing a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  branchlets  dark  green  and  coated  with  matted 
pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  light  red-brown,  light  orange-brown  and 
lustrous  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  thick  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown 
spines  often  3'  in  length. 

Distribution.     Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Zurich,  Lake  County,  Illinois. 

80.  Crataegus  Kelloggii  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  and  often  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded, 
broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above  with  straight  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  and  divided  usually  only  above  the  middle  into  several  short  broad  acute  or 
acuminate  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  last  week  of  April  and 
then  thin,  yellow-green,  covered  above  with  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below  on  the 
midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green,  glabrous 
and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  hairs  near  the  base  of  the  thin  yellow  midrib  and  of  the  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  prom- 
inent primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  9!-9#  long,  If '-2|'  wide,  and  often 
broader  than  long;  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  apex,  villose  white  young  with  long 
matted  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  f '-!'  in  length.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender 
hairy  pedicels,  in  compact  5-10-flowered  villose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  to  linear 
acuminate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets  mostly  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  slightly  hairy  at  base,  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate, 
glandular  with  minute  dark  red  stipitate  glands,  or  entire,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface, 
sparingly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  5.  Fruit 
ripening  at  the  end  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-ovoid,  bright  yellow,  marked  by  many  small 


476 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


pale  dots,  f'-l'  in  diameter;  calyx  small,  with  spreading  reflexed  lobes  slightly  villose 
toward  the  apex  and  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  5,  rounded  and  very  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  nearly  black 
deeply  furrowed  bark,  erect  branches,  and  nearly  straight  branchlets  dark  green  tinged 


Fig.  432 


with  red  and  slightly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  dull  reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  unarmed. 
or  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  usually  about 
1'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  the  Desperes  River,  South  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  County,  Missouri; 
not  common. 

81.  Crataegus  induta  Sarg.    Turkey  Apple. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  cuneate,  rounded  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  broad  entire 
base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  and  irregularly 
divided  into  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  a  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  front 


Fig.  433 


ROSACILE 


477 


the  middle  to  the  end  of  April  and  then  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  roughened  above  by 
short  lustrous  white  hairs  and  hoary-tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  particularly  on  the  stout  midrib  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins,  3'-4' 
long,  and  2|'-3'  wide;  petioles  slender,  more  or  less  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  glandu- 
lar, hoary-tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  sparingly  villose  in  the  autumn,  1|'-1^' 
in  length.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered 
hoary-tomentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  coated  with  long  densely 
matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  small,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20; 
anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  snow-white  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  October,  on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  rounded  and  villose  at  the  ends,  crimson  or  reddish  yellow,  lustrous,  marked  by 
small  pale  dots,  £-' -2'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  tomentose  tube  and  much 
enlarged  coarsely  glandular-serrate  hairy  erect  incurved  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the 
ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  orange-colored,  with  an  astringent  subacid  flavor;  nutlets  5,  thin, 
rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  fV~i'  l°ng- 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick 
dark  brown  furrowed  bark,  large  spreading  and  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irreg- 
ular head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  light  orange- 
brown,  lustrous  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  ashy  gray  or 
light  grayish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  nearly  straight  dark 
purple  shining  spines  usually  about  2^'  long. 

Distribution.     Dry  upland  woods,  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas;  common. 

82.  Crateegus  texana  Buckl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  broadly  concave-cuneate  at  base, 
coarsely  doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  and  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  4  or  5 
pairs  of  broad  acute  lobes,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and 


Fig.  434 

below  with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
late  in  March,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and 
pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  particularly  on  the  stout  midrib,  primary  veins,  prominent 
secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  3'-4'  long,  2|'-3'  wide;  petioles  stout,  deeply 
grooved,  more  or  less  winged  above,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  £'-f '  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
broad  base,  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on 


478 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


elongated  slender  densely  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  open  many-flowered  toinentose  corymbs, 
with  oblong  or  oblong-obovate  acute  conspicuous  villose  bracts  and  bractlets  often  1|'  in 
length;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  the  lobes  foliaceous,  grad- 
ually narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  and  villose  with 
long  matted  pale  hairs;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  dark  red;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  toward  the  end  of  October,  in  drooping 
many-fruited  tomentose  ultimately  glabrous  clusters,  obovoid  and  tomentose  until  nearly 
grown,  becoming  when  fully  ripe  short-oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends, 
bright  scarlet,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  puberulous  at  apex,  f'-l'  long;  calyx 
enlarged,  with  glandular-serrate  usually  erect  lobes,  dark  red  at  base  on  the  upper  side, 
often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet,  and  edible; 
nutlets  5,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  \'-\'  long. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  thick  branches 
ascending  while  the  tree  is  young,  forming  an  open  irregular  crown,  and  spreading  in  old 
age  into  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  dark  bronze-green  and 
covered  with  long  matted  white  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dull  reddish  brown 
and  ultimately  pale  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  occasional  thin  nearly  straight  bright 
chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  usually  about  2'  long,  or  often  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands,  Texas  coast  region;  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos  River 
to  those  of  the  Navidad  (Canardo,  Jackson  County),  Guadalupe  (Victoria,  Victoria  County), 
and  Cibolo  (Sutherland  Springs,  Wilson  County). 

83.  Crataegus  quercina  Ashe. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate,  usually  acute  or  occasionally  rounded  at  apex,  obtusely  or 
acutely  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  irregularly  doubly  serrate  above  with  slender  glandular 
teeth,  and  often  divided  above  the  midrib  into  narrow  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold 


Fig.  435 

conspicuously  plicate,  often  dark  red  and  coated  above  with  long  soft  pale  hairs  and  covered 
below  with  a  thick  coat  of  silvery  white  shining  tomentum,  about  a  third  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  and  2'-2|' 
long  and  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vig- 
orous shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  obtusely  cuneate  at  the  wide  base,  usually  deeply 
divided  into  numerous  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  often  3'  long  and  2|'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in 
diameter,  on  long  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  lax  hoary-tomen- 


ROSACES 


479 


lose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  glandular-serrate  villose  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obconic,  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  short,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
tomentose;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  dark  red;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts 
of  long  snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  after  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  nearly 
glabrous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  tomentose  spreading  clusters,  subglobose  but  often  rather 
longer  than  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  tomentose  until  nearly  fully  grown,  glabrous  at 
maturity,  dark  red,  marked  by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  short  spreading  often  deciduous  lobes;  flesh  thin,  light  yellow,  hard  and 
dry,  generally  shrivelling  before  the  fruit  falls;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back, 
about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  remarkable  for  the  lustre  of  its  white  tomentum,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a 
tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray  scaly  bark,  becoming  near  the  base  of 
old  trees  deeply  furrowed  and  nearly  black,  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  symmet- 
rical head,  and  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming 
light  red-brown  and  more  or  less  villose  during  their  first  season,  glabrous  and  rather 
darker  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut- 
brown  shining  spines  usually  l'-lj'  long. 

Distribution.  Sandy  bottom-lands  in  open  Live  Oak-forests  on  the  Brazos  River, 
near  Columbia,  Brazoria  County,  Texas. 

84.  Crataegus  pyriformis  Britt. 

Leaves  oval  to  broad-ovate,  acute  and  often  short-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  sometimes  doubly  serrate  above  with 
straight  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed  above  the  middle,  fully 


Fig.  436 

grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  10th  of  May  and  then  thin,  light  yellow-green, 
roughened  above  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below,  particularly  on  the  slen- 
der midrib  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  remote  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  lus- 
trous and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and 
generally  about  3'  long  and  2'  wide;  petioles  slender,  winged  at  apex,  tomentose,  ultimately 
pubescent,  l'~H'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  ovate,  coarsely 
serrate,  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  wide.  Flowers  1'  in  diam- 
eter, on  long  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  lax  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  and  covered 
more  or  less  thickly  with  pale  hairs;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  4  or  5,  usu- 
ally 5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on 


480 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


long  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  obovoid,  rounded  at  the 
ends,  bright  cherry-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  •£'  long  and 
-|'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  linear  glandular-serrate  closely  appressed  lobes 
often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  light  yellow,  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  usually 
5,  rounded,  and  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  dark  brown,  f '  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a 
broad  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  green  and  villose  when  they  first  ap- 
pear with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  dull  red-brown  and  pubescent  in  their  first  season,  be- 
coming glabrous  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  occasional  thin  nearly  straight  bright 
chestnut-brown  shining  spines  usually  about  1|'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  streams  of  Shannon  County,  southern  Missouri. 

85.  Crataegus  lanuginosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  acute  or  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  broadly 
cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with 
glandular  teeth,  and  often  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  broad  acute 


Fig.  437 

lateral  lobes,  less  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  last  week  of  April 
and  then  dark  green  and  villose  above  and  covered  below  with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomen- 
tum,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  blue-green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  on  the  upper 
surface,  yellow-green  and  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  1%'-%'  long,  and  I'-l^'  wide, 
with  a  thick  midrib,  and  3-5  pairs  of  stout  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point 
of  the  lobes;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  |'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  snoots 
often  broad-ovate,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  and  fre- 
quently 3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels  covered  with 
long  matted  pale  hairs,  in  compact  many-flowered  hoary-tomentose  corymbs,  with  large 
glandular-serrate  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  hairy,  the  lobes  short,  broad,  acute,  glandular  with  minute  stipitate 
glands,  densely  villose  on  the  outer  surface  and  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  sta- 
mens 20;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  large  tufts  of  snow-white  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  October,  on  short  tomentose  erect  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clus- 
ters, subglobose  to  short-oblong,  rounded  and  slightly  hairy  at  the  ends,  \'  in  diameter: 
calyx  enlarged,  with  villose  coarsely  serrate  usually  erect  spreading  or  incurved  persistent 
lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base;  flesh  thin,  orange  color,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  very  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  stout  trunk  covered  with  pale  bark,  spreading  and 


ROSACES 


181 


erect  brandies,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  light  green  and  villose  early  in  the  season,  dull 
red-brown  and  sparingly  villose  or  pubescent  at  the  end  of  their  first  year,  becoming  dark 
or  light  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  many  long  straight  purple  shining  ultimately  ashy 
gray  spines  li'-3j'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Missouri;  common  near  Webb  City,  Jasper  County;  well 
distinguished  by  the  distinctly  blue  color  of  the  small  leaves,  the  dark  crimson  hard  fruits 
and  by  the  remarkable  development  of  the  spines  unusual  in  the  species  of  this  group. 

86.  Crataegus  arnoldiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  rarely  oval,  acute,  regu>rly  divided  above  the  middle  into  num- 
erous short  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth  except 
at  the  rounded  truncate  or  occasionally  cuneate  base,  coated  with  dense  matted  pale  hairs 
when  they  unfold,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in 
June  and  then  roughened  above  by  stout  stiff  hairs  and  soft-pubescent  below,  and  at  ma- 
turity thin,  smooth,  very  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  and  slightly  villose 
on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midrib,  and  of  the  thin  prominent  primary  veins  extending 


Fig.  438 

to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  2 '-3'  long  and  wide;  petioles  slender,  densely  villose  early  in  the 
season,  becoming  puberulous,  £'-!£'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  acute 
or  acuminate,  round  or  obtusely  cuneate  at  base,  more  deeply  lobed,  often  3'-4'  long  and 
;}'  wide.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  to- 
mentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  densely  tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow, 
elongated,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  both  surfaces;  stamens  10;  anthers,  large, 
pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  usually  3  or  4,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  thick  hoary 
tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  August  and  mostly  falling  before  the  first 
of  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  spreading  or  rarely  drooping  few-fruited  villose 
clusters,  subglobose  but  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  crimson  marked  by  many  large 
pale  dots,  villose,  particularly  toward  the  ends,  with  long  scattered  white  hairs,  £'  long; 
calyx  little  enlarged,  with  elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate  spreading  lobes  often  de- 
ciduous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  bright  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  3  or  4,  light- 
colored,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  1()'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  conspicuously  zigzag  branchlets  clothed 
early  in  the  season  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  becoming  dark  orange-brown  and  very 
lustrous  before  midsummer,  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  bright  orange- 


482 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


brown  or  gray-brown  during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  straight  or 
slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2|'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Thickets  on  a  dry  bank  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  valley  of  the  Mystic 
River  at  West  Medford,  Middlesex  County,  Massachusetts,  and  near  Lyme,  New  London 
County,  Connecticut. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  parks  and  gardens  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston;  very  conspicu- 
ous and  easily  recognized  in  winter  by  its  ascending  remarkably  zigzag  branchlets. 

87.  Crataegus  champlainensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  rounded,  truncate,  slightly  cordate  or  broad-cuneate  at  base, 
usually  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  narrow  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  often  doubly 
serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  villose  below  when 
they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  June,  and  at  maturity  thick 
and  firm  in  texture,  conspicuously  blue-green  and  glabrous  above,  light  yellow-green  and 
somewhat  pubescent  below  on  the  slender  midrib  and  remote  primary  veins,  2'-2£'  long, 


Fig.  439 

and  I'-H'  wide;  petioles  slender,  more  or  less  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  usually  becom- 
ing glabrous  and  light  red  below  the  middle  before  autumn,  and  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  more 
deeply  lobed,  and  often  3'-4'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  slender 
densely  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  densely  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  coated  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  finely  glandu- 
lar-serrate, tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  usually  only  below  the  middle,  villose  on 
the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and  usually  remaining  on  the 
branches  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  on  short  slightly  pubescent  pedicels,  in  com- 
pact erect  villose  clusters,  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  scat- 
tered pale  dots,  more  or  less  villose  or  pubescent  toward  the  ends;  calyx  prominent,  per- 
sistent, with  a  long  tube,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate, 
finely  glandular-serrate,  villose,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle,  spreading  or 
erect;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  ridge, 

TV  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  deeply  fissured 
bark  separating  into  thin  loose  plate-like  scales,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a 
broad  round-topped  often  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets 
coated  earlv  in  the  season  with  hoary  tomentum,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  light  chest- 


ROSACE^E 


483 


nut-brown  and  lustrous,  and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  spines 
l-j'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Limestone  ridges;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Montreal, 
Province  of  Quebec,  southward  through  the  Champlain  valley  to  eastern  New  York  and 
westward  through  New  York,  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  neighborhood  of  Toronto. 

87.  Crataegus  pennsylvanica  Ashe. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  often  doubly 
serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  broad 
acuminate  lobes,  slightly  tinged  with  red  when  they  unfold,  more  than  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  roughened  above 
by  short  white  hairs  and  villose  on  the  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins  below,  and  at 
maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  scabrate  and 
still  somewhat  villose  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below,  2^'-3£'  long,  and  2'-2f '  wide;  petioles 
slender,  slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  villose  through  the  season,  occasionally  glandular. 


Fig.  440 

lf'-l|'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  coarsely 
serrate,  more  deeply  lobed,  and  often  4'-4|'  long  and  broad,  with  a  stout  midrib,  promi- 
nent primary  veins,  a  conspicuously  glandular  petiole,  and  large  foliaceous  lunate  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  persistent  stipules.  Flowers  f '-!'  in  diameter,  on  slender  densely  villose 
pedicels  in  broad  lax  hairy  mostly  8-15-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
covered  with  long  white  hairs,  the  lobes  long,  slender,  acuminate,  laciniately  glandular- 
serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  8-12;  anthers 
faintly  tinged  with  pink;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  short 
stout  drooping  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  4-12-fruited  clusters,  short-obovoid,  full  and 
rounded  at  apex,  bright  orange-red  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  puberulous  at  the  ends, 
f'-l'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  small  spreading  lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper 
side,  their  tips  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  orange-yellow,  somewhat 
acidulous,  edible,  sometimes  made  into  jelly;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  apex,  acute  at  base, 
rounded  and  slightly  grooved  or  ridged  on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  18'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
gray  scaly  bark,  large  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  symmetrical  round-topped  head, 
and  stout  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  dark  orange-green  and  more  or  less  tinged  with  red 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  chestnut-brown,  marked  by  large  dark  lenticels 
and  more  or  less  pubescent  in  their  first  season,  dark  red-brown  the  following  year,  and 
armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  spines  I'-lf '  long. 

Distribution.  Meadows  in  low  moist  soil  near  Pittsburgh,  Allegheny  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. 


484 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


89.  Crataegus  submollis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  nearly  entire  base,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short 
acute  lobes,  half  grown  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June  when  the  flowers  open  and  then 
roughened  above  by  short  stiff  pale  hairs  and  soft-pubescent  below,  particularly  on  the 
midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above,  pale  below, 
3'-3^'  long,  and  2'-2^'  wyide,  with  a  thick  yellow  midrib  and  remote  primary  veins  puberulous 
on  the  lower  side;  petioles  stout,  nearly  terete,  more  or  less  winged  at  apex,  tomentose 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  puberulous,  often  bright  red  toward  the  base,  l'-2'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  cuneate,  rounded,  truncate,  or  occasionally 
slightly  cordate  at  base,  often  4'  long  and  3'-3^'  wide.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  long 
slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx- tube  narrowly 
obconic,  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  long  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed 
from  a  broad  base,  acute,  glandular  with  large  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous  or  villose  on 


Fig.  441 

the  outer  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  long  wrhite  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  during  the  first  half  of 
September,  on  elongated  slender  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  gracefully  drooping 
many-fruited  clusters,  obovoid,  bright  orange-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  scattered 
pale  dots,  puberulous  toward  the  base,  about  f  long;  calyx  much  enlarged,  with  erect 
coarsely  glandular-serrate  persistent  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  subacid,  dry  and  mealy: 
nutlets  usually  5,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  |'  in  length. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  ascending  or 
spreading  ashy  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  branchlets  dark  green 
and  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  light  or  dark  orange-brown  and 
slightly  tomentose  at  midsummer,  becoming  glabrous,  lustrous,  and  light  red-brown  or 
dark  orange-brown,  and  armed  with  numerous  thin  straight  or  somewhat  curved  bright 
chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2|'-3'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Rich  damp  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  woods  and  roads;  valley  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  from  the  Isle  of  Orleans  westward ;  Hull  County,  Province  of  Quebec; 
near  Ottawa,  Ontario;  valley  of  the  Penobscot  River  and  Gerrish  Island,  Maine  to  the 
coast  of  eastern  Massachusetts. 

90.  Crataegus  Ellwangeriana  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval,  acute,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  irregularly  divided 
usually  only  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  and  often 


ROSACES  485 

doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  about  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May,  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and 
villose  below  on  the  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  light  green 
and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3^' 
long,  and  2'-3'  wide;  petioles  slender,  villose  early  in  the  season,  finally  glabrous,  l^'-2'  in 
length;  stipules  oblong-obovate,  acute,  villose,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  f  long,  those  of 
the  upper  leaves  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  ripening  of  the  fruit.  Flowers  1'  in 
diameter,  on  short  stout  hairy  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  densely  villose  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  long,  lanceolate,  glandular  with  small  pale  stalked 
glands,  villose  on  both  surfaces;  stamens  10,  sometimes  8;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles 
3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in 
drooping  villose  many-fruited  crowded  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
bright  crimson,  lustrous,  covered  at  the  ends  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  1'  long,  and  |'-f'  in 
diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  elongated,  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle, 


Fig.  442 

villose  on  the  inner  surface,  spreading,  or  erect  and  incurved;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  juicy  and 
acid;  nutlets  3-5,  thick,  pale  brown,  deeply  and  often  doubly  and  irregularly  grooved  on 
the  back,  \'-\f  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
pale  gray  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and 
slender  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  and  clothed  at  first  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  be- 
coming in  their  first  summer  light  chestnut-brown  and  slightly  villose,  dark  chestnut- 
brown  and  very  lustrous  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  somewhat 
curved  dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Western  New  York  (common)  to  western  Pennsylvania,  and  through 
southern  Ontario  to  southern  Michigan. 

91.  Crataegus  Robesoniana  Sarg. 

Cratcegus  spissiflora  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  broadly  cuneate  or  rarely 
cordate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  slender  straight  gland-tipped 
teeth,  and  deeply  divided  into  numerous  broad  acute  or  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  villose 
above  and  densely  tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  at  the  end  of  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs  and  pubescent 


486 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


below  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the 
upper  surface,  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-3^'  long,  and  2^'-3'  wide,  with  a  slender 
midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  prominent  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes; 
petioles  slender,  more  or  less  wing-margined  at  apex,  slightly  grooved,  sparingly  glandular, 
villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose  color  in  the  autumn,  lj'-l|'  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  cordate  or  rarely  cuneate  at  base,  deeply 
lobed,  often  4'  long  and  3^'  wide,  with  a  stout  conspicuous  glandular  petiole.  Flowers 
f '  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  small  very  compact  few,  usually  4-6- 
flowered,  thin-branched  villose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  acuminate  glandular  bracts 
and  bractlets  mostly  deciduous  before  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated 
with  long  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  gla- 
brous on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  dark  rose 
color;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening 
at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  short  reddish  pubescent  pedicels,  in  compact 
drooping  clusters,  oblong-obovoid  to  short-oblong,  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale 


, :       Fig.  443 

dots,  about  f '  long,  and  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  sharply  serrate 
lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5, 
thin,  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  or  only  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  •>'  in  length. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  1°  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth  pale  gray 
bark,  and  stout  spreading' branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag 
dark  red-brown  branchlets  sparingly  villose  early  in  the  season,  soon  glabrous,  bright  red- 
brown,  very  lustrous  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
becoming  dark  gray  or  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  few  stout  spreading 
bright  chestnut-brown  shining  ultimately  gray  spines  I'-l?'  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Massachusetts  through  central  and  western  New  York  to  the 
neighborhood  of  Toronto,  southern  Ontario. 

92.  Crataegus  anomala  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  divided  above  the  middle  into  5  or  6  pairs  of  short  acute  or  acu- 
minate lobes,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  spreading  glandular  teeth  except  toward 
the  broad-cuneate  or  occasionally  rounded  base,  when  they  unfold  conspicuously  plicate, 
covered  above  with  short  appressed  pale  hairs,  and  villose  below7,  especially  on  the  slender 
midrib,  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  about  a  third 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  light 


ROSACE^E 


487 


yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  villose  below,  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-3' 
wide;  petioles  stout,  glandular  on  the  upper  side  with  scattered  dark  glands,  f-'-l'  in  length: 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  and  often  4 '-4^'  long  and 
2|'-3'  wide.  Flowers  saucer-shaped,  |'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded,  on  elongated 
slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  long,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface  and  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually 
10,  occasionally  7  or  8;  anthers  large,  bright  red;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  long  slender  slightly  pubes- 
cent pedicels,  in  loose  many-fruited  sparingly  villose  clusters,  obovoid  to  oblong,  gradually 
narrowed  to  the  rounded  base,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  slightly  vil- 
lose, particularly  toward  the  full  and  rounded  apex,  f  '-• f '  long,  £'— f '  in  diameter;  calyx  large 
and  prominent,  with  elongated  acuminate  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  dark 
red  on  the  upper  side,  tomentose  on  the  lower,  finely  glandular-serrate,  spreading  or  closely 


Fig.  444 

appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  thin,  light  yellow,  some- 
what juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  prominently  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  I'-iV  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale 
gray-brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag  branch- 
lets  at  first  dark  green  and  villose  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  puberulous  and  light 
orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  orange-brown  or  bright  red, 
and  armed  with  numerous  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines 
H'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges  near  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  the 
Caughnawaga  Indian  Reservation  opposite  Lachine  in  the  Province  of  Quebec;  western 
Vermont  (Clarendon,  Rutland  County);  Crown  Point,  Essex  County,  and  Fort  Ann, 
Washington  County,  New  York. 

93.  Cratsegus  noelensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  acute,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  acutely  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  base,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  with  straight  teeth,  covered  above  with  short 
white  hairs  and  densely  villose-pubescent  below  when  they  unfold,  more  than  half  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green,  smooth  and 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  villose-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  and  1  j'- 
2|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  thin  conspicuous  primary  veins;  petioles  slender, 
slightly  wing-margined  at  apex,  hoary-tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous, 


488 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


I'-l \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  the  broad  base,  more  coarsely  serrate,  usually  laterally  lobed  with  short  broad  acuminate 
lobes,  3'-4'  long,  and  2|'-3'  wide.  Flowers  f '  to  nearly  1'  in  diameter,  on  short  pedicels 
densely  covered  like  the  narrow  obconic  calyx-tube  and  the  compact  5-10-flowered  corymb 
with  long  matted  white  hairs;  calyx-lobes  slender,  long-acuminate,  minutely  glandular- 
serrate,  slightly  villose;  stamens  5-10,  usually  10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded 
at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  on  slender  droop- 
ing pubescent  pedicels,  subglobose,  orange-red,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  the  calyx  prominent  with 
a  short  tube  and  spreading  closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  soft  and  yellow;  nutlets  3-5, 
rounded  at  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 


Fig.  445 


A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming 
a  broad  flat  or  round-topped  head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  coated  when  they  first 
appear  with  matted  white  hairs,  reddish  brown,  pubescent  or  puberulous  during  their 
first  season  and  gray  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  few  or  many  slender  straight 
purple  lustrous  spines  l'-2f  in  length,  sometimes  persistent  and  compound  on  old  trunks. 

Distribution.  Rich  alluvial  soil;  in  the  neighborhood  of  Noel,  McDonald  County, 
Missouri;  common. 

IX.  COCCINE^. 

Flabellatce  Sarg. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  20;  leaves  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above. 

Leaves  ovate;  anthers  deep  rose-purple;  fruit  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  bright  red, 

often  slightly  pruinose.  94.  C.  neo-londinensis  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate;  anthers  pink;  fruit  obovoid,  crimson,  lustrous.    95.  C.  Hillii  (A) . 

Stamens  10-20,  usually  10;  anthers  pinkish  purple,  leaves  broad-ovate,  dull  dark  green  and 

scabrate  above;  fruit  short-oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  dull  red  or  crimson. 

96.  C.  assurgens  (A). 
Stamens  usually  10. 

Fruit  on  short  stout  pedicels;  leaves  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above. 

Leaves  oval,  drooping,  conspicuously  concave;  anthers  purple;  fruit  short-oblong, 

dark  dull  red,  villose  at  the  ends.  97.  C.  Pringlei  (A). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate;  anthers  dark  reddish  purple;  fruit  short-oblong,  crimson, 

lustrous.  98.  C.  lobulata  (A). 

Fruit  on  long  slender  pedicels;  leaves  broad-ovate  to  obovate  or  rhombic,  dark  rich 


ROSACES 


489 


green  and  scabrate  above;  anthers  rose  color;  fruit  short-oblong,  bright  scarlet, 
lustrous.  99.  C.  pedicellate  (A). 

Stamens  usually  5-7,  rarely  10. 

Fruit  obovoid  to  ellipsoidal;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  conspicuously  yellow-green;  anthers 
dark  reddish  purple;  fruit  crimson,  lustrous.  100.  C.  Holmesiana  (A). 

Fruit  short-oblong;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  deep  yellow-green,  nearly  smooth  above;  an- 
thers pink;  fruit  yellowish  red,  glaucous.  101.  0.  acclivis  (A). 
Fruit  subglobose  to  obovoid. 

Leaves  glabrous  above;  anthers  dark  rose  color. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above;  fruit  bright  red  or 

scarlet.  102.  C.  delecte  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,   subcoriaceous,   dark  dull    green;    fruit  bright  cherry-red, 

pruinose.  103.  C.  Eamesii  (A). 

Leaves  scabrate  above,  oblong-ovate,  thin,  dark  yellow-green;    anthers  pale  rose 

color;  fruit  crimson.  104.  C.  sertata  (A). 

94.  Crataegus  neo-londinensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded,  truncate  or  broadly  concave-cuneate  at  the 
wide  entire  or  glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous  short  narrow  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown 


Fig.  446 


when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and  then  very  thin,  light  yellow-green  and 
roughened  above  by  short  white  rigid  hairs  and  paler  and  sparingly  hairy  below,  and  at 
maturity  membranaceous,  dull  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  green 
and  glabrous  below,  or  occasionally  slightly  hairy  on  the  under  side  of  the  stout  yellow 
midrib,  and  of  the  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  3 '-4'  long, 
and  2£'-3|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  glandular,  at  first  slightly  hairy,  becoming 
glabrous  and  purplish  toward  the  base,  l'-2'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
only  slightly  larger.  Flowers  l'-lf  in  diameter,  on  slender  sparingly  villose  pedicels,  in 
lax  slightly  drooping  usually  5-12-flowered  villose  or  nearly  glabrous  corymbs,  with  linear 
often  slightly  falcate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets,  persistent  until  after  the  flowers  open ; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  short  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually 
narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  below  the  middle,  gla- 
brous on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  17-21,  usually  20;  anthers  deep 
rose-purple;  styles  4  or  5,  usually  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 


490  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Fruit  ripening  and  beginning  to  fall  early  in  September,  on  stout  villose  or  glabrous  pedi- 
cels, in  large  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  obovoid  or  short-oblong,  bright  red,  often 
slightly  pruinose,  marked  by  numerous  minute  pale  dots,  f'-f  long,  £'--£'  in  diameter; 
calyx  enlarged,  prominent,  with  spreading  or  erect  and  incurved  coarsely  serrate  persistent 
lobes,  their  upper  surface  bright  red  below  the  middle  and  covered  above  with  soft  white 
hairs;  flesh  thick,  orange-yellow,  soft,  juicy  and  acidulous;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  narrowed 
at  the  ends,  acute  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  and  sometimes  broadly  grooved  on  the 
back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  grayish 
brown  slightly  fissured  bark,  large  spreading  and  drooping  branches  forming  an  open  head 
often  20°  across,  and  slender  branchlets  olive-green  and  slightly  hairy  when  they  first  appear, 
dull  red-brown  and  marked  by  many  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  season,  becoming 
light  gray  and  rather  lustrous,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  dark  purple  shining  ulti- 
mately gray  spines  often  2'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  near  the  shores  of  Fisher's  Island  Sound,  Mumford's 
Point,  Groton,  and  near  Lyme,  New  London  County,  Connecticut. 

95.  Crataegus  Hillii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  broad  entire  base, 
coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous 
short  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  above  with  short  lustrous  white 


Fig.  447 

hairs  and  densely  tomentose  below,  particularly  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  about  one  fourth 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  hairs 
and  villose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-2£'  wide,  with  a  slender 
midrib  often  slightly  hairy  near  the  base,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending 
obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  densely  villose  early  in  the  season, 
slightly  hairy  in  the  autumn,  and  f'-l|'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
often  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  deeply  lobed  with  broad  triangular  lobes,  and 
3|'-4'  long  and  wide,  with  a  stout  rose-colored  glandular  petiole,  and  hairy  lunate  glandular- 
serrate  stipules.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  densely  villose  pedicels,  in 
broad  many-flowered  hairy  compound  corymbs,  their  large  linear  to  oblong  bracts  and 
bractlets  occasionally  persistent  until  midsummer;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly 
covered  with  long  spreading  white  hairs,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  broad, 


ROSACE.E 


491 


acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of 
pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  puber- 
ulous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  obovoid,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  to  the  rounded  base,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  |'-f ' 
long,  •§'— i'  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with  closely  appressed  coarsely  serrate 
lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  acidulous,  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5, 
thin,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  irregularly  ridged  and  sometimes  grooved 
on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter  and  6°  or  7°  long,  cov- 
ered with  close  light  gray  bark  tinged  with  red  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  small 
plates,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  often  round-topped  head,  and 
slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  densely  villose  when  they  first  appear,  dark  orange  color 
tinged  with  red  and  sparingly  villose  when  the  flowers  open,  becoming  bright  red-brown 
and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and  dark  dull  reddish  brown  the  following  year, 
and  sparingly  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  red-brown  shining  spines  If '-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  near  the  borders  of  streams  in  moist  rich  soil;  northeastern 
Illinois,  (Thatcher's  Park,  Glendon  Park,  and  River  Forest,  Cook  County) ;  not  common. 

96.  Crataegus  assurgens  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  wide  entire  base, 
sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  divided, 
into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acuminate  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open 


Fig.  448 

the  middle  of  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs  and  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly villose  below,  with  persistent  hairs  on  the  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  on  the  veins 
arching  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dull  dark 
green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  light  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  2f '-3% ' 
long,  and  2jV2f  wide;  petioles  slender,  villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  pubescent, 
l'-l£'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  deeply  lobed,  coarsely  serrate, 
sometimes  4'  long  and  wide,  with  long  stout  glandular  petioles  and  foliaceous  lunate  acu- 
minate coarsely  glandular-serrate  persistent  stipules.  Flowers  f'-f '  m  diameter,  on  short 
villose  pedicels,  in  compact  8-15-flowered  hairy  corymbs,  with  oblong,  acuminate,  glandu- 
lar bracts  and  bractlets,  deciduous  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  sparingly  villose,  the  lobes  long,  narrow,  acuminate,  tipped  with  minute  red 


492 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


glands,  finely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface;  sta- 
mens 10-20,  usually  10:  anthers  pinkish  purple;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts 
of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  loth  to  the  20th  of  September,  and  usually  falling 
about  the  1st  of  October,  on  short  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters, 
short-oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  dull  red  to  crimson,  £'-f  long,  about  |'  wide;  calyx 
sessile,  with  spreading  closely  appressed  serrate  usually  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thin,  pale 
yellow  or  nearly  white,  acidulous;  nutlets  4  or  5,  broad,  narrow  and  acute  at  the  ends, 
prominently  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  or  often  grooved,  about  |-'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  2'-6'  in  diameter  and  often  6°-9°  long,  covered 
with  close  dark  gray  bark,  ascending  branches  forming  an  oblong,  open  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  light  orange-yellow  and  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  long  scattered 
caducous  white  hairs,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  dark  gray-brown  the 
following  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  usually  slightly  curved  bright  red-brown 
shining  spines,  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  low  woods  in  rich  soil;  northeastern  Illinois  (Ley den 
township,  La  Grange,  Thatcher's  Park,  Cook  County,  Highland  Park,  Deerfield,  Wau- 
conda,  Lake  County);  Fox  Point,  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin. 

97.  Crataegus  Pringlei  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval,  acute,  rounded  or  often  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  occasion- 
ally irregularly  lobed  above  the  middle  with  short  broad  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  and  often 
doubly  serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  as  they  unfold  villose  on  both  surfaces,  and  often 


Fig.  449 

more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  when  the  flowers  open,  usually  in  the  last  week  of  May, 
roughened  above  by  short  closely  appressed  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  below  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  hairs  on  the  slender  midrib  and  remote  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
glabrous,  and  bright  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  below,  2'-2|'  long,  and  If '-2j' 
wide,  usually  conspicuously  concave  by  the  gradual  turning  down  of  the  blades  from  the 
midrib  to  the  margins,  drooping  on  long  thin  slender  glandular  petioles  at  first  villose, 
ultimately  glabrous,  I'-lf  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes 
truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  about 
f '  in  diameter,  on  stout  hairy  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  compound  villose  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose,  particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate, 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  both  surfaces  or  only  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens 
10,  occasionally  5-10;  anthers  small,  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  con- 


ROSACES 


493 


spicuous  tufts  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  September  or  early  in 
October,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  villose  mostly  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  dark 
dull  red,  marked  by  few  dark  dots,  villose  at  the  ends  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs,  f 
long  and  f '  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad 
base,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  often  erect;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  acid,  with  a 
disagreeable  flavor;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  %'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  bark 
separating  into  large  flakes  broken  into  small  loose  dark  red-brown  scales,  stout  branches 
forming  a  wide  symmetrical  head,  and  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  at  first  dark  green  and 
villose,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  bright  orange-brown  during 
their  second  year,  and  armed  with  thick  straight  or  somewThat  curved  chestnut-brown 
spines  often  1|'  long. 

Distribution.  Southern  New  Hampshire,  through  southern  Vermont  to  western  Mas- 
sachusetts and  eastern  New  York;  through  central  and  western  New  York  and  southern 
Ontario  to  northeastern  Ohio  (Plymouth,  Ash  tabula  County),  the  southern  peninsula 
of  Michigan  and  northeastern  Illinois. 

98.  Crataegus  lobulata  Sarg.    Red  Haw. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  apex,  broad-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire 
base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  deeply 
divided  into  numerous  narrow  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  spreading  or  pointing  to  the  apex 


Fig.  450 

or  to  the  base  of  the  leaf,  when  they  first  appear  and  until  after  the  opening  of  the  flowers 
during  the  last  week  in  May  covered  above  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  slightly  pubescent 
below  on  the  slender  midrib,  and  thin  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and 
at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  with  occasional  short  white  hairs  toward  the  base  of  the  midrib,  2|'-3|'  long  and 
2'-2£'  wide;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  at  first  tomentose,  particularly  at  the  base, 
becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  and  'bright  red,  l'-lf  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  divided  into 
numerous  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  often  3i'-4'  long  and  3'-3|'  wide.  Flowers  f-'  in  di- 
ameter, on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  rather  compact  many-flowered  tomentose  cor- 
ymbs, with  linear-lanceolate  glandular-serrate  bright  red  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube 
broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  or  villose  toward  the  base,  dark  red,  the  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  a  broad  base,  glabrous,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  with  large  dark  red  stipitate 
glands;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  5-10;  anthers  small,  dark  reddish  purple;  styles 


494 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


3-5,  sometimes  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  early  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  compact  tomentulose  clusters, 
short-oblong,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  rounded  ends,  bright  crimson,  very  lustrous, 
marked  by  occasional  small  white  dots,  about  f '  long  and  f '  in  diameter;  calyx  little  en- 
larged, the  lobes  small,  lanceolate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  tomentose  on  the  upper 
surface,  erect  and  incurved,  persistent;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet  and  juicy;  nutlets  3-5, 
thin,  dark  colored,  ridged  and  often  grooved  on  the  back,  }'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered 
with  dark  red-brown  fissured  bark  broken  into  small  thick  plate-like  scales,  stout  generally 
ascending  branches  forming  an  open  usually  narrow  irregular  head,  and  slender  branchlets, 
dark  green  and  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright 
chestnut-brown  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  and  light  orange-brown  the 
following  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  nearly  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  rarely 
more  than  I'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Burlington,  Chittenden  County,  Vermont,  and  southward  through  the 
Champlain  valley  to  Crown  Point,  Essex  County  and  to  the  neighborhood  of  Albany, 
New  York;  western  Massachusetts  to  southern  Connecticut  (Stratford,  Fairfield  County); 


99.  Crataegus  pedicellate  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  occasionally  obovate  or  rhombic,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad- 
cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  spreading 
glandular  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  or  acuminate 


lobes,  nearly  two  thirds  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  last  week  in  May,  and 
then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  mem- 
branaceous,  dark  rich  green  and.scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface, 
3'-4'  long,  and  2'-3'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to 
the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  glandular  with  minute  scattered 
dark  glands,  at  first  villose,  becoming  glabrous,  \%'-%%'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  more  deeply  lobed,  often 
3'-4'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  thin  pedicels,  in  loose  lax 
many-flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
broad,  acute,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  usually  10;  anthers  rose  color; 
styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  conspicuous  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  during  September,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  glabrous  clus- 


ROSACE^E 


495 


ters,  obovoid  until  nearly  fully  grown,  becoming  short-oblong  when  fully  ripe,  rounded  at 
the  ends,  bright  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  small  dark  dots,  f  long,  and  -o'-f 
in  diameter;  calyx  large  and  conspicuous,  the  lobes  much  enlarged,  coarsely  serrate,  and 
usually  erect  and  incurved;  flesh  pale,  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  narrowed  and  acute 
at  the  ends,  rounded  and  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  about  |'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  wfith  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  close 
red-brown  scaly  bark,  long  comparatively  slender  spreading  or  ascending  branches 
forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and  thin  branchlets  dark  chestnut-brown  and 
slightly  villose  at  first,  becoming  very  lustrous  and  ashy  gray  in  their  second  year,  and 
armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  shining  chestnut-brown  spines  l|'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Central  and  western  New  York  to  western  Pennsylvania  (Allegheny  and 
Crawford  counties),  and  to  southern  Ontario  to  the  neighborhood  of  Toronto  and  London; 
common;  passing  into  var.  gloriosa  Sarg.  differing  in  its  rather  larger  flowers  with  pink 
anthers,  larger  and  more  lustrous  fruit  often  mammillate  at  base  and  ripening  a  few  days 
earlier  and  in  its  convex  leaves.  A  tree,  20°-25°  [high,  with  a  trunk  often  1°  in  diameter, 
and  a  symmetrical  round-topped  head;  Rochester,  Munroe  County,  New  York;  not 


100.  Crataegus  Holmesiana  Ashe. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  base, 
coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  the  middle  with  straight  teeth  tipped  at  first  with  promi- 
nent dark  red  caducous  glands,  and  usually  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  acute  or  acu- 


Fig.  452 

minate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  red,  roughened  by  rigid  pale  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface,  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  villose  on  the  lower  surface,  scabrate  above,  pale  yellow- 
green  and  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thick 
and  firm,  almost  smooth,  conspicuously  yellow-green,  usually  about  2'  long  and  If  wide, 
with  a  prominent  midrib  often  bright  red  on  the  lower  side  towrard  the  base,  and  4-6  pairs 
of  slender  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete, 
glandular,  glabrous  or  sometimes  puberulous  while  young,  I'-l^'  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broad-ovate  to  oval,  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at 
base,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  4'  long  and  3'  wide. 
Flowers  cup-shaped,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  loose 
glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  many-flowered  corymbs,  with  oblanceolate  or  linear  acute 
glandular  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  more  or 
less  deeply  tinged  with  red,  the  lobes  long,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  or  often  nearly 


496  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

entire;  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose-pubescent  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually 
5,  sometimes  6-8;  anthers  large,  dark  reddish  purple;  styles  usually  3,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  September,  on 
long  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  obovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  crimson, 
lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  small  dark  dots,  about  |'  long,  and  |'  in  diameter;  calyx 
enlarged,  conspicuous,  with  erect  and  incurved  glandular-serrate  lobes,  bright  red  toward 
the  base  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy,  with  a  disagreeable  flavor; 
nutlets  usually  3,  light  chestnut-brown,  prominently  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back  with 
a  broad  rounded  ridge,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  10'-15'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale 
gray-brown  or  nearly  white  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular 
rather  compact  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  more  or  less  tinged  with 
red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown  or  orange-brown  and  lus- 
trous, and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  occasional  thick  mostly  straight  bright 
chestnut-brown  shining  spines  If -2'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  neighbor- 
hood of  Montreal  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  coast  of  southern  Maine,  central  and  western 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  western  New  York,  and  eastern  Pennsylvania;  most  abund- 
ant and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  hills  of  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts.  In  Sellersville, 
Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  a  form  of  this  species  (var.  villipes  Ashe)  the  young 
branchlets,  petioles,  and  corymbs  are  often  puberulous  and  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves 
more  or  less  hairy,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins.  Passing  into  var.  tardipes  Sarg.  dif- 
fering from  the  type  in  its  darker  green  leaves  somewhat  rougher  on  the  upper  surface, 
flowers  often  f '  in  diameter  on  villose  pedicels,  and  in  the  shorter  slightly  hairy  pedicels 
of  the  fruit  ripening  early  in  October. 

A  tree,  in  size,  habit  and  bark  similar  to  the  species;  southern  Ontario  (neighborhood  of 
Toronto,  common,  near  London,  bank  of  the  St.  Claire  River  below  Sarnia  and  Walpole 
Island,  Lamberton  County);  Province  of  Quebec  (Montreal,  Caughuawaga,  Isle  Perrot, 
St.  Ann's  and  Hemmingford) ;  central  and  western  New  York. 

101.  Crataegus  acclivis  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  broad-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely 
doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  deeply  divided  into  numerous 
wide-spreading  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  densely  villose 
on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below,  about  half  grown  wThen  the 
flowers  open  during  the  last  week  of  May  and  then  light  yellow-green,  slightly  roughened 
above  by  short  white  hairs  and  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below,  and  at  maturity 
membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  gla- 
brous below,  2f '-3'  long,  and  2'-2f  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  and  5  or  6  pairs  of 
primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing- 
margined  at  apex,  glandular  with  numerous  small  dark  glands,  densely  villose  early  in  the 
season,  becoming  puberulous  or  glabrous  in  the  autumn,  If -2'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided  into 
wide  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  4'-5'  long  and  wide,  with  foliaceous,  lunate,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  stipules,  If  wide,  and  persistent  throughout  the  season.  Flowers  f '  in 
diameter,  on  slender  densely  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered  long-branched 
hairy  corymbs,  their  bracts  lanceolate,  glandular,  large  and  conspicuous,  persistent  until 
after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  long 
matted  hairs,  the  lobes  long  slender,  acuminate,  serrate  with  occasional  large  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens 
usually  5;  anthers  pink;  styles  mostly  5.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  September  and  soon 
falling,  on  long  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  yellowish  red,  glaucous,  marked  by  occasional  pale 
dots,  about  £'  long  and  f '  wide;  calyx  sessile,  with  usually  erect  enlarged  coarsely  serrate 


ROSACE^E 


497 


lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side  and  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  yellow, 
rather  juicy;  nutlets  usually  5,  narrow  and  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged  with  a  high  broad  ridge, 
or  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
smooth  light  gray  bark,  numerous  erect  branches  forming  an  oblong  open  very  irregular 


Fig.  453 


head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long  matted 
pale  hairs,  light  red-brown  and  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels,  and  pubescent  at 
the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dull  red  or  orange-brown  the  following  year,  and 
armed  with  stout  straight  or  curved  bright  red-brown  shining  spines  l|'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  New  York:  near  Albany,  Albany  County,  steep  banks  of  the  gorge  of 
the  Genesee  River,  Rochester,  Munroe  County,  banks  of  the  Niagara  River,  Niagara  Falls, 
Niagara  County,  and  near  Buffalo,  Erie  County;  common. 

102.  Crataegus  delecta  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  usually 
only  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold 
tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  glistening  white  hairs  more  abundant  below  than  above, 
nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  half  of  May  and  then  roughened 
on  the  upper  surface  by  short  white  hairs  and  glabrous  or  sparingly  villose  on  the  midrib 
and  veins  below  with  scattered  hairs  sometimes  persistent  through  the  season,  and  at  ma- 
turity membranaceous,  light  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  paler  below,  l|'-2' 
long  and  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  and  6  or  7  pah's  of  slender  primary  veins  arching 
obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  turning  purplish  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles 
slender,  covered  early  in  the  season  with  matted  pale  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  slightly 
glandular,  often  tinged  with  red  below  the  middle,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  ol 
vigorous  shoots  sometimes  long-pointed  at  apex  and  slightly  cordate  at  base,  more  deepty 
lobed  and  more  coarsely  serrate,  and  often  3'-4'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f'-l'  ifi  diameter, 
on  long  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  villose  10-15-flowered  sparingly  villose 
corymbs,  with  glandular  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose 
or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer 
surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  5-10,  usually  5;  anthers  dark  rose  color; 
styles  3-5,  usually  5.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  September  and  soon 
falling,  on  stout  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  slightly 


498 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


obovoid,  bright  red  or  scarlet,  becoming  purple  when  fully  ripe,  |'-f'  long,  and  f '-• f '  in 
diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  erect  and  incurved  coarsely  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thick, 
yellow,  juicy,  mildly  acid  and  edible;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends, 
rounded  and  very  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  j'-fV  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  1°  in  diameter  and  6°-9°  long,  covered 
with  light  gray  slightly  fissured  smooth  bark,  spreading  or  ascending  branches  forming  an 


Fig.  454 

oblong  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  slightly  villose,  becoming  glabrous,  dull 
red,  and  ultimately  gray  or  olive-gray,  and  armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  spines  much 
thickened  below  the  middle,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  becoming  dull  brown  or 
gray,  and  usually  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Pastures,  open  woods  or  their  borders;  northeastern  Illinois  (Lockport, 
Will  County,  Wauconda,  Fort  Sheridan,  Deerfield,  Lake  Forest,  Highland  Park,  Lake 
County) . 

103.  Cratsegus  Eamesii  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  or 
glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  di- 
vided into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the 
middle  of  May,  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green  and  roughened  above  by 
short  rigid  white  hairs  and  pale  and  glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the 
midrib,  and  slender  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  sub- 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  rather  dull  green  and  smooth  above,  pale  yellow-green  below, 
3'-3|'  long,  and  2'-2|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  above,  villose  at  first,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  l'-l£'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  broad  base,  more  deeply  lobed,  often  3|'-4'  long  and  3^'  wide.  Flowers  about  f ' 
in  diameter,  on  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  crowded  compact  5-25,  usually  15-18- 
flowered  sparingly  villose  corymbs,  with  linear-obovate  coarsely  glandular  reddish  bracts 
and  bractlets,  mostly  deciduous  before  the  flowers  open;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  long,  slender,  glandular  with  large  bright  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous  on  the 
outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  5-10,  usually  5-8;  anthers  deep  rose- 
purple;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  pubescence.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing early  in  September  and  soon  falling,  on  stout  glabrous  pedicels,  in  large  many-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  slightly  ovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  cherry- 
red,  lustrous,  pruinose,  marked  by  few  large  dark  dots,  f  '-f '  long,  and  about  \'  in  diame- 


KOSACELE 


499 


ter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  erect  and  incurved,  coarsely  serrate,  dark  red 
on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle,  their  tips  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick, 
pale  yellow,  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  narrow  at  the  ends,  irregularly  ridged  often  with  a  high 
broad  ridge,  and  sometimes  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  ascending  branches  forming 
a  narrow  open  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  bright  reddish  brown  and  rather  lus- 


Fig.  455 

trous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red  in  their  second 
year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  spines  1'-!$'  long;  or  occasionally 
shrubby,  with  a  short  trunk  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  ground,  Stratford,  Fairfield  County  (E.  H.  Fames),  and 
Ansonia,  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut  (E.  B.  Harger). 

104.  Crataegus  sertata  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded,  truncate,  subcordate  or  rarely  cuneate  at 
the  broad  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and 
deeply  divided  into  5  or  6  pairs  of  wide  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  above 
with  short  pale  hairs  and  villose  below  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  about  hah*  grown  and  vil- 
lose  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  half  of  May,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on 
the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  and  l^'-2'  wide,  with  a  thin  yellow  midrib,  and  slender 
primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  slender,  slightly  grooved, 
villose  early  in  the  season,  ultimately  glabrous,  sparingly  glandular,  l£'-3'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  often  3'  long 
and  2|'  wide.  Flowers  f'-l'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  10-15-flowered 
densely  villose  corymbs,  with  linear  to  linear-obovate  glandular  large  and  conspicuous 
caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  above,  villose  below, 
the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  broad,  acuminate,  tipped  with  small  red  glands, 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrate  on  the  outer  surface,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  5-10,  usually  5;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts  of 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  slender 
villose  or  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  slightly 
obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  red  and  lustrous,  becoming  darker  or  crimson  when 
fully  ripe,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  %'  long  and  wide;  calyx  prominent, 
with  enlarged  mostly  erect  incurved  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  aromatic,  pleasantly 


500 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


acid;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  4,  thin,  narrow  and  acute  at  the  ends,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back 
with  a  wide  or  narrow  ridge,  f '  long. 

A  tree,  10°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter  and  often  4°-5°  long,  covered  with 
close  dark  gray  bark  separating  into  long  narrow  thin  plate-like  scales,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  handsome  open  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  thickly 
coated  when  they  first  appear  with  matted  pale  hairs,  light  brown  and  lustrous  at  the  end 


Fig.  456 


of  their  first  season,  and  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with 
stout  nearly  straight  or  curved  spines  l'-2|'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  and  pastures  in  rich  moist  soil;  northeastern  Illinois  (Mo- 
kena,  Will  County,  Glenellyn,  Dupage  County,  Barrington,  Glendon  Park,  Cook  County, 
Highland  Park,  Lake  Zurich,  Lake  County) ;  Fox  Point,  Milwaukee  County,  Wisconsin. 


X.  DILATAT^E. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  broad  6-12-flowered  corymbs. 

Leaves  broad-ovate;  fruit  bright  scarlet.  105.  C.  dilatata  (A). 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular  to  oval;  fruit  dull  red  blotched  with  green,  or  orange-red. 

106.  C.  suborbiculata  (A). 

Leaves  ovate  to  slightly  obovate;  fruit  crimson,  pruinpse.  107.  C.  hudsonica  (A). 

Flowers  in  very  compact  5-7-flowered  corymbs;  leaves  broad-ovate;  fruit  usually  broader 
than  high,  much  flattened  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson,  very  lustrous. 

108.  C.  coccinioides  (A). 

105.  Crataegus  dilatata  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,  truncate,  cordate  or  slightly  rounded  at  the  broad  base, 
coarsely  and  generally  doubly  and  irregularly  serrate  above  with  straight  teeth  tipped 
with  large  dark  glands,  unequally  lobed  usually  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  acute  or  acuminate 
lateral  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  then 
light  yellow-green,  conspicuously  plicate,  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  stiff 
white  hairs  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  smooth  and  glabrous,  dark 
green  above,  pale  bekrw,  2'-2|'  long,  and  almost  as  wide  as  long,  with  a  slender  midrib 
and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  somewhat  glandular,  at  first  villose, 
soon  glabrous,  often  dark  red  toward  the  base  after  midsummer,  l'-2'  in  length;  leaves  at 


ROSACE^E 


501 


the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  4 '-5'  long,  and  frequently  rather  broader  than  long.  Flow- 
ers I'-lf  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad,  loose,  usually  8-12- 
flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  bracts  and  bractlets  glandular  like  the 
inner  bud-scales  with  dark  red  glands;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  covered  toward  the 
base  with  matted  pale  hairs,  nearly  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  coarsely 
glandular  with  large  scattered  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface  and  generally 
slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  rose  color;  styles  usually  5, 
surrounded  at  base  by  small  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  Sep- 
tember, on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  bright  scarlet, 
marked  by  numerous  small  dark  dots,  about  |'  in  diameter;  the  calyx  much  enlarged,  with 


Fig.  457 


spreading  coarsely  serrate  lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base;  flesh  thin, 
sweet  and  yellow;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  about  J' 
long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk,  covered  with  light  gray-brown 
scaly  bark,  branches  spreading  into  a  wide  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  short 
glabrous  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  armed  with  few  stout  straight  light  brown  shining 
spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Eastern  Massachusetts,  coast  of  Rhode  Island,  western  Vermont,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Albany,  New  York,  and  near  Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec. 

106.  Crataegus  suborbiculata  Sarg. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular  to  oval  or  rarely  to  oblong,  short-pointed  at  apex,  broad  and 
rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above  with  slender 
straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  often  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of 
short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  pale  yellow-green  and  somewhat  villose  on  the  upper 
surface  toward  the  base  and  below  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  about  a  third  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  of  June,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  tex- 
ture, dull  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  usually  about  1%'  long  and  broad,  with  a  slender 
midrib  and  4  or  o  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  slightly  glandular,  more  or 
less  winged  above,  f '-!'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  nearly  orbicular  to 
oval,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  wide,  their 
petioles  often  broadly  winged  and  conspicuously  glandular.  Flowers  i'  in  diameter,  on 
short  stout  pedicels,  in  compact  6-12-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx  broadly  obconic, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  long,  acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally 


502  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

obscurely  denticulate;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  falling  in  October  without  becoming  mellow, 
on  short  rigid  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  clusters,  subglobose,  often  rather  longer  than 
broad,  about  -f '  in  diameter,  dull  red  more  or  less  blotched  with  green,  or  often  wholly 
green  on  one  face,  or  scarlet  in  one  form;  calyx  enlarged,  prominent,  with  a  broad  deep 


Fig.  458 

cavity  and  nearly  entire  wide-spreading  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  5, 
broad  and  thick,  narrow  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  obscurely  and  unequally  grooved  on 
the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°-20°  high,  with  a  well-developed  trunk  5 '-6'  in  diameter, 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  low  flat-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
orange-brown  in  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and 
armed  with  thick  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l'-2' 
in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges  opposite  Lachine  near  the  south  bank  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River,  and  on  the  Island  of  Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec;  near  Cornwall, 
Ontario. 

107.  Cratsegus  hudsonica  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute,  gradually  and  abruptly  narrowed  and  mostly 
concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight 
or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  slightly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short 
acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  then  thin, 
light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous  above  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  white 
scattered  hairs  on  the  midrib,  and  pale  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm 
in  texture,  glabrous,  2'-2|'  long,  and  l^'-lf  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and 
5  or  6  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles 
slender,  wing-margined  above,  glandular,  at  first  slightly  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  and 
rose  color  towrard  the  base,  -f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate 
to  suborbicular,  full  and  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided  into 
broad  lateral  lobes,  and  2'-3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels,  in  broad  usually  10-12-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate 
often  only  below  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  hairy  on  the  inner  sur- 
face; stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September,  in 


ROSACE^E  503 

few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  crimson,  pruinose,  marked  by  numerous  pale 
dots,  about  f  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  a  deep  broad  cavity,  and  closely  appressed 
serrate  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5, 
rounded  at  base  and  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  and  sometimes  ridged  on  the 

long. 


Fig.  459 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  scaly 
bark,  heavy  ascending  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  stout 
ascending  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange  color  when  they  first  appear  and  light  orange- 
brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  winter,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender  straight  or 
slightly  curved  bright  red-brown  shining  spines  If '-2'  long;  sometimes  a  broad  bush,  with 
numerous  stout  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Rolling  hills  in  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River,  near  Albany,  Albany 
County,  New  York. 

108.  Crateegus  coccinioides  Ashe. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly 
serrate  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute 
lobes,  as  they  unfold  conspicuously  plicate,  very  lustrous,  yellow-green,  and  villose  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  midrib  with  a  few  short  pale  hairs  usually  persistent  during  the  season, 
about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in 
texture,  rather  rigid,  dull  dark  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-2|'  wide,  with  a  thin  pale  yellow  midrib  deeply  impressed 
above  and  often  bright  red  toward  the  base  after  midsummer,  and  slender  primary  veins 
arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  turning  late  in  October  gradually  bright  orange  and 
scarlet;  petioles  glandular  on  the  upper  side  with  minute-stalked  dark  red  glands,  at  first 
villose,  soon  glabrous,  often  bright  red  or  pink  toward  the  base,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at 
the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  or  less  cordate  at  base  and  usually  3|'-4'  long  and  wide. 
Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  in  very  compact  5-7-flowered  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  corymbs, 
with  coarsely  serrate  oblong-obovate  acute  bracts  and  bractlets,  conspicuously  glandular 
with  large  bright  red  glands;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  a  broad  base,  acute  and  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  20;  anthers  large, 
deep  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening 
early  in  October  and  falling  gradually  during  a  month  or  six  weeks,  on  stout  pedicels,  in 
few-fruited  compact  erect  clusters,  subglobose,  much  flattened  at  the  ends,  often  obscurely 


504 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


angled,  dark  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  f  long,  and  -£' 
wide;  calyx  much  enlarged  and  conspicuous,  with  spreading  or  erect  lobes  bright  red  on 
the  upper  side  near  the  base;  flesh  thick,  firm,  subacid,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red; 
nutlets  5,  comparatively  small,  light-colored,  narrow  at  the  ends,  acute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  £'  long. 


F.g.  460 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  stem  S'-IO'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  brown 
scaly  bark,  stout  spreading  light  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  stout 
nearly  straight  glabrous  bright  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  branchlets  armed  with  thick 
dark  reddish  purple  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.     Dry  woods  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  in  eastern  Kansas. 


XI.  ROTUNDIFOLLE. 

Coccineos  Sarg. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  10;  leaves  coriaceous. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate;  fruit  subglobose,  dark  crimson;  anthers  pale  yellow. 

109.  C.  rotundifolia  (A). 

Leaves  elliptic  or  ovate;   fruit  short-oblong  to  oblong-obovoid,  bright  carmine-red; 
anthers  rose  color.  110.  C.  Jonesae  (A). 

Stamens  20;  leaves  subcoriaceous,  rhombic  to  oblong-obovate;  fruit  short-oblong  to  sub- 
globose,  dark  dull  red  or  rusty  orange-red;  anthers  pale  yellow. 

111.  C.  Margaretta  (A,  C). 

109.  Cratsegus  rotundifolia  Moen. 

Cratcegus  coccinea  var.  rotundifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  mid- 
dle to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  incurved  or 
straight  teeth  tipped  with  minute  dark  glands,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  several 
short  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and 
then  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  smooth 
and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l|'-2'  long,  and  l'-l£'  wide, 


ROSACES 


505 


with  a  thin  midrib,  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lobes; 
petioles  slender,  glandular,  slightly  winged  at  apex,  glabrous,  often  dark  red  toward  the 
base,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-ovate,  oval  or  often  nearly 
orbicular,  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  2|'-3'  long  and  wide.  Flowers  f '-f '  in  diam- 
eter, on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube 


Fig.  461 

broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous,  often  bright  red  toward  the  apex;  stamens  10;  anthers  small, 
pale  yellow;  styles  3  or  4,  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels, 
in  drooping  many-fruited  glabrous  clusters,  subglobose  but  occasionally  rather  longer  than 
broad,  dark  crimson,  marked  by  scattered  dark  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged, 
conspicuous,  the  lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base,  wide-spreading  or  erect; 
flesh  thin,  yellowr,  dry  and  sweet;  nutlets  3  or  4,  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  \'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  red-brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  sym- 
metrical head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  bright 
fed-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  year,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with 
many  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia,  southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba  and  Saskatche- 
wan (Saskatoon),  and  southward  through  New  England,  eastern  and  northern  New  York, 
the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  and  northern  Indiana;  in  Pennsylvania  (Lackawanna, 
Bucks,  Northampton  and  Blair  Counties);  common  in  the  New  England  coast  region;  a 
form  (var.  pubera  Sarg.)  with  young  leaves  covered  above  with  soft  pale  hairs  and  pubes- 
cent on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins  and  villose  petioles,  flowers  with  a  pubescent 
calyx-tube,  in  villose  corymbs,  becoming  pilose  when  the  fruit  ripens,  and  young  branchlets 
covered  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  ranges  from  Newfoundland  to  the  shores  of  Lake 
St.  John,  Province  of  Quebec,  northern  Ontario,  Winnepeg  and  Manitoba,  and  southward 
through  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  New  England  to  southern  Connecticut,  north- 
ern and  western  New  York  (near  Buffalo,  Essex  County),  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan, northeastern  Wisconsin;  in  central  Minnesota  (St.  Cloud,  Stearns  County);  common 
northward. 

110.  Crataegus  Jonesae  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  or  broad-cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  spreading  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  decidu- 


506  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ous  dark  red  glands,  and  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  acute 
or  acuminate  lobes,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  of 
June,  and  then  membranaceous  and  coated  with  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under 
side  of  the  midrib  and  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  3 '-4'  long  and 
2'-3'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib,  4-6  pairs  of  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  secondary 
veinlets;  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  villose,  ultimately  glabrous, 
tinged  with  red  below  the  middle,  l|'-2'  in  length,  after  midsummer  often  twisted  at  base, 
bringing  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  to  the  light;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
usually  more  coarsely  serrate  and  much  more  deeply  lobed,  with  broadly  winged  petioles, 
and  falcate  coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules  sometimes  1'  in  length.  Flowers  1'  in  diam- 
eter, on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  lax  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx- 


Fig.  462 

tube  narrowly  obconic,  tomentose,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  long, 
acute,  entire,  villose;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  rose  color;  styles  2,  or  generally  3,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  usually  early  in 
October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  many-fruited  drooping  glabrous  or  puber- 
ulous clusters,  short-oblong  to  oblong-obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  carmine-re^, 
marked  by  occasional  large  dots,  f '-!'  long,  and  f '  in  diameter;  calyx  conspicuous,  with  en- 
larged and  elongated  closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet  and  mealy;  nutlets 
3  or  rarely  2,  thick,  narrowed  and  acute  at  base,  full  and  broad  at  apex,  rounded  and 
ridged  on  the  back  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  about  -/g '  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
brown  scaly  bark,  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  orange-brown,  glabrous  and 
very  lustrous  during  their  first  summer,  and  light  gray  the  following  year,  and  armed  with 
stout  straight  or  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2'-3'  long  and  usually  pointed 
toward  the  base  of  the  branch. 

Distribution.  Rocky  shores  of  sounds  and  bays;  coast  of  Maine,  Islesboro  and  Belfast 
Bay  to  the  island  of  Mount  Desert  (Waldo  and  Hancock  Counties) ;  in  hedges,  near  Fred- 
ericton,  York  County,  New  Brunswick;  Riviere  du  Loup,  Kamouraska  County,  Province 
of  Quebec  (Brother  Victorin). 

111.  Crataegus  Margaretta  Ashe. 

Leaves  broad-rhombic,  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  usually  entire  below,  coarsely  often  doubly  crenately-serrate 


ROSACES 


507 


above  with  usually  glandless  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  or  frequently  only  at 
apex  into  short  broad  rounded  or  acute  lobes  when  the  flowers  open  in  May,  thin  and 
roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  firm  and  rather 
leathery  in  texture,  or  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  smooth,  dark  green  and  somewhat  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-lj'  long,  and  1'  wide,  with  a  yellow 
midrib,  and  3-5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles 
slender,  often  slightly  winged  toward  the  apex,  glandular  at  first  with  minute  dark  red 
caducous  glands,  I'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate  or  semi- 
orbicular,  usually  more  deeply  and  more  generally  lobed,  often  3'  long  and  2'-3'  wide. 
Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  3-12-flowered  thin-branched 
slightly  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  slightly  villose  toward  the  base,  or 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  below,  acuminate  or  short-pointed  at  apex, 
finely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens 


Fig.  463 

usually  20;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow 
ring  of  pale  tomentum,  and  villose  below  the  middle  with  occasional  long  spreading  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  or  subglobose  and  flattened  at  the  ends,  dull  dark  red  or  rusty 
orange-red  or  rarely  yellow,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  and  about  \'  long;  calyx  only 
slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  spreading  or  erect  and  frequently  deciduous  before  the  fruit 
ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  acute 
at  apex,  conspicuously  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  rounded  ridge,  about 
Y  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin 
dark  gray-brown  bark,  small  rather  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  head,  and  slender 
branchlets,  orange-green,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becom- 
ing bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  and  ashy  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red  during  their 
second  year,  and  armed  with  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines 
f-H'  long. 

Distribution.  Central  Iowa  (Steamboat  Rock,  Harden  County,  Cedar  Rapids,  Linn 
County),  southward  to  Missouri  (Hannibal,  Marion  County,  Webster,  St.  Louis  County  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Springfield,  Greene  County),  and  eastward  to  northeastern  Illinois 
(Downers  Grove,  Dupage  County);  through  north  central  Indiana  to  southern  Michigan 
(Kalamazoo  and  Ingham  Counties) ;  through  central  and  southern  Ohio  to  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state  (Washington  County) ;  southeastern  Ontario  (London  and  Oakwood) ;  in 
central  Tennessee  (West  Nashville,  Davidson  County). 


508  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

XII.  INTRICATE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  10;  leaves  broad-ovate  to  oval. 

Fruit  depressed-globose,  yellow-green  flushed  with  russet-red;  anthers  pale  yellow;  calyx- 
lobes  eglandular.  112.  C.  Boyntonii  (A,  C). 
Fruit  subglobose,  red  or  russet-red;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  calyx-lobes  glandular  with 
stalked  glands.  113.  C.  Buckleyi  (A). 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  oblong-obovate;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  red,  often  with  a  bright 
russet  face;  stamens  usually  5-15;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow.     114.  C.  venusta  (C). 
Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptic  or  ovate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  yellow  or 
orange-yellow,  more  or  less  flushed  with  red;  anthers  large,  purple. 

115.  C.  Sargentii  (C). 

112.  Crataegus  Boyntonii  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  oval,  acute,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  entire  glandular  base, 
sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  divided  into 
2  or  3  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  wrhen  they  unfold  deep  bronze-red,  slightly 


Fig.  464 

glandular  and  viscid,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  then 
membranaceous  and  glabrous  or  occasionaly  slightly  pilose,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous, 
glabrous,  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-2^'  long,  and  l'-2' 
wide,  with  a  thin  pale  yellow  midrib  and  4-7  pairs  of  slender  veins;  petioles  stout,  glandular 
often  to  the  base  with  bright  red  glands,  slightly  winged  above,  usually  about  \'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  as  broad  as  long,  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  and 
more  coarsely  dentate  and  more  deeply  lobed.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short 
slender  pedicels,  in  compact  4-10-flowered  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  entire  or  ob- 
scurely and  irregularly  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  pale 
yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  thick  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  clusters, 
depressed-globose,  more  or  less  angled,  yellow-green  flushed  with  russet -red,  marked  with 
small  dark  dots,  usually  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  the  large  spreading  lobes 


KOSACE^E 


509 


often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets  3-5,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded 
at  the  narrow  base,  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  sometimes 
armed  with  long  gray  compound  spines,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open 
irregular  or  occasionally  a  round-topped  head,  and  glabrous  branchlets  furnished  with 
many  thin  nearly  straight  light  chestnut-brown  spines  H'-2'  long;  or  more  often  a  shrub, 
with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  the  borders  of  fields  and  upland  woods  in  the  southern 
Appalachian  foothill  region  from  southern  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia;  in  northern  Ala- 
bama, southeastern  Kentucky,  and  eastern  Tennessee;  sometimes  ascending  to  altitudes 
of  3000°  above  the  sea. 

113.  Crataegus  Buckley!  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  oval,  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  or  narrowed  and  concave- 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  more  or  less  incisely  lobed  with  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  more  than  half  grown 


Fig.  465 

when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May  and  then  pale  green  and  glabrous  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the  midrib,  and  at  ma- 
turity dark  green  above,  paler  below,  If '-2'  long,  and  1%'-%'  wide;  petioles  stout,  conspicu- 
ously glandular  above  the  base,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  £'-£'  in  length. 
Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  compact  3-7-flowered  simple 
corymbs,  with  conspicuously  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  laciniately  cut  toward  the  apex,  and  glandular  with 
stipitate  glands;  stamens  10;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts 
of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  September  or  in  October,  subglobose,  usually  angled, 
red  or  russet-red,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  reflexed 
lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  rounded  at  the 
slightly  narrowed  apex,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  grooved  ridge, 
about  jV  long. 

A  tree,  often  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4 '-7'  in  diameter  and  sometimes  10°-12°  long, 
covered  with  gray  or  often  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  stout  spreading  or  ascending  branches, 
and  thick  glabrous  red-brown  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight  shining  spines  \'  long, 
becoming  much  longer  and  branched  on  the  trunk  and  large  branches. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Virginia,  through  western  North  Carolina  to  eastern 
Tennessee;  usually  at  altitudes  between  2000°  and  3000°;  common  on  wooded  slopes  with 
Oaks,  Hickories,  and  Pines. 


510 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


114.  Crataegus  venusta  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  occasionally  to  oblong-ovate,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire'  base,  finely  serrate  above  with  usually  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  1-3 
pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  bronze  color,  with  a  few  scattered 
pale  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the 
20th  to  the  end  of  April,  and  then  yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous,  and  at  maturity 
dark  dull  green  above,  pale  below,  2f  long,  and  li'  wide,  ^  ith  a  stout  midrib  and  4-7  pairs 
of  thin  primary  veins;  late  in  the  autumn  turning,  especially  those  on  leading  shoots  deep 
orange  or  scarlet;  petioles  stout,  glandular,  more  or  less  winged  above,  \'-\'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  generally  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  base,  deeply  lobed 
with  broad  lobes,  and  often  3|'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  short 
pedicels,  in  4-9-flowered  compact  corymbs,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  like  the  inner  bud- 


Fig.  466 

scales  coarsely  glandular-serrate  and  bright  red  before  falling;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  often 
only  below  the  middle;  stamens  15-20,  usually  15-17;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles 
3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  from  the 
1st  to  the  middle  of  October,  on  stout  pedicels  often  1'  long,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  red,  often  with  a  bright  russet  face,  and  marked  by  occa- 
sional large  dark  dots;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  tube,  and  spreading  lobes  often  decidu- 
ous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  narrow  and 
acute  at  base,  broad,  about  \'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  often  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  furnished  like  the 
large  branches  with  innumerable  stout  much-branched  spines  frequently  6'  long,  and 
slender  nearly  straight  glabrous  dark  chestnut-brown  branchlets,  armed  with  many  stout 
straight  or  slightly  curved  dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  frequently  pointing  toward 
the  base  of  the  branch,  and  \\'-%\'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  Oak  and  Hickory-woods  on  the  dry  slopes  of  Red  Mountain  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city  of  Birmingham,  Jefferson  County,  Alabama. 

115.  Crataegus  Sargentii  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptic  or  rarely  to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually 
or  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  nearly  entire  base,  irregularly  doubly  serrate  above 
with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  usually  irregularly  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs 


HOSACE^E 


511 


of  short  broad  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in 
April,  and  then  subcoriaceous,  pale  yellow-green,  and  villose  on  the  midrib  with  scattered 
pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  lustrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  pale  below,  2'-3' 
long,  and  l£'-2'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib,  5-7  pairs  of  thin  light  yellow  veins  and  conspicu- 
ous reticulate  veinlets;  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  yellow  and  red;  petioles  slender, 
glandular,  more  or  less  broadly  winged  toward  the  apex,  f'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end 
of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-ovate,  concave-cuneate  at  base,  often  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  their 
petioles  broadly  wing-margined  to  below  the  middle.  Flowers  nearly  1'  in  diameter,  on 
long  thin  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  2-5  usually  3-flowered  simple  corymbs,  with  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  slightly 
villose,  the  lobes  foliaceous,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle;  stamens 
20;  anthers  large,  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  usually  4,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow 
ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  about  the  middle  of  September,  often  only  a 
single  fruit  maturing  from  a  flower-cluster,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the 


Fig.  467 

ends,  yellow  or  orange-yellow,  generally  more  or  less  flushed  with  red,  marked  by  occasional 
large  dark  dots,  \'-\'  long;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  tube  and  closely  appressed 
lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin  and  hard;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  4,  about  j'  long. 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-7'  in  diame- 
ter, stout  ascending  branches  formipg  a  narrow  or  sometimes  a  round  flat-topped  head, 
and  glabrous  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved  dark  chestnut-brown 
shining  spines,  f'-l^'  long;  often  a  large  shrub,  with  few  or  many  stems. 

Distribution.  Rocky  woods  and  bluffs  in  the  foothill  region  of  northwestern  Georgia 
(cliffs  of  the  Coosa  River  near  Rome,  Floyd  County),  southeastern  Tennessee  (near  Chata- 
nooga,  Hamilton  County,  and  Tracy  City,  Grundy  County),  and  northeastern  Alabama; 
very  abundant  in  Alabama  at  Valley  Head,  De  Kalb  County,  and  on  the  low  ridges  extend- 
ing southward  to  the  neighborhood  of  Birmingham,  Jefferson  County. 


XIII.  PULCHERRUVLE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  their  lobes  acute  or  rounded;  fruit  bright  red. 

116.  C.  opima  (C). 
Leaves  ovate  to  oval  or  obovate,  their  lobes  acute;  fruit  orange-red.  117.  C.  robur  (C). 


512 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


116.  Crataegus  opima  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above  with  incurved  teeth,  and  usually  divided 
above  the  middle  into  short  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  lobes,  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  then  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  cadu- 
cous hairs  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
on  the  lower  surface,  l£'  long,  and  lj'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  5  or  6  pairs  of 
arcuate  primary  veins  spreading  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  narrowly  winged  at 
the  apex,  usually  about  f '  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  rounded 
or  nearly  truncate  at  base  and  1|'-2|'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on 
short  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  ob- 
conic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly 
glandular-serrate,  tipped  with  dark  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  puberulous 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  snowy  white  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  1st  of  October  and 


Fig.  468 


then  remaining  on  the  branches  for  several  weeks,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  compact  few- 
fruited  erect  or  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  often  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  red, 
about  i'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  well-developed  tube,  and  much  enlarged 
closely  appressed  lobes  often  deciduous  with  the  tube  before  the  fruit  becomes  entirely 
ripe;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall,  slender  often  spiny  trunk  covered  with  ashy  gray  bark 
nearly  black  at  the  base  of  old  trees,  spreading  and  ascending  branches  forming  a  rounded 
or  oval  usually  open  head,  and  thin  nearly  straight  bright  red-brown  glabrous  branchlets 
becoming  gray  tinged  with  red  or  brown  in  their  second  season,  and  armed  with  thin 
nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines,  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  in  clay  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  Greenville,  Butler  County, 
Alabama;  common  near  Tallahassee,  Leon  County,  Florida. 

117.  Crataegus  robur  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular  below, 
finely  serrate  above  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  incisely  lobed  above  the  middle 
with  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of 
March,  and  then  membranaceous  and  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  and  at  maturity 


ROSACE/E 


513 


yellow-green,  l-g-'-S'  long,  and  !'-!%'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  thin  primary 
veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes:  turning  in  the  autumn  orange, 
yellow,  or  brown;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  sparingly 
glandular,  i'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate,  cuneate  or 
nearly  truncate  at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided  into  broad  lateral  lobes,  often  2'-3'  long 
and  broad,  with  a  stout  broadly  winged  petiole  frequently  1'  long.  Flowers  l|'-lj'  in 
diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  5-10-flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  with  large  conspicu- 
ously glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  grad- 
ually narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  glabrous,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate;  stamens  20;  anthers 
pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripen^ 
ing  in  September  and  October,  on  elongated,  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clus- 
ters, subglobose,  orange-red,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  deciduous  before  the  matur~ 
ity  of  the  fruit  leaving  a  narrow  ring  round  the  shallow7  cavity;  flesh  thin  and  firm;  nutlets 
3-5,  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  barely  grooved  on  the  rounded  back,  j3,/  long  and  nearly 
as  broad. 


Fig,  469 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray  or  brown  scaly 
bark,  spreading  or  ascending  branches,  and  slender  red-brown  branchlets  unarmed  or 
armed  with  stout  spines  \'-\'  long;  more  often  a  large  much-branched  shrub,  with  one  or 
more  stems. 

Distribution.  Woods  and  borders  of  fields,  northwestern  Florida;  common  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Tallahassee,  Leon  County. 


XIV.  BRACTEAT^E. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  oval  to  broad-obovate,  subcoriaceous;  corymbs  many-flowered;  stamens  10-20, 
usually  20;  fruit  bright  red  or  orange-red.  118.  C.  Harbisonii  (C). 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  thin:  corymbs  3-10-flowered;  stamens  20;  fruit 
bright  red.  119.  C.  Ashei  (C) 

118.  Crataegus  Harbisonii  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  broad-obovate,  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base, 
and  coarsely  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  roughened 
above  by  stout,  rigid  pale  hairs,  and  soft  and  pubescent  below,  nearly  fully  grown  early  in 


514 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


May  when  the  flowers  open,  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  above  and  pale  below,  and 
at  maturity  subcoriaceous;  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-2-|'  long,  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  a 
stout  midrib  and  primary  veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  and  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  villose,  more  or  less  winged  above,  \'-%  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  cuneate  and  decurrent  on  their 
stouter  petiole,  3'-4'  long,  and  2£'-3'  wide,  with  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate  stipules 
frequently  \'  long.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  in  broad  loose  usually  10-12-flowered  corymbs, 
with  broad  acute  conspicuous  glandular-serrate  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  densely  villose  at  the  base  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  the  lobes  elongated, 
gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acute,  bright  green,  more  or  less  hairy,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  with  large  stipitate  dark  red  glands;  stamens  10-20,  usually  20;  anthers 
large,  light  yellow;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  subglobose, 
often  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  red  or  orange-red,  marked  by  numerous  large  dark 
dots;  calyx  enlarged,  wyith  spreading  glandular  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  yellow,  thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  \'  long. 


Fig.  470 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray  or 
gray-brown  bark,  and  often  armed  with  straight  or  much-branched  spines,  wide-spreading 
light  gray  or  reddish  branches  forming  a  rather  open  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long  spreading  white  hairs,  pubescent  or  glabrous 
and  light  red-brown  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  or  light  gray 
the  following  year,  and  furnished  with  numerous  usually  stout  straight  dark  reddish  brown 
shining  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  ridges;  West  Nashville,  Davidson  County, 
Tennessee;  common. 

119.  Crataegus  Ashei  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  occasionally  obovate,  acute  and  generally  short-pointed  at  apex, 
gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  and  usually  entire  at  base,  coarsely  and  occa- 
sionally doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  small  dark  glands, 
when  they  unfold  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  writh  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent 
below,  nearly  fully  grown  and  membranaceous  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at 
maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  on  the  slender 
midrib  and  primary  veins,  about  2'  long  and  If  wide;  petioles  stout,  broadly  winged  above, 
glandular,  pubescent  early  in  the  season  but  ultimately  nearly  glabrous,  about  f  in  length; 


ROSACES 


515 


leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  broadly  oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  rounded  or 
short-pointed  at  apex,  2£'-3'  long,  and  2'-2£'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender 
hairy  pedicels,  in  3-10-flowered  simple  or  compound  corymbs,  with  broad  conspicuous 
glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  thickly  coated  writh  long  matted 
reflexed  white  hairs,  the  lobes  broad,  acute,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on 
the  inner  surface,  glandular  with  small  stout  stipitate  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  small, 
yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  late  in  September  or  early  in  October,  on  stout  villose  or  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  clusters,  subglobose  or  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  red,  marked  by  large  scat- 
tered dots,  more  or  less  villose  toward  the  ends,  about  1'  in  diameter;  calyx  conspicuous, 
with  elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  erect  incurved  or  reflexed  lobes;  flesh  thick  and 
yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  acute  at  the  ends,  •§'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  covered  with  smooth  light  gray 
or  red-brown  bark  becoming  fissured  and  scaly  on  old  individuals,  stout  ascending  branches 


Fig.  471 

forming  a  pyramidal  or  oval  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear 
with  long  pale  matted  reflexed  hairs,  soon  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  lustrous,  orange- 
brown  or  reddish  I  rown,  and  light  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red  during  their  second  season, 
and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  dark  red-brown  shining  spines  I'-l-g'  long. 
Distribution.  Abandoned  fields,  and  woods,  growing  usually  on  clay  soils;  near  Mont- 
gomery, Montgomery  County,  and  Gallion,  Hale  County,  Alabama. 


XV.  FLAVJE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pink  or  purple. 

Corymbs  usually  3-6-flowered. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  broad-ovate,  yellow-green;  fruit  dark  orange-brown. 

120.  C.  flava  (C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate  or  orbicular,  bright  yellow-green;  fruit  obovoid,  dark 
orange  color  with  a  red  cheek.  121.  C.  visenda  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  or  ovate,  dark  green;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  red  or  orange- 
red.  122.  C.  ignava  (C). 


516  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Corymbs  1-5-flowered. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  bright  green;  fruit  globose  or  depressed- 
globose,  bright  red.  123.  C.  consanguinea. 
Leaves  obovate,  bright  green;  fruit  ellipsoidal  to  short-oblong,  orange-red;  anthers 
pink.  124.  C.  tristis. 
Anthers  yellow  (doubtful  in  128,  133). 
Leaves  yellow-green. 
Leaves  3-nerved. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  often  3-lobed  at  apex;  fruit  obovoid  to  subglobose, 
bright  orange-red  and  lustrous;  corymbs  tomentose.  125.  C.  floridana. 

Leaves  obovate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dull  brownish  yellow;  corymbs 
glabrous.  126.  C.  lacrimata. 

Leaves  with  numerous  primary  veins. 
Leaves  thin. 

Leaves  scabrate  above  at   maturity,  obovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  short- 
pointed  at  apex;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red. 

127.  C.  Ravenelii  (C). 
Leaves  smooth  above  at  maturity. 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-cuneiform;  fruit  subglobose,  bright  red. 

128.  C.  senta  (A). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  orbicular;  fruit  subglobose  to  ellipsoidal,  orange-red 
or  red  and  orange.  129.  C.  annosa  (C). 

Leaves  subcoriaceous. 

Flowers  in  3-5-flowered  corymbs. 

Leaves  obovate;  fruit  globose  or  depressed-globose,  orange-yellow* with  a 

red  cheek.  130.  C.  panda  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-ovate,  minutely  serrate;   fruit  globose,  red  or 

yellow.  131.  C.  integra  (C). 

Flowers  in  1  or  2-flowered  eorymbs;  leaves  spathulate;  fruit  obovoid,  red. 

132.  C.  recurva  (C). 

Leaves   conspicuously    blue-green,    broad-ovate    to   orbicular;   fruit   subglobose   to 

short-oblong,  light  red,  puberulous  at  the  ends.  133.  C.  dispar  (C). 

Stamens  10;  anthers  yellow;  leaves  broad-obovate  to  oval  or  rhombic,  dark  yellow-green; 

fruit  subglobose,  dull  orange-red,  often  slightly  villose  at  the  ends.     134.  C.  aprica  (C). 

120.  Crataegus  flava  Ait. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  broad-obovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  cuneate  at  the  glandular  base,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  broad  straight 
or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  large  dark  red  stipitate  glands,  when  they  unfold  bronze 
color,  villose  above  with  short  pale  caducous  hairs  most  abundant  near  the  base  of  the  mid- 
rib and  pubescent  below  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
from  the  10th  to  the  20th  of  April,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  yellow-green,  usually 
about  2'  long  and  H'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  primary  veins 
usually  puberulous  on  the  under  side  and  only  slightly  impressed  above;  petioles  slender, 
glandular,  winged  nearly  to  the  base,  generally  more  or  less  villose,  after  midsummer  often 
light  red  on  the  lower  side,  and  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  fre- 
quently 3'  long  and  2'  wide,  and  sometimes  broad-ovate,  3-lobed  or  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs 
of  lateral  lobes,  their  petioles  l'-lf  long,  broadly  winged  and  conspicuously  glandular, 
and  foliaceous  lunate  or  elliptic  coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules.  Flowers  about  f  in 
diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  simple  or  compound  slightly  villose 
compact  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  acute  coarsely  glandular-serrate  bracts  and  bractlets; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  wide,  acute,  usually  laciniately  divided,  very 
glandular;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  dark  rose  color.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and 
soon  falling,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 


ROSACES 


517 


dark  orange-brown,  £'-f '  long,  and  £'-£'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  narrow 
tube,  and  enlarged  closely  appressed  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh 
thick,  orange  color,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
ridged  and  deeply  grooved  on  the  back  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  about  \'  long. 


Fig.  472 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dark  brown 
bark  tinged  with  red  and  divided  into  narrow  rounded  ridges,  stout  ascending  branches 
forming  an  open  and  somewhat  irregular  head  sometimes  20°  across,  and  slender  slightly 
zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  deeply  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  be- 
coming dull  red-brown  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  darker  the  following  year, 
and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut- 
brown  spines  f'-lj'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the  sand  hills  of  Summerville,  near  Augusta,  Richmond 
County,  Georgia,  and  at  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Florida. 

121.  Crataegus  visenda  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or  orbicular,  short-pointed  and  acute  or  occasionally  broad  and 
rounded  at  apex,  concave-cuneate  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  mostly  entire  base,  finely 


Fig.  473 


518 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


serrate  above  with  rounded  teeth,  glandular  with  bright  red  glands,  and  divided  above  the 
middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March, 
and  then  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  pale  hairs  on  the  two  surfaces  near  the 
base  of  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  bright  yellow-green  and  lus- 
trous above,  pale  below,  glabrous,  I'-li'  long,  and  f'-l'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and 
thin  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  turning y el lowr,  orange, 
or  brown  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  broadly  wing-margined  above  the  middle,  con- 
spicuously glandular,  sparingly  villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  |'-f ' 
in  length.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-6-flowered 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  hairy  near  the  base  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  gla- 
brous above,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pilose 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by 
small  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  August  and  early  in  September, 
on  stout  pedicels,  usually  in  1  or  2-fruited  clusters,  obovoid,  dark  orange-colored,  with  a 
red  cheek,  |'-|''  long,  nearly  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  closely  appressed;  flesh  soft  and  yellow;  nutlets 
3-5,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  f ' 
long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  gray  or 
brownish  bark,  crooked  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head, 
and  stout  often  contorted  branchlets  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  dull 
reddish  brown  to  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  slender  straight  spines  \'-\'  long. 

Distribution.     Sandy  soil  near  Bristol,  Liberty  County,  Florida. 

122.  Crataegus  ignava  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  concave- 
cuneate  glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  and  usu- 
ally divided  towyard  the  apex  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers 


Fig.  474 


open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  then  membranaceous,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
hairs  on  the  midrib  above  and  on  the  midrib  and  slender  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  sub- 
coriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  still  hairy  on  the  lower 
surface,  l|'-2'  long,  and  \'-\\'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow  and  brown  sometimes 
flushed  with  red;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  glandular,  \'-\'  in  length. 
Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  3-6-flowered  simple  corymbs, 
with  lanceolate  conspicuously  glandular  reddish  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly 


ROSACES 


519 


obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  wide,  glabrous,  glandular 
with  dark  red  stipitate  glands,  and  often  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle;  stamens  20; 
anthers  large,  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September  and  early  in  October,  on  slender  erect  pedicels, 
in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  orange-red,  marked  by  numerous  pale 
dots,  about  f '  long;  calyx  enlarged  and  prominent,  with  spreading  lobes  often  deciduous 
from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick  and  soft;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  but 
irregularly  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long.  . 

A  tree,  sometimes  10°-12°  high,  writh  a  slender  trunk  covered  with  ashy  gray  fissured 
scaly  bark  often  tinged  with  brown  and  frequently  nearly  black  near  the  ground,  stout 
ascending  branches,  and  slender  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  bright  red-brown  during  their 
first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  many  very  slender  red-brown 
lustrous  ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  Alabama;  common  on  Lookout  Mountain  above  Valley 
Head  and  at  Collinsville,  DeKalb  County,  and  at  Gadsden,  Etowah  County. 

123.  Crataegus  consanguinea  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  occasionally  oval  or  rhombic,  acute  and  gen- 
erally short-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  entire  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate  with  glandular  teeth,  and  fre- 


Fig.  475 

quently  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March  or  early  in  April,  and  then  very  thin,  blue- 
green,  slightly  villose,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  bright 
green,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midrib, 
and  thin  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf,  about  1'  long, 
and  f  '-f '  wide;  petioles  slender,  glandular,  wing-margined  above,  villose  early  in  the  season, 
becoming  glabrous,  |'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  l|'-2'  long 
and  wide.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  simple  1-5-flowered 
corymbs,  with  oblanceolate  acuminate  bright  red  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube 
broadly  obconic,  sparingly  hairy  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  a  broad  base,  acute,  glandular  with  minute  bright  red  glands,  glabrous;  stamens 
20;  anthers  small,  deep  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  short 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  about  the  middle  of  September,  on  slender  glabrous 
pedicels,  often  only  a  single  fruit  in  a  cluster  developing,  globose  to  depressed-globose, 
bright  red,  marked  by  small  dark  dots,  nearly  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  en- 


520 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


larged  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thick,  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  base,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  low  rounded 
ridge,  about  -&'  long. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  nearly  black 
deeply  furrowed  bark  broken  into  short  thick  closely  appressed  scales,  wide-spreading 
often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  handsome  head,  and  slender 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  caducous  hairs,  soon 
becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  dull  reddish  brown  in  their  second  season, 
and  armed  with  short  nearly  straight  gray  or  chestnut-brown  spines  $'-f '  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  upland  Oak-woods  in  western  Florida  from  the  neighborhood  of  Tal- 
lahassee, Leon  County  to  the  Apalachicola  River;  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  River 
Junction,  Gadsden  County,  and  at  Aspalaga,  Liberty  County. 

v  124.  Crataegus  tristis  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  and  often  more  or  less  undulate-lobed  at 
the  broad  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  and  concave-cuneate  at  the 
glandular  base,  and  serrate  above  with  blunt  glandular  teeth,  about  half  grown  when  the 


Fig.  476 


flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  then  slightly  pilose  on  the  upper  and  villose  on  the 
lower  surface  on  the  thin  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  veins  extending  obliquely  to 
the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  bright  green  and  glabrous, 
li'-l^'  iong>  an(l  about  f  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  brown,  and  orange;  petioles 
slender,  wing-margined  above,  conspicuously  glandular,  slightly  puberulous,  £'-f  in 
length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  oblong-obovate,  often  deeply  and  irregularly 
divided  into  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  frequently  l|'-2'  long  and  nearly  as  broad. 
Flowers  f'-f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-5-flowered  corymbs,  with 
rose-colored  and  conspicuously  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
hairy  toward  the  base  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
broad  base,  acuminate,  glandular  with  large  dark  red  glands,  and  entire  or  coarsely  serrate 
above  the  middle;  stamens  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in 
August  or  early  in  September,  ellipsoidal  or  short-oblong,  orange-red,  about  \'  long,  with 
soft  flesh;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  recurved  persistent  lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and 
rounded  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back 
with  a  broad  low  slightly  grooved  ridge,  about  f/  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  some- 
times nearly  black  deeply  furrowed  bark,  stout  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad 


KOSACE^E 


521 


shapely  handsome  head,  and  slender  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear, 
bright  red-brown  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray- 
brown,  and  armed  with  few  slender  straight  spines  IJ'-l?'  long;  or  often  a  large  shrub. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  low  hills,  northwestern  Georgia;  common  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Rome,  Floyd  County. 

125.  Crataegus  floridana  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  frequently  3-lobed  at  apex  with  short  rounded  lobes,  gradually 
narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved 
teeth  tipped  with  conspicuous  ultimately  dark  persistent  glands,  3-nerved  with  slender 
nerves,  numerous  thin  secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  slightly  villose  above  as 
they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  March,  and  then 
light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of*  a  few  persistent  hairs  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  nerves  and  in  their  axils,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous 


Fig.  477 


on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  !'-!£'  long,  and  about  \'  wide;  petioles 
slender,  glandular,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent 
or  glabrous,  usually  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  frequently  2' 
long,  and  sometimes  divided  by  deep  rounded  sinuses  into  numerous  narrow  lateral  lobes, 
their  stipules  lunate,  foliaceous,  pointed,  coarsely  glandular-serrate.  Flowers  about  f '  in 
diameter,  on  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  few  usually  1-3-flowered  simple  compact 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  nar- 
row, acuminate,  glandular  with  bright  red  stipitate  glands,  villose  toward  the  base  on  the 
outer  surface  and  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  4  or  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  rjng  of  long  shining  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  from  the 
middle  to  the  end  of  August,  on  short  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  solitary  or  in  2  or  3-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  obovoid  to  short-oblong,  usually  about  \ '  long,  bright  orange-red,  lus- 
trous, marked  by  numerous  pale  dots;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  tube  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  and  reflexed  glandular-serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow7,  dry  and 
mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  acute  at  base,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  and  occasionally 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  long  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  thick  nearly  black  deeply  furrowed  bark  broken  into  short  thick  plate-like  scales, 
small  drooping  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  conspicuously 
zigzag  pendulous  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long  pale  matted  hairs. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


becoming  during  their  first  season  dark  red-brown  and  more  or  less  villose,  and  dark  brown 
the  following  year,  and  armed  with  thin  straight  spines  f '-!'  long,  or  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  of  the  Pine-barrens  of  northeastern  Florida;  abundant  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Jacksonville,  Duval  County. 

126.  Crataegus  lacrimata  Small. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  glandular-serrate  at  apex  usually  with  incurved 
teeth,  entire  and  glandular  below,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  base, 
and  3-nerved  with  slender  yellow  nerves,  numerous  thin  secondary  veins  and  reticulate 
veinlets,  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April  nearly  fully  grown,  light  yellow,  glabrous, 
with  the  exception  of  small  tufts  of  pale  caducous  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves  below,  and 
at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  lustrous,  |'-f '  long,  and  about  f '  wide;  petioles  slender,  wing- 
margined  toward  the  apex,  dark  orange-brown,  at  first  puberulous,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous, \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  glabrous  pedicels,  in 
3-5-flowered  simple  corymbs,  with  long  linear  entire  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  turning 


Fig.  478 

red  in  fading;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
broad  base,  acuminate,  entire,  tipped  with  large  dark  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  large, 
light  yellow;  styles  usually  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  toward  the  end  of  August,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  1  or  2-fruited  clusters,  subglobose 
to  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  brownish  yellow  marked  by  occasional  dark 
dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  tube,  and  spreading  lobes 
usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy:  nutlets  3,  broad, 
rounded  at  the  broad  ends,  rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about 
f  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  but  usually  not  more  than  10°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-G'  in 
diameter,  covered  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  black  bark  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick 
plate-like  closely  appressed  scales,  long  slender  drooping  branches  forming  a  handsome 
symmetrical  round-topped  head;  and  thin  glabrous  very  zigzag  branchlets  light  orange- 
brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  reddish  brown  and  lustrous,  and  dark  gray- 
brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  many  small  nearly  straight  dark  chestnut- 
brown  spines  |'-f '  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Florida,  Walton  and  Santa  Rosa  Counties  (Pensacola  to  De 
Funiak  Springs);  sometimes  in  moist  sand;  more  often  in  dry  barrens;  common  and 
often  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  vegetation. 


ROSACE^E 

127.  Crataegus  Ravenelii  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  or  acute  at  the  broad  sometimes 
slightly  lobed  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  elongated  cuneate 
base,  more  or  less  undulate  on  the  margins,  and  coarsely  and  usually  doubly  glandular- 
serrate  above  with  large  bright  red  ultimately  dark  persistent  glands,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  then  coated  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs, 
and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  yellow-green,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale, 
and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  on  the  slender  veins,  I'-l^'  long,  and  about  f  wide; 
petioles  slender,  glandular,  winged  above,  tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
pubescent,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  2'  long  and  1^'  wide, 
and  frequently  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  broad  lateral  lobes.  Flowers 
about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  thickly  coated  with  long  white  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  villose  on  the 
outer,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  glandular  with  small  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers 


Fig.  479 

small,  pale  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit 
ripening  early  in  October,  on  short  thick  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  or  spreading  clus- 
ters, globose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  puberu- 
lous  at  the  ends,  \'-\'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  enlarged  spreading  and  appressed 
lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the 
back  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  14'  or  15'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick  dark 
brown  bark  deeply  divided  into  narrow  interrupted  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into,  short 
thick  plate-like  scales,  heavy  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular 
head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  dark  purple 
or  red-brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  dark  red-brown  and  gla- 
brous the  following  season,  and  armed  with  thick  straight  dull  gray-brown  spines  usually 
about  \\'  long. 

Distribution.  Sand  hills  near  Aiken,  Aiken  County,  South  Carolina,  and  in  Summerville 
near  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  Georgia. 

128.  Crataegus  senta  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  or  obovate-cuneiform,  acute  or  sometimes  rounded  and  frequently 
slightly  divided  into  several  short  acute  lobes  at  the  broad  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from 
the  middle  to  the  entire  base,  and  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  above  with  incurved  conspicu- 


524  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ously  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  often  dark  red,  covered  above  with  long  pale 
caducous  hairs  and  villose  below  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  from  the  1st  to  the  10th  of  May  and  then  bright  yellow-green  and  almost  gla- 
brous with  the  exception  of  the  persistent  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  and 
at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  usually  about  1^' 
long  and  1'  wide,  with  an  orange-colored  midrib,  generally  3  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins 
extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  dark  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets; 
turning  red,  yellow,  or  brown  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slender,  glandular,  wing-margined 
above,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  about  f  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  often  nearly  orbicular,  more  deeply 
lobed  with  broad  rounded  or  acute  lobes,  2'-2|'  in  diameter,  their  stipules  lunate, 
coarsely  glandular-dentate,  sometimes  \'  long.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels  coated  with  matted  pale  hairs,  in  lax  compound  3-6-flowered  villose  corymbs, 
with  lanceolate  straight  or  falcate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  villose  particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate. 


Fig.  480 


nearly  glabrous,  coarsely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  20;  styles  3-5,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end 
of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  slender  slightly  hairy  elongated  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose,  bright  red,  \'-\'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  closely 
appressed  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  nar- 
rowed and  acute  at  base,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Abandoned  fields  and  open  Pine-woods  near  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
North  Carolina,  at  altitudes  of  about  2200°. 

129.  Crataegus  annosa  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate  and  glandular  at  base,  sharply  and  often 
doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  and  usually  slightly  lobed  toward  the  short-pointed  acute 
apex,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April  and  then  pale  yellow-green 
and  scurfy  above,  with  a  few  short  pale  hairs  above  and  below  near  the  base  of  the  midrib, 
and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  bright  green,  \'-\\'  long,  and  f '-!'  wide,  with  a  prominent 
pale  yellow  midrib,  and  remote  slender  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the 
lobes;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  or  brown;  petioles  slender,  narrowly  winged 
above,  conspicuously  glandular  with  large  dark  glands,  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate  to  obovate  or  suborbicular,  coarsely  serrate,  conspicuously 
reticulate-venulose,  sometimes  2'  long  and  wide,  with  broadly  winged  petioles  and  folia- 


ROSACE^E 

ceous  coarsely  dentate  persistent  stipules  often  f  long.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  stout 
villose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-5-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  spar- 
ingly villose  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  acute,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, puberulous  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  almost  white;  styles  3-5,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  snow-white  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late 
in  August  or  early  in  September,  subglobose  or  ellipsoidal,  orange-red  or  red  and  orange, 


Fig.  481 

about  \'  long;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  puberulous  on  the  upper  side  and  reflexed; 
flesh  thick  and  soft;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at 
apex,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  low  rounded  ridge,  about  T%'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
rough  often  black  bark,  stout  spreading  or  ascending  branches,  and  thick  dull  red-brown 
ultimately  dark  gray  or  nearly  black  branchlets  armed  with  straight  rather  stout  spines 
l'-H'  long. 

Distribution.  Eastern  central  Alabama;  common  near  Phoenix,  Lee  County,  and 
Girard,  Russell  County. 

130.  Crataegus  panda  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  and  short-pointed  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  broad 
occasionally  slightly  lobed  apex,  concave-cuneate  and  glandular  at  the  entire  base,  and 
finely  serrate  above  with  minute  incurved  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with 
red  and  sparingly  villose,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  1st  of  April  and  then 
roughened  above  by  short  pale  rigid  hairs  and  villose  above  and  below  on  the  midrib  and 
on  the  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  or  puberulous  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
slender  midrib,  subcoriaceous,  light  green  and  lustrous,  glandular,  l'-lf  long,  and  f'-l' 
wide,  with  slender  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf; 
turning  yellow-brown  or  orange  color  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  slightly 
wing-margined  at  apex,  villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  glandular,  about  f ' 
in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  rounded,  apiculate  and  lobed 
at  apex,  puberulous  and  villose  on  the  midrib  and  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  often  If  long 
and  2'  wide.  Flowers  f'-f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  compact  3-5-flowered 
simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  more  or  less  villose: 
stamens  20;  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  August  or  early  in  September,  on  stout  pedi- 
cels, in  erect  few-fruited  clusters,  globose  or  depressed-globose,  orange-yellow,  with  a  red 


526 

cheek, 


'-' 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 
in  diameter;  calyx  slightly  enlarged,  with  closely  appressed  often  deciduous 


lobes;  flesh  thick,  succulent,  orange-yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends, 
grooved  on  the  rounded  back  with  a  broad  shallow  groove,  about  \'  long. 


Fig.  482 

A  tree,  20°-2-5°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
rough  bark,  crooked  recurved  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branch- 
lets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs,  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  during  their 
first  season,  becoming  gray;  and  unarmed  or  occasionally  armed  with  stout  spines  ^'-1' 
long. 

Distribution.     Dry  sandy  soil  near  Tallahassee,  Leon  County,  Florida. 

131.  Crataegus  integra  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  acute  apex, 
concave-cuneate  and  gradually  narrowed  to  the  slender  base,  and  finely  serrate,  nearly  half 


Fig.  483 

grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  March,  and  then  glandular  on  the  margins, 
slightly  hairy  on  the  midrib  and  on  the  under  side  of  the  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoria- 
ceous,  bright  green,  lustrous,  and  glabrous  above,  paler  below,  l'-lj'  long,  and  about  f '  wide, 


ROSACE^E  527 

with  a  thin  yellow  midrib  puberulous  below,  slender  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely 
to  the  end  of  the  leaf,  with  1  or  2  pairs  near  the  middle  of  the  blade  more  prominent  than 
those  below  and  above  them;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange  and  brown;  petioles 
slender,  narrowly  wing-margined  above,  glandular,  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  puberulous,  i'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broadly 
obovate,  short-pointed  at  apex,  slightly  undulate-lobed  above  the  middle,  sometimes 
\\'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  f'—f'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  hoary-tomentose 
pedicels,  in  3-5-flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  covered 
with  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  acuminate, 
glandular,  pilose  on  the  outer,  sparingly  pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  an- 
thers pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  thick  ring  of  white  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  in  August,  on  slender  erect  pubescent  pedicels,  globose,  red,  about  \' 
in  diameter;  calyx  deciduous;  flesh  thin,  orange-yellowr,  and  succulent;  nutlets  3-5,  nar- 
rowed and  acute  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  flat  and  grooved  on  the  back  with  a 
narrow  shallow  groove,  about  jV  l°ng- 

A  tree,  12°-15°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick  nearly 
black  checkered  bark,  drooping  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and 
slender  very  zigzag  branchlets  clothed  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum, 
rather  bright  reddish  brown  and  roughened  by  minute  tubercles  at  the  end  of  their  first 
season,  becoming  gray  or  grayish  brown,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  short 
slender  spines. 

Distribution.  Sandy  woods  and  abandoned  fields;  central  Florida;  common  near  Eustis, 
Lake  County,  and  Orlando,  Orange  County. 

132.  Crataegus  recurva  Beadl. 

Leaves  spatulate,  rounded  or  acute  or  sometimes  obovate  and  obtusely  3-lobed  at  apex, 
and  finely  glandular-serrate  with  bright  red  glands,  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers 


Fig.  484 

open  about  the  20th  of  March  and  then  almost  glabrous  above,  slightly  hairy  near  the  base 
below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  about  1'  long  and  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  slender 
yellow  midrib  and  one  pair  of  veins  often  more  prominent  than  the  others  and  nearly 
parallel  with  the  margins  of  the  blade;  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown; 
petioles  slender,  conspicuously  glandular,  villose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  gla- 
brous, \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-obovate,  deeply  divided 
into  narrow  lateral  ascending  rounded  lobes,  concave-cuneate  at  base,  with  a  stouter  mid- 
rib, and  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  and  often  1'  long  and  f '  wide.  Flowers 


528 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


\'-\'  in  diameter,  on  stout  pedicels  thickly  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  solitary  or  in 
2-flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  pilose  below,  nearly  glabrous 
above,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  slightly  hairy  on  the  outer  surface, 
glabrous  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening 
in  August,  erect  on  short  stout  pedicels,  obovoid,  red,  \'  long;  calyx  little  enlarged,  often 
deciduous;  flesh  thick  and  soft;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and 
obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray  or  brownish 
rough  bark,  slender  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and  slender 
very  zigzag  branchlets,  villose  early  in  tho  season,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown  and 
very  lustrous  and  ultimately  dark  reddish  brown,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender 
straight  spines  usually  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.     Dry  sandy  soil,  Ocala,  Marion  County,  Florida. 

133.  Crataegus  dispar  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  orbicular,  3-nerved,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  generally  narrowed 
and  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate  at  the  glandular  entire  base,  serrate  or  doubly  serrate 
above  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  mostly  divided  above  the  middle  into 


Fig.  485 

short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  long  matted  white  hairs  most  abundant  on 
the  lower  surface,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  April 
and  then  blue-green  and  villose  above  and  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm 
in  texture,  blue-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  usually  about  1'  long  and  f'-l'  wide;  turning  red,  yellow,  or  brown  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or  villose,  glandular,  slightly 
wing-margined  above,  usually  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
broad-ovate  or  suborbicular,  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  serrate,  and  often  deeply 
divided  above  the  middle  into  3  wide  acute  lobes  broader  than  long.  Flowers  about  f '  in 
diameter,  on  slender  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-7-flowered  corymbs,  with 
narrow-obovate  acute  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated 
with  hoary  tomentum,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  glandular-serrate  with  minute  bright  red 
glands,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  below  the  middle,  glabrous  above,  tomentose  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  20;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  late  in  August  or  early  in  September,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  light  red,  puberulous  toward  the  ends,  about 
\'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  reflexed  closely  appressed  lobes  tomentose  at  base; 


ROSACE^E  529 

flesh  thin,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a 
broad  low  ridge,  dark  brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  heavy  ascending  branches 
forming  a  broad  irregular  head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  dark 
red-brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  darker  colored  and  glabrous 
the  following  season,  and  armed  with  thick  or  thin  nearly  straight  dark  red-brown  ulti- 
mately gray  spines  l|'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  sand  hills  near  Aiken,  Aiken  County,  and  Trenton,  Edgefield  County, 
South  Carolina;  more  abundant  at  Summerville,  west  of  Augusta,  Richmond  County, 
Georgia. 

134.  Crataegus  aprica  Beadl. 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  oval,  or  rhombic,  acute  and  short-pointed  or  rounded  and  often 
somewhat  lobed  at  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base, 
and  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle  with  small  incurved  teeth  terminating  in  con- 


Fig.  486 

spicuous  rose-colored  ultimately  dark  red  persistent  glands,  when  they  unfold  deep  orange 
color,  roughened  above  by  short  pale  appressed  hairs  and  sparingly  villose  below,  espe- 
cially on  the  slender  midrib  and  remote  primary  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  about  the  10th  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  smooth,  and  dark 
yellow-green  on  the  upper  surfa.ce,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-lj'  long,  and  1'  wide; 
petioles  stout,  conspicuously  glandular,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  villose  early 
in  the  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  usually  bright  red  on  the  lower  side  toward  the 
base  after  midsummer,  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often 
nearly  orbicular,  frequently  more  deeply  lobed,  and  l|'-2'  long  and  wide,  with  a  stout 
broadly  winged  petiole,  and  foliaceous  lunate  stipules.  Flowers  -f '  in  diameter,  on  slen- 
der villose  pedicels,  in  small  3-6-flowered  compact  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  villose  at  base,  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  a  broad  base, 
acuminate,  glabrous,  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  bright  yellow; 
styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the 
autumn,  on  stout  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  erect  or  drooping  usually  2  or  3- 
fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  rarely  rather  longer  than  broad,  about  \'  in  diameter,  dull 
orange-red,  often  slightly  villose  at  the  ends,  marked  by  numerous  small  dark  dots;  calyx 
much  enlarged,  with  wide-spreading  coarsely  glandular  acuminate  lobes  bright  red  at  base 
on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thin,  light  yellow,  sweet  and  rather  juicy;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  low  ridge,  about  \f  long. 


530 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  stem  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  deeply  furrowed 
dark  gray  bark  broken  irregularly  into  small  persistent  plate-like  scales,  and  becoming  on 
old  stems  often  nearly  black,  spreading  often  elongated  contorted  branches  forming  a 
broad  open  head,  and  slender  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  tinged  with  red  and  villose 
when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  light  orange-brown  at  midsummer, 
dark  reddish  brown  or  purple  before  winter,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  thin 
nearly  straight  chestnut-browrn  spines  I'-l^'  long;  or  frequently  a  much-branched  shrub, 
with  several  stout  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Dry  woods  in  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains; 
southwestern  Virginia  through  western  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Tennessee  and  northern 
Georgia;  in  northern  Alabama;  usually  at  altitudes  between  1500°  and  3500°;  common. 


XVI.  MICROCARPJE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Fruit  short-oblong;  leaves  orbicular  to  broad-ovate,  pinnately  5-7-cleft. 

135.  C.  apiifolia  (C). 
Fruit  subglobose. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  triangular,  long-stalked;  calyx  deciduous  from  the  fruit. 

136.  C.  Phaenopyrum  (A,  C). 

Leaves  spatula te  to  oblanceolate,  short-stalked;  calyx  generally  persistent  on  the  fruit. 

137.  C.  spathulata  (C). 

135.  Cratsegus  apiifolia  Michx.    Parsley  Haw. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  orbicular,  acute  at  apex,  truncate,  slightly  cordate  or  cuneate 
at  the  broad  base,  and  pinnately  5-7-cleft  with  shallow  acute  or  deep  wide  sinuses,  and 
incisely  lobed  with  broad  or  acute  segments  serrate  toward  the  apex  with  spreading  glandu- 


lar teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose  above  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  mostly  glabrous  below, 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  March  or  early  in  April,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
bright  green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  pilose  below  on  the  promi- 
nent midrib  and  primary  veins,  or  on  occasional  plants  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  f'-lf ' 
wide;  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous,  l'-l|'  in  length:  leaves  at  the  end  of 
vigorous  shoots  often  divided  nearly  to  the  midrib,  with  foliaceous  lunate  coarsely  glandu- 
lar-serrate short-stalked  stipules  sometimes  |'  long.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slen- 


ROSACE.E  531 

der  hairy  pedicels,  in  crowded  densely  villose  usually  10-12-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  covered  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
acute,  glabrous,  usually  glandular-serrate,  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the  apex;  stamens 
20;  anthers  bright  rose  color;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  and  persistent  on  the 
branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  short-oblong,  bright  scarlet,  |'  long;  calyx  prom- 
inent, the  lobes  elongated,  reflexed,  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin;  nut- 
lets 1-3,  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  $'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  6'-8'  in  diameter,  branches  spreading 
nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  wide  irregular  open  head,  and  slender  more  or  less 
zigzag  of  ten -contorted  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  long  pale  hairs,  light 
red  or  pale  orange-brown  and  usually  puberulous  in  their  first  winter,  ultimately  light 
brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-l|'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  or  in  hummocks  in  Pine-barrens  in  the 
coast  and  Piedmont  regions  of  the  south  Atlantic  States  from  southeastern  Virginia  to 
Georgia;  in  western  Florida  south  to  Lafayette  County  (near  Old  Town),  north-central  and 
southern  Alabama,  Louisiana  and  the  coast  region  of  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colo- 
rado River  (low  woods,  Peyton's  Creek,  Matagorda  County),  and  through  Arkansas  to 
eastern  Oklahoma  (Page,  Le  Flore  County)  and  to  southeastern  Missouri;  most  abundant 
and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  western  Louisiana. 

136.  Crataegus  Phaenopyrum  Med.    Washington  Thorn. 

Cratcegus  cor  data  Ait. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  truncate,  broad-cuneate,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above  with  acute  spreading  often  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  and  more  or  less  incisely  lobed  or  often  3-lobed,  tinged  with  red  when  they 


Fig.  488 


unfold  and  sparingly  pilose  above  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs,  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  pale  and  rarely  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  conspicuous 
orange-colored  midrib  and  primary  veins,  If '-2'  long,  and  I'-lf '  wide;  turning  late  in  the 
autumn  bright  scarlet  and  orange;  petioles  slender,  terete,  glabrous,  f'-lf  in  length. 
Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  rather  compact  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  entire,  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  apex  into  a  minute  point,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface, 
ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  2-5,  surrounded  at  base  by 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October  and  persistent 
on  the  branches  until  the  spring  of  the  following  year,  -depressed-globose,  scarlet,  lustrous, 
\'  in  diameter;  calyx  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit,  leaving  a  wide  circular  scar  surrounding 
the  persistent  erect  tips  of  the  carpels;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  base,  broad  and 
rounded  at  apex,  about  $'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  generally  divid- 
ing 4°-5°  above  the  ground  into  slender  usually  upright  branches  forming  an  oblong  or 
occasionally  round-topped  head,  slender  zigzag  glabrous  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous 
branchlets,  becoming  dark  gray  or  reddish  brown,  and  armed  with  slender  sharp  spines 
l^'-2'  long;  often  much  smaller,  and  sometimes  a  broad  spreading  bush. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil;  western  North  Carolina  at  altitudes  of  about 
2000°,  to  middle  Tennessee  and  southern  Kentucky;  in  southern  Missouri  (St.  Francois, 
Wayne,  Shannon,  Carter  and  Ripley  Counties),  and  in  Richland  County,  Illinois;  now 
often  naturalized  in  the  middle  and  Ohio  valley  states;  nowhere  common.  Often  culti- 
vated in  the  eastern  states  and  in  western  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. • 


137.  Cratsegus  spathulata  Michx. 
Crataegus  spathulata  var.  flavanthera  Sarg. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  or  acuminate  and  sometimes  3-Iobed  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  slender  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  and 
crenately  serrate  above,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  March  to  May  and 


Fig.  489 

then  sparingly  villose  above  with  long  white  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  subcori- 
aceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  reticulate-venulose,  with  an 
obscure  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins,  l'-2'  long,  and  1 '-!•§'  wide,  clustered  at  the  end 
of  short  lateral  branchlets;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  to  the  base,  £'-£'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  deeply  3-lobed  above  the  middle  with  rounded 
coarsely  crenately  serrate  lobes,  and  narrowed  below  into  a  long  winged  petiole,  l'-2'  long, 
and  l'-l£'  wide,  with  a  broad  thick  midrib  often  pilose  on  the  lower  surface,  their  stipules 
foliaceous,  lunate,  sharply  serrate,  stalked,  often  £'  broad.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on 
long  slender  pedicels,  in  glabrous  many-flowered  narrow  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  almost  entire,  minutely  glandular- 
apiculate;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  sub- 


533 

globose,  bright  scarlet,  lustrous,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with 
reflexed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  narrowed 
at  base,  T\j'-|-'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  up- 
right and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  thin  zigzag  glabrous  light 
reddish  brown  branchlets,  unarmed,  or  armed  with  straight  stout  light  brown  spines  I'-l^' 
long;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  soil  usually  near  the  banks  of  streams  or  swamps,  or  low  depressions 
in  Pine-forests;  North  Carolina  (near  Albemarle,  Stanly  County)  to  central  South  Caro- 
lina, central,  northwestern  (Rome,  Floyd  County),  and  southwestern  Georgia  to  northern 
Florida  (Ocala,  Marion  County,  to  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County) ;  northern  Alabama 
southward  to  Dallas  County;  eastern  and  western  Mississippi  (near  Natchez,  Adams 
County)  eastern  and  northwestern  Louisiana  (Richland,  Rapides,  Caddo  and  Natchitoches 
Parishes);  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River  (near  Seguin,  Guadalupe 
County),  southeastern  Oklahoma  (Bennington,  Bryan  County),  and  through  southern  and 
western  Arkansas  to  southwestern  Missouri  (Tanney  and  Jasper  Counties) ;  probably  most 
abundant  in  central  Georgia. 


XVII.  BRACHYACANTILE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  or  rhombic;  broad-ovate  to  nearly  triangular  on  vigorous 
shoots;  fruit  subglobose  to  obovoid,  bright  blue  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

138.  C.  brachyacantha  (C). 

Leaves  narrow-rhombic  to  oval;  lanceolate,  acuminate  on  vigorous  shoots;  fruit  globose, 
blue-black,  very  lustrous.  139.  C.  saligna  (F). 

138.  Crataegus  brachyacantha  Sarg.  &  Engelm.    Pomette  Bleue. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  or  rhombic,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed to  the  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  and  crenulate-serrate  above  with  minute  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  slightly  puberulous  when  they  unfold  on  the  upper  surface  and  glabrous 


Fig.  490 


on  the  lower  surface,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April  and  early 
in  May,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  l'-2'  long,  and 
%'  to  nearly  1'  wide,  with  a  thin  inconspicuous  midrib  and  veins;  petioles  slender,  narrowly 


534 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


wing-margined  above,  ^'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  broad- 
ovate  or  almost  triangular,  cuneate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  more  or  less 
deeply  lobed,  frequently  2^'  long  and  2'  wide,  with  foliaceous  broadly  ovate  to  triangular 
acute  stalked  stipules  sometimes  1'  long.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in 
crowded  glabrous  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  gland-tipped  apex,  entire;  petals 
turning  bright  orange  color  in  fading;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  yellow;  styles  3-5.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  the  middle  of  August,  on  erect  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  sub- 
globose  or  obovoid,  bright  blue,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  %'—%'  in  diameter;  calyx 
slightly  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes;  flesh  thin;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  base, 
full  and  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick  dark  brown 
deeply  furrowed  scaly  bark,  and  divided  usually  5°-10°  from  the  ground  into  stout  spread- 
ing light  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  light 
green  and  slightly  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  pale  red- 
brown,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  numerous  short  stout  generally  curved  or 
sometimes  straight  slender  spines  |'-f '  long,  and  also  often  terminal  on  the  lateral  branch- 
lets  of  vigorous  shoots. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  southwestern  Arkansas  (Ashtown, 
Little  River  County,  and  Texarkana,  Miller  County)  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River 
(Livingston,  Polk  County),  eastern  Texas,  and  to  western  Louisiana  (Caddo,  Webster, 
Ouachita,  Natchitoches,  St.  Landry  and  Jefferson  Davis  Parishes) ;  in  eastern  Louisiana 
(Glen  Gordon,  Covington,  St.  Tammany  Parish;  common);  a  few  miles  west  of  Opelousas, 
Louisiana,  surrounding  with  dense  groves  low  wet  prairies  and  a  conspicuous  and  beautiful 
.feature  of  arborescent  vegetation. 

139.  Cratsegus  saligna  Greene. 

Leaves  narrow-rhombic  to  oval,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  acuminate  and 
apiculate  at  apex,  entire  toward  the  base,  finely  serrate  above  with  incurved  teeth  tipped 
with  minute  bright  red  glands,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  toward  the  middle 


Fig.  491 

of  June,  and  then  light  yellow-green,  covered  above  with  short  pale  hairs  and  pale  and  gla- 
brous below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  pale 
below  l|'-2'  long,  and  £'-!'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  rose  color  on  the  upper  side,  dark  ob- 
scure forked  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  turning  late  in  the  autumn  to  brilliant  shades  of 


ROSACE.E  535 

orange  and  bright  scarlet;  petioles  slender,  glandular  near  the  base,  with  2  or  3  large  stipitate 
dark  red  caducous  glands,  and  about  \'  in  length ;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  often  irregularly  and  deeply  divided  into  2  or  3  acute  lateral 
lobes,  3'-3f '  long,  and  If '-1|'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels, 
in  compact  glabrous  few  or  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  glabrous,  the  lobes  nearly 
triangular,  entire,  often  bright  red  toward  the  apex;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  yellow; 
styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  toward  the  end  of  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  compact  droop- 
ing clusters,  globose,  f  in  diameter,  dull  vinous  red  and  very  lustrous  when  fully  grown, 
ultimately  blue-black;  calyx  small,  with  reflexed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry 
and  sweet;  nutlets  5,  thick,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  i'-fY  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  stem,  long  slender  spreading  branches  grace- 
fully drooping  at  the  ends,  covered  with  bright  red  or  reddish  brown  bark,  separating  on  old 
trunks  near  the  ground  into  long  slightly  attached  narrow  plate-like  gray  scales,  and  slender 
glabrous  bright  red  lustrous  branchlets  armed  with  numerous  straight  slender  spines  f  '-If 
long;  often  forming  clumps  or  small  thickets  with  numerous  stems  8°-15°  tall  springing 
from  a  single  root. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  the  Cimarron,  Gunnison,  White,  Tomichi,  Eagle,  San  Juan, 
and  other  Colorado  streams  on  both  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  at  altitudes  of 
6000°-8000°  above  the  sea. 

XVIII.  MACRACANTRffi. 

Tomsntosce  Sarg. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  thin,  with  midrib  and  veins  only  slightly  impressed  on  their  upper  surface;  anthers 
rose  color  or  red. 
Mature  leaves  pale  pubescent  below7. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong;  fruit  in  erect  clusters,  obovoid,  orange-red;  stamens 
20.  140.  C.  tomentosa  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  in  drooping  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  bright 
red  or  orange-red;  stamens  5-10.  141.  C.  Chapmanii  (A,  C). 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  (slightly  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below  in  142). 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  suborbicular,  smooth  above;  fruit  in  drooping  clusters,  subglobose 
to  short-oblong.  142.  C.  Gaultii  (A). 

Leaves  elliptic,  scabrate  above;  fruit  in  erect  clusters,  subglobose. 

143.  C.  vegeta  (A). 

Stamens  10;  leaves  ovate,  scabrate  above;  fruit  short-oblong.    144.  C.  Deweyana  (A). 
Leaves  subcoriaceous  to  coriaceous,  with  midrib  and  veins  deeply  impressed  on  their  upper 

surface  and  pubescent  below. 
Anthers  rose  color. 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  elliptic,  acute  at  the  ends;  fruit  globose.  145.  C.  succulenta  (A). 

Leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short -oblong. 

146.  C.  gemmosa  (A). 
Stamens  10. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  or  oval;  fruit  globose,  villose  at  the  ends;  calyx-lobes  coarsely 

glandular-serrate.  147.  C.  illinoiensis  (A). 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  oval  or  rhombic;  fruit  subglobose;  calyx-lobes  entire. 

148.  C.  integriloba  (A). 

Anthers  yellow;  stamens  10;  leaves  broad-obovate  to  elliptic  or  oval;  fruit  in  erect 
clusters,  globose.  149.  C.  macracantha  (A). 


536 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


140.  Crataegus  tomentosa  L. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate,  rhombic  or  elliptic,  acute,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly  serrate 
above  with  broad  spreading  usually  glandular  teeth,  and  often  divided  above  the  middle  into 
several  short  lateral  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  1st  to  the 
middle  of  June,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  gray-green,  coated  below  with  pale  persistent 
pubescence,  puberulous  or  ultimately  glabrous  above,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose, 
2'-5'  long,  and  l'-3'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  turning  brilliant 
orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  glandular,  wing-margined, 
|'-f  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  broad-obovate  to  semi- 
orbicular,  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  and  3'-4'  long 
and  wide;  more  often  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  and  5 '-6'  in  length.  Flowers  -|'  in  diam- 
eter, on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  obconic,  hoary-tomentose, 


Fig.  492 

the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely  or  pinnately  serrate,  usually  glandular,  stamens  20: 
anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  2-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  slender  erect  pubescent 
pedicels,  in  broad  many-fruited  clusters,  obovoid  or  rarely  subglobose,  \'  in  diameter,  erect, 
dull  orange-red,  translucent  when  fully  ripe,  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the 
following  spring;  flesh  thick,  orange-yellow,  sweet  and  succulent;  nutlets  about  \'  long  and 
broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth  pale  gray  or 
dark  brown  furrowed  bark,  slender  spreading  often  nearly  horizontal  smooth  gray  branches 
forming  a  wide  flat  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  thick 
hoary  tomentum,  becoming  dark  orange  color  and  puberulous  in  their  first  winter,  and 
ashy  gray  in  their  second  season,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional  slender  straight 
dull  ashy  gray  or  very  rarely  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  \'-\\'  long. 

Distribution.  Near  Troy,  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  westward  through  New  York 
to  southwestern  Ontario,  through  Ohio,  southern  Michigan,  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  central 
Minnesota  and  southward  to  Pennsylvania  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  north- 
eastern Georgia,  and  to  central  Iowa,  northeastern  Missouri  to  the  valley  of  the  Meramec 
River,  and  to  eastern  Kansas;  near  Nashville,  Davidson  County,  Tennessee;  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  Georgia;  and  in  Dallas  County,  Alabama  (R.  S. 
Cocks). 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe. 


ROSACES 


537 


141.  Crataegus  Chapmanii  Ashe. 

Cratcegus  mollita  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  concave- 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly 
lobed  above  the  middle,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  June  and  then 
covered  above  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  pale-tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  dark 
dull  green  and  smooth  or  scabrate  above,  pale-tomentulose  below,  especially  on  the  slender 
yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins,  2|'-3'  long,  and  \\'-%\'  wide;  turning  yellow  or  brown  in 
the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  apex,  tomentose  early  in  the 
season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  £'-f'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots 
sometimes  6'  long  and  4'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  stout  hoary-tomen- 


Fig.  493 


tose  or  pubescent  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  tomentose,  the  lobes  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  sparingly  villose;  stamens 
10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  September,  on  elongated 
slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose, 
bright  red,  about  f '  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with  reflexed  coarsely  glandu- 
lar-serrate lobes;  flesh  juicy,  succulent,  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  f  long  and  nearly  as 
broad,  thin,  rounded  at  the  obtuse  ends,  rounded  and  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  the 
ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray  scaly 
bark,  erect  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  hoary-tomentose 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  armed  with  occasional 
stout  straight  or  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  l|'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  Appalachian  region  from  Virginia  to  northern 
Georgia  and  eastern  Tennessee;  in  southern  Missouri  (Taney  County,  C.  mollita). 

142.  Crataegus  Gaultii  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  suborbicular,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded 
at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  occa- 
sionally divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flow- 
ers open  at  the  end  of  May  and  then  very  thin,  yellow-green  and  sparingly  villose  above, 
pale  and  slightly  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark 
dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3'  long,  and  2'-2f '  wide,  with 
a  stout  yellow  midrib  deeply  impressed  above,  and  6  or  7  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending 


538 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  to  below  the  middle,  vil- 
lose  on  the  upper  side  early  in  the  season  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  nearly  gla- 
brous, ^'-1'  in  length.  Flowers  f'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in 
broad  many-flowered  hairy  corymbs,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  linear,  acuminate,  glandular, 
mostly  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
broad,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face; stamens  18-20;  anthers  pale  pink;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to 
the  end  of  September,  on  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters, 
subglobose  to  short-oblong,  £'-f '  long;  calyx  prominent,  with  spreading  appressed  coarsely 
serrate  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  soft  and  juicy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  rounded  at  the  ends,  about 
iV  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  the  ventral  cavities  long,  deep,  and  narrow. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  10'  in  diameter  and  6°-7°  long,  spreading 


Fig.  494 

branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  light 
red-brown  lustrous  branchlets,  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional  straight  slender  dark 
purple  shining  spines  lj'-lf  long. 

Distribution.  Open  pastures,  Milton  Township  and  Gleneilyn,  Du  Page  County,  and 
Mokena,  Will  County,  northeastern  Illinois. 

143.  Crataegus  vegeta  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base, 
finely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  above 
the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  wrhen  the  flowers  open  at  the 
end  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  roughened  above  by  short 
rigid  pale  hairs  and  densely  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark 
dull  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  on  the 
slender  midrib,  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the 
lobes,  3'-4'  long,  and  If '-2|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  broadly  wing-margined  at  apex,  villose 
on  the  upper  side  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose  color  in  the  autumn,  £'-f 
long.  Flowers  f '-• f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  usually  10-12-flowered 
hairy  corymbs,  with  linear  to  linear-obovate  acute  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets  becoming 
reddish  and  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
villose,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers  small, 
light  pink  or  red;  styles  2  or  3,  usually  3.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  September,  on  slender 
elongated  rigid  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  clusters,  subglobose,  scarlet, 
lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  about  f'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short 


ROSACES 


539 


tube  and  spreading  reflexed  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or 
3,  \'  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and 
deep. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  stout  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  very  slender  nearly 


Fig.  495 

straight  branchlets,  light  orange-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  red-brown 
and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and  darker  the  following  year,  and  unarmed,  or 
sparingly  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  purple  shining  spines  about  4'  long. 

Distribution.  Oak-woods  in  moist  rich  soil  near  the  banks  of  the  Calumet  River,  Calu- 
met, Cook  County,  Illinois. 

144.  Crataegus  Deweyana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  long-pointed  at  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  and 
concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  often  unsymmetric  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with 
straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  above  the  middle  into  several 
pairs  of  small  acuminate  spreading  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  dur- 
ing the  last  week  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green,  and  covered  above 
with  short  lustrous  white  hairs,  and  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity 
thin,  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long, 
and  2'-f '  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  and  6  or  7  pairs  of 
thin  primary  veins  arching  to  the  point  of  the  lobes;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  apex, 
deeply  grooved,  sparingly  villose  on  the  upper  side,  soon  glabrous,  glandular  with  occa- 
sional minute  dark  glands,  usually  dull  orange  color  in  the  autumn,  f '-!'  in  length;  leaves 
at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  more  coarsely  serrate,  subcoriaceous, 
often  4'  long  and  3|'  wide,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  stout  broad-winged  coarsely  glandu- 
lar petioles,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  stipitate,  lunate,  acutely  lobed,  glandular-serrate 
with  minute  dark  red  glands,  sometimes  \'  long,  persistent  through  the  season.  Flow- 
ers about  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  wide  lax  slightly  villose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  at  base,  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated, 
acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  7-10,  usually  10;  anthers  small, 
dark  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  usually  2.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  Octo- 
ber and  falling  a  few  weeks  later,  on  long  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  in  wide  many-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  scarlet,  lustrous, 


540  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  elongated 
glandular-serrate  lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base,  usually  erect  and  incurved, 
mostly  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  when  fully  ripe  thick,  yellow  and  sweet;  nutlets 
usually  2,  occasionally  3,  about  iV  long  and  \ '  wide,  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  con- 
spicuously ridged  on  the  back,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  shallow. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray 


Fig.  496 

bark  becoming  rough  and  scaly  near  the  base,  slender  branches,  the  lower  horizontal  and 
wide-spreading,  the  upper  ascending  and  fotming  a  wide  open  irregular  head,  and  stout 
glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  deep  red-brown  and  lus- 
trous on  the  upper,  gray-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  lower  side  during  their  first  winter, 
becoming  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout 
curved  chestnut-brown  or  purple  spines  l£'-2'  long  and  occasionally  persistent  on  old 
stems. 

Distribution.  Western  and  central  New  York;  Hagaman  swamp  near  Rochester,  and 
Rush,  Monroe  County,  Portage,  Livingston  County,  Castile  and  Silver  Springs,  Wyoming 
County,  and  near  Ithaca,  Thompkins  County;  not  common. 

145.  Crataegus  succulenta  Link. 

Leaves  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to 
the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  usually  doubly  serrate  above  with  spreading  glandular  teeth, 
and  divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June  and  then  membranaceous,  covered  above 
with  soft  pale  hairs,  and  puberulous  or  rarely  nearly  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  cori- 
aceous, dark  green,  glabrous  and  somewhat  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  mostly 
puberulous  below  on  the  stout  yellow  midrib,  and  4-7  pairs  of  slender  veins  extending 
obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  usually  2'-2|' 
long  and  l'-l|'  wide;  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  above,  frequently  bright  red  after 
midsummer,  generally  about  |'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  occasionally 
ovate,  and  often  2f  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy 
pedicels,  in  broad  lax  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  or  glabrous,  the 
lobes  broad,  acute,  laciniate,  glandular  with  bright  red  glands,  and  generally  villose;  sta- 
mens usually  20,  sometimes  15;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3;  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  beginning  to  ripen  about  the  middle  of  September  and  some- 
times remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in 


KOSACE^E 


541 


broad  loose  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  large  pale 
dots,  \'-\'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  broad  shallow  depression,  and  much 
enlarged  coarsely  serrate  closely  appressed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  becoming 
juicy,  sweet  and  pulpy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  \'  long,  \'  broad,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back, 
the  ventral  cavities  wide  and  deep. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  red- 
brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head,  and  stout  more 
or  less  zigzag  glabrous  dark  orange-brown  lustrous  branchlets  becoming  dull  gray-brown 


Fig.  497 

in  their  second  season  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  slightly 
curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  1|'-2|'  long;  or  usually  shrubby  and  much 
smaller,  and  often  flowering  when  only  a  few  feet  high. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  northeastern  Massachusetts;  southwestern  Vermont;  eastern 
and  western  New  York;  near  London,  Ontario;  widely  distributed  in  Pennsylvania;  north- 
eastern Illinois. 

146.  Crataegus  gemmosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-oval  or  rarely  broad-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  occasion- 
ally rounded  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly  serrate  from  below  the  middle 
with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly  lobed  toward  the  acute  or  acuminate  apex 
with  short  acute  lobes,  dark  red  and  villose  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flow- 
ers open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green, 
nearly  glabrous  above  and  pale  and  villose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture, 
very  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface  and  pubescent  on  the 
under  side  of  the  stout  yellow  midrib  deeply  impressed  and  occasionally  puberulous  above, 
and  on  the  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  end  of  the  leaf, 
\\'-%,\'  long,  and  l'-2'  wide;  petioles  stout,  villose  or  pubescent,  more  or  less  winged  above, 
glandular  while  young  with  minute  bright  red  caducous  glands,  usually  pink  in  the  autumn, 
\'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  coarsely  serrate,  frequently  di- 
vided into  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  4'  long  and  3'  wide,  with  a  rose-colored  midrib 
and  stout  spreading  primary  veins.  Flowers  f '-f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels, 
in  broad  open  compound  villose  many-flowered  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate 
acuminate  glandular-serrate  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  ob- 
conic,  more  or  less  villose  with  matted  pale  hairs,  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  with  bright  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2 


542  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in 
October  and  becoming  very  succulent  just  before  falling,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  droop- 
ing many-fruited  glabrous  or  puberulous  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  scarlet,  lus- 
trous, \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  narrow  tube,  and  reflexed  villose 
lobes  bright  red  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side ;  flesh  thick,  bright  yellow,  sweet  and 
succulent;  nutlets  usually  3,  or  2,  \'  long,  broad  and  flat,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
ridged  on  the  back  with  a  prominent  rounded  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 
A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
brown  scaly  bark,  stout  spreading  or  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  rather  open 


Fig.  498 

symmetrical  head,  stout  zigzag  glabrous  red-brown  or  gray-brown  lustrous  branchlets 
armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thick  chestnut-brown  spines  usually  about  2'  long, 
and  winter-buds  sometimes  \'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Rich  forest  glades,  or  the  margins  of  woods,  usually  in  low  rich  soil; 
eastern  New  York,  near  Albany,  Albany  County;  western  New  York  (Munroe  and  Liv- 
ingston Counties);  southern  Ontario  (La  Salle  on  the  Niagara  River  and  near  London); 
northwestern  Ohio  (Oak  Harbor,  Ottawa  County);  southern  Michigan;  common;  Illinois 
(Calumet,  Cook  County,  and  Manley,  Fulton  County);  southern  Wisconsin  (Waukesha, 
Waukesha  County  and  near  Madison,  Dane  County). 

147.  Crataegus  illinoiensis  Ashe. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  oval,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  wide  apex,  broad-cuneate 
and  entire  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved 
teeth  tipped  with  minute  deciduous  glands,  and  sometimes  slightly  and  irregularly  divided 
toward  the  apex  into  short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  with  a  thick  coat 
of  hoary  tomentum  and  pilose  above,  and  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  May 
membranaceous,  yellow-green,  covered  above  with  short'pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below,  and 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  on  the  stout  midrib  and  4-6  pairs  of  pri- 
mary veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  2'-2|'  long,  and  H'-2'  wide;  petioles  stout, 
slightly  winged  toward  the  apex,  generally  bright  red  below  the  middle  after  midsummer, 
and  usually  \'-\'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  usually  elliptic,  acute  or 
acuminate,  more  coarsely  dentate  and  more  often  lobed,  sometimes  decurrent  nearly  to  the 
base  of  the  stout  petiole,  3'-4'  long,  and  2|'-3'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on 
slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  compact  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly 


ROSACES 


543 


obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  very  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  with  large  stipitate  bright  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface  except 
at  the  base,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  2  or  usually 
3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  beginning 
of  winter,  on  stout  bright  red  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  villose  clusters,  globose, 
scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  more  or  less  villose  at  the  ends,  \'  in 
diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  villose  tube,  and  spreading  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  a  broad  base,  sparingly  glandular-serrate  or  nearly  entire,  villose,  mostly  de- 
ciduous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  \'  long, 
broad  and  thick,  rounded  at  the  ends,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 


Fig.  499 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  18°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  close 
bark  broken  on  the  surface  into  pale  plate-like  scales,  and  divided  into  several  long  erect 
and  spreading  slender  branches  forming  a  wide  open-topped  head,  and  stout  somewhat 
zigzag  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs,  bright  orange-brown 
and  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  brown  in  their  second  year  and  ulti- 
mately ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender  straight  or  curved  bright  chestnut- 
brown  shining  spines  l|'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  along  the  gravelly  banks  of  small  streams  in  Stark  and  Peoria 
Counties,  Illinois;  not  common. 

148.  Cratsegus  integriloba  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-obovate,  oval  or  rhombic,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  below  the 
middle,  entire  at  the  cuneate  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above  with  spreading  glandular 
teeth,  and  irregularly  divided  into  numerous  short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  coated  in  early 
spring  with  soft  pale  caducous  hairs,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the 
first  week  in  June,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  \\'-%!  long,  and  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  often  dark  red  at  the  base,  and  4-6  pairs  of  slender  primary 
veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side;  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  broadly  winged  toward 
the  apex,  at  first  puberulous,  soon  glabrous,  often  red  on  the  lower  side,  \'-\'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  more  coarsely  serrate,  more  deeply  lobed,  often  3'  long 
and  2|'  wide,  with  stout  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slen- 
der villose  pedicels,  in  broad  open  crowded  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
coated  toward  the  base  with  long  matted  white  hairs  and  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  linear- 


544 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


lanceolate,  elongated,  entire  or  very  rarely  furnished  with  occasional  caducous  glands; 
stamens  10;  anthers  large,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of 
snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  short 
stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  or  erect  many-fruited  slightly  villose  clusters,  subglobose,  bright 
scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  £'-$'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  prominent, 
with  elongated  entire  lobes,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  much  reflexed  and  persist- 
ent; flesh  thin,  yellow,  sweet  and  pulpy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  j'  long,  thick  and  broad, 
rounded  at  the  narrow  ends,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 


Fig.  500 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  straight  erect  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  wide- 
spreading  or  erect  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  nearly  straight  or 
occasionally  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets,  lustrous  and  red-brown  or  orange-brown 
during  their  first  summer  and  ultimately  dull  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  stout  nearly 
straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  \\'-%\'  long  and  often  pointed  toward  the 
base  of  the  branch. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges,  Province  of  Quebec,  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  near  the  Lachine  Rapids,  and  at  Caughnawaga,  Rockfield,  and  Adirondack  Junction. 

149.  Crataegus  macracantha  Koehne. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  elliptic  or  oval,  acute  or  rounded  and  sometimes  short-pointed 
at  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  often 
doubly  serrate  above  with  straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  usually  divided 
above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  often 
bright  red  and  coated  on  the  upper  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs,  more  than  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  late  in  May  and  then  dull  yellow-green,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green 
and  glabrous  above,  frequently  puberulous  belowy  on  the  midrib,  and  on  the  4-G  pairs  of 
slender  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  lobes  and  deeply  impressed 
on  the  upper  side,  usually  2'-2J'  long  and  \\'-%!  wide;  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged 
above,  frequently  bright  red  after  midsummer  and  usually  about  \'  in  length;  leaves  at  the 
end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  coarsely  dentate,  3'-4'  long,  and 
gi'-s'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  more 
or  less  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  more  or  less  villose  or  nearly  glabrous, 
the  lobes  long,  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular  with  minute  dark  glands,  glabrous  on  the 
outer  surface,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  8-12; 
anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum. 


ROSACELE 


545 


Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September  and  often  remaining  on  the  branches  for  several 
weeks  longer,  on  erect  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  open  many-fruited  usually  slightly  villose 
clusters,  globose,  often  hairy  at  the  ends  until  nearly  ripe,  crimson,  very  lustrous,  j'-f  in 
diameter;  calyx  large  and  conspicuous,  the  lobes  coarsely  serrate,  reflexed  and  persistent; 
flesh  thin,  dark  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  j'  long  and  wide,  broad  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  the  ventral  cavities  deep  and  irregular. 

A  tree,  occasionally  15°  high,  with  a  tall  stem  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  close 
bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  an  open  rather  irregular  head,  and  stout 


Fig.  501 

slightly  zigzag  glabrous  light  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  branchlets,  becoming  dull  red- 
dish brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender  usually  curved  very 
sharp  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2|'-4'  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Vermont  (near  Middlebury,  Addison  County) ;  central  and  west- 
ern New  York;  southern  Ontario  (near  Toronto) ;  northeastern  Illinois  (Barrington  County)  ; 
and  eastern  Pennsylvania  (Bucks  and  Northampton  Counties). 


XIX.  DOUGLASIANJE. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous,  lustrous  above,  obovate  to  broad-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  usually 
lobed;  stamens  5-20,  normally  10;  spines  numerous,  short  and  stout. 

150.  C.  Douglasii. 

Leaves  thinner,  dull  bluish  green,  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  acute  at  the 
ends,  finely  serrate,  not  lobed;  stamens  10-20;  spines  few,  long  and  slender  or  wanting. 

151.  C.  rivularis. 

150.  Crataegus  Douglasii  Lindl. 

Leaves  broad-obovate  to  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  below  to  the  cuneate  entire  base, 
coarsely  serrate  above  with  minute  glandular  teeth,  and  often  incisely  lobed  toward  the 
acute  apex,  nearly  fully  grown  and  coated  above  and  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below  with 
short  pale  hairs  when  the  flowers  open  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  l'-2'  long,  and  i'-l|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  wing-margined 
above,  sparingly  glandular,  villose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  |'-f  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  broad-obovate,  incisely  lobed  at  the  broad  apex,  often 


546 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


deeply  divided  into  lateral  lobes,  or  occasionally  3-Iobed,  3'-4'  long,  and  2'-3'  wide.  Flow- 
ers i'-TV  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  broad  glabrous  corymbs,  with 
linear  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  grad- 
ually narrowed  from  a  broad  base,  entire  or  occasionally  minutely  dentate,  acute  and  bright 
red  at  apex,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10  or  rarely 
5  by  abortion;  anthers  small,  pale  rose  color;  styles  2-5,  surrounded  at  base  by  tufts  of  long 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  August  and  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in 
compact,  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  truncate  at  apex,  black  and  lus- 
trous, very  rarely  chestnut-colored  (f.  badia  Sarg.),  about  \'  long;  calyx  persistent;  flesh 
thick,  sweet  and  succulent,  light  yellow;  nutlets  usually  5,  about  \'  long,  narrowed  at  base, 
broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  narrow  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities 
irregular,  small  and  shallow. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  long  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  branches  spreading  and 
ascending  and  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  rigid  glabrous  bright  red 


Fig.  502 


or  orange-red  lustrous  branchlets  unarmed,  or  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  blunt 
or  rarely  acute  bright  red  ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  \'-V  long;  often  shrubby  and  spread- 
ing into  wide  thickets. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  valley  of  the  Parsnip  River,  British  Columbia, 
through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Pitt  River,  California,  and  eastward 
in  the  United  States  through  the  northern  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  the  Bighorn  Moun- 
tains, Wyoming;  passing  into  the  var.  Suksdorfii  Sarg.  differing  in  its  20  stamens,  fruit 
not  more  than  \'  in  diameter,  usually  in  few-fruited  clusters  and  ripening  from  the  1st  of 
July  to  the  middle  of  August.  A  shrub  with  numerous  stems  occasionally  25°  high;  banks 
of  the  Columbia  River  and  borders  of  bottom-lands,  western  Klickitat  County,  Washington. 

151.  Crataegus  rivularis  Nutt. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  acuminate  or  abruptly 
acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  long  entire  base,  and 
very  finely  crenately  serrate  above  with  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red, 
villose  above  and  coated  below  with  matted  pale  hairs,  more  than  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  late  in  May  and  then  hairy  on  the  midrib  and  veins  above  and  pale  and  gla- 
brous below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dull  bluish  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  about  2'  long  and  f '  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib 
and  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin  obscure  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  slightly  wringed  at  apex,  at 


ROSACES  547 

first  villose,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose-colored  below  the  middle,  and  about  £'  in  length; 
leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  often  rhombic,  coarsely  serrate,  often  slightly  incisely 
lobed,  coriaceous,  3'  long,  and  2'  wide,  with  a  stout  broadly  winged  petiole.  Flowers  \'  in 
diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  rather  compact  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear,  entire  or  glandular  with  minute  caducous  glands,  gla- 
brous on  the  outer  surface,  sparingly  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  often  tinged  with  red; 
stamens  10-20;  anthers  pale  rose  color.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  on  long  pedicels,  in 
drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson 
and  marked  by  many  large  white  dots  when  fully  grown,  becoming  black  and  lustrous 
at  maturity,  f— |'  long;  calyx  slightly  enlarged,  persistent,  with  elongated  closely  ap- 
pressed  entire  lobes  slightly  villose  and  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle;  flesh 
thin,  yellow;  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  \'  long,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  shallow. 


Fig.  503 


A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  covered  with  dark  brown  scaly  bark, 
erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  rather  open  head,  and  slender  bright  red-brown  lustrous 
branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  straight 
slender  spines  usually  about  1'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams,  often  forming  thickets;  southeastern  Idaho, 
(Pocatello  and  Inkom,  Bannock  County);  northeastern  Nevada  (Lee,  Elk  County)  to 
southwestern  Wyoming,  eastern  Utah,  southwestern  Colorado,  and  northern  New  Mexico. 

XX.  ANOMALY. 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Stamens  5-15;  corymbs  glabrous;  leaves  scabrate  above.  152.  C.  scabrida  (A). 

Stamens  20;  corymbs  villose;  leaves  glabrous  above.  153.  C.  virilis  (A). 

152.  Crataegus  scabrida  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the 
acuminate  base,  irregularly  glandular-serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  and  divided  above  into 
numerous  short  spreading  lobes  coated  above  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  with 
short  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  and  l^'-2'  wide; 
petioles  slender,  occasionally  glandular,  often  slightly  winged  toward  the  apex,  \'-\\'  in 
length.  Flowers  -f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  broad  glabrous  corymbs; 


548 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  finely  gland- 
ular-serrate; stamens  5-15;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3,  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
thick  tuft  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  in  loose  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  scarlet,  \'  in 
diameter,  only  the  base  of  the  reflexed  calyx-lobes  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit ;  flesh  yellow, 
thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3,  rounded  and  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  \'  long, 
the  ventral  depression  wide,  shallow,  irregular,  often  obscure. 


A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'  to  8'  in  diameter,  spreading  horizontal  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  marked 
by  oblong  pale  lenticels,  dark  chestnut-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  ashy  gray 
during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  slender  straight  or  curved  spines  l-|'-2'  in  length; 
or  often  a  tall  intricately  branched  shrub. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  St.  LawTence  River,  near  Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Toronto,  southern  Ontario;  northern  and  western  Vermont; 
southern  New  Hampshire  (slopes  of  Little  Monadnock  Mountain) ;  western  Massachu- 
setts, and  western  New  York. 

153.  Crataegus  virilis  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acuminate  or  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  concave- 
cuneate  and  gradually  narrowred  to  the  acute  entire  base,  finely  doubly  serrate  above  with 
straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small 
acuminate  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  of  June 
and  then  thin,  yellow-green,  smooth  and  slightly  hairy  above  and  pale  bluish  green  and 
covered  below  with  short  white  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  stout  yellow  midrib  and  slender 
primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, slightly  villose  on  the  lowyer  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  and  If '-2'  wide;  petioles  stout,  wing- 
margined  often  to  below  the  middle,  slightly  villose  on  the  upper  side  early'  in  the  sea- 
son, soon  glabrous,  f'-l'  in  length;  leaves  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  subcoriaceous, 
oval  to  rhombic,  acuminate,  often  long-pointed,  3'-4'  long,  and  2'-2^'  wide,  wyith  a  rose- 
colored  midrib  and  stout  broadly  winged  petiole.  Flowers  about  %'  in  diameter,  on 
slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  hairy  usually  15-18-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  irregu- 
larly glandular-serrate  near  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner 
surface,  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens  20,  anthers  slightly  tinged  with  pink,  styles  4  or 
5.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  September,  on  puberulous  reddish  pedicels, 
in  erect  or  spreading  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong  to  ovoid,  scarlet,  lustrous,  pubescent 
especially  near  the  rounded  ends,  marked  by  small  dark  dots,  §'-£'  long,  and  about  \\'  in 


ROSACEJE  549 

diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  long  slender  spreading  and  reflexed  coarsely  serrate  usu- 
ally persistent  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  surface;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  rather  dry;  nutlets 
4  or  o,  acute  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back  with  a  broad  deeply  grooved  ridge, 
generally  furnished  with  obscure  ventral  depressions,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  frequently  1°  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  irregular  head,  and  slen- 


der  nearly  straight  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
light  chestnut-brown,  lustrous  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  season,  and  armed 
with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  in  length, 
long  persistent  and  becoming  branched  on  old  stems. 

Distribution.     Fence  rows,  southwest  of  the  village  of  Weston,  near  Toronto,  Ontario. 

8.  COWANIA  D.  Don. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  scaly  bark  and  rigid  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  simple, 
lobed  or  rarely  linear,  subcoriaceous,  straight- veined,  glandular-dotted  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, tardily  deciduous  or  persistent,  short-petiolate;  stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
petiole.  Flowers  solitary  at  the  end  of  short  lateral  branches;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  per- 
sistent, the  limb  5-lobed,  deciduous,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  disk  thin,  adnate  to 
the  tube  of  the  calyx,  its  margins  thickened;  petals  5,  obovate,  spreading,  larger  than  the 
calyx-lobes;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  in  two  rows  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx-tube,  in- 
curved, persistent;  anthers  peltate,  eglandular,  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally;  carpels 
5-12,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  free,  villose,  1-celled;  style  short,  villose, 
stigma  simple,  filiform;  ovule  solitary,  ascending:  raphe  linear,  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior. 
Fruit  composed  of  5-12  1-celled  ellipsoidal  akenes,  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  and 
tipped  with  the  much  elongated  persistent  styles  covered  with  long  white  hairs;  seed  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  carpel,  linear-obovoid,  erect;  hilum  basal,  minute;  testa  membranaceous; 
albumen  thin;  cotyledons  obteng,  radicle  inferior. 

Cowania  is  confined  to  the  dry  interior  region  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  Three 
species  can  be  distinguished;  of  these  the  type  of  the  genus,  Cowania  mexicana  D.  Don, 
sometimes  attains  the  size  and  habit  of  a  small  tree.  The  genus  was  named  in  honor  of 
James  Cowan  (died  1823),  an  English  merchant  who  traveled  in  Mexico  and  Peru  and  sent 
plants  to  England. 

1.  Cowania  mexicana  D.  Don. 

Cowania  Stansburiana  Torr. 
Cowania  Davidsonii  Rydb. 

Leaves  short-petioled,  cuneate,  re  volute  on  the  margins,  3  or  rarely  5-lobed  above  the 
middle,  the  lobes  linear,  entire  or  slightly  divided,  coriaceous,  dark  green  above,  hoary- 


550 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


tomentose  below,  i'-|'  long,  tardily  deciduous  or  persistent  until  spring;  leaves  on  vigorous 
shoots  and  on  flower-bearing  branchlets  occasionally  linear  and  entire;  stipules  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  united  below  and  adnate  to  the  short  persistent  petiole,  free  above  the  mid- 
dle and  acute  at  apex,  persistent  and  becoming  woody  on  the  flower-bearing  branchlets. 
Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  1'  in  diameter;  calyx-tube  more  or  less  tomentose  and 
covered  with  rigid  glandular  hairs,  the  lobes  rounded  at  apex,  hoary-tomentose;  petals 
broad-obovate,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex,  cuneate  and  short-stipitate  below,  pale 
yellow  or  nearly  white.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  about  1'  long  and  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
tube,  the  elongated  style  often  2'  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  short  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  rigid  branchlets  red  and  glandular  during 


Fig.  506 


their  first  season,  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  the  following  year.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  pale  gray,  separating  freely  into  long  narrow  thin  loosely  attached  plates;  more 
often  a  shrub  with  spreading  stems  often  only  a  few  feet  tall. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  slopes  and  mesas,  usually  at  altitudes  between  6000°  and 
8000°;  northern  Utah  and  central  Nevada,  through  Arizona  and  western  New  Mexico  to 
northern  Mexico;  common  and  probably  of  its  largest  size  near  the  southern  rim  of  the 
Grand  Canon,  and  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  San  Francisco  Mountains,  Arizona. 


9.  CERCOCARPUS  H.  B.  K.    Mountain  Mahogany. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  rigid  terete  branches,  short  lateral  spur-like  branchlets 
conspicuously  roughened  for  many  years  by  the  crowded  narrow  horizontal  scars  of  fallen 
leaves,  minute  buds,  the  scales  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  on  the  growing  shoots  and  often 
colored.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire  or  serrate,  coriaceous,  straight-veined,  short- 
petiolate,  persistent ;  stipules  minute,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petiole,  deciduous.  Flowers 
axillary  on  the  short  lateral  branchlets,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  solitary  or  fascicled,  the 
pedicels  sometimes  lengthening  before  the  fruit  ripens;  calyx-tube  long,  cylindric,  abruptly 
expanded  at  apex  into  a  cup-shaped,  5-lobed  deciduous  limb,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud;  disk  thin,  slightly  glandular,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  petals  0;  stamens  15-30, 
in  2  or  3  rows;  filaments  incurved  in  the  bud,  free,  short,  terete;  anthers  oblong,  pubescent 
or  tomentose,  distinct  and  united  by  a  broad  connective;  ovary  composed  of  a  single  carpel 
inserted  in  the  bottom  and  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  acute,  terete,  smooth,  striate  or 
sulcate,  sericeous,  rarely  bicarpellate;  style  terminal,  filiform,  villose  or  glabrate,  crowned 
with  a  minute  obtuse  stigma;  ovule  solitary,  subbasilar,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle 


ROSACES  551 

inferior.  Fruit  a  linear-oblong  coriaceous  slightly  ridged  angled  or  sulcate  akene,  included 
in  the  persistent  tube  of  the  spindle-shaped  calyx  more  or  less  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex,  and 
tipped  with  the  elongated  persistent  style  clothed  with  long  white  hairs.  Seed  solitary, 
linear,  acute,  erect;  hilum  conspicuous  lateral  above  the  oblique  base;  testa  membrana- 
ceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong,  elongated,  fleshy; 
radicle  inferior. 

Cercocarpus  is  confined  to  the  dry  interior  and  mountainous  regions  of  North  America. 
Twenty-one  species,  often  of  doubtful  value,  have  been  distinguished;  seventeen  are  cred- 
ited to  the  territory  of  the  United  States  and  the  others  to  Mexico.  The  heavy  hard  brittle 
wood  of  all  the  species  makes  valuable  fuel  and  is  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
small  articles  for  domestic  and  industrial  use. 

The  generic  name,  from  K^PKOS  and  Kapwbs,  refers  to  the  peculiar  long-tailed  fruit. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  usually  in  many-flowered  clusters. 
Leaves  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle. 

Leaves  oval  to  semiorbicular  or  obovate,  hoary-tomentose  below,  sinuate-dentate; 

flowers  short-pedicellate.  1.  C.  Traskiae. 

Leaves  oval  to  slightly  obovate,  green  and  glabrous  below,  denticulate  with  broad 

apiculate  teeth;  flowers  long-pedicellate.  2.  C.  alnifolius. 

Leaves  finely  serrate  above  the  middle,  obovate  to  oval,  pale  and  villose  below;  flowers 

short-pedicellate.  3.  C.  betuloides. 

Flowers  solitary  or  rarely  in  2  or  3-flowered  clusters,  nearly  sessile. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  lance-elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  entire,  pale 

or  rufous  below.  4.  C.  ledifolius. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  narrow-elliptic,  entire  or  slightly  dentate  below  the  apex, 

villose-pubescent.  5.  C.  paucidentatus. 

2.  Cercocarpus  Traskiae  Eastw. 

Leaves  oval  to  semiorbicular  or  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or 
occasionally  somewhat  cordate  at  the  narrow  base,  revolute  on  the  margins,  entire  below, 


Fig.  507 


coarsely  sinuate-dentate  above  the  middle  with  slender  teeth  tipped  with  minute  dark 
glands,  when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  soft  pale  hairs  and  below  with  thick  hoary 
tomentum,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  villose  or  nearly  glabrous 


55% 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


on  the  upper  surface,  pale-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  1V-2'  long,  and  l'-l|' wide, 
with  prominent  primary  veins  running  obliquely  to  the  point  of  the  teeth,  and,  like  the 
stout  midrib,  conspicuously  impressed  on  the  upper  side;  petioles  stout,  hoary-tomentose, 
about  I'  in  length;  stipules  acuminate,  scarious,  covered  on  the  margins  with  long  M'hite 
hairs,  £'  long.  Flowers  appearing  early  in  March,  nearly  sessile,  in  1-5  usually  4  or  5- 
flowered  clusters,  hoary-toinentose,  |'-f  long;  calyx  broad,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface; 
anthers  tomentose.  Fruit:  mature  calyx,  light  reddish  brown,  villose-pubescent,  deeply 
cleft  at  apex,  |'  long;  akene  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  %'  in  length,  covered  with  long 
lustrous  white  hairs;  style  If '-2'  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  inclining,  usually  much  contorted, 
2'-10'  in  diameter  and  6°-8°  long,  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  and  stout  branchlets. 
hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  marked  by  numerous  small  scattered  lenticels, 
bright  reddish  brown  during  two  or  three  years,  ultimately  dark  gray-brown  and  conspicu- 
ously roughened  by  the  enlarged  ring-like  leaf-scars.  Bark  light  gray,  sometimes  slightly 
broken  by  shallow  fissures  and  marked  by  irregular  cream-colored  blotches. 

Distribution.  Steep  sides  of  a  deep  narrow  arroyo  on  the  south  coast  of  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  California. 

2.  Cercocarpus  alnifolius  Rydb. 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius  Sarg.,  in  part,  not  Nutt. 

Leaves  occasionally  persistent  until  late  in  the  spring,  oval  to  slightly  obovate,  rounded  or 
rarely  acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle  with 
broad  apiculate  teeth,  when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  soft  white  hairs  and  pale  and 


Fig.  508 


villose  on  the  midrib  and  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  thick,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  If '-2f  long,  and 
l'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  6-7  pairs  of  slender  prominent  veins;  petioles  stout, 
sparingly  villose  early  in  the  season,  soon  glabrous,  f'-f  long;  stipules  ovate,  abruptly 
long-pointed,  covered  with  silky  white  hairs.  Flowers  on  slender  hairy  pedicels  ^'-f '  long, 
in  2-15  usually  4  or  5-flowered  clusters;  calyx-tube  villose,  about  yV  long,  the  limb  villose 
on  the  outer  surface,  \'  broad.  Fruit:  mature  calyx-tube  many-nerved,  deeply  cleft  at 
apex,  villose-pubescent,  dark  chestnut-brown,  f'-f '  long;  akene  covered  with  long  silky 
hairs;  style  2'-2f  in  length. 

A  tree,  12°-20°  high,  with  one  or  two  or  three  trunks,  occasionally  8'  in  diameter,  small 


ROSACEvE 


553 


erect  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
green  and  sparingly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  in  their 
second  year  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  and  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels.  Bark 
about  \'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  fissured  and  divided  into  small  closely  appressed  scales. 
Distribution.  Hillsides,  Descanso  Canon,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  up  the  coast  west  of 
Avalon,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  and  on  Santa  Cruz  Island,  California. 

3.  Cercocarpus  betuloides  Nutt. 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius  var.  betuloides  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  finely  serrate  above 
the  middle  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  villose-pubescent  or  tomentose  sometimes  becoming  nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower 


Fig.  509 


surface,  l'-l|'  long,  and  %'-%'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib,  and  5-8  pairs  of  slender  primary 
veins  more  or  less  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf;  petioles  densely  villose, 
often  becoming  glabrous,  about  £'  in  length;  stipules  scarious,  acuminate.  Flowers  nearly 
sessile,  in  1-3-flowered  clusters;  calyx-tube  densely  villose,  about  f  long,  the  limb  turbi- 
nate,  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  \'  wide.  Fruit  on  slen- 
der slightly  villose  pedicels  £'-$'  in  length;  mature  calyx-tube  often  slightly  gibbous, 
deeply  cleft  at  apex,  light  chestnut-brown,  sparingly  villose,  TV  m  diameter;  akene  covered 
with  stiff  spreading  hairs;  sfyle  2'-S'  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  single  trunk,  small  ascending  and  spreading  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  red-brown  branchlets  covered  when  they  first 
appear  with  loose  pubescence,  soon  becoming  glabrous;  more  often  a  tall  or  low  shrub  with 
several  stems.  Bark  smooth,  separating  intp  thin  deciduous  scales. 

Distribution.  Common  and  widely  distributed  over  the  California  coast  ranges  from 
Siskiyou  County  to  the  Santa  Monica  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

4.  Cercocarpus  ledifolius  Nutt. 

Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  lance-elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  apiculate, 
entire  with  thick  revolute  margins,  coriaceous,  reticulate-veined,  puberulous  while  young, 
and  at  maturity  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  or  rufous 
and  tomentulose  on  the  lower  surface,  resinous,  £'-!'  long,  and  £'-f  wide,  with  a  broad 


554  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

thick  midrib  deeply  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  and  obscure  primary  veins;  persistent  until 
the  end  of  their  second  summer;  petioles  broad,  about  f '  in  length;  stipules  nearly  trian- 
gular. Flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  clustered  leaves,  f '  long;  calyx  hoary- 
tomentose.  Fruit:  mature  calyx-tube  almost  \'  long,  nearly  cylindric,  rather  larger  above 
than  below,  10-ribbed,  obscurely  10-angled,  slightly  cleft  at  apex,  hoary-tomentose;  akene 
pointed  at  the  ends,  obscurely  angled,  chestnut-brown,  \'  long,  covered  with  long  pale  or 
tawny  hairs;  style  2'-3'  in  length,  generally  contracted  by  1  or  2  partial  corkscrew  twists. 
A  resinous  slightly  aromatic  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes 
2^°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  usually  contorted  branches  forming  a  round  compact 
head,  and  red-brown  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous, frequently  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  silver  gray  or  dark  brown  in  their  second 
year,  and  for  many  years  marked  by  the  conspicuous  elevated  leaf-scars.  Bark  red-brown, 
divided  by  deep  broad  furrows,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  persistent  plate-like 


\ 


Fig.  510 

scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  1'  thick.     Wood  bright  clear  red  or  rich  dark  brown,  with 
thin  yellow  sap  wood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  arid  slopes  at  altitudes  of  5000°-9000°;  mountain  ranges  of 
the  interior  region  of  the  United  States  from  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  to  lower 
Green  and  Snake  River  valleys,  Wyoming,  and  through  Utah  and  Nevada  to  south- 
western Colorado;  in  California  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  northern 
slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  on  Mt.  Pinos,  San  Diego  County,  and  on  the 
northern  coast  mountains  (Snow  Mountain  to  Scott  Mountain,  Jepson). 

5.  Cercocarpus  paucidentatus  Britt 

Cercocarpus  eximius  Rydb. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  narrow-elliptic,, acute  or  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  and  acute  at  base,  their  margins  revolute,  often 
undulate,  and  entire  or  dentate  toward  the  apex  with  few  small  straight  or  incurved  apicu- 
late teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick,  gray- 
green  and  covered  with  soft  white  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
tomentulose  on  the  lower  surface,  £'-1'  long  and  \'-?'  wide,  with  a  thin  prominent  midrib 
and  primary  veins;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  ultimately  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
iV-i'  in  length;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles. 
Flowers  appearing  from  March  to  May  and  often  again  in  August,  nearly  sessile,  solitary, 


ROSACE^E  555 

in  pairs  or  rarely  in  3-flowered  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  crowded  leaves;  calyx-tube  slender, 
£'-j'  long,  thickly  covered  on  the  outer  surface,  like  the  short  rounded  lobes,  with  long 
white  hairs.  Fruit:  mature  calyx-tube  short-stalked,  light  red-brown,  villose, 'deeply  cleft 
at  apex,  about  |'  long;  akene  nearly  terete,  covered  with  long  white  hairs;  style  I'-l^'  in 
length. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  long  straight  trunk  sometimes  6'-8'  in  diameter,  erect  rigid 
branches  forming  a  narrow  open  or  irregular  head,  and  slender  bright  red-brown  lustrous 
branchlets  marked  irregularly  by  large  scattered  pale  lenticels,  covered  at  first  with  a  thick 
coat  of  hoary  tomentum,  villose  or  pubescent  for  two  or  three  years  and  ultimately  ashy 


Fig.  511 

gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  the  spur-like  lateral  branchlets  much  roughened  by  the  ring- 
like  scars  of  fallen  leaves.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  broken 
on  the  surface  into  small  light  red-brown  scales. 

Distribution.  In  forests  of  Pines  and  Oaks  usually  at  altitudes  of  about  5000°,  on  the 
dry  ridges  of  the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  and  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  in 
Arizona  ranging  northward  to  Oak  Creek  Canon,  near  Flagstaff,  Coconino  County  (P. 
Lowell);  and  southward  over  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico. 

10.  PRUNUS  B.  &  H.  Plum  and  Cherry 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  astringent  properties,  slender  branchlets,  marked  by  the 
usually  small  elevated  horizontal  leaf-scars  with  2  or  3  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and 
small  scaly  buds,  their  scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent 
and  often  colored.  Leaves 'con volute  or  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  alternate,  simple,  usually 
serrate,  petiolate,  deciduous  or  persistent;  stipules  free  from  the  petiole,  usually  lanceolate 
and  glandular,  often  minute,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  corymbs,  or 
in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  appearing  from  separate  buds  before,  with,  or  later  than  the 
leaves,  or  on  leafy  branches;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  disk  thin,  ad- 
nate  to  the  calyx-tube,  glandular,  often  colored;  petals  5,  white,  deciduous;  stamens  usually 
15-20,  inserted  with  the  petals  in  3  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  10,  opposite  the  petals, 
those  of  the  next  row  alternate  writh  them  and  with  those  of  the  inner  row,  sometimes  30  in 
3  rows;  filaments  filiform,  free,  incurved  in  the  bud;  anthers  oval,  attached  on  the  back; 
ovary  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  1-celled;  style  terminal,  dilated  at  apex  into 
a  truncate  stigma;  ovules  2,  suspended;  raphe  ventral;  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  1- 
seeded  drupe;  flesh  thick  and  pulpy  or  dry  and  coriaceous;  stone  bony,  smooth,  rugose,  or 


556  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

pitted,  compressed,  indehiscent.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut,  suspended;  seed-coat 
thin,  membranaceous,  pale  brown;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy;  radicle  superior. 

Prunus  with  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  species  is  generally  distributed  over  the 
temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  abundant  in  North  America,  eastern 
Asia,  western  and  central  Asia  and  central  Europe,  ranging  southward  in  the  New  World 
into  tropical  America,  and  to  southern  Asia  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  twenty-five  or  thirty 
species  which  occur  in  the  United  States,  twenty-two  are  arborescent  in  habit.  Several  of 
the  species  bear  fruits  which  are  important  articles  of  human  food;  many  contain  in  the 
seeds  and  leaves  hydrocyanic  acid,  to  which  is  due  their  peculiar  odor,  and  the  fruit  of  some 
of  the  species  is  used  to  flavor  cordials.  The  wood  of  Prunus  is  close-grained,  solid,  and 
durable,  and  a  few  of  the  species  are  important  timber-trees. 

Prunus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Plum-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  sessile  axillary  umbels;  fruit  usually  slightly  2-lobed  by  a  ventral  groove,  gener- 
ally more  than  \'  in  diameter,  red  to  nearly  black  or  yellow,  often  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom.     PRUNOPHORA.     PLUMS. 
Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  their  petioles  usually  without  glands. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  orbicular;  fruit  often  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  red  or  yellow, 

nearly  destitute  of  bloom.  1.  P.  subcordata  (G). 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong  or  obovate;  fruit  \'  in  diameter  or  less,  blue,  nearly 

black,  red  or  yellow,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  2.  P.  umbellata  (C). 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  dull  dark  green,  usually  abruptly  pointed  at  apex. 

Fruit  red,  rarely  yellow,  or  blue  in  one  form  of  2  and  5;  leaves  oblong  to  obovate; 

stone  of  the  fruit  compressed. 
Leaves  crennate-serrate,  their  petioles  biglandular;  calyx-lobes  glandular. 

3.  P.  nigra  (A). 

Leaves  sharply  serrate  with  slender  often  apiculate  teeth. 
Leaves  narrowed  and  usually  cuneate  at  base. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  villose  on  the  midrib  below;  petioles  and  calyx-lobes  usu- 
ally without  glands.  4.  P.  americana  (A,  C,  F). 
Leaves  pubescent  below;  fruit  covered  with  a  thick  glaucous  bloom. 

Petioles  eglandular  or  with  a  single  gland  near  the  apex;  pedicel  of  the 
flower  glabrous;  calyx-tube  puberulous;  stone  of  the  fruit  rounded  at 
base.  5.  P.  lanata  (A,  C). 

Petioles  glandular  near  the  apex  with  1-3  prominent  glands;  pedicel  of 
the  flower  furnished  near  the  apex,  like  the  glabrous  calyx-tube,  with 
long  white  hairs;  stone  of  the  fruit  pointed  at  base. 

6.  P.  tenuifolia  (C). 

Leaves  usually  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  ovate  to  elliptic  or  obovate,  con- 
spicuously reticulate- venulose;  petioles  glandular.       7.  P.  mexicana  (C). 
Fruit  purple,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate;  peti- 
oles and  calyx-lobes  without  glands;  stone  of  the  fruit  turgid. 

8.  P.  alleghaniensis  (A). 

Leaves  thin  and  lustrous,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base;  petioles  usually  glan- 
dular; fruit  red  or  yellow,  the  stone  turgid. 
Calyx-lobes  glandular. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong-oval  or  rarely  oblong-lanceolate. 

9.  P.  hortulana  (A). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  lanceolate.  10.  P.  Munsoniana  (A,  C). 

Calyx-lobes  without  glands;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

11.  P.  angustifolia  (A,  C). 


ROSACES  557 

Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  corymbs;  fruit  bright  red  and  lustrous,  £'  in  diameter  or  less; 

leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.     MAHALEB.     BIRD  CHERRIES. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  rarely  acute  at  apex. 

12.  P.  pennsylvanica  (A,  B,  F). 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  usually  obtuse,  occasionally  acute  at  apex. 

13.  P.  emarginata  (B,  F,  G). 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  on  leafy  branches  of  the  year;  fruit  globose,  red  or  rarely  yel- 
low; leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  PADUS.  WILD  CHERRIES. 

Calyx-lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  leaves  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  abruptly  pointed, 
cuneate,  rounded  or  in  one  form  cordate  at  base.        14.  P.  virginiana  (A,  B,  F,  G). 
Calyx-lobes  persistent  on  the  fruit. 
Petioles  biglandular  near  the  apex. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  or  rarely  pubescent  on  the 

midrib  below.  15.  P.  serotina  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oval,  broad-ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  acute,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex, 

villose-pubescent  below.  16.  P.  alabamensis  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex,  covered  below 

with  rufous  hairs.  17.  P.  australis  (C). 

Petioles  without  glands:  leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute,  rounded  or 

abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  in  one  form  rusty  pubescent  on  the  midrib  below. 

18.  P.  virens  (E,  F,  H). 

Flowers  in  racemes  from  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  fruit  globose 
or  slightly  three-lobed;  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  LAUROCERASUS.  CHERRY 
LAURELS. 

Calyx-lobes  rounded,  undulate  on  the  margins;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  en- 
tire or  rarely  remotely  spinulose-serrate:  fruit  black,  the  stone  broad-ovoid,  acute, 
cylindric.  19.  P.  caroliniana  (C). 

Calyx-lobes  acute,  minute. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  entire;  fruit  orange-brown,  the  stone  subglobose. 

20.  P.  myrtifolia  (D). 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  conspicuously 
spinulose-dentate;  fruit  red,  becoming  purple  or  nearly  black,  the  stone  ovoid, 
short-pointed.  21.  P.  ilicifolia  (G). 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  usually  en- 
tire; fruit  dark  purple  or  nearly  black,  the  stone  ovoid  to  obovoid,  short-pointed. 

22.  P.  Lyonii  (G). 

1.  Primus  subcordata  Benth.    Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  orbicular,  usually  cordate,  sometimes  truncate  or  rarely  cuneate 
at  base,  and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  or  puberulous  below, 
slightly  coriaceous,  dark  green  above  and  pale  below,  l'-3'  long  and  f '-2'  wide,  with  a 
broad  midrib  and  conspicuous  veins;  northward  turning  brilliant  scarlet  and  orange  or  red 
and  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  usually  eglandular,  J'-i'  in 
length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  glandular-serrate.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves 
in  March  and  April,  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  pedicels  i'-f '  long,  in 
2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  the  lobes  oblong- 
obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  more  or  less  clothed  with  pale 
hairs  on  the  inner  surface,  half  as  long  as  the  obovate  white  petals  rounded  above  and  nar- 
rowed below  into  a  short  claw.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  on  stout  pedicels 
£'-f  long,  short-oblong,  i'-li'  long,  with  dark  red  or  sometimes  bright  yellow  skin,  and 
more  or  less  subacid  flesh;  stone  flattened  or  turgid,  acute  at  the  ends,  £'-!'  long,  nar- 
rowly wing-margined  on  the  ve.ntral  suture,  conspicuously  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  dividing  6°-8°  from  the 


558 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ground  into  stout  almost  horizontal  branches,  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  bright  red  more  or 
less  spinescent  branchlets  marked  by  occasional  minute  pale  lenticels,  becoming  darker  red 
or  purple  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  dark  brown  or  ashy  gray;  or  often  a  bush, 
with  stout  ascending  stems  10°-12°  tall,  or  a  low  much-branched  shrub.  Whiter-buds 
acute,  y  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales,  scarious  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner  rows 


Fig.  512 


J'  long  at  maturity,  oblong,  acute,  and  generally  bright  red.  Bark  about  -J-'  thick, 
gray-brown,  deeply  fissured,  and  divided  into  long  thick  plates  broken  on  the  surface  into 
minute  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  pale  brown,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  hills  and  open  woods  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams, 
sometimes  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent;  central  Oregon  to  northeastern  Cali- 
fornia in  the  region  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  common  to  cen- 
tral California;  on  the  foothills  of  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  altitudes  of 
4000°  south  to  the  Yosemite  Valley,  and  on  the  coast  ranges  to  Black  Mountain,  Santa 
Clara  County;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  borders  of  small  streams  in  southern  Oregon  and 
northern  California;  at  high  altitudes,  and  in  the  arid  regions  of  southeastern  Oregon  a  low 
shrub  producing  sparingly  small  sometimes  pubescent  fruit  (var.  oregona  Wight) ;  Klamath 
Indian  Reservation,  near  Klamath  Falls  and  in  Sprague  River  Valley,  Klamath  County. 


2.  Prunus  umbellata  Ell.    Sloe.     Black  Sloe. 


Leaves  obovate-lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at  the  ends  or  sometimes  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate  with  remote  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  usu- 
ally furnished  with  2  large  dark  glands  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  bright  bronze-green, 
with  red  margins,  midrib,  and  petiole,  glabrous  above  and  pubescent  or  glabrous  below 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the  prominent  orange-colored  midrib  and  primary 
veins,  and  at  naturity  thin,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  2'-2|'  long  and  l'-H'  wide, 
petioles  stout,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  about  \'  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  setaceous, 
glandular-serrate,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers  opening  in  March  and  April  before  the  appearance 
of  the  leaves,  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  |'  long,  in  3  or  4-flowered  umbels; 
calyx-tube  broad-obconic,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  the  lobes  sometimes  slightly  clavate  at 
the  acute  red  apex,  scarious  on  the  margins,  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface; 
petals  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  short  claw.  Fruit  ripening  from  July 
to  September,  on  slender  stems  \'  to  nearly  1'  long,  globose,  without  a  basal  depression, 
about  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  tough  thick  black  or  on  some  individuals  yellow,  and  on  others 
bright  red  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and  thick  acid  flesh;  stone  flattened  with 


ROSACE^E 


559 


thin  brittle  walls,  \'  long,  i'-jV  wide  and  half  as  thick,  acute  at  the  ends,  slightly  rugose, 
conspicuously  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture,  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  sometimes  15°-20°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  or  inclining  trunk  6'-10'  in 
diameter,  slender  unarmed  branches  forming  a  wide  compact  flat-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  more  or  less  densely  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous, lustrous  and  bright  red,  and  in  their  second  year  dark  dull  brown  and  marked  by 


Fig.  513 


occasional  orange-colored  oblong  lenticels;  or  frequently  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  about 
long,  with  acute  chestnut-brown  apiculate  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  at  maturity  j' 
long  and  red  at  the  apex.  Bark  \'  thick,  dark  brown,  separating  into  small  appressed  per- 
sistent scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  reddish  brown,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  about  30  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  fruit  is  used  in  large  quantities 
in  making  jellies  and  jams. 

Distribution.  Stanly  County  (near  Albemarle,  J.  S.  Holmes),  North  Carolina,  and 
South  Carolina  southward,  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  to  Orange  County, 
Florida,  and  westward  to  eastern  Texas  and  southern  Arkansas.  The  form  with  red 
fruit  common  in  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  (Orange  County).  Variable  in  the 
amount  of  its  pubescence  and  slightly  variable  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit,  and  passing  into 
var.  injucunda  Sarg.  (Prunus  mitis  Beadl.)  A  small  tree  with  branchlets  hoary  tomentose 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  pubescent,  and  puberulous  in  their  second  season,  leaves 
more  or  less  tomentose  below,  villose  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary,  and  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong  fruit.  Central  and  southern  Georgia  (base  of  Stone  Mountain  and  Little  Stone 
Mountain,  De  Kalb  County,  and  near  Augusta,  Richmond  County),  and  eastern  Ala- 
bama (near  Auburn,  Lee  County).  More  distinct  is 

Prunus  umbellate  var.  tarda  Wight 
Prunus  tarda  Sarg. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  the  more  oblong  stone  of  the  later-ripening  fruit,  lighter- 
colored  bark  and  larger  size. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oval,  or  occasionally  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  short-pointed  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowred  and  cuneate  at  base,  and  finely  serrate  with  straight  or  incurved 
teeth  tipped  with  dark  minute  persistent  glands,  when  they  unfold  glabrous  or  rarely  sca- 
brous or  puberulous  above  and  cinereo- tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm, 
dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  or  puberulous 
on  the  lower  surface,  especially  along  the  prominent  light  yellow  midrib  and  thin  primary 


560 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


veins,  l£'-3'  long  and  f'-l  j'  wide;  petioles  stout,  tomentose  or  ultimately  pubescent,  \'- 
in  length,  glandular  at  apex  with  2  large  round  stalked  dark  glands,  or  often  eglandular; 
stipules  acicular,  often  bright  red,  about  %'  long.  Flowers  appearing  early  in  April 
with  or  before  the  leaves,  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  2  or  3-flow- 
ered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  glabrous  toward  the  base,  villose  above,  the 
lobes  acute,  entire,  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals 
oblong-obovate,  gradually  contracted  below  into  a  short  claw.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  Octo- 
ber or  early  in  November,  on  stout  rigid  pedicels,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  \'-\'  long, 
clear  bright  yellow  on  some  trees,  bright  red  on  others,  and  on  others  purple,  dark  blue,  or 
black,  with  tough  thick  skin,  and  thick  very  acid  flesh;  stone  ovoid  more  or  less  compressed, 
very  rugose,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal 
suture,  acute  and  apiculate  at  apex,  and  rounded  at  base. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  branches  form- 
ing an  open  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  small  scattered  dark  len- 
ticels,  light-green  and  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous,  light 


Fig.  514 


red-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  summer  and  darker  at  the  end  of  their  second  year. 
Winter-buds  narrow,  acute,  the  color  of  the  branchlets,  T^ '- -£'  long.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  interrupted  fissures  into  flat  ridges  broken  on 
the  surface  into  small  loose  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Glades  and  open  woods  in  the  neighborhood  of  Marshall,  Harrison  County, 
Texas,  to  western  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas,  and  western  Mississippi. 

3.  Prunus  nigra  Ait     Red  Plum.    Canada  Plum. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  narrow  point, 
cuneate,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  and  doubly  crenate-serrate  with  small  dark 
glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  pubescent  on  the  under  sur- 
face or  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  conspicuous  tufts  of  slender  white  or  rufous  hairs  in 
the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dull  dark  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  l£'-3'  wide,  with  a  conspicuous  pale  midrib 
and  slender  veins;  petioles  stout,  biglandular  at  apex  with  2  large  dark  glands,  \'-V  in 
length;  stipules  lanceolate  or  on  vigorous  shoots  often  3-5-lobed,  glandular-serrate,  \'  long. 
Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  with  or  before  the  leaves,  1|'  in  diameter,  on  slender  gla- 
brous dark  red  pedicels,  £'-f '  long,  in  3  or  4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  broad-obconic, 
dark  red  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  red  on  the  inner  surface,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  gland- 
ular, glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open; 


ROSACES 


561 


petals  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  more  or  less  erose  on  the  margins,  contracted  at  base 
into  a  short  claw,  white,  turning  pink  in  fading.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end 
of  August,  oblong-oval,  l'-lj'  long,  with  a  tough  thick  orange-red  skin  nearly  destitute  of 
bloom,  and  yellow  rather  austere  flesh;  stone  oval,  compressed,  1'  long,  f  wide,  thick- 
walled,  acutely  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'-10'  in  diameter,  divided  usually  5°-6° 
from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  rigid  head,  stout 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  excrescences,  bright  green,  glabrous  or 
puberulous  at  first,  and  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  in  their  second  season,  and  stout  spiny 
lateral  spur-like  secondary  branchlets.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  f '-• |'  long,  with  chestnut- 
brown,  triangular  scales  pale  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  about  £'  thick,  light  gray- 
brown,  with  a  smooth  outer  layer  exfoliating  in  large  thick  plates  of  several  papery  layers, 
and  in  falling  exposing  the  darker  slightly  fissured  scaly  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  rich  bright  red-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  In  the  alluvial  soil  of  river  valleys  and  on  limestone  hills;  western  New 
Brunswick  (near  the  mouth  of  the  Aroostook  River)  to  the  valley  of  the  Saint  Lawrence 
River  and  westward  to  the  southern  shore  of  Georgian  Bay,  the  northern  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  (west  of  Port  Arthur,  Ontario),  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg  River,  Manitoba,  and 


Fig.  515 


southward  to  northern  New  England,  central  and  western  New  York,  northern  Ohio  (Lor- 
raine County),  southern  Michigan,  northeastern  Illinois,  southeastern  and  western  Wis- 
consin (valley  of  the  Wisconsin  River),  eastern  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota. 

Often  cultivated  in  Canadian  gardens  and  occasionally  in  those  of  the  northern  states  as 
a  fruit-tree  or  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  Varieties  are  propagated  by  pomologists. 

4.  Primus  americana  Marsh.    Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-oval  or  slightly  obovate,  acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  and  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  base,  and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  with  slender  apiculate  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  and  often  furnished  below  with  conspicuous 
axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  more  or  less  rugose,  dark  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  l^'-lf '  wide, 
with  a  thin  midrib  glabrous  or  villose-pubescent  on  the  lower  side,  and  slender  primary 
veins;  petioles  slender,  eglandular  or  furnished  near  the  apex  with  one  or  two  glands,  gla- 
brous or  puberulous,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  before  or  with 
the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  1'  in  diameter,  bad-smelling,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels 


562  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

|'-f  long,  in  2-5-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  bright  red,  glabrous  or 
puberulous,  green  on  the  inner  surface,  the  lobes  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acute,  eglandular  or  obscurely  glandular  above  the  middle,  usually  dentate  toward  the 
apex,  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  soft-pubescent  on  the  inner  surface; 
petals  rounded  and  irregularly  laciniate  at  apex,  contracted  below  into  a  long  narrow  claw, 
bright  red  at  base,  f '  long  and  \f  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in  June  at  the  south  and  from  the 
middle  of  August  to  early  October  at  the  north,  subglobose  or  slightly  elongated,  usually 
rather  less  than  1 '  in  diameter,  in  ripening  turning  from  green  to  orange  often  with  a  red 
cheek,  becoming  bright  red  when  fully  ripe,  usually  destitute  of  bloom  and  more  or  less 
conspicuously  marked  by  pale  spots,  with  a  thick  tough  acerb  skin  and  bright  yellow  suc- 
culent rather  juicy  acid  flesh;  stone  oval  slightly  rugose  rounded  at  apex,  more  or  less  nar- 
rowed at  base,  f '-!'  long  and  f-'— f'  wide,  often  as  thick  as  broad,  slightly  and  acutely 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  and  obscurely  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree  20°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  1°  in  diameter  and  dividing  usually  4° 
or  5°  from  the  ground  into  many  spreading  branches  often  pendulous  at  the  end  and  form- 
ing a  broad  graceful  head  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  at  first  bright  green,  light 
orange-brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  often  tinged  with  red  and 
marked  by  minute  circular  raised  lenticels,  and  furnished  with  long  slender  remote  some- 
times spinescent  lateral  branchlets;  usually  spreading  by  shoots  from  the  roots  into  broad 
thickets,  or  in  the  Gulf  States  growing  with  a  single  stem.  Winter-buds  acute,  |'-|'  long,  the 
chestnut-brown  scales  more  or  less  erose  on  the  margins,  the  inner  scales  when  fully  grown 
foliaceous,  \'  long,  oblong,  acute,  remotely  serrate,  with  2  narrow  acuminate  latera1  lobes. 
Bark  about  \'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  outer  layer  separating  into  long  thin 
persistent  plates,  southward  often  lighter-colored.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
strong,  dark  rich  brown  tinged  w:ith  red,  writh  thin  lighter-colored  sapwood.  The  fruit  is 
sometimes  used  in  the  preparation  of  jellies  and  preserves,  and  is  eaten  raw7  or  cooked. 

Distribution.  In  the  middle  and  northern  states  in  rich  soil,  growing  along  the  borders 
of  streams  and  swamps;  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  often  in  river  swamps;  west  of  the 


I 


Fig.  516 

Mississippi  on  bottom-lands,  dry  uplands  and  low  mountain  slopes;  western  Connecticut 
(Gaylordsville,Litchfield  County),  Eastern  Greenbush,  Rensselaer  County  and  central  New 
York  to  southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan  and  northern  Indiana,  and  northwestward  to 
North  Dakota,  Manitoba  (near  Brandon),  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains,  Wyoming  and  west- 
ern Montana  (Dixon,  Sanders  County),  and  southward  to  western  Florida,  central  Mis- 
sissippi. Alabama,  eastern  Louisiana,  Missouri,  southern  Arkansas,  eastern  Kansas  and 
Oklahoma,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  along  the  eastern  foothills  of  Colorado  to 


ROSACES 


568 


northern  New  Mexico  (near  Las  Vegas,  San  Miguel  County) ;  and  northeastern  Utah  (near 
Logan,  Cache  County) ;  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  ascending  to  altitudes  of 
3000°,  and  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  extending  to  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
coast;  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  usually  a  low  shrub  forming  large  thickets.  Passing 
into  the  var.  floridana  Sarg.,  differing  in  its  much  thinner  finely  serrate  leaves  and  purple 
fruit.  A  small  tree  without  root  suckers;  low  rich  woods  near  St.  Marks,  Wakulla  County, 
western  Florida;  common. 

5.  Primus  lanata  Mack.  &  Bush. 

Prunus  americana  lanata  Sudw. 

Prunus  Palmeri  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-obovate,  elliptic  or  rarely  slightly  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate 
and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  and 
coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  with  apiculate  spreading  teeth,  when  they  unfold  sparingly 


Fig.517 

covered  above  by  short  caducous  hairs  and  below  by  long  white  spreading  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  more  or  less 
densely  covered  below  with  close  soft  pubescence  at  the  south  often  becoming  fuscous  late 
in  the  season,  and  villose  on  the  midrib  and  primary  veins,  2£'-4'  long  and  H'-2|'  wide; 
petioles  slender,  pubescent,  eglandular  or  furnished  with  a  gland  near  the  apex,  \'-\'  in 
length ,  stipules  linear,  acuminate,  occasionally  3-lobed,  villose,  sparingly  glandular.  Flow- 
ers about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  £'-f '  in  length,  in  2-5-flowered 
umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  puberulous,  the  lobes  long,  acuminate,  entire  or  rarely 
slightly  serrate  toward  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  puberulous  and  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  on  the  outer  surface,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  oblong-oval,  narrowed 
and  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a  long  claw,  about  \'  wide;  stamens 
about  25;  style  elongated,  exceeding  the  stamens.  Fruit  on  drooping  glabrous  pedicels, 
ellipsoid,  deep  crimson  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  often  1'  long  and  f  in  diameter, 
with  thick  succulent  flesh;  stone  oblong,  compressed,  rounded  at  base,  pointed  and  apicu- 


564 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


late  at  apex,  ridged  on  the  dorsal  edge  with  a  thin  narrow  ridge,  thin  and  slightly  grooved 
on  the  ventral  edge. 

A  tree  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  erect  branches  and  slender 
unarmed  branchlets  light  yellow-green  and  puberulous  or  pubescent  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, usually  becoming  glabrous  before  the  end  of  their  first  season,  light  orange-brown 
during  their  first  season  and  dark  red-brown  the  following  year;  sometimes  a  shrub  only  a 
few  feet  tall;  usually  growing  with  a  single  well-developed  trunk;  occasionally  spreading  by 
suckers  from  the  roots  into  small  thickets.  Winter-buds  acute,  i'-jj'  long,  with  light  chest- 
nut-brown puberulous  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  pale  gray-brown,  exfoliating  in 
large  thin  scales. 

Distribution.  Hillsides  and  river-bottom  lands;  southern  Indiana  (near  Columbus, 
Bartholomew  County,  and  Gordon  Hills,  Gibson  County),  through  southern  Illinois  (Galla- 
tin,  Pope,  Richland  and  Johnson  Counties)  to  western  Kentucky  (Ballard  and  Hickman 
Counties);  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma,  western  Louisiana  and 
eastern  Texas  to  Wilson  County  (Southerland  Springs) ;  through  eastern  Louisiana  (West 
Feliciana  and  Tammany  Parishes),  and  near  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Alabama. 

6.  Primus  tenuifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  acuminate 
and  often  abruptly  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  often  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base, 
finely  doubly  serrate  with  teeth  pointing  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  at  maturity  thin,  dark 
yellow-green  and  sparingly  covered  above  with  short  soft  white  hairs,  paler  and  soft  pubes- 


Fig.  518 


cent  below,  especially  on  the  slender  midrib,  and  7  or  8  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  con- 
nected by  occasional  cross  veinlets,  3'-4'  long  and  lj'-2'  wide;  petioles  slender,  pubescent, 
becoming  puberulous  or  nearly  glabrous,  glandular  near  the  apex  with  1-3  prominent  dark 
glands,  or  eglandular.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  opening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of 
March,  on  slender  pedicels  f '— |'  long,  furnished  near  the  apex  with  a  few  long  white  hairs, 
in  2-4-flowered  sessile  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of 
occasional  long  scattered  white  hairs  near  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  entire,  or  minutely 
dentate  near  the  rounded  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface, 
densely  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed  after  anthesis;  petals  white,  ovate-oblong,  nar- 
rowed and  rounded  at  apex,  crenulate  above  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a 


ROSACES 


565 


short  claw.  Fruit  on  stout  slightly  hairy  or  glabrous  stems,  oblong  to  oblong-obovoid,  red, 
covered  with  a  thick  glaucous  bloom,  f  '-f '  long  and  f '-?•'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  skin 
and  thin  flesh;  stone  oblong,  compressed,  pointed  at  the  ends,  slightly  sulcate  at  apex, 
unsymmetric,  ridged  on  the  full  and  rounded  dorsal  edge  with  a  broad  thin  ridge,  thin 
nearly  straight  and  only  slightly  grooved  on  the  ventral  edge,  f-'-f '  long  and  about  \' 
wide. 

A  tree  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  about  12'  but  occasionally  18'  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  branches  and  stout  or  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  orange  green  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  light  gray  or  red-brown  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
and  dark  dull  red-brown  the  following  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  thick, 
pale  gray,  and  broken  into  long  platelike  scales. 

Distribution.     Dry  Oak-woods  near  Jacksonville  and  Larissa,  Cherokee  County,  Texas. 

7.  Prunus  mexicana  S.  Wats.    Big  Tree  Plum. 
Prunus  arkansana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  obovate,  abruptly  long-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex, 
rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  and  often  glandular  at  base,  and  finely  doubly  serrate  with 
apiculate  slender  straight  or  slightly  incurved  teeth,  at  maturity  thick,  dark  yellow-green, 


Fig.  519 
» 

glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  sparingly  covered  on  the  lower  surface 
with  long  soft  white  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins  and 
on  the  numerous  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  lf'-3|'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide;  petioles 
stout,  pubescent  or  puberulous,  glandular  at  apex  with  large  dark  glands,  or  eglandular, 
?'-£'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  March  before  the  leaves,  1'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
glabrous  pedicels  in  3  or  4-flowered  sessile  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  rounded  and  laciniate  at 
apex  or  entire,  ciliate  and  glandular  on  the  margins  with  small  sessile  glands,  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed  after  anthesis;  petals 
sometimes  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  toward  the  base,  ovate-orbicular  to  oblong- 
ovate,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  crenulate,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a 
short  claw,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  style  longer  than  the  stamens.  Fruit 


566  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ripening  from  the  end  of  August  to  early  October,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  rounded  at 
the  ends,  dark  purple-red  with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom,  Ij'-l^'  long  and  \'-\\'  in  diameter, 
with  thick  succulent  flesh;  stone  smooth  obovoid  to  nearly  circular,  turgid,  unsymmetric, 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  apex,  ridged  on  the  rounded 
dorsal  edge  with  a  broad  thin  ridge,  thin,  less  rounded  and  grooved  on  the  ventral  edge, 
4'-!'  long  and  about  \'  wide. 

A  tree  from  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8' -10'  in  diameter,  stout  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  orange-brown,  very 
lustrous  and  marked  by  dark  lenticels  during  their  first  winter  and  dull  gray-brown  the 
following  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  \'  long.  Bark  dark,  nearly 
black  or  light  gray,  exfoliating  in  platelike  scales  on  young  stems  and  large  branches, 
becoming  rough  and  deeply  furrowed  on  old  trunks. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  on  rich  alluvial  bottom-lands,  upland  prairies  and  hillsides: 
southeastern  Kansas  (near  Parsons,  Labette  County),  through  Arkansas  to  western  Okla- 
homa (Navina,  Logan  County,  Minca,  Grady  County),  western  Louisiana,  northern  and 
eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  ranging  westward  in  Texas  over  the 
Edwards  Plateau  and  to  Brown  and  Palo  Pinto  Counties;  in  West  Feliciana  Parish,  eastern 
Louisiana;  in  Coahuila  and  Nuevo  Leon. 

Passing  into  the  following  varieties: 

Prunus  mexicana  var.  reticulata  Sarg.  Differing  in  its  thicker  leaves  more  often  nar- 
rowed at  base,  with  more  prominent  reticulate  veinlets,  pubescent  pedicels,  globose  fruit 
ripening  late  in  September  or  in  October,  writh  thin,  bitter,  astringent  flesh  and  dark  deeply 
furrowed  bark. 

Distribution.  Uplands  and  along  the  margins  of  river  bottoms;  neighborhood  of  Deni- 
son  and  Sherman,  Grayson  County,  northern  Texas. 

Prunus  mexicana  var.  polyandra  Sarg. 

Differing  in  the  narrowed  base  of  the  leaves,  the  more  numerous  stamens,  in  its  earlier 
ripening  fruit,  with  an  obovoid  compressed  stone  pointed  at  apex  and  gradually  narrowed 
and  acute  at  base. 

Distribution.     Rich  wToods  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas. 

Prunus  mexicana  var.  fultonensis  Sarg. 

Differing  in  its  thinner  leaves  pubescent  below  over  the  whole  surface,  and  in  its  smaller 
dark  bluish-purple  fruit,  ripening  in  June,  with  thin  flesh  and  a  compressed  stone  pointed  at 
apex  and  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  base. 

Distribution.     Rich  woods  near  Fulton,  Hempstead  County,  Arkansas. 

8.  Prunus  alleghaniensis  Porter.    Sloe. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  often  long-pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate  with 
glandular  teeth,  and  furnished  at  base  with  2  large  rather  conspicuous  glands,  when  they 
unfold  covered  with  soft  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  or  covered,  especially 
along  the  broad  midrib  and  conspicuous  veins,  with  rufous  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface, 
rather  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  above  and  paler  below,  2'-3|'  long  and  f'-li' 
wide;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  pubescent  or  puberulous,  |'— |'  in  length.  Flowers  appear- 
ing in  May  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels 
\'-\'  long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  pubescent  or  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  scarious  on  the  margins,  and 
coated  with  pale  tomentum  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  rounded  at  apex,  contracted  at  base 
into  a  short  claw,  turning  pink  in  fading.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  August,  on  stout 
puberulous  pedicels,  subglobose  or  slightly  oval  to  obovoid,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  with  thick 
rather  tough  dark  reddish-purple  skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and  yellow  juicy  aus- 
tere'flesh;  stone  thin-walled,  turgid,  two  thirds  as  thick  as  broad,  \'-\'  long,  pointed  at  the 
ends,  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture,  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  6'-8'  in  diameter,  divid- 


KOSACE^E  567 

ing  into  numerous  erect  rigid  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  coated  with  pale  caducous 
pubescence,  becoming  dark  red  and  rather  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  and  ultimately 
nearly  black,  and  unarmed,  or  sometimes  armed  with  stout  spinescent  lateral  spur-like 
branchlets.  Winter-buds  acuminate  or  obtuse,  iV  long,  their  inner  scales  accrescent,  scari- 
ous,  oblong,  acute,  f  long,  bright  red  at  apex.  Bark  \'  thick,  dark  brown,  fissured  and 


broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown 
tinged  with  red,  with  thin  pale  sap  wood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  fruit  is 
made  into  preserves,  jellies  and  jams. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil,  often  forming  shrubby  thickets  sometimes  of  considerable 
extent,  and  dry  ridges;  slopes  of  Tusseys  Mountain  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Hunting- 
don County,  and  over  the  main  range  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  into  Clearfield  and  Elk 
Counties,  Pennsylvania;  rocky  ridges  near  the  Natural  Bridge,  Rockbridge  County,  Vir- 
ginia, and  lower  slopes  of  Peak  Mountain  on  South  Fork  of  Buffalo  Creek,  Ashe  County, 
North  Carolina  (W.  W.  Ashe),  and  in  southern  Connecticut;  of  its  largest  size  on  limestone 
bluffs  south  of  the  Little  Juniata  River,  Pennsylvania.  A  shrubby  variety  with  leaves 
broader  in  proportion  to  their  length  and  less  acuminate  at  apex  (var.  Davisii  Wight)  oc- 
curs in  Roscommon  and  Montmorency  Counties,  Michigan. 

9.  Prunus  hortulana  Bailey.    Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong-oval  or  rarely  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  and 
contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  slender  point,  cuneate  or  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  narrow 
base,  and  finely  serrate  with  incurved  lanceolate  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose 
with  slender  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  above,  pilose  below  in  the  axils  of  the 
primary  veins  and  along  the  midrib  with  tawny  hairs,  thin  but  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface  paler  oji  the  lower  surface,  4'-6'  long  and  !'-!£'  wide,  with  a  broad 
conspicuous  orange-colored  midrib,  primary  veins  connected  near  the  margins  of  the  leaf, 
and  prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  orange-colored,  l'-l£'  in  length  and 
furnished  above  the  middle  with  numerous  scattered  dark  glands;  stipules  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  in  April  or  early  in 
May  when  the  leaves  are  about  one-third  grown,  f'-l'  in  diameter,  on  slender  puberulous 
pedicels  \'  long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  the  lobes  about  as  long 
as  the  tube,  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous on  the  outer  surface,  pubescent  or  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface  chiefly  toward  the 
base,  reflexed  after  the  unfolding  of  the  narrow  oval  or  oblong-orbicular  petals  rounded  and 
occasionally  emarginate  at  apex,  contracted  below  into  a  long  narrow  claw,  entire,  erose,  or 
occasionally  serrate,  and  white  often  marked  with  orange  toward  the  base.  Fruit  ripening 
in  September  and  October,  on  stout  stems,  globose  or  rarely  ellipsoid,  f'-l'  in  diameter, 


568  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

with  thick  deep  red  or  sometimes  yellow  lustrous  skin,  and  hard  austere  thin  flesh;  stone  tur- 
gid, f  '-f '  long,  compressed  at  the  ends,  abruptly  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  apex,  rounded 
or  truncate  at  base,  conspicuously  ridge-margined  on  the  ventral  suture  and  broadly  and 
deeply  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture,  thick-walled,  usually  conspicuously  or  rarely  ob- 
scurely rugose  and  pitted. 

A  tree  20°-30°  high,  without  suckers  from  the  roots,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk, 
frequently  5 '-6'  or  occasionally  10'-12'  in  diameter,  dividing  usually  several  feet  above  the 
ground  into  thick  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  stout  rigid 
branchlets  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  during  their 
first  summer,  rather  dark  red-brown,  and  usually  unarmed  or  on  vigorous  trees  armed  with 
stout  spinescent  lateral  chestnut-colored  branchlets;  or  often  a  shrub,  with  many  stems 
forming  thicket-like  clumps.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  chestnut-brown  scales 
slightly  cilia te  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
glandular-serrate,  sometimes  $'  in  length.  Bark  thin,  dark  brown,  separating  into  large 
thin  persistent  plates,  and  displaying  the  light  brown  inner  layers. 

Distribution.  Low  banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  southwestern  Illinois  to  Scott 
County,  Iowa,  and  to  eastern  Kansas  and  northeastern  Oklahoma,  and  to  central  Ken- 


tucky and  northwestern  Tennessee;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Missouri.  The 
handsomest  of  American  Plum-trees,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 
Several  selected  forms  are  grown  and  valued  by  pomologists.  Passing  into  var.  Mineri 
Bailey,  with  darker  green  duller  leaves,  and  sometimes  more  scaly  bark.  Southwestern 
Illinois  to  central  Missouri;  and  into  var.  pubens  Sarg.  differing  from  the  type  in  its 
pubescent  leaves,  petioles  and  young  branchlets.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Webb  City, 
Jasper  County,  Missouri. 

Often  cultivated  by  pomologists  in  many  selected  forms. 

10.  Prunus  Munsoniana  Wight  &  Hedrick 

Leaves  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  base  and  finely  glandular-serrate,  when  they  unfold  densely  villose-pubescent 
above  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  light  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pale  on  the  lower  surface,  2£'-4'  long  and  f-lj'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  often  red 
and  usually  pubescent  or  sparingly  villose  on  the  lower  side,  and  slender  primary  veins 
often  furnished  with  small  axillary  clusters  of  white  hairs;  petioles  slender,  usually  biglan- 
dular  toward  the  apex,  the  groove  on  the  upper  side  covered  with  white  pubescence,  often 
bright  red,  f'  in  length;  stipules  linear,  glandular-serrate.  Flowers  appearing  in  Texas  be- 
fore the  leaves  at  the  end  of  March  and  as  late  as  May  after  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  at 


ROSACES 


569 


the  northern  limits  of  its  range,  \'-% '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  -§•'-!'  long,  in 
2-4-flowered  umbellike  clusters;  calyx-tube  broad-obconic,  glabrous,  obscurely  nerved, 
the  lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  minutely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  rarely  slightly 
pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  below  the  middle;  petals 
about  \'  long,  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  entire  or  sparingly  erose,  white,  about  f '  long, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  claw.  Fruit  ripening  in  July  and  August,  subglobose  to 
short-oblong,  f '  long,  bright  red  with  a  slight  bloom,  marked  by  pale  dots  and  occasionally 
by  yellow  blotches,  rarely  yellow,  with  a  thin  skin  and  light  or  dark  yellow  juicy  aromatic 
fibrous  flesh  often  of  good  quality;  stone  oval,  compressed,  pointed  at  apex,  truncate  or 
obliquely  truncate  at  base,  thick-margined  and  grooved  on  the  ventral  suture,  grooved  on 
the  dorsal  suture,  irregularly  roughened  on  the  surface,  about  |'  long. 

A  tree  spreading  into  dense  thickets,  the  oldest  central  stem  sometimes  20°  high  and  5'  or 
6'  in  diameter,  diminishing  in  height  and  size  to  the  margin  of  the  thicket,  with  erect,  rarely 
slightly  spinescent  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  red-brown  lustrous  branchlets  marked 
by  numerous  pale  lenticels.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  chestnut  brown,  glabrous,  rarely  more 
than  £'  long.  Bark  thin,  usually  smooth  and  reddish  or  chestnut-brown  on  young  stems, 
becoming  gray  or  grayish  brown  and  separating  into  thin  platelike  scales  on  older  trunks. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  rich  soil;  southern  Illinois  (Alexander,  Gallatin,  Pope,  Johnson 
and  Richland  Counties);  southwestern  Kentucky;  central  Tennessee;  northern  Mississippi; 
central  Missouri  to  southeastern  Kansas,  and  through  Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma, 
western  Louisiana  (Natchitoches  and  Lincoln  Parishes),  and  northern  Texas  west  to  Clay 
and  Lampasas  Counties);  now  occasionally  naturalized  from  cultivated  trees  in  eastern 
Texas,  and  eastward  to  Georgia,  eastern  Kentucky,  southern  Ohio,  and  in  northern  Mis- 
souri. Hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts  and  western  New  York. 

Cultivated  in  orchards,  a  tree  sometimes  20°-30°  tall  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and 
rather  small  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head.  Selected 
forms  of  the  wild  plants  are  valued  by  pomologists  who  have  produced  several  hybrids  by 
crossing  Primus  Munsaniana  with  other  American  and  with  ,Old  World  species.  The 
"  Wild  Goose  Plum,"  one  of  the  best  known  forms  of  Prunus  Munsoniana,  has  flowered  and 
produced  fruit  for  many  years  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

11.  Prunus  angustifolia  Marsh.     Chickasaw  Plum . 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  the  ends,  apiculate  at  apex,  and 
sharply  serrate  with  minute  glandular  teeth,  glabrous  or  at  first  sometimes  furnished  with 
axillary  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  and  rather 


570 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


dull  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-2'  long  and  Y~¥  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous,  biglandular  near  the  apex  with  2  conspicuous  red  glands,  bright  red,  \'-\'  in  length; 
stipules  linear  or  lobed,  glandular-serrate,  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves 
from  the  beginning  of  March  at  the  south  to  the  middle  of  April  at  the  north,  \'  in  diameter, 
on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  \'-\'  long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  campanuiate, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  slender  hairs,  pale- 
pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed  at  maturity;  petals  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  con- 
tracted at  base  into  a  short  broad  claw,  white  or  creamy  white.  Fruit  ripening  between  the 
end  of  May  and  the  end  of  July,  globose  or  subglobose,  about  \'  in  diameter,  bright  red 
or  yellow,  rather  lustrous,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  with  a  thin  skin,  and  juicy  subacid  flesh ; 
stone  turgid,  rugose,  compressed  at  the  ends,  nearly  \'  long,  more  or  less  thick-margined  on 
the  ventral  suture  and  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  15°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  8'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading 
branches,  and  bright  red  and  lustrous  branchlets  glabrous  or  covered  at  first  with  short 
caducous  hairs,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dull,  darker  and  often  brown,  marked  with 


Fig.  523 


occasional  horizontal  orange-colored  lenticels,  and  frequently  armed  with  long  thin  spines- 
cent  lateral  branchlets;  spreading  into  thickets.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  ^'  long,  with 
chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  about  f '  thick,  dark  reddish  brown  and  slightly  furrowed, 
the  surface  broken  into  long  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  although  rather  soft, 
not  strong,  light  brownish  red  with  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  fruit  is  often  sold  in  the 
markets  of  the  middle  and  southern  states. 

Distribution.  Widely  naturalized  especially  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  from 
southern  Delaware  and  Kentucky  to  central  Florida  and  eastern  Texas,  occupying  the 
margins  of  fields  and  other  waste  places  near  human  habitations  usually  in  rich  soil ;  proba- 
bly native  in  central  Texas  and  Oklahoma.  Passing  into  var.  varians  Wight  &  Hedrick, 
differing  from  the  type  in  its  usually  larger  leaves  occasionally  up  to  %\'  in  length  and  to  1' 
in  width,  in  the  longer  pedicels  of  the  flowers  and  in  the  ovoid  to  ellipsoid  often  pointed 
stone  of  the  red  or  yellow  later  ripening  fruit.  A  tree  usually  spreading  into  thickets, 
occasionally  12°  high  with  a  trunk  4'  or  5'  in  diameter,  small  branches  and  slender  often 
spinescent  chestnut-brown  branchlets.  Usually  in  richer  soil  than  the  type,  southwestern 
Kansas  (Arkansas  City,  Desha  County),  through  eastern  Oklahoma  and  southern  Arkansas 
to  northern  and  central  Texas  (Cherokee  County) ;  now  occasionally  naturalized  in  the 
eastern  Gulf  States  and  possibly  indigenous  in  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  and  Orange 
County,  Florida. 

A  number  of  selected  forms  of  this  variety,  including  most  of  those  formerly  referred  to 
Prunus  angustifolia,  are  grown  and  valued  in  southern  orchards  but  are  not  hardy  in  the 
north. 


ROSACILE  571 

12.  Primus  pennsylvanica  L.    Wild  Red  Cherry.    Bird  Cherry. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  slightly  falcate,  acuminate  or  rarely  acute,  and 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  with  incurved  teeth  often  tipped  with  minute  glands,  when  they 
unfold  bronze-green,  pilose  below  and  slightly  viscid,  soon  becoming  green  and  glabrous, 
and  at  maturity  bright  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  rather  paler  on  the  lower  surface, 
3'-4|'  long  and  f'-lj'  wide;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  some  time  before  falling  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  pilose,  |'-1'  in  length,  and  often  glandular 
above  the  middle;  stipules  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing in  early  May  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  or  at  the  extreme  north  and  at 
high  altitudes  as  late  as  the  1st  of  July,  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels  nearly  1'  long,  in 


4  or  5-flowered  umbels  or  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broad-obconic,  glabrous,  marked  in  the 
mouth  of  the  throat  by  a  conspicuous  light  orange-colored  band,  the  lobes  obtuse,  red  at 
apex,  and  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open;  petals  \'  long,  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  at 
base  into  a  short  claw,  creamy  white.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  1st  of  July  to  the  1st  of  Sep- 
tember, globose,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  light  red  skin,  and  thin  sour  flesh;  stone  oblong, 
thin-walled,  slightly  compressed,  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  at  base,  about  Ty  long,  and 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture. 

A  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  18'-20'  in 
diameter,  regular  slender  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  usually  more  or  less 
rounded  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red  and  sometimes  slightly  puberulous  when 
they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  bright  red,  lustrous  and  covered  with  pale  raised  lenticels 
in  their  first  winter,  and  developing  in  their  second  year  short  thick  spur-like  lateral  branch- 
lets  and  then  covered  with  dull  red  bark  marked  by  bright  orange-colored  lenticels,  the 
outer  coat  easily  separable  from  the  brilliant  green  inner  bark;  at  the  extreme  north  often  a 
low  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  acute,  about  -fa'  long,  with  bright  red-brown 
acute  scales,  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth  and 
thin,  bright  reddish  brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  \'-\'  thick,  and  separating  horizontally 
into  broad  persistent  papery  dark  red-brown  plates  marked  by  irregular  horizontal  bands 
of  orange-colored  lenticels  and  broken  into  minute  persistent  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood.  The  fruit  is  often  used  domestically 
and  in  the  preparation  of  cough  mixtures. 

Distribution.  Newfoundland  to  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  westward  in  British 
America  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  coast  range  of  British  Columbia  in  the  valley  of  the 
Frazer  River,  and  southward  through  New  England,  New  York,  northern  Pennsylvania, 
central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  central  Iowa,  and  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains, 


572 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  common  in  all  the  forest  regions  of  the  extreme  northern 
states,  growing  in  moist  rather  rich  soil;  often  occupying  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees 
large  areas  cleared  by  fire  of  their  original  forest-covering;  common  and  attaining  its  largest 
size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennessee.  Passing  into  var. 
saximontana  Rehd.  differing  from  the  type  in  its  shorter  and  broader,  more  coarsely  serrate 
leaves,  usually  fewer  flowered  sessile  umbels,  larger  fruit,  and  smaller  size.  The  Rocky 
Mountain  form;  common  from  Manitoba,  the  Flathead  Lake  region,  Montana,  and  north- 
ern Wyoming,  southward  through  Colorado. 

13.  Prunus  emarginata  Walp.     Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  and  usually  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute 
at  apex,  cuneate  and  furnished  at  base  with  1  or  2  and  sometimes  3  or  4  large  dark 
glands,  and  serrate  with  minute  subulate  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  or 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  and  slightly  viscid,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  or  pubescent 
below  (var.  mollis  S.  Wats.),  l'-3'  long,  f'-lf  wide,  dark  green  above  and  paler  below; 
petioles  usually  pubescent,  |'-j'  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular-ser- 
rate, deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  at  the  end  of 
April  at  the  level  of  the  ocean  or  as  late  as  the  end  of  June  at  high  altitudes,  %'—%'  in  diame- 
ter, on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  foliaceous  glabrous  glandular-serrate  bracts,  in 


6-12-flowered  glabrous  or  pubescent  corymbs  l'-l£'  long;  calyx-tube  obconic,  glabrous 
or  puberulous,  bright  orange-colored  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  short,  rounded,  emarginate  or 
slightly  cleft  at  apex,  sometimes  slightly  glandular  on  the  margins,  reflexed  after  the 
flowers  open;  petals  obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  contracted  below  into  a  short 
claw,  white  faintly  tinged  writh  green.  Fruit  ripening  from  June  to  August,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  long-stalked  corymbs  often  2'  long,  globose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  more  or  less 
translucent,  with  a  thick  skin  bright  red  at  first  when  fully  grown,  becoming  darker  and  al- 
most black,  and  thin  bitter  astringent  flesh;  stone  ovoid,  turgid  about  £'  long,  pointed  and 
compressed  at  the  ends,  with  thick  brittle  slightly  pitted  walls,  ridged  and  prominently 
grooved  on  the  ventral  suture  and  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 
A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  exceedingly  bitter  bark  and  leaves,  a  trunk 
12'-14'  in  diameter,  slender  rather  upright  branches  forming  a  symmetric  oblong  head,  and 
slender  flexible  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  dark  red-brown  during 
their  first  winter,  bright  red,  conspicuously  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels  in  their  second 
season,  and  furnished  with  short  lateral  branchlets;  frequently  a  shrub  especially  at  high 
altitudes,  with  spreading  stems  3°-10°  tall  forming  dense  thickets.  Winter-buds  acute,  \' 
long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales  often  slightly  scarious  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner 


ROSACE^E  573 

ranks  becoming  acuminate,  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  with  bright  red  tips,  scari- 
ous,  and  \'  long.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  with  a  generally  smooth  dark  brown  surface  marked 
by  horizontal  light  gray  interrupted  bands  and  by  rows  of  oblong  orange-colored  lenticels. 
Wood  close-grained,  soft  and  brittle,  brown  streaked  with  green,  with  paler  sapwood  of  8-10 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution  Usually  near  the  banks  of  streams  in  low  rich  soil,  or  less  commonly  on 
dry  hillsides;  valley  of  the  upper  Jocko  River,  Montana,  on  the  mountain  ranges  of  Idaho 
and  Washington  and  of  southern  British  Columbia  to  Vancouver  Island,  and  southward  on 
the  coast  and  interior  ranges  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco,  on  the  west- 
ern slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  altitudes  of  5000°-6000°  above  the  sea  to  the  head  of 
Kern  River,  on  the  Santa  Lucia,  San  Rafael,  and  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  on 
the  Washoe  Mountains,  Nevada,  and  the  mountains  of  northern  Arizona ;  of  its  largest  size 
on  Vancouver  Island,  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington,  and  on  the  Santa  Lucia  Moun- 
tains; on  the  coast  ranges  of  middle  California  and  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  commonly  a  shrub 
5°-8°  high. 

14.  Primus  virginiana  L.    Choke  Cherry. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  cr 
rarely  slightly  cordate  at  base,  and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  with  spreading  subulate 
teeth,  glabrous  when  they  unfold  or  furnished  below  with  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  light  green  or  pale  on  the  lower  sur- 


face, 2'-4'  long  and  l'-2'  wide;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  peti- 
oles slender,  biglandular  near  apex,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  many-glandular,  \'-V 
in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  about  \'  long,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  opening  from  April 
to  the  end  of  June,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  scarious 
caducous  bracts,  in  erect  or  nodding  racemes  3 '-6'  in  length;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  globose, 
the  lobes  short,  obtuse,  laciniate  and  more  or  less  glandular  on  the  margins;  petals  orbicu- 
lar, contracted  into  a  short  claw,  white;  filaments  and  pistil  glabrous,  the  short  thick  style 
abruptly  enlarged  into  a  broad  orbicular  stigma.  Fruit  globose  or  occasionally  slightly 
elongated,  \'-%'  in  diameter,  lustrous,  bright  red  at  first  when  fully  grown,  becoming  at 
maturity  scarlet,  dark  vinous  red  or  nearly  black,  or  rarely  bright  canary  color  (var.  leu- 
cocarpa  S.  Wats.),  with  a  thick  lustrous  skin,  and  dark  juicy  flesh,  austere  and  astringent, 
becoming  at  maturity  less  astringent  and  sometimes  edible;  stone  oblong-ovoid  broadly 
ridged  on  one  suture  and  acute  on  the  other. 

A  tree  occasionally  20°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  G'-8'  in  diameter, 
small  erector  horizontal  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  red-brown  or  orange-brown  lustrous. 


574 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  becoming  dark  red-brown  in  their  second  year;  more 
often  a  large  or  small  shrub,  at  the  north  frequently  not  more  than  2°-3°  tall.  Winter-buds 
acute  or  obtuse,  with  pale  chestnut  brown  scales  rounded  at  apex  and  more  or  less  scarious 
on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner  rank  becoming  lanceolate  or  ligulate,  sharply  and  often 
glandular-serrate,  and  \'-\'  in  length.  Bark  strongly  and  disagreeably  scented,  about  £' 
thick,  slightly  and  irregularly  fissured,  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  persistent  dark 
red-brown  scales,  and  often  marked  by  pale  irregular  excrescences.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sap  wood  of  15-20  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Margins  of  the  forest,  generally  in  rich  rather  moist  soil,  and  along  high- 
ways and  fence-rows;  Newfoundland,  through  Labrador  to  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
and  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Potomac  River  and  northern  Kentucky;  in  Buncombe 
and  Iredell  Counties,  North  Carolina,  and  Talladega  County,  Alabama,  and  westward  to 
Saskatchewan,  eastern  North  and  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska,  northeastern  Missouri  and 
Kansas;  more  often  a  tree  southward  and  in  cultivation.  Passing  into  the  var.  melanocarpa 
Sarg.  with  rather  thicker  rarely  lanceolate  leaves,  and  usually  darker  often  less  astringent 
rarely  yellow  (/.  xanthocarpa  Sarg.)  fruit. 

Distribution.  Low  valleys  and  the  slopes  of  mountain  ranges;  Manitoba,  western 
North  and  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  westward  to  northern  British 
Columbia,  and  southward  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  through  Wyoming,  Montana  and 
Idaho,  Colorado,  Utah  and  Nevada  to  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  through 
Washington,  Oregon  and  California  to  San  Diego  County;  in  the  rich  soil  of  valleys  a  tree 
sometimes  30°  tall;  on  dry  mountain  slopes  a  shrub  2°  or  3°  high.  More  distinct  is 

Prunus  virginiana  var.  demissa  Sarg. 
Cerasus  demissa  Nutt. 

Differing  in  its  often  cordate  leaves  covered  below  with  pale  pubescence. 
Distribution.     Prairies  and  valleys  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  southward  to 


Fig.  527 


Siskiyou,  Napa,  Santa  Cruz  and  Kern  Counties,  California,  in  northern  Nebraska,  central 
Iowa,  western  Texas  (Gamble's  Ranch,  Armstrong  County,  with  pubescent  leaves  cuneate 
at  base),  and  in  New  Mexico. 


ROSACE^E 


57,5 


Passing  into  var.  deinwsa  f.  pachyrrachis  Sarg.  (ljadnx  ralida  Woot.  &  Stanl.)  differing 
in  the  cuneate  or  rounded  base  of  the  leaves,  villose  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and  veins  be- 
low, in  the  stouter  pubescent  radhis  and  pedicels,  and  in  the  pubescent  branchlets  usually 
becoming  glabrous  at  the  end  of  their  second  season. 

Distribution.  Common  on  the  mountains  of  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Sierra  County) 
and  rarely  in  southern  California. 

15.  Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.    Wild  Black  Cherry.    Rum  Cherry. 
Prunus  eximia  Small. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  or  sometimes  abruptly  acuminate  at 
apex,  cuneate  at  base,  finely  serrate  with  appressed  incurved  callous  teeth,  and  furnished 
at  the  very  base  with  1  or  more  dark  red  conspicuous  glands,  when  they  unfold  slightly 


Fig.  528 


hairy  below7  on  the  midrib,  and  often  bronze-green,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thick  and 
firm,  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  paler  below-,  2'-6'  long  and  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  a  thin  conspicuous  midrib  rarely  furnished  toward  the  base  w  ith  a  fringe  of  rusty 
tomentum  and  slender  veins;  in  the  autumn  turning  clear  bright  yellow  before  falling;  peti- 
oles slender,  f'-f  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  %'-%'  in 
length,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  from 
the  end  of  March  in  Texas  to  the  first  week  of  June  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 
¥  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  or  puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious 
caducous  bracts,  in  erect  or  ultimately  spreading  narrow  many-flowered  racemes  4'-6' 
long;  calyx-tube  saucer-shaped,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  the  lobes  short,  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  slightly  laciniate  on  the  margins,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  persistent  on  the 
ripe  fruit;  petals  broad-obovate,  pure  white.  Fruit  ripening  from  June  to  October,  in 
drooping  racemes,  depressed-globose,  slightly  lobed,  %'-%'  in  diameter,  dark  red  when  fully 
grown,  almost  black  when  ripe,  writh  a  thin  skin,  and  dark  purple  juicy  flesh  of  a  pleasant 
vinous  flavor;  stone  oblong-obovoid  thin-walled,  about  \r  long,  acute  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  at  base,  broadly  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  and  acute  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5c  in 
diameter,  small  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and  slender  rather  rigid 
glabrous  branchlets  at  first  pale  green  or  bronze  color,  soon  becoming  bright  red  or  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  red-brown  or  gray-brown  and  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels  dur- 
ing their  first  winter,  and  bright  red  the  following  year;  usually  much  smaller  and  occasion- 


576 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ally  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  shrub-like  in  habit.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  or  on 
sterile  shoots  acute,  with  bright  chestnut-brown  broad-ovate  scales  keeled  on  the  back 
and  apiculate  at  apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  scarious  at  maturity,  acuminate, 
and  f '-f '  long.  Bark  f— f '  thick,  broken  by  reticulated  fissures  into  small  irregular  plates 
scaly  on  the  surface,  and  dark  red-brown,  or  near  the  Gulf-coast  light  gray  or  nearly  white. 
Wood  light,  strong,  rather  hard,  close  straight-grained,  with  a  satiny  surface,  light  brown  or 
red,  with  thin  yellowr  sap  wood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  cabinet- 
making  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses.  The  bark,  especially  that  of  the  branches  and 
roots,  yields  hydrocyanic  acid  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and  sedative.  The  ripe  fruit  is 
used  to  flavor  alcoholic  liquors. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia  westward  through  the  Canadian  provinces  to  Lake  Superior, 
and  southward  through  the  eastern  states  to  central  (Lake  County)  Florida,  and  westward 
to  eastern  South  Dakota,  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  central  Oklahoma  and 
the  valley  of  the  east  fork  of  the  Frio  River,  Texas;  usually  in  rich  moist  soil;  once  very 
abundant  in  all  the  Appalachian  region,  reaching  its  greatest  size  on  the  slopes  of  the  high 
Alleghany  Mountains  from  West  Virginia  to  Georgia,  and  in  Alabama;  sometimes  on  low 
sandy  soil,  and  often  in  New  England  on  rocky  cliffs  within  reach  of  the  spray  of  the  ocean; 
not  common  in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  states. 

A  form  from  the  summits  of  White  Top  Mountain,  Virginia,  with  larger  and  rather 
thicker  leaves  pale  below  and  rather  larger  fruit,  has  been  described  as  var.  montana 
Britt. 

1C.  Prunus  alabamensis  Mohr.    Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  oval,  broad-ovate,  or  occasionally  obovate,  acute,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at 
apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  rarely  slightly  obcordate  at  base,  and  finely  serrate  with  incurved 
teeth  tipped  with  minute  or  sometimes  near  the  base  of  the  blade  with  larger  dark  glands, 
when  they  unfold  coated  below  and  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  with  fine  pubescence, 
and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  4'-5'  long,  about  2'  wide,  dark  dull  green  and 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  dull  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  short  simple  or 


Fig.  529 


forked  accrescent  hairs  most  abundant  and  sometimes  rufescent  on  the  slender  midrib  and 
primary  veins;  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  eglandular  or  occasionally 
furnished  near  the  apex  with  1  or  2  large  dark  glands,  l'-\'  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  bright  red,  \'  long,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing  during  the 
first  wyeek  of  May,  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  \'  in  diameter,  on  pubescent  pedi- 
cels from  the  axils  of  ovate  or  obovate  acuminate  bright  pink  caducous  bracts,  in  spreading 


KOSACE^E 


577 


or  erect  slender  pubescent  racemes  3 '-4'  long;  calyx-tube  broad,  cup-shaped,  puberulous, 
with  short  almost  triangular  lobes  persistent  on  the  fruit;  petals  white,  nearly  orbicular. 
Fruit  ripening  late  in  September,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  \'  in  diameter,  dark  red  or 
finally  nearly  black,  with  thin  acid  flesh;  stone  ovoid  somewhat  compressed,  pointed  at  the 
ends,  I'  long,  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  with  a  broad  low  ridge,  and  slightly  grooved  on 
the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  10'  in  diameter,  spreading  somewhat 
drooping  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  tomentum,  dark  red- 
brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  before  winter,  and  much  darker 
in  their  second  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark,  rough,  separating  freely  into  small  thin 
scales. 

Distribution.     Summits  of  the  low  mountains  of  central  Alabama;  rare  and  local. 

17.  Prunus  australis  Beadl.     Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  gradually  narrowed  and  obtusely  short-pointed  or  some- 
times acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  occasionally  cuneate  at  the  narrowed  base,  and  finely  serrate 
with  slender  teeth  tipped  with  minute  dark  red  glands,  when  they  unfold  membranaceous, 


Fig.  530 


pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  with  the  exception  of  occasional  pale  hairs  along  the 
midrib,  and  coated  below7  with  pale  or  ferrugineous  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  thin  but 
firm,  dark  dull  green  above,  covered  below7  with  rufous  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  thin 
broad  midrib,  and  on  the  slender  primary  veins  extending  nearly  to  the  margins  of  the  leaf, 
conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  2|'-4'  long  and  1^'-2|'  wide;  petioles  rusty-tomen- 
tose,  biglandular  at  apex  witji  large  dark  glarids,  about  \'  in  length;  stipules  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  glandular,  bright  rose  color,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers  probably  opening  toward  the 
end  of  April,  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  rose-colored  caducous  bracts,  in 
slender  spreading  hoary-pubescent  racemes  3'-4'  long;  the  expanded  flowers  not  known. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  July,  on  pedicels  \'  long,  globose,  surrounded  at  base  by  the 
calyx-lobes  and  remnants  of  the  stamens,  dark  purple  when  fully  ripe,  and  about  \'  in 
diameter,  with  thin  flesh;  stone  ovoid,  compressed,  rounded  at  base,  pointed  at  apex,  about 
£'  long  and  broad,  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture,  with  a  low  broad  ridge,  slightly  grooved 
on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  12'-16'  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascending 
branches  forming  an  oblong  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubes- 
cence, becoming  puberulous,  dull  red-brown,  and  roughened  by  numerous  small  pale  ele- 
vated lenticels  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  second 


.578 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


year.     Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  about  TV  long,  with  acute  dark  red-bro\vn  glabrous 
scales.    Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  silvery  gray,  and  roughened  by  long 
horizontal  lenticels,  becoming  on  older  trunks  -|'  thick,  ashy  gray  or  brownish  black,  deeply 
fissured  and  broken  into  thick  persistent  platelike  scales. 
Distribution.     Clay  soil  at  Evergreen,  Conecut  County,  Alabama;  common. 

18.  Prunus  virens  Shrive.     Wild  Cherry. 

Padus  virens  Woot.  &  Stanl. 
Prunus  serotina,  ed.  1,  in  so  far  as  relates  to  western  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Leaves  elliptic,  ovate  or  rarely  slightly  obovate,  acute,  rounded  or  occasionally  acumi- 
nate or  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  obtuse  point  at  apex,  rounded  or  broad-cuneate  at 
base,  finely  crenately  serrate,  glabrous,  light  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface, 


Fig.  531 


lighter  green  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long  and  f'-l'  wide,  with  a 
slender  midrib,  thin  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  rarely 
slightly  villose,  without  glands,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves 
are  nearly  fully  grown  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  May,  I'  in  diameter,  on  slender  gla- 
brous pedicels,  in  erect  or  spreading  many-flowered  glabrous  or  puberulous  racemes 
3'-6'  long;  -calyx-tube  saucer-shaped,  glabrous,  T3/  wide,  persistent  under  the  fruit,  the 
lobes  short-pointed,  acute,  persistent;  petals  broad-obovate,  pure  white.  Fruit  ripening  in 
August  and  September,  in  erect  or  spreading  racemes,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  purplish 
black  and  lustrous  at  maturity,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  with  thin  juicy  acrid  flesh;  stone  com- 
pressed, slightly  obovoid  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  low  broad  ridge  on  the  ventral  suture,  and 
rounded  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree  in  sheltered  canons  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  or  20'  in  diame- 
ter, small,  usually  drooping  or  occasionally  wide-spreading  branches,  and  slender  glabrous 
red-brown  pendulous  branchlets  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels,  becoming  gray-brown  in 
their  second  year;  on  open  mountain  slopes  a  shrub  with  numerous  erect  stems  and  usually 
smaller  leaves.  Winter-buds  acute  or  acuminate,  Ty~|'  long,  with  slightly  villose  red- 
brown  scales.  Bark  near  the  base  of  old  trunks  \'  thick,  nearly  black,  deeply  fissured  and 
broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  persistent  scales,  higher  on  the  trunk  and  on  small  stems 
thin,  smooth,  reddish  or  gray-brown,  lustrous  and  marked  by  many  narrow  oblong  pale 
horizontal  lenticels. 

Distribution.  Guadalupe  Mountains,  western  Texas,  over  the  mountain  ranges  of 
southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  extending  northward  in  Arizona  to  the  canons  of  the 


ROSACES 


579 


Colorado  plateau  south  of  the  Colorado  River;  widely  and  generally  distributed  at  alti- 
tudes between  5000°  and  8000°,  but  nowhere  abundant.  Passing  into  var.  rufula  Sarg., 
differing  in  the  rusty  brown  pubescence  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midrib  of  the  leaves,  in  the 
pubescent  petiole  and  lower  part  of  the  rachis,  in  the  puberulous  ovary,  and  in  the  rusty 
brown  pubescence  of  the  young  branchlets. 

Distribution.  With  the  species  on  many  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  New  Mex- 
ico and  Arizona  at  altitudes  between  5400°  and  6000°. 

19.  Prunus  caroliniana  Ait.    Wild  Orange.    Mock  Orange. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronate,  with  entire  thickened  slightly  re  volute 
margins,  or  rarely  remotely  spinulose-serrate,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4|'  long  and  i'-l-|'  wide,  and  obscurely 
veined,  with  a  narrow  pale  midrib;  persistent  until  their  second  year;  petioles  stout,  broad, 
orange-colored;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  Flowers  appearing  from  Feb- 
ruary to  April,  on  slender  pedicels  about  \'  long,  from  the  axils  of  long-acuminate  scarious 
red-tipped  bracts,  in  dense  racemes  shorter  than  leaves;  calyx-tube  narrow-obconic,  the 
lobes  small,  thin,  rounded,  undulate  on  the  margins,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  decidu- 
ous; petals  boat-shaped,  minute,  cream-colored;  stamens  exserted,  orange-colored,  with 
glabrous  filaments  and  large  pale  anthers;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  erect 
style  enlarged  above  into  a  club-shaped  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  remaining 
on  the  branches  until  after  the  flowering  period  of  the  following  year,  oblong,  short-pointed, 
black  and  lustrous,  \'  long,  with  a  thick  skin,  and  thin  dry  flesh;  stone  short-ovoid,  pointed, 
nearly  cylindric,  about  \'  long,  full  and  rounded  at  base,  with  thin  fragile  walls,  obscurely 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture  and  deeply  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  inclining  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  slender 
horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or  sometimes  a  broad  head,  and  glabrous 
branchlets  marked  by  occasional  pale  lenticels,  slightly  angled,  at  first  light  green,  becom- 
ing bright  red,  and  in  the  second  season  light  brown  or  gray.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  £' 


Fig.  532 


long,  covered  with  narrow  pointed  dark  chestnut-brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back.  Bark 
about  \'  thick,  gray,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened  by  longitudinal  fissures,  and  marked  by 
large  irregular  dark  blotches.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  red-brown  or 
sometimes  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  partially  withered 
leaves  and  young  branches  are  often  fatal  to  animals  browsing  upon  them,  owing  to  the 
considerable  quantities  of  hydrocyanic  acid  which  they  contain. 


580  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  moist  bottom-lands;  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North 
Carolina,  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  valley  of  the  Kissimee  River,  Florida,  and 
through  southern  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe 
River,  Texas;  in  Bermuda;  in  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  Gulf  states  usually  only  in  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood  of  the  sea,  rarely  ranging  inland  more  than  fifteen  or  twenty  miles; 
common  along  the  borders  of  hummocks  in  the  center  of  the  Florida  peninsula  and  a  char- 
acteristic tree  on  those  in  the  region  of  Lake  Apopka,  Orange  County;  in  Alabama  ranging 
inland  to  Dallas  County  (Pleasant  Hill,  T.  B.  Harbison) ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  valleys  of  eastern  Texas,  and  here  often  forming  great  impenetrable  thickets. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  southern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  to  form  hedges;  and 
when  cultivated  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter. 

20.  Prunus  myrtifolia  Urb. 
Prunus  sphcerocarpa  Sw. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  a  broad  obtuse 
point,  or  less  commonly  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  with 


Fig.  533 


slightly  thickened  undulate  margins,  glabrous,  eglandular,  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  obscurely  veined,  2'-4^'  long  and 
I'-l?'  wide;  persistent;  petioles  slender,  orange-brown,  \'  to  1'  in  length;  stipules  folia- 
ceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  \'  long,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  opening  in  Florida 
in  November,  f '  in  diameter,  on  thin  orange-colored  pedicels  \'-\'  long,  in  slender  many- 
flowered  erect  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-tube  obconic,  bright  orange-colored 
on  the  outer  surface,  marked  by  an  orange  band  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  thin,  minute,  acute, 
laciniate  on  the  margins,  deciduous,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  rounded  or  acuminate 
white  petals  marked  with  yellow  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  base,  contracted  below 
into  a  short  claw,  reflexed  at  maturity;  stamens  exserted,  with  slender  orange-colored  subu- 
late filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers;  ovary  sessile,  contracted  into  a  short  stout  style, 
terminating  in  a  large  club-shaped  stigma.  Fruit  produced  in  Florida  very  sparingly, 
ripening  either  in  the  spring  or  early  summer,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  apiculate, 
orange-brown,  \'-\'  long,  with  thin  dry  flesh;  stone  thin-walled,  cylindric,  slightly  nar- 
rowed at  apex,  and  obscurely  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture. 

A  glabrous  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  thin 
upright  branches  and  slender  orange-brown  branchlets,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown 
tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  small  circular  pale  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth 


ROSACES 


581 


or  slightly  reticulate-fissured,  light  brown  tinged  with  red.     Wood  heavy,  hard,  closer 
grained,  light  clear  red,  with  thick  pale  sapwrood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  rich  hummock  land,  occasionally  in  the  neighborhood  of  small 
streams  and  ponds  near  the  shore  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  on  Long  Key  in  the  Everglades, 
Dade  County;  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

21 .  Prunus  ilicifolia  Walp.    Islay 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  narrowed  and 
rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  with  thickened  coarsely  spinosely  toothed  margins,  the  stout 
teeth  near  the  base  of  the  leaf  often  tipped  with  large  dark  glands,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  yellow-green  below,  l'-2f  long,  and  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  obscure  veins;  deciduous  during  their  second 
summer;  petioles  broad,  -i'— |'  in  length;  stipules  acuminate,  obscurely  denticulate,  |'  long. 
Flowers  opening  from  March  to  May,  $'  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils 
of  acuminate  scarious  bracts  ¥  in  length  and  mostly  deciduous  before  the  opening  of  the 
flower-buds,  in  slender  erect  racemes  l|'-3'  long;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  orange-brown, 
the  lobes  minute,  acuminate,  reflexed  at  maturity,  deciduous,  about  one  third  as  long  as  the 
obovate  white  petals  rounded  above  and  narrowed  below  into  a  short  claw;  stamens 
slightly  exserted,  with  slender  incurved  filaments  and  minute  yellow  anthers;  ovary  sessile, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  style  usually  bent  near  the  summit  at  a  right  angle  or 
rarely  erect,  and  surmounted  by  a  large  orbicular  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  November  and 
December,  subglobose,  often  compressed,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  dark  red  when  fully  grown, 
purple  or  sometimes  nearly  black  at  maturity,  writh  thin  slightly  acid  astringent  flesh;  stone 
ovoid  slightly  compressed,  \'-\'  long,  short-pointed  at  apex,  with  thin  brittle  walls,  light 
yellow-brown,  conspicuously  marked  by  reticulate  orange-colored  vein-like  lines  and  with 
3  orange  bands  radiating  from  the  base  to  the  apex  along  one  suture,  and  with  a  single 
narrow  band  along  the  other  suture. 

A  glabrous  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter  or  more  than  10°-12° 
long,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  dense  compact  head,  and  branchlets-at  first  yel- 


Fig.  534 


low-green  or  orange  color,  soon  becoming  gray  or  reddish  brown  and  more  or  less  conspicu- 
ously marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  or  third  years  by  the  large  leaf- 
scars;  usually  much  smaller  and  often  a  shrub  sometimes  only  a  foot  or  two  high.  Winter- 
buds  acuminate,  with  dark  red  scales  contracted  into  a  long  slender  point,  those  of  the  inner 
ranks  accrescent  and  persistent  on  the  young  branchlets  until  these  have  reached  a  length 
of  several  inches.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into 


584 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


.small  square  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  red-brown,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  moist  sandy  soil  in  the  bottoms  of  canons,  and  as  a 
low  shrub  on  dry  hillsides  and  mesas  from  Solano  County  and  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  southward  through  the  coast  ranges  of  California  to  the  foothills  of  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains,  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Jacinto  River;  in  Lower  California 
southward  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains. 

Generally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  California  ami  occasionally  in  western 
and  southern  Europe. 

22.  Primus  Lyonii  Sarg. 
Primus  integrifolia  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  point  at  apex, 
cuneate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  with  thickened  revolute  undulate  entire  or  occasion- 
ally, especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  remotely  and  minutely  spinulose-dentate  margins,  gla- 


Fig.  535 

brous,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  reticulate-venulose,  2'-3' 
long  and  -|'-2f'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  obscure  veins;  persistent;  petioles  stout, 
yellow,  $'-£'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  from  March  to  June,  about  \'  in  diameter,  on 
slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  acuminate  caducous  bracts,  in  crowded  many-flowered 
glabrous  racemes  3 '-4'  long;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  orange-brown,  the  lobes  acute,  apicu- 
late,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  deciduous,  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals 
rounded  and  undulate  above  and  narrowed  below  into  a  short  claw;  stamens  slightly  ex- 
serted,  with  incurved  filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers;  ovary  raised  on  a  short  stipe,  the 
style  bent  near  the  apex  and  terminating  in  a  large  orbicular  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  late  in 
the  autumn,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  racemes,  subglobose  to  short-oblong, 
dark  purple  or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  \'-\\'  in  diameter,  with  thick  luscious  flesh  some- 
times \'  thick;  stone  ovoid  to  obovoid,  slightly  compressed,  thin-walled,  about  f '  long, 
pointed  at  apex,  pale  yellow-brown,  conspicuously  marked  by  reticulate  orange-colored 
lines,  and  by  3  dark  bands  radiating  from  base  to  apex  along  one  suture,  and  by  a  single 
narrow  line  on  the  other  suture. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  one  or  several  stout  erect  or  spreading  stems 
l°-3°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
light  yellow-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  and  ultimately  dark  reddish 
brown,  and  much  roughened  by  the  large  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acute  or  ob- 


KOSACE^E 


583 


tuse,  with  dark  red  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick  and  dark  reddish  brown.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  pale  reddish  brown,  with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 
Distribution.  Islands  of  southern  California,  in  all  situations  from  the  fertile  valleys 
and  canons  at  the  water's  edge  up  to  altitudes  of  3000°  on  the  dry  interior  ridges;  hi  Lower 
California. 

11.  CHRYSOBALANUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  branchlets  covered  with  pale  lenticels,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous,  short-petiolate,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  deciduous. 
Flowers  perfect,  short-pedicellate,  small,  creamy  white,  in  axillary  or  terminal  dichoto- 
mously  branched  slender  canescent  cymes,  with  conspicuous  deciduous  bracts;  calyx  turbi- 
nate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  without  bracts,  deciduous; 
disk  thin,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube;  petals  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  spatulate, 
deciduous;  stamens  (in  the  arborescent  species)  indefinite  in  a  single  continuous  series,  in- 
serted with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk;  filaments  filiform,  hairy,  free  or  slightly 
united  at  base;  anthers  ovoid,  ovary  sessile  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  pubescent  or 
glabrous,  1-celled;  style  rising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary,  filiform,  terminated  by  a  minute 
truncate  stigma ;  ovules  2,  collateral,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal ;  the  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
a  fleshy  1-seeded  drupe  with  pulpy  flesh,  a  coriaceous  or  crustaceous  stone  5  or  6-angled 
toward  the  base  and  imperfectly  5  or  6-valved,  the  valves  reticulate- veined.  Seed  erect: 
seed-coat  chartaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy;  radicle  inferior,  very  short. 

Chrysobalanus  is  represented  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  by  a  shrubby  species  confined 
to  the  coast  region  from  Georgia  to  Alabama,  and  by  an  arborescent  species,  an  inhabitant 
of  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  and  widely  distributed  through  the  maritime  regions  of 
tropical  America,  and  found  in  various  forms  on  the  coast  of  western  tropical  Africa.  The 
insipid  fruit  of  the  arborescent  species  is  eaten  by  negroes;  the  seeds  contain  a  considerable 
quantity  of  oil;  and  the  astringent  bark,  leaves  and  roots  have  been  used  in  medicine. 

The  generic  name  is  from  xPVff^  and  ftd\avos,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  golden  fruit  of 
one  of  the  species. 

1.  Chrysobalanus  icacoL.    Cocoa  Plum. 
Leaves  broad-elliptic  or  round-obovate,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  cuceate 


Fig.  536 


at  base,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  obscurely  reticulate-veined,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  light  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-3^'  long  and  l'-2£'  wide,  with  a 


584 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


broad  conspicuous  midrib  rounded  on  the  upper  side  and  thin  primary  veins,  standing  on 
the  branches  at  an  acute  angle  and  appearing  to  be  pressed  against  them;  petioles  stout, 
!'-• i'  in  length;  stipules  acuminate,  £'  long.  Flowers  |'  long,  on  short  thick  club-shaped 
hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  cymes  l'-2'  in  length;  appearing  in  Florida  continuously  dur- 
ing the  spring  and  summer  months  on  the  growing  branches;  calyx  hoary-tomentose,  the 
lobes  nearly  triangular,  acute,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  about  half  as 
long  as  the  narrow  white  petals;  ovary  hoary-pubescent;  style  long  and  slender,  clothed 
nearly  to  the  apex  with  pale  hairs.  Fruit  nearly  globose  or  oval-ovoid,  H'-lf '  in  diameter, 
with  a  smooth  bright  pink,  yellow,  or  creamy  white  skin,  white  sweet  juicy  flesh  often  -£' 
thick,  and  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  stone  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex, 
5  or  6-angled  below  the  middle,  about  a'  long  and  twice  as  long  as  broad,  indehiscent  or 
finally  separating  into  5  or  6  valves,  the  walls  composed  of  a  thin  red-brown  dry  outer  layer 
and  a  thick  interior  layer  of  hard  woody  fibre;  seed-coat  lined  with  a  thick  white  reticulated 
fibrous  coat. 

Usually  a  broad  shrub  10°-12°  high,  forming  dense  thickets,  with  erect  branches  and 
dark  red-brown  branchlets  thickly  covered  for  four  or  five  years  with  lenticels,  occasionally 
on  the  borders  of  low  hummocks  arborescent  with  reclining  or  rarely  erect  stems  20°-30° 
long  and  1°  in  diameter,  or  on  the  margins  of  ocean  beaches  often  not  more  than  1°  or  2° 
tall.  Bark  dark  red-brown  and  scaly,  separating  into  long  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood  of  about  10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  saline  shores,  river  banks  and  low  hummocks.  Cape  Canaveral  to 
Bay  Biscayne,  and  on  the  west  coast  from  the  mouth  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River  to  the 
southern  keys;  through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Brazil,  and  on  the  tropical  west 
coast  of  Africa.  Passing  into 

Chrysobalanus  icaco  var.  pellocarpa  DC. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  its  rather  larger  leaves  spreading  and  less  crowded  on  the 
branches,  its  oblong  to  oblong-obovoid  dark  purple  or  nearly  black  usually  rather  smaller 
fruit,  and  in  its  long-acuminate  and  more  prominently  angled  stone. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  or  rarely  50°  high,  with  an  erect  trunk  12'-16'  in  diameter,  erect  and 


Fig.  537 


spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  scattered 
pale  lenticels;  often  smaller  and  occasionally  a  shrub.  Bark  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red 
and  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales. 


LEGUMINOS.E  585 

Distribution.  Florida,  banks  o£  streams  and  borders  of  the  Everglades,  near  Little 
River  to  the  Everglade  keys,  Dade  County;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Jamaica. 

XXIH.  LEGUMINOSJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  usually  compound  leaves,  regular  or  papilionaceous  usu- 
ally perfect  flowers;  stamens  10  or  indefinite,  with  diadelphous  or  distinct  filaments  and 
2-celled  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  superior,  1  or  many-celled,  in- 
serted on  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  legume.  Of  the  four  hundred  and  thirty  genera 
of  the  Pea-family  now  recognized  and  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  and  tropical  re- 
gions, eighteen  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Subfamily  1.  MIMOSOIDE^E.  Calyx  4-6-toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  petals  as 
many  as  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  valvate  in  the  bud;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  in  2 
ranks  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed,  anatropous,  the  micropyle  supe- 
rior; stamens  much  exserted;  leaves  twice  pinnate;  cotyledons  oval  or  orbicular,  flat; 
radicle  straight. 

Stamens  numerous  (more  than  10);  seeds  without  albumen. 
Filaments  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube. 
Filaments  united. 

Valves  of  the  legume  not  separating  at  maturity  from  the  margins. 

1.  Pithecolobium. 
Valves  of  the  legume  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  margins. 

2.  Lysiloma. 

Filaments  free  or  the  inner  ones  slightly  united  at  base.  3.  Acacia. 

Stamens  10;  filaments  free;  seeds  with  albumen. 

Legume  piano-compressed,  dehiscent;  flowrers  in  globose  heads.  4.  Leucsena. 

Legume  terete  or  compressed,  indehiscent;  flowers  in  cylindric  spikes.  5.  Prosopis. 
Subfamily  2.  C^SALPINIOID^E.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  toothed,  the  divisions  usually  valvate  in 
the  bud;  corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  or  nearly  regular;  petals  5,  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  the  upper  petal  inside  and  inclosed  by  the  others;  stamens  10  or  less;  filaments 
free;  anthers  introrse;  ovules  numerous  (sometimes  2  in  one  species  of  Gleditsia),  super- 
posed, anatropous,  the  micropyle  superior;  seeds  albuminous. 

Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous;  calyx  5-toothed;  legume  flat,  wing-margined;  leaves 
simple.  6.  Cercis. 

Flowers  regular. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dio?cious. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  5-lobed;  petals  5;  stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  petals;  legume 

thick  and  wroody;  leaves  twice  pinnate.  7.  Gymnocladus. 

Calyx-tube  short,  3-5-lobed;  petals  3-5;  stamens  3-5,  longer  than  the  petals;  legume 

leathery;  lea ves^ once  and  twice  pinnate.  8.  Gleditsia. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Legume  linear,  torulose,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  the  valves  contracted  between  the 
seeds;  rachis  of  the  leaf  spinescent.  9.  Parkinsonia. 

Legume  oblong,  compressed;  rachis  of  the  leaf  not  spinescent.  10.  Cercidium. 

Subfamily  3.  PAPILIONAT^E.  Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  united  sepals;  corolla  of  5  irregular 
petals,  papilionaceous,  the  upper  petal  (standard)  larger  than  the  others  and  inclosing 
them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward  or  spreading,  the  2  lateral  petals  (wings) 
oblong,  exterior  to  the  2  lower  connivent  more  or  less  united  petals  (keel)  inclosing  the 
stamens  and  pistil;  stamens  10,  9  of  them  united  into  a  tube  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  the 
10th  and  upper  stamen  separate,  or  all  distinct;  ovary  1  or  many-celled  by  cross  parti- 
tions; ovules  amphitropous,  the  micropyle  superior;  seeds  usually  without  albumen; 
leaves  once  pinnate. 


586  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Stamens  distinct. 

Flowers  in  racemes;  legume  terete,  contracted  between  the  seeds.  11.  Sophora. 

Flowers  in  panicles;  legume  compressed.  12.  Cladrastis. 

Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 
Flowers  in  racemes. 
Leaves  glandular-dotted. 

Leaves  many-foliolate;  petals  free  and  distinct.  13.  Eysenhardtia. 

Leaves  simple;  wings  and  keel-petals adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  stamens.  14.  Dalea. 
Leaves  without  glandular  dots. 

Legume  compressed;  stipules  becoming  spinescent,  persistent.        15.  Robinia. 
Legume  turgid,  -the  valves  unequally  convex  by  the  growth  of  the  seeds. 
Leaves  10-15-foliolate,  without  stipules  or  stipels;  petals  purple  or  violet. 

16.  Olneya. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  with  minute  stipules  and  gland-like  stipels;  petals  usually 

scarlet.  17.  Erythrina. 

Flowers  in  axillary  panicles;  pod  linear,  longitudinally  4-winged.     18.  Ichthyomethia. 

1.  PITHECOLOBIUM  Mart. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branches  armed  with  the  persistent  spinescent  stipules. 
Leaves  petiolate,  bipinnate,  the  pinnae  few-foliolate,  their  rachis  generally  marked  by 
numerous  glands  between  the  pinnae  and  between  the  leaflets.  Flowers  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous, from  the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  in  pedunculate  globose  heads  or  oblong  cylindric 
spikes,  their  peduncles  in  terminal  panicles  or  axillary  fascicles;  calyx  campanulate,  short- 
toothed;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  the  petals  as  many  as  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  joined  for  more 
than  half  their  length;  stamens  numerous,  united  at  base  into  a  tube  free  from  the  corolla; 
anthers  minute,  versatile;  ovary  stipitate,  contracted  into  a  slender  filiform  style,  with  a 
minute  terminal  stigma.  Legume  compressed,  2-valved,  dehiscent,  the  valves  continuous 
or  interrupted  within.  Seeds  compressed,  suspended  transversely;  funicle  filiform  or  ex- 
panded into  a  fleshy  aril;  hilum  near  the  base  of  the  seed;  seed-coat  thin  cr  thick,  marked 
on  each  of  the  2  surfaces  of  the  seed  by  a  faint  oval  ring  or  oblong  depression ;  embryo  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  seed;  the  radicle  included  or  slightly  exserted. 

Pithecolobium  with  more  than  a  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions  of  the  two  worlds,  and  is  most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  Of 
the  four  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  three  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name,  from  TriO^  and  t\\6fiiov,  relates  to  the  contorted  fruit  of  some  of  the 
species. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Pinnae  with  1  pair  of  leaflets;  valves  of  the  legume  much  contorted  after  opening;  seed 
surrounded  by  the  enlarged  ariloid  funicle.  1 .  P.  unguis-cati  (D) . 

Pinnae  with  more  than  1  pair  of  leaflets;  valves  of  the  legume  not  contorted  after  opening; 
funicle  of  the  seed  not  enlarged  and  ariloid. 

Pinnae  with  3-5  pairs  of  leaflets;  legume  short-stalked,  the  valves  submembranaceous; 

seeds  not  in  separate  compartments.  2.  P.  brevifolium  (E). 

Pinnae  with  2-3  pairs  of  leaflets;  legume  sessile,  the  valves  thick  and  woody,  tardily 

dehiscent;  seeds  in  separate  compartments.  3.  P.  flexicaule  (E). 

1 .  Pithecolobium  unguis-cati  Mart.    Cat's  Claw. 
Zygia  Unguis-Cati  Sudw. 

Leaves  persistent,  long-petiolate,  with  a  single  pair  of  bifoliolate  pinnae  and  a  slender 
petiole  A'-l'  long  and  slightly  and  abruptly  enlarged  at  base:  rachis  glandular  between 


LEGUMINOS^E 


587 


the  short  stout  petiolules  and  between  the  orbicular  or  broad-oblong  leaflets,  rounded 
and  rarely  emarginate  at  apex,  rounded  on  one  side  and  cuneate  on  the  other  of  the  oblique 
base,  entire,  thin  or  somewhat  coriaceous,  reticulate- veined,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface  and  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  \'-%!  long,  and  \'-\\'  wide.  Flowers 
polygamous,  pale  yellow,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  opening  in  Florida  in  March  and 
continuing  to  appear  until  midsummer,  in  globular  heads  on  slender  peduncles  V-\\'  long 
fascicled  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  collected  in  ample  terminal  panicles,  their  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  chartaceous,  \'  long,  caducous;  calyx  rather  less  than  TV  long, 
broadly  toothed,  one  quarter  as  long  as  the  acuminate  petals  barely  exceeding  the  tube 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  filaments;  stamens  purple,  \'  long;  ovary  glabrous,  long-stalked, 
minute  or  rudimentary  in  the  sterile  flower.  Fruit  slightly  torulose,  stipitate,  rounded  or 
acute  at  apex,  2'-4'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  the  valves  reticulate- veined,  thickened  on  the  margins, 
bright  reddish  brown  and  after  opening  greatly  and  variously  contorted;  seeds  irregularly 
obovoid  or  sometimes  nearly  triangular,  compressed  or  thickened,  dark  chestnut-brown, 
lustrous,  marked  by  faint  oval  rings,  \'  long,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  bright  red 
ariloid  funicle;  seed-coat  thin,  cartilaginous. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  7'-8'  in  diameter,  ascending  and 
spreading  branches  forming  a  low  flat  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag  branch- 
lets  slightly  striately  angled  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  terete,  light  gray-brown  or 
dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  armed  with  the  straight  per- 
sistent rigid  stipular  spines  broad  at  base  and  \'  long,  or  rarely  minute;  more  often  a  shrub, 


Fig.  538 


with  many  vine-like  almost  prostrate  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  reddish  brown 
and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  small  square  plates.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  rich  red  varying  to  purple,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sapwood.  The  bark  is  astringent 
and  diuretic,  and  was  once  used  in  Jamaica  as  a  cure  for  many  diseases. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Captive  and  Sanibel  Islands  and  Caloosa,  Lee  County  to  the  south- 
ern keys;  most  abundant  in  its  arborescent  form  on  the  larger  of  the  eastern  keys,  and 
probably  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  Key;  often  forming  shrubby  thickets;  on 
the  Bahamas,  and  common  and  widely  distributed  through  the  Antilles  to  Venezuela  and 
New  Granada. 

2.  Pithecolobium  brevifolium  Benth.    Huajillo. 

Zygia  bremfolia  Sudw. 

Leaves  2'-S'  long,  2'  wide,  with  eight  to  ten  10-20-foliolate  pinnae  and  slender  terete 
petioles  1 '  in  length  and  furnished  near  the  middle  with  a  dark  oblong  gland,  when  they 


588  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

unfold  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  at  maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the 
puberulous  petiole  and  rachis;  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous;  leaflets  oblong-linear,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  apex,  oblique  at  base,  very  short-petiolulate,  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler 
on  the  lower  surface,  I  '-\'  long.  Flowers  white  to  violet-yellow,  in  globose  or  oblong  heads 


Fig.  539 


\'  in  diameter,  on  thin  pubescent  peduncles  bracteolate  at  apex,  coated  at  first,  like  the 
flower-buds,  with  thick  white  tomentum,  developed  usually  in  pairs  from  the  axils  of  lance- 
olate acute  scarious  deciduous  bracts,  and  arranged  in  short  terminal  racemes;  calyx 
shortly  5-lobed,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  about  gV  l°ng  and  one  fourth  the  length  of 
the  puberulous  petals  persistent  with  the  stamens  at  the  base  of  the  mature  legume;  sta- 
mens nearly  \'  long.  Fruit  ripening  at  midsummer  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches 
after  opening  until  the  trees  flow^er  the  following  year,  straight,  slightly  torulose,  short- 
stalked,  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  slender  point,  4'-6'  long  and  f '  wide,  its  valves  thin, 
thick-margined,  reddish  brown  on  the  outer  surface,  yellow  tinged  with  red  on  the  inner 
surface,  reticulate- veined;  seeds  suspended  by  a  slender  coiled  and  somewhat  dilated  funi- 
cle,  compressed,  ovoid  to  nearly  orbicular,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  \'  long,  and 
faintly  marked  by  large  oval  depressions;  seed-coat  thin,  cartilaginous. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  5'-6'  in  diameter,  slender  upright  branches 
forming  a  narrow  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  slightly  striately  angled,  covered  with 
minute  white  lenticels,  light  gray  and  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark 
brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout  rigid  stipular  spines  sometimes  \'  long 
and  persistent  for  many  years;  more  often  a  shrub,  sometimes  only  2°-3°  tall.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  smooth,  light  gray  somewhat  tinged  with  red,  and  often  marked  by  large  pale 
blotches.  Wood  dark-colored,  hard,  and  heavy. 

Distribution.  Bluffs  and  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and  on  the  upper 
Nueces  River  in  Uvalde  County,  Texas;  usually  a  low  shrub  spreading  into  broad  clumps, 
but  occasionally  in  the  rich  and  comparatively  moist  soil  of  the  banks  of  river-lagoons 
a  slender  tree;  in  Mexico  more  abundant,  and  of  its  largest  size  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

3.  Pithecolobium  flexicaule  Coult.    Ebony. 
Zygia  flexicaulis  Sudw. 

Leaves  persistent,  l$'-2'  long,  2|'-3'  wide,  long-petiolate  with  slender  puberulous 
petioles  glandular  near  the  middle  and  furnished  at  apex  with  small  orbicular  solitary 
glands,  and  4-6  usually  6-foliolate  pinnae,  the  lowest  pair  often  the  shortest;  leaflets 


LEGUMINOS.E  589 

oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  reticulate-veined,  thin  or  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  ?'-• |'  long;  petiolules 
short  and  broad.  Flowers  light  yellow  or  cream  color,  very  fragrant,  sessile  in  the  axils 
of  minute  caducous  bracts,  appearing  from  June  until  August,  in  cylindric  dense  or 
interrupted  spikes  If  long,  on  stout  pubescent  peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  corolla  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  like 
it  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  and  about  as  long  as  the  tube  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  filaments;  stamens  |'  long;  ovary  glabrous,  sessile.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and 
remaining  on  the  branches  until  after  the  flowering  season  of  the  following  year,  sessile, 
tardily  dehiscent,  thick,  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  oblique  at  base,  rounded  and  con- 
tracted into  a  short  broad  point  at  apex,  pubescent,  4'-6'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  thick 


Fig.  540 


woody  valves  lined  with  a  thick  pithy  substance  inclosing  and  separating  the  seeds;  seeds 
suspended  on  a  very  short  straight  funicle,  bright  red-brown,  f '  long  and  |'  wide,  irregularly 
obovoid,  faintly  marked  by  short  oblong  depressions;  seed-coat  thick,  crustaceous. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  separating  8°-10°  from 
the  ground  into  short  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  round  head,  and  stout  zigzag 
branchlets,  puberulous,  light  green  or  dark  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  becom- 
ing in  their  second  year  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous,  dark  reddish  brown  or  light  gray, 
and  armed  with  the  persistent  stipular  pale  chestnut-brown  spines  \'-\'  long.  Wood 
exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  compact,  close-grained,  dark  rich  red-brown  slightly  tinged  with 
purple,  with  thin  clear  bright  yellow  sapwood;  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the 
ground  and  largely  used  for  fence-posts;  valued  by  cabinet-makers  and  for  fuel,  and  con- 
sidered more  valuable  than  tnat  of  any  other  tree  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande  valley.  The  seeds 
are  palatable  and  nutritious,  and  are  boiled  when  green  or  roasted  when  ripe  by  the  Mexi- 
cans, who  use  their  thick  shells  as  a  substitute  for  coffee. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Nuevo  Leon, 
and  in  Lower  California;  common  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Gulf-coast  and  on  both  banks  of 
the  lower  Rio  Grande;  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  one  of  the  commonest  and  most  beautiful 
trees  of  the  region. 

2.  LYS1LOMA  Benth. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  unarmed  branchlets,  abruptly  bipinnate  long-petiolate 
persistent  leaves,  their  petioles  marked  by  large  conspicuous  glands,  and  small  leaflets 
in  many  pairs;  stipules  large,  membranaceous,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect 


590 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


or  rarely  polygamous,  minute,  usually  white  or  greenish  white,  from  the  axils  of  minute 
bractlets  more  or  less  dilated  at  apex,  in  globose  many-flowered  heads,  on  axillary  solitary 
or  fascicled  peduncles;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  of  5  petals 
united  for  more  than  half  their  length;  stamens  generally  12-30,  exserted;  filaments  fili- 
form, united  at  base  into  a  tube  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  minute,  ovoid,  versatile; 
ovary  sessile,  contracted  into  a  slender  subulate  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma. 
Legume  broad,  straight,  compressed,  submembranaceous,  the  valves  at  maturity  separat- 
ing from  the  undivided  margins,  continuous  within,  their  outer  layer  thin  and  papery, 
dark-colored,  the  inner  rather  thicker,  pale  yellow.  Seeds  compressed,  transverse,  sus- 
pended by  a  long  slender  funicle,  the  hilum  near  the  base;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous; 
radicle  slightly  exserted. 

Lysiloma  with  about  ten  species  inhabits  tropical  America  from  southern  Florida  and 
the  Bahama  Islands,  the  West  Indies,  Mexico  and  Lower  California,  to  Central  America 
and  Bolivia.  Several  of  the  species  produce  valuable  timber. 

The  generic  name,  from  Xftm  and  Xw/za,  refers  to  the  separation  of  the  valves  from  the 
margins  of  the  legume. 

1.  Lysiloma  bahamensis  Benth.    Wild  Tamarind. 

Leaves  4'-5'  long,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  puberulous,  with  slender  petioles 
1'  long,  marked  near  the  middle  with  an  elevated  gland,  enlarged  and  slightly  glandular 
at  base,  and  2-6  pairs  of  short-stalked  40-80-foliolate  pinnae ;  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  auriculate  and  semicordate  at  base,  \'  long,  usually  cadu- 
cous; leaflets  obliquely  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  united  at  base 
by  the  greater  development  of  one  of  the  sides,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  entire,  retic- 
ulate-veined, light  green,  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  \'-\'  long, 
and  \'-\'  wide.  Flowers  about  \'  long,  in  heads  appearing  in  Florida  early  in  April, 
coated  before  the  flowers  open  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  and  after  the  exsertion  of  the 
stamens  f '  in  diameter,  on  peduncles  f '-!£'  long,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  upper 


Fig.  541 


leaves,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  acute,  membranaceous,  caducous;  calyx  5-toothed, 
pilose  on  the  outer  surface,  especially  above  the  middle,  tV  long,  and  half  as  long  as  the 
5-lobed  corolla  with  reflexed  lobes;  stamens  about  20,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla,  united 
for  one  fourth  of  their  length  into  a  slender  tube.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and 
persistent  on  the  branches  'until  after  the  flowering  period  of  the  following  year,  stipi- 
tate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  4'-5'  long,  1'  broad,  with  a  slender  stem  1'- 


LEGUMINOS^E  591 

2'  long,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3  on  short  peduncles  abruptly  and  conspicuously  enlarged  at  the 
apex;  valves  thin  and  papery,  bronze-green  when  fully  grown,  becoming  dark  red-brown, 
separating  slowly  from  the  margins;  seeds  oval  or  obovoid,  dark  brown,  lustrous,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming 
a  wide  flat  head,  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pilose  conspicuously  verrucose  branchlets, 
bright  red-brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  pale  or  light  reddish  browrn  in  their 
second  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  of  young  trees  and  of  the  branches  smooth,  light  gray 
tinged  with  pink,  becoming  on  old  trunks  \'-\'  thick,  dark  brown  and  separating  into 
large  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  rich  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  I'-l^'  thick,  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual 
growth;  in  Florida  occasionally  used  and  valued  for  boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Florida;  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  near  Miami,  and  the  Everglade  Keys, 
Dade  County,  common,  and  on  Key  Largo,  Elliott's,  Plantation,  and  Boca  Chica  Keys, 
not  common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 

3.  ACACIA  Adans. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branches  armed  with  spinescent  stipules  or  infrastipular 
spines.  Leaves  alternate  on  young  branchlets  and  fascicled  in  earlier  axils,  bipinnate, 
with  usually  small  leaflets,  persistent.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  small,  in  the  axils 
of  minute  linear  bractlets  more  or  less  dilated  and  often  peltate  at  apex,  in  globose  heads 
or  cylindric  spikes  on  axillary  solitary  or  fascicled  peduncles;  calyx  campanulate,  5  or 
(>-toothed;  petals  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  more  or  less  united;  stamens  nu- 
merous, usually  more  than  50,  exserted,  free  or  slightly  and  irregularly  united  at  base, 
inserted  under  or  just  above  the  base  of  the  ovary;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  small,  at- 
tached on  the  back,  versatile;  ovary  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  terminating  in 
a  minute  stigma.  Legume  nearly  cylindric  or  flat,  indehiscent,  continuous  or  divided 
\vithin.  Seeds  transverse,  compressed;  seed-coat  thick,  crustaceous,  marked  on  each  face 
of  the  seed  by  an  oval  depression  or  ring;  radicle  straight,  included,  or  slightly  exserted. 

Acacia  with  more  than  four  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  through  Australia, 
where  it  is  most  largely  represented,  tropical  and  southern  Africa,  northern  Africa,  south- 
western China,  the  warmer  regions  of  southern  Asia,  the  islands  of  the  south  Pacific,  trop- 
ical and  temperate  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  Central  America  and  Mexico  to  the 
southwestern  boundaries  of  the  United  States  where  ten  or  twelve  species  occur;  of  these 
five  are  arborescent.  Acacia  is  astringent,  and  many  species  yield  valuable  tan  bark. 
Gum  arabic  is  produced  by  different  Old  World  species;  many  of  the  species  yield  hard 
heavy  durable  wood,  and  some  of  the  Australian  Acacias  are  large  and  valuable  timber- 
trees.  Many  species  are  cultivated  for  their  graceful  foliage  and  handsome  fragrant 
flowers. 

The  generic  name,  from  &Kaida,  relates  to  the  spines  with  which  the  branches  are  usually 
armed. 

> 
(  ONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  globose  heads;  corolla  5-Iobed;  ovary  sessile;  stipules  persistent,  becoming 

spines. 

Legume  cylindric,  glabrous,  its  sutures  conspicuously  thickened  and  grooved;  seeds  in 

2  ranks.  1.  A.  Farnesiana  (E). 

Legume  flattened,  pubescent,  its  sutures  not  thickened,  slightly  grooved;  seeds  in  1 

rank.  2.  A.  tortuosa  (E). 

Flowers  in  short,  often   interrupted,   spikes;   legume  flattened,   pubescent,  its  sutures 

thickened;  seeds  in  one  rank.  3.  A.  Emoriana  (E). 

Flowers  in  elongated,  slender  spikes;  corolla  of  5  petals  only  slightly  united  at  base;  ovary 

stalked;  stipules  caducous;  branchlets  armed  with  infrastipular  spines. 


592  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Legume  l'-lj'  wide,  straight  or  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds,  not  becoming 
twisted  and  contorted  at  maturity ;  seeds  narrow  -obovoidor  ovoid ;  leaflets  green, 
glabrous,  with  prominent  veinlets.  4.  A.  Wrightii  (E). 

Legume  I'-f'  wide,  often  conspicuously  contracted  between  the  seeds,  becoming  twist- 
ed and  contorted  at  maturity;  seeds  nearly  orbicular;  leaflets  blue-green,  pubes- 
cent, with  obscure  veinlets.  5.  A.  Greggii  (E,  G,  H). 

1.  Acacia  Farnesiana  Willd.    Huisache.    Cassie. 

Leaves  2'-4'  long,  with  2-8,  usually  4  or  5,  pairs  of  pinnae,  generally  somewhat  puberu- 
IQUS  on  the  short  petiole  and  rachis;  in  Texas  mostly  falling  at  the  beginning  of  winter; 
pinnae  sessile  or  short-stalked,  remote  or  close  together,  with  10-25  pairs  of  linear  acute 


Fig.  542 


leaflets  tipped  with  a  minute  point,  unequal  at  base,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  glabrous 
or  puberulous,  bright  green,  i'~i'  l°ng-  Flowers  bright  yellow,  very  fragrant,  iV  long, 
opening  during  the  summer  and  autumn  from  the  axils  of  minute  clavate  pilose  bractlets, 
in  heads  f '  in  diameter,  on  axillary  thin  puberulous  peduncles,  solitary  or  most  often  2  or 
3  together  and  !'-!£'  in  length,  with  two  minute  dentate  connate  bracts  forming  an  in- 
volucral  cup  immediately  under  the  flower-head;  calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals  and 
like  them  somewhat  pilose  on  the  outer  surface;  stamens  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  ovary  short-stipitate,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  oblong,  cylindric  or 
spindle-shaped,  thick,  turgid,  straight  or  curved,  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds, 
short-stalked,  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  short  thick  point,  2'-3'  long,  \'-\'  broad,  dark 
red-purple,  lustrous,  and  marked  by  broad  light-colored  bands  along  the  thickened  grooved 
sutures,  the  outer  coat  of  the  walls  thin  and  papery,  inclosing  a  thick  pithy  pulp-like 
substance  surrounding  the  seeds,  each  in  a  separate  thin-walled  compartment;  seeds 
ovoid,  thick,  flattened  on  the  inner  surface  by  mutual  pressure,  \'  long,  suspended  trans- 
versely in  2  ranks  on  a  short  straight  funicle,  light  brown,  lustrous,  and  faintly  marked  by 
large  oval  rings. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  12'-18/  in  diameter,  separating  6°-8°  from 
the  ground  into  numerous  long  pendulous  branches  forming  a  wide  round  spreading  head, 
and  slender  terete  or  slightly  striate  angled  branchlets,  glabrous  or  at  first  puberulous,  and 
armed  with  straight  rigid  terete  spines  developed  from  the  persistent  stipules  and  some- 
times H'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  reddish  brown,  irregularly  broken  by  long  reticu- 
lated ridges,  exfoliating  in  large  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  red- 
dish brown,  with  thin  pale  sapwood;  in  India  used  for  the  knees  of  small  vessels  and  in 
agricultural  implements. 


LEGUMINOS^E  593 

Distribution.  Now  widely  spread  by  cultivation  through  the  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions  of  the  two  worlds  and  probably  a  native  of  America  from  western  Texas  to  northern 
Chili;  growing  in  Texas  apparently  naturally  in  the  arid  and  almost  uninhabited  region 
between  the  Nueces  and  Rio  Grande;  naturalized  and  no»v  covering  great  areas  in  the 
valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River  near  Victoria,  Victoria  County,  Texas. 

Largely  cultivated  in  southern  Europe  for  its  fragrant  flowers  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
perfumery,  as  an  ornament  of  gardens  in  all  warm  countries,  and  in  India  as  a  hedge  plant. 

2.  Acacia  tortuosa  Willd. 

Leaves  generally  less  than  I'  long,  short-petiolate,  with  a  slender  puberulous  rachis 
and  usually  3  or  4  pairs  of  pinnae;  early  deciduous;  pinnae  sessile  or  short-stalked,  remote, 
with  10-15  pairs  of  linear  somewhat  falcate  leaflets,  acute,  tipped  with  a  minute  point,  sub- 
sessile,  light  green,  glabrous,  ^V -fa'  long.  Flowers  minute,  bright  yellow,  very  fragrant, 
in  the  axils  of  clavate  pilose  bracts,  in  heads  J'-f  in  diameter,  appearing  in  March  with 
or  just  before  the  unfolding  leaves,  on  clustered  or  solitary  slender  puberulous  peduncles 
|'-f  long,  and  furnished  at  apex  with  2  minute  connate  bracts;  calyx  only  about  one 
third  as  long  as  the  corolla,  with  short  puberulous  lobes;  corolla  puberulous  at  apex,  less 
than  half  as  long  as  the  filaments;  ovary  covered  with  short  close  pubescence.  Fruit 
elongated,  linear,  slightly  compressed,  somewrhat  constricted  between  the  seeds,  dark 
red-brown  and  cinereo-puberulous,  3'-5'  long  and  about  \r  wide;  seeds  in  1  series,  obo- 
void,  compressed,  dark  red-brown,  lustrous,  about  j'  long,  faintly  marked  by  large  oval 
rings. 

A  tree,  occasionally  15°-20°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  stout  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag  slightly 
angled  reddish  brown  branchlets  roughened  by  numerous  minute  round  lenticels,  villose 
with  short  pale  hairs,  and  armed  with  thin  terete  puberulous  spines  occasionally  f '  long; 
in  Texas  usually  shrubby,  with  numerous  stems  forming  a  symmetric  round-topped  bush 
.only  a  few  feet  high.  Bark  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  and  deeply  furrowed. 


Fig.  543 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Rio  Cibolo  to  Eagle  Pass  on  the  Rio  Grande,  Maverick 
County,  Texas;  and  in  northern  and  southern  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  Venezuela,  and  on 
the  Galapagos  Islands;  in  Texas  probably  arborescent  only  on  the  plains  of  the  Rio  Grande 
near  Spofford,  Kinney  County. 

3.  Acacia  Emoriana  Benth. 

Leaves  3|'-4'  long,  with  a  slender  petiole  and  rachis,  villose-pubescent  early  in  the 
season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  pinnae;  falling  late  in  the  autumn; 


594  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

pinnue  on  slender  stalks  ], '  in  length,  with  5-7  pairs  of  oblong  leaflets  rounded  and  apiculate 
at  apex,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  short-petiolulate,  pointing  forward,  when  they  unfold 
densely  villose  above  and  on  the  margins,  and  hoary-tomentose  below,  becoming  glabrous, 
gray-green  rather  darker  above  than  below,  f '  long.  Flowers  subsessile,  puberulous,  in 
interrupted  spikes,  f'-T  in  length,  densely  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear  late 
in  March,  on  villose  peduncles  !'-!'  in  length,  and  furnished  near  the  apex  with  lanceolate 
caducous  bracts;  calyx  about  half  the  length  of  the  ovate  acute  petals  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, about  iV  long  and  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  ovary  stipitate,  glabrous.  Fruit 
fully  grown  in  July,  stipitate  much  compressed,  rounded  and  sometimes  slightly  emar- 
ginate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  obliquely  cuneate  at  base,  with  much  thickened 
revolute  undulate  margins,  densely  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  puberulous, 


0 


Fig.  544 


5'  or  6  long,  li'-lf  wide  and  many-seeded,  or  nearly  orbicular  and  1  or  2-seeded;  seeds 
in  one  series,  oval,  the  two  sides  unsymmetric,  obliquely  pointed  at  base,  rounded  at  apex, 
compressed,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  \'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  usually  smaller,  with  slender  red-brown  branchlets  pubes- 
cent or  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  second  year,  and 
armed  with  small  curved  stipular  spines;  often  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Texas;  creek  banks  and  canons,  near  Montell  and  Uvalde,  Uvalde 
County,  and  rocky  banks  of  Devil's  River,  Valverde  County  (E.  J.  Palmer). 

i.  Acacia  Wrightii  Benth.    Cat's  Claw. 

Leaves  l'-2'  long,  slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  petiole  and  rachis,  with  1-3 
pairs  of  pinnae,  slender  petioles  l£'  in  length,  and  eglandular  or  glandular  with  small 
convex  glands,  and  linear  acute  caducous  stipules  TV  long;  pinnae  short-stalked,  with  2-5 
pairs  of  obovate-oblong  leaflets,  obliquely  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  apex,  sessile  or 
short-petiolulate,  2  or  sometimes  3-nerved,  glabrous,  or  rarely  pubescent,  reticulate- 
veined,  rigid,  bright  green  and  rather  paler  on  the  lowrer  surface  than  on  the  upper  surface, 
%'-§'  long.  Flowers  light  yellow,  fragrant,  appearing  from  the  end  of  March  to  the  end 
of  May,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  in  nar- 
row spikes  1|'  long,  often  interrupted  below  the  middle,  on  slender  fascicled  pubescent 
or  sometimes  glabrous  peduncles;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed,  pubescent  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, half  as  long  as  the  spatulate  petals  slightly  united  at  base,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins; 
stamens  \'  long;  ovary  long-stalked,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  fully  grown 


LEGUMINOS^K  595 

early  in  the  summer,  deciduous  in  the  autumn,  slightly  falcate,  compressed,  stipitate, 
oblique  at  base,  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  apex,  2'-4'  long,  I'-lj'  wide,  with  thick 
straight  or  irregularly  contracted  margins  and  thin  papery  walls  conspicuously  marked  by 
narrow  horizontal  reticulate  veins;  seeds  narrow-obovoid,  compressed,  \'  long,  suspended 
transversely  on  a  long  slender  funicle,  light  brown,  marked  by  large  oval  depressions. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  low  wide  or  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  when  they  first  appear 
somewhat  striately  angled,  glabrous,  pale  yellow-brown  or  dark  red-brown,  turning  pale 
gray  in  then*  second  year,  and  armed  with  occasional  stout  recurved  infrastipular  chest- 
nut-brown spines  \'  long,  compressed  toward  the  broad  base  and  sharp-pointed,  or  rarely 
unarmed.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |'  thick,  divided  by  shallow  furrows  into  broad 


Fig.  545 


ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  narrow  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  bright  clear  brown  streaked  with  red  and  yellow,  with  thin  clear  yellow 
sapwood  of  6  or  7  layers  of  annual  growth;  valued  and  largely  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  Braunfels, 
Comal  County,  Texas,  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  dry  gravelly  mesas  and  foothills. 

5.  Acacia  Greggii  A.  Gray.    Cat's  Claw.    Una  de  Gato. 

Leaves  l'-3'  long,  pubescent  or  puberulous,  with  1-3  pairs  of  pinnae,  a  short  slender 
petiole  furnished  near  the  middle  with  a  minute  oblong  chestnut-brown  gland,  and  linear 
caducous  stipules  rV  long;  pinnae  short-stalked,  with  4-5  pairs  of  obovate  oblique 
leaflets  rounded  or  truncate  at  apex  and  unequally  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  peti- 
olule,  thick  and  rigid,  2-3^nerved,  inconspicuously  reticulate-veined,  hoary-pubescent, 
iV~i'  long.  Flowers  fragrant,  bright  creamy  yellow,  in  dense  oblong  pubescent  spikes, 
on  a  peduncle  \'-\'  long,  and  fascicled  usually  2  or  3  together  toward  the  end  of  the 
branches;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  half  as  long  as  the 
petals  slightly  united  at  base  and  pale-tomentose  on  the  margins;  stamens  \'  long;  ovary 
long-stalked,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  fully  grown  at  midsummer  and  hanging 
unopened  on  the  branches  until  winter  or  the  following  spring,  compressed,  straight  or 
slightly  falcate,  obliquely  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  stalk,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
more  or  less  contracted  between  the  seeds,  2'-4'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  curling  and  often  con- 
torted when  fully  ripe,  the  valves  thin  and  membranaceous,  thick-margined,  light  brown, 
conspicuously  transversely  reticulate- veined;  seeds  nearly  orbicular,  compressed,  dark 
brown  and  lustrous,  \'  in  diameter,  marked  by  small  oval  depressions. 


596  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  numerous  spreading  branches, 
and  striately  angled  puberulous  or  in  Texas  glabrous  pale  brown  branchlets  faintly  tinged 
with  red  and  armed  with  stout  recurved  infrastipular  spines  flat  at  base,  and  j  long  and 
broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f  thick,  furrowed,  the  surface  separating  into  thin  nar- 


Fig.  546 


row  scales.     Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  durable,  rich  brown  or  red, 
with  thin  light  yellow  sap  wood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  mesas,  the  sides  of  low  canons  and  the  banks  of  moun- 
tain streams;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  western  Texas,  through  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  to  southern  California,  ranging  northward  in  Arizona  to  the  rim  of  the  Grand 
Canon  of  the  Colorado  River,  and  to  Clark  County,  Nevada;  in  northern  Mexico,  and  in 
Lower  California  to  the  eastern  base  of  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains. 

4.  LEUC^ENA  Benth. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  unarmed  branches.  Leaves  persistent,  abruptly  bipin- 
nate,  with  numerous  pinnae  and  small  leaflets  in  many  pairs,  petiolate,  the  petioles  often 
furnished  with  a  conspicuous  gland  below  the  lower  pair  of  pinnae;  stipules  minute  and 
caducous,  or  becoming  spinescent  and  persistent.  Flowers  minute,  white,  mostly  perfect, 
sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  in  the  axils  of  small  peltate  bracts  villose  at  apex,  in  globose 
many-flowered  pedunculate  heads,  the  peduncles  in  axillary  fascicles  or  in  leafless  ter- 
minal racemes;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  minutely  5-toothed;  petals  5,  free,  acute 
or  rounded  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base;  stamens  10,  free,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  ex- 
serted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  versatile;  ovary  stipitate,  contracted  into  a 
long  slender  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  slightly  dilated  stigma.  Legume  many- 
seeded,  stipitate,  linear,  compressed,  dehiscent,  the  valves  thickened  on  the  margins, 
rigid,  thin,  continuous  within,  their  outer  coat  thin  and  papery,  dark-colored,  the  inner 
rather  thicker,  wroody,  pale  browrn.  Seeds  obovoid,  compressed,  transverse,  the  hilum 
near  the  base,  suspended  on  a  long  slender  funicle;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  brown 
and  lustrous;  embryo  inclosed  on  its  two  sides  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen;  radicle 
slightly  exserted. 

Leucaena  with  nine  or  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America  from 
western  Texas  to  Venezuela  and  Peru,  and  to  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  New 
Caledonia  to  Tahiti,  where  one  species  has  been  recognized.  Of  the  indigenous  species 
found  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  three  are  arborescent.  Leucaena  glauca  L., 
a  small  tree  or  shrub,  cultivated  in  all  warm  countries,  and  a  native  probably  of  tropical 
America,  is  now  naturalized  on  Key  West,  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  ^v-^aivu,  refers  to  the  color  of  the  flowers. 


LEGUMINOS.E 


597 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Peduncles  bibracteolate  at  apex;  stipules  becoming  spinescent. 

Leaves  10-14-pinnate;  pinnae  with  15-30  pairs  of  leaflets;  blade  of  the  bract  of  the  flower 

produced  into  a  short  point.  1.  L.  Greggii  (E). 

Leaves  2-4-pinnate;  pinnae  with  4-8  pairs  of  leaflets;  blade  of  the  bract  of  the  flower 

produced  into  a  long  slender  villose  tip.  2.  L.  retusa  (E). 

Peduncles  without  bracts;  stipules  minute,  caducous;  leaves  30-36-pinnate;  pinnae  with 

30-60  pairs  of  leaflets.  3.  L.  pulverulenta  (E). 

1.  Leucaena  Greggii  S.  Wats. 

Leaves  6 '-7'  long  and  broad,  with  a  slender  rachis  furnished  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
single  elongated  bottle-shaped  gland  between  the  stalks  of  each  pair  of  pinnae;  pinnae  10-14, 
remote,  short-stalked,  with  15-30  pairs  of  leaflets;  stipules  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long 
slender  point,  becoming  rigid  and  spinescent,  £'  to  nearly  \'  long  and  persistent  for  two 
or  three  years;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  nearly 
sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  full  and  rounded  toward  the  base  on  the  lower  margin,  nearly 
straight  on  the  upper  margin,  gray-green,  ultimately  nearly  glabrous,  \'-\'  long,  about  \' 
wide,  with  a  narrow  midvein  and  obscure  lateral  nerves.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels, 
in  heads  f'-l'  in  diameter,  on  stout  peduncles  2'-3'  long  furnished  at  apex  with  2  irreg- 
ularly 3-lobed  bracts,  and  solitary  or  in  pairs;  calyx  coated  with  hairs  only  near  the  apex, 
much  shorter  than  the  spatulate  glabrous  more  or  less  boat-shaped  petals;  ovary  villose 
with  a  few  short  scattered  hairs.  Fruit  6'-8'  long,  \  -f '  wide,  narrowed  below  into  a 
short  stout  stipe,  acuminate  and  crowned  at  apex  with  the  thickened  style,  3'— f'  long, 


cinereo-pubescent  until  nearly  fully  grown,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity,  much 
compressed,  with  narrow  wing-like  margins;  seeds  conspicuously  notched  by  the  hilum, 
f '  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  stem  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  and  stout  zigzag  red-brown  branch- 
lets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  short  spreading  lustrous 
yellow  deciduous  hairs  found  also  on  the  young  petioles  and  lower  surface  of  the  unfolding 
leaflets,  the  peduncles  of  the  flower-heads  and  their  bracts.  Bark  about  f '  thick,  dark 
brown,  divided  into  low  ridges  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed 
persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  brown  streaked  with  red,  with 
thin  clear  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ravines  and  the  steep  banks  of  streams;  western  Texas  from  the 
valley  of  the  upper  San  Saba  River  to  that  of  Devil's  River;  and  southward  into  Mexico. 


598 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


2.  Leucaena  retusa  Benth. 

Leaves  3'  or  4'  long  and  4'  or  5'  wide,  with  a  slender  petiole  and  rachis  and  2-4  pairs  of 
pinnae  6'-10'  long,  remote,  long-stalked,  with  4-8  pairs  of  short-stalked  leaflets  furnished  be- 
tween their  stems  with  a  single  globose  white  gland  found  also  occasionally  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  rachis  between  the  stems  of  the  pinnae;  stipules  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long 
slender  tip,  \'  in  length,  often  persistent  through  the  season;  leaflets  obliquely  obovate 
or  elliptic,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  obliquely  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  unsym- 
metric  base,  entire,  short-petiolulate,  villose-pubescent  like  the  rachis  and  petiole  when 
they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thin,  blue-green,  £-'-!'  long  and  \'-\' 
wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  prominent  veins  extending  obliquely  toward  the  apex 
of  the  leaflet,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  more  prominent  and  starting  from  near  its  base. 


Fig.  548 


Flowers  short-stalked  in  the  axil  of  a  peltate  bract,  its  blade  produced  into  a  long  slender 
villose  tip,  appearing  continuously  from  April  until  October  in  dense  globose  heads  f '  in 
diameter,  on  villose  bibracteolate  axillary,  single  or  fascicled  peduncles  l|'-3'  in  length; 
calyx  thin,  tubular,  5-toothed  at  apex;  petals  narrow-oblong,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx: 
stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  bract  of  the  flower;  anthers  glabrous.  Fruit  solitary  or 
clustered,  on  a  puberulous  peduncle  3'-5'  in  length,  6'-10'  long,  Y~¥  wide,  gradually 
narrowed  below  into  a  stout  stipe,  the  acuminate  apex  terminating  in  the  thickened  per- 
sistent style,  glabrous  and  dark  reddish  brown;  seeds  |'  long  and  |7  wide. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets 
pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  puberulous  and  orange-brown  or  reddish 
brown  at  the  end  of  their  first  season;  more  often  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Texas;  steep  rocky  hillsides,  and  on  the  summits  of  limestone  bluffs; 
(Uvalde,  Valverde,  Kemble,  Real  and  Jeff  Davis  Counties). 

3.  Leucaena  pulverulenta  Benth.    Mimosa. 

Leaves  4'-7'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  a  slender  petiole  usually  marked  by  a  large 
dark  oblong  gland  between  the  somewhat  enlarged  base  and  the  lowest  pair  of  the 
30-36  nearly  sessile  crowded  pinnae,  each  with  30-60  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  minute  cadu- 
cous stipules,  when  they  unfold  covered  like  the  peduncles  and  flower-buds  with  dense 
hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  puberulous  on  the  petiole  and  rachis;  leaflets  linear, 
acute,  rather  oblique  at  base  by  the  greater  development  of  the  upper  side,  sessile  or  very 


LEGUMINOS.E 


599 


short-petiolulate,  pale  bright  green,  l'-\'  long.  Flowers  sessile,  fragrant,  in  heads  |'  in 
diameter,  appearing  in  succession  as  the  branches  grow  from  early  spring  to  midsummer, 
on  slender  peduncles  l'-l|'  long  and  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx  one 
fourth  as  long  as  the  acute  petals  and  like  them  pilose  on  the  outer  surface;  stamens  twice 
as  long  as  the  petals;  ovary  coated  with  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  conspicuously  thick- 
margined,  4 '-14'  long,  long-stalked,  tipped  with  a  short  straight  or  recurved  point,  usually 
in  pairs  on  a  peduncle  thickened  at  apex;  seeds  T5(T'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  separating  20°-30° 
from  the  ground  into  slender  spreading  branches  forming  a  loose  round  head,  and  branch- 
lets  at  first  more  or  less  striately  grooved  and  thickly  coated  with  pulverulent  caducous 
tomentum,  becoming  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks  terete,  pale  cinnamon-brown  and  puberu- 
lous.  Bark  about  }'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-brown,  and  roughened  by  thick  persistent 


Fig.  549 


scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  clear  yellow 
sap  wood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth;  considered  valuable,  and  sometimes  manufac- 
tured into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  of  river  banks  and  the  borders  of  lagoons  and  small 
streams;  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande;  in  Texas  only  for  a  few  miles  near  its  mouth; 
more  abundant  from  Matamoras  to  Monterey  in  Nuevo  Leon;  and  southward  to  the 
neighborhood  of  the  City  of  Mexico. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  towns  of  the  lower  Rio 
Grande  valley  and  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

5.  PROSOPIS  L.    Mesquite. 

» 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  branches  without  a  terminal  bud  and  armed  with  geminate  supra- 
axillary  persistent  spines,  and  small  obtuse  axillary  buds  covered  with  acute  apiculate 
dark  brown  scales.  Leaves  alternate  on  branches  of  the  year  and  fascicled  in  earlier 
axils,  deciduous,  usually  2  rarely  3-4-pinnate,  with  many-foliolate  pinnae;  petioles 
glandular  at  apex  with  a  minute  gland,  and  tipped  with  the  small  spinescent  rachis; 
stipules  linear,  membranaceous  or  spinescent,  deciduous.  Flowers  greenish  white,  nearly 
sessile,  in  axillary  pedunculate  spikes;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  or  slightly  5-lobed, 
deciduous;  petals  5,  connate  below  the  middle  or  ultimately  free,  glabrous  or  tomentose 
on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  apex,  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface;  stamens 
10,  free,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  a  minute  disk  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube, 
those  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  rather  longer  than  the  others;  filaments  filiform;  an- 
thers oblong,  versatile,  their  connective  tipped  with  a  minute  deciduous  gland,  the  cells 


600  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

opening  by  marginal  sutures;  ovary  stipitate,  villose;  style  filiform,  with  a  minute  terminal 
stigma.  Legume  linear,  compressed  or  subterete,  straight  or  falcate,  or  contorted  or 
twisted  into  a  more  or  less  regular  spiral,  indehiscent;  the  outer  coat  thin,  woody,  pale 
yellow,  inclosing  a  thick  spongy  inner  coat  of  sweet  pulp  containing  the  seeds  placed 
obliquely  and  separately  inclosed,  their  envelopes  forming  nut-like  joints.  Seeds  oblong, 
compressed,  the  hilum  near  the  base;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown,  lustrous;  em- 
bryo surrounded  by  a  layer  of  horny  albumen;  radicle  short,  slightly  exserted. 

Prosopis  is  distributed  in  the  New  World  from  southern  Kansas  to  Patagonia,  and  in 
the  Old  World  is  confined  to  tropical  Africa,  and  to  southwestern  and  tropical  Asia. 
Sixteen  or  seventeen  species  have  been  distinguished.  Of  the  three  species  found  in  the 
territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  small  trees. 

Prosopis  produces  hard  durable  wood,  particularly  valuable  as  fuel,  and  the  pods  are 
used  as  fodder. 

The  generic  name  is  from  irpoo-wn-is,  employed  by  Dioscorides  as  a  name  of  the  Burdock. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  compressed  or  ultimately  convex;  p'mnse  12-22-foliolate. 

1.  P.  juliflora  (C,  E,  G,  H). 
Legume  thick,  spirally  twisted;  pinnae  10-16-foliolate.        2.  P.  pubescens  (E,  F,  G,  H). 

1.  Prosopis  juliflora  DC.    Mesquite.    Honey  Locust.  .> 

Leaves  with  2  or  rarely  4  pinnae,  and  slender  terete  petioles  abruptly  enlarged  and 
glandular  at  base;  stipules  linear,  .acute,  membranaceous,  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing 
in  successive  crops  from  May  to  the  middle  of  July,  fragrant,  about  Ty  long,  on  short 


Fig.  550 

pedicels,  in  slender  cylindric  spikes  l£'-4'  long,  on  stout  peduncles  %'-%'  in  length; 
calyx  glabrous  or  puberulous,  about  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  narrowly  oblong  acute  petals, 
glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  and  covered  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the 
apex  with  hoary  tomentum;  stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla,  the  dark-colored  con- 
nective of  the  anther-cells  furnished  at  apex  with  a  stalked  gland;  ovary  short-stalked, 
clothed  with  silky  hairs.  Fruit  in  drooping  clusters,  linear,  at  first  flat,  becoming  subter- 
ete at  maturity,  constricted  between  the  10-20  seeds,  straight  or  falcate,  contracted  at 
the  ends,  4'-9'  long,  l'-\'  wide;  seeds  about  \'  long. 

A  low  tree,  with  a  large  thick  taproot  descending  frequently  to  the  depth  of  40°-50°, 


LEGUMINOS.E 


601 


and  furnished  with  radiating  horizontal  roots  spreading  in  all  directions  and  forming  a 
dense  mat,  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  divided  a  short  distance  above  the  ground  into  many 
irregularly  arranged  crooked  branches  forming  a  loose  straggling  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  at  first  pale  yellow-green,  turning  darker  in  their  second  year,  furnished  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  of  their  first  season  with  short  spur-like  excrescences  covered  with  chaffy 
scales,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  terete  supra-axillary  persistent  spines  ^'-2'  long, 
or  rarely  unarmed;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  only  a  few  feet  high.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  the  surface  separating 
into  short  thick  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  or  sometimes  red, 
with  thin  clear  yellow  sapwrood;  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  soil,  and  largely 
used  for  fence-posts,  railway-ties,  the  underpinnings  of  buildings,  and  occasionally  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture,  the  fellies  of  wheels,  and  the  pavements  of  city  streets;  the 
best  fuel  of  the  region,  and  largely  made  into  charcoal.  The  ripe  pods  supply  Mexicans 
and  Indians  with  a  nutritious  food,  and  are  devoured  by  most  herbivorous  animals.  A 
gum,  resembling  gum-arabic,  exudes  from  the  stems. 

Distribution.     Western  Texas  and  eastern  New-  Mexico,  and  on  the  island  of  Jamaica; 
eastward  and  westward  diverging  into  two  extreme  forms.     These  are 

Prosopis  juliflora  var.  glandulosa  Cock. 

Leaves  8'-10'  long,  2-pinnate,  with  long  slender  petioles,  the  pinnae  12-20-foliolate; 
leaflets  distant,  linear,  mostly  acute,  glabrous,  dark  green,  often  2'  long  and  |'-j'  wide. 


Fig.  551 


Flowers  with  a  usually  glabrous  calyx.  Fruit  occasionally  conspicuously  constricted  be- 
tween the  seeds  (f.  constritta  Sarg.). 

A  round-topped  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  long  gracefully 
drooping  branches  forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  head. 

Distribution.  Eastern  Texas  to  western  Louisiana  (near  Shreveport,  Caddo  Parish), 
western  Oklahoma  and  southern  Kansas,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico.  The 
common  Mesquite  of  eastern  Texas;  reappearing  with  rather  shorter  and  more  crowded 
leaflets  in  Arizona,  southern  California,  and  Lower  California. 

Prosopis  juliflora  var.  velutina  Sarg. 

Leaves  5'-6'  long,  often  fascicled,  2-4-pinnate,  cinereo-pubescent,  with  short  petioles, 
the  pinnse  12-22-foliolate;  leaflets  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  crowded,  pale 
green,  j'— 5'  long.  Flowers  in  densely-flowered  spikes  2'-3'  long;  calyx  villose. 


602 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  often  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  covered  with  rough  dark  brown 
bark,  and  heavy  irregularly  arranged  usually  crooked  branches. 
Distribution.     Dry  valleys  of  southern  Arizona  and  of  Sonora. 


Fig.  552 


2.  Prosopis  pubescens  Benth.     Screw  Bean.    Screw  Pod  Mesquite. 
Leaves  canescently  pubescent,  2'-3'  long,  with  a  slender  petiole  £'— f'  in  length,  and 
pinnae  l|'-2'  long  and  10-16-foliolate;  stipules  spinescent,  deciduous;  leaflets  oblong  or 
somewhat  falcate,  acute,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  often  apiculate,  conspicuously  reticu- 
late-veined, |'-f '  long,  i'  wide.     Flowers  beginning  to  open  in  early  spring,  and  produced 


Fig.  553 

in  successive  crops  from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious  bracts,  in  dense  or  interrupted  cylin- 
dric  spikes  2'-3'  long;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  one  third 
to  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  narrow  acute  petals  coated  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  apex 
with  thick  white  tomentum,  and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface;  ovary  and 
young  fruit  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  ripening  throughout  the  summer  and  falling  in  the 
autumn,  in  dense  racemes,  sessile,  twisted  with  from  12-20  turns  into  a  narrow  straight 
spiral  l'-2'  long;  seeds  TV  long. 


LEGUMINOS.E  603 

A  tree.  25°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  terete 
branches  canescently  pubescent  or  glabrate  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous 
and  light  red-brown  in  their  third  year,  and  armed  with  stout  spines  |'-f '  long.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  separating  in  long  thin  persistent  ribbon- 
like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with 
thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  6  or  7  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  as  fuel  and  occasion- 
ally for  fencing.  The  sweet,  nutritious  legumes  are  valued  as  fodder. 

Distribution.  Sandy  or  gravelly  bottom-lands;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  western 
Texas,  and  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and  to  San 
Diego  County,  California,  and  northern  Mexico;  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  United 
States  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  Rivers,  Arizona. 

G.  CERCIS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  unarmed  branchlets  prolonged  by  an  upper 
axillary  bud,  marked  by  numerous  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  first  winter  by  small 
elevated  horizontal  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  two  large  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and 
small  scaly  obtuse  axillary  buds  covered  by  imbricated  ovate  chestnut-brown  scales. 
Leaves  simple,  entire,  5-7-nerved  with  prominent  nerves,  long-petiolate,  deciduous; 
petioles  slender,  terete,  abruptly  enlarged  at  apex;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  small,  membrana- 
ceous,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  before  or  with  the  leaves  on  thin 
jointed  pedicels,  in  simple  fascicles  or  racemose  clusters  produced  on  branches  of  the  previ- 
ous or  earlier  years,  or  on  the  trunk,  with  small  scale-like  bracts  often  imbricated  at  the 
base  of  the  inflorescence,  and  minute  bractlets;  calyx  disciferous,  short-turbinate,  purplish, 
persistent,  the  tube  oblique  at  base,  campanulate,  enlarged  on  the  lower  side,  5-toothed, 
the  short  broad  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  subpapilionaceous;  petals  nearly 
equal,  rose  color,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  unguiculate,  slightly  auricled  on  one 
side  of  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  upper  petal  slightly  smaller  and  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  the 
wing-petals  encircled  by  the  broader  slightly  imbricated  keel-petals;  stamens  10,  inserted 
in  2  rows  on  the  margin  of  the  thin  disk,  free,  declinate,  those  of  the  inner  row  opposite 
the  petals  and  rather  shorter  than  the  others;  filaments  enlarged  and  pilose  below  the 
middle,  persistent  until  the  fruit  is  grown;  anthers  uniform,  oblong,  attached  on  the  back 
near  the  base;  ovary  short-stalked,  inserted  obliquely  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube; 
style  filiform,  fleshy,  incurved,  with  a  stout  obtuse  terminal  stigma;  ovules  2-ranked,  at- 
tached to  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary.  Legume  stalked,  oblong  or  broad-linear,  straight 
on  the  upper  edge,  curved  on  the  lower  edge,  acute  at  the  ends,  compressed,  tipped  with 
the  thickened  remnants  of  the  style,  many-seeded,  2-valved,  the  valves  coriaceo-mem- 
branaceous,  many-veined,  tardily  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  and  often  by  the  wing-margined 
ventral  suture,  dark  red-purple  and  lustrous  at  maturity.  Seeds  suspended  transversely 
on  a  slender  funicle,  ovoid  or  oblong,  compressed,  the  small  depressed  hilum  near  the 
apex;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  bright  reddish  brown;  embryo  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of 
horny  albumen,  compressed;  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  the  radicle  short,  straight  or  obliquely 
incurved,  slightly  exserted.  » 

Cercis  is  confined  to  eastern  and  western  North  America,  southern  Europe,  and  to 
southwestern,  central  and  eastern  Asia.  Of  the  eight  species  now  distinguished,  three 
occur  in  North  America.  Two  of  these  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name  is  from  /cepxi's,  the  Greek  name  of  the  European  species,  from  a  fan- 
cied resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  the  weaver's  implement  of  that  name. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  sessile  clusters;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base. 

1.  C.  canadensis  (A,  C). 
Flowers  fascicled  or  slightly  racemose:  leaves  reniform.  2.  C.  reniformis  (C). 


604  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

1.  Cercis  canadensisL.    Redbud.    Judas-tree. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a 
short  broad  point,  truncate  or  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  entire,  glabrous  with  the  ex- 
ception of  axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs,  or  sometimes  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  3 '-5' 
long  and  broad;  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling  bright  clear  yellow;  petioles  2'-5' 
in  length.  Flowers  \'  long,  on  pedicels  \'-\'  in  length  and  fascicled  4-8  together;  rarely 
white  (var.  alba  Rehdr.).  Fruit  fully  grown  in  the  south  by  the  end  of  May  and  at  the 
north  at  midsummer,  and  then  pink  or  rose  color,  2£'-3|'  long,  falling  late  in  the  autumn 
or  in  early  winter;  seeds  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  usually  separating  10°-12°  from 
the  ground  into  stout  branches  covered  with  smooth  light  brown  or  gray  bark,  and  form- 


Fig.  554 


ing  an  upright  or  often  a  wide  flat  head,  and  slender  glabrous  somewhat  angled  branch- 
lets,  brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dull  and  darker  the  following 
year  and  ultimately  dark  or  grayish  brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick  and  divided 
by  deep  longitudinal  fissures  into  long  narrow  plates,  the  bright  red-brown  surface  separat- 
ing into  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  tinged 
with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  rich  bottom-lands,  forming,  especially  west  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  an  abundant  undergrowth  to  the  forest;  valley  of  the  Delaware 
River,  New  Jersey,  central  and  southern  Pennsylvania  southward  to  northern  Florida, 
northern  Alabama  and  southern  Mississippi  (Crystal  Springs,  Copiah  County),  and  west- 
ward to  southwestern  Ontario  (Point  Pelee,  Essex  County),  and  through  southern  Michi- 
gan to  southern  Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  western  Oklahoma  (Major 
and  Dewey  Counties),  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  and  on  the 
Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southwestern  Arkansas, 
Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas,  and  in  early  spring  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  landscape. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  and  occasionally  in 
western  Europe. 

2.  Cercis  reniformis  Engl.    Redbud. 

Cercis  texensis  Sarg. 

Leaves  reniform,  when  they  unfold  light  green  and  slightly  pilose,  and  at  maturity 
subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  glabrous  or  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  and  2'-3'  in  diameter;  petioles  l£'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  about  %' 


LEGUMINOS^E 


605 


long,  on  slender  pedicels  £'-£'  in  length  and  fascicled  in  sessile  clusters,  or  occasionally^ 
racemose.     Fruit  2'-4'  long,  £'-1'  wide;  seeds  \'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  20°  or  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  in  diameter,  and 
glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  minute  white  lenticels,  light  reddish  brown 
during  their  first  and  second  years,  becoming  dark  brown  in  their  third  season;  more 
often  a  shrub,  sending  up  numerous  stems  and  forming  dense  thickets  only  a  few  feet  high. 


Fig.  555 

Bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  light  gray.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained f 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Limestone  hills  and  ridges;  neighborhood  of  Dallas,  Dallas  County, 
Texas  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  common  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Colorado 
River,  Texas;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  mountains  of  northeastern  Mexico. 

7.  GYMNOCLADUS  Lam. 

Trees,  with  stout  unarmed  blunt  branchlets  with  a  thick  pith,  prolonged  by  axillary 
buds,  rough  deeply  fissured  bark,  thick  fleshy  roots,  and  minute  buds  depressed  in  pubes- 
cent cavities  of  the  bark,  2  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  superposed,  remote,  the  lower  and 
smaller  sterile  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  base  of  the  petiole,  their  scales  2, 
ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  coated  with  thick  dark  brown  tomentum,  infolded  one  over  the 
other,  accrescent  with  the  young  shoots.  Leaves  deciduous,  unequally  bipinnate;  pinna? 
many-foliolulate,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  the  lowest  pinnse  reduced  to  single  leaflets;  pinnae 
and  leaflets  usually  alternate;  leaflets  thin,  ovate,  entire,  petiolulate;  stipules  foliaceous, 
early  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious,  greenish  white,  long-pedicellate,  the  slender 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  long  lanceolate  scarious  caducous  bracts,  bibracteolate  near  the 
middle;  stamina te  flowers  in  a  short  terminal  racemose  corymb;  pistillate  flowers  in 
elongated  terminal  racemes,  on  pedicels  much  longer  than  those  of  the  staminate  flowers; 
.calyx  tubular,  elongated,  10-ribbed,  lined  with  a  thin  glandular  disk,  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  equal,  erect;  petals  4  or  5,  oblong,  rounded  or.  acute  at  apex, 
pubescent,  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  or  rather  longer  and  twice  as  broad,  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  spreading  or  reflexed;  stamens  10,  free,  inserted  with  the  petals,  erect, 
included;  filaments  filiform,  pilose,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter  than  the  others; 
anthers  oblong,  uniform,  small  and  sterile  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  sessile  or  slightly 
stipitate,  acute;  styles  short,  erect,  obliquely  dilated  into  2  broad  lobes  stigmatic  on  their 


606 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


inner  surface,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  sterile  flower;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the 
angle  opposite  the  posterior  petals.  Legume  oblong,  subfalcate,  turgid  or  slightly  com- 
pressed, several-seeded,  2-valved,  tardily  dehiscent,  the  thin  tough  woody  valves  thick- 
ened on  the  margins  into  narrow  wings,  pulpy  between  the  seeds.  Seeds  ovoid  or  slightly 
obovoid,  suspended  by  a  long  slender  funicle;  seed-coat  thick,  bony,  brown  and  opaque, 
of  3  layers;  embryo  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate, 
orange-colored,  thick  and  fleshy,  the  radicle  short,  erect. 

Gymnocladus,  with  two  species,  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America  and  to  central 
China. 

Gymnocladus  is  slightly  astringent  and  purgative,  and  the  detersive  pulp  surrounding 
the  seeds  of  the  Asiatic  species  is  used  in  China  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

The  generic  name,  from  yv/j.v6s  and  K\d8os>  relates  to  the  stout  branchlets  destitute 
of  spray. 

1.  Gymnocladus  dioicus  K.  Koch.    Kentucky  Coffee-tree.    Mahogany. 

Leaves  l°-3°  long,  18'-24'  wide,  obovate,  5-9  pinnate,  the  pinnse  6-14-foliolate,  covered 
when  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum  except  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  ovate  acute 


Fig.  556 

leaflets,  often  mucronate,  especially  while  young,  cuneate  or  irregularly  rounded  at  base, 
pink  at  first,  soon  becoming  bronze-green  and  lustrous,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered  hairs  along  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity  thin,  ob- 
scurely veined,  dark  green  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  below,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  along  the  narrow  midrib,  2'-2£'  long  and  1'  wide,  or 
those  replacing  the  lowest  or  occasionally  the  2  lower  pairs  of  pinnae  sometimes  twice  ;is 
large;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  abruptly  and  con- 
spicuously enlarged  at  base,  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity; 
stipules  lanceolate  or  slightly  obovate,  glandular-serrate  toward  the  apex,  3 '  long.  Flowers: 
inflorescence  of  the  staminate  tree  3 '-4'  long,  the  lower  branches  usually  3  or  4-flowered; 
inflorescence  of  the  pistillate  tree  10'- 12'  long,  the  flowers  on  stout  pedicels  l'-2^'  long  or 
twice  to  five  times  as  long  as  those  of  the  staminate  flowers;  flowers  hoary-tomentose  in  the 
bud;  calyx  f '  long,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  when  the  flowers  open  with  pale  hairs  and 
on  the  inner  surface  with  hoary  tomentum;  petals  keeled,  pilose  on  the  back,  slightly 
grooved,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  anthers  bright  orange  color;  ovary  hairy.  Fruit 
6'-10'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  dark  red-brown,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  on  stout  stalks 
l'-2'  in  length,  remaining  unopened  on  the  branches  through  the  winter;  seeds  sep- 
arated by  a  thick  layer  of  dark-colored  sweet  pulp,  f '  long. 


LEGL-MINOS.-E  607 

A  tree,  75°-110°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  usually  dividing  10°-15°  from 
the  ground  into  3  or  4  principal  stems  spreading  slightly  and  forming  a  narrow  round- 
topped  head,  or  occasionally  sending  up  a  tall  straight  shaft  destitute  of  branches  for  70°- 
80°,  and  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  short  dense  pubescence  faintly 
tinged  with  red,  bearing  at  their  base  the  conspicuous  orange-green  obovate  pubescent 
bud-scales,  \'-\'  thick  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  very  blunt,  dark  brown,  often  slightly 
pilose,  marked  by  orange-colored  lenticels,  and  roughened  by  the  large  pale  broadly 
heart-shaped  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  or  4  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-!'  thick,  deeply  fissured,  dark  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  roughened  by 
small  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy  although'  not  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  rich  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sap  wood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making  and  for 
fence-posts,  rails,  and  in  construction.  The  seeds  were  formerly  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee:  a  decoction  of  the  fresh  green  pulp  of  the  unripe  fruit  is  used  in  homoeopathic 
practice. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  in  rich  soil;  central  and  western  New  York  and  Franklin 
County,  Pennsylvania,  through  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  southeastern 
Minnesota,  northeastern  and  southern  Iowa,  southeastern  South  Dakota,  eastern  and 
northeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  southwestern  Arkansas  and  northeastern  Oklahoma 
(with  isolated  stations  in  Woods  and  Custer  Counties  and  in  the  western  parts  of  Cimarron 
County) ;  in  Eastern  Kentucky,  and  western  and  middle  Tennessee;  nowhere  common. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  the  eastern  United  States,  and  of 
northern  and  central  Europe. 

8.  GLEDITSIA  L. 

Trees,  with  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  thickened  at  the 
apex  and  prolonged  by  axillary  buds,  thick  fibrous  roots,  the  trunk  and  branches  often 
armed  with  stout  simple  or  branched  spines  or  abortive  branchlets  developed  from  supra- 
axillary  or  adventitious  buds  imbedded  in  the  bark.  Winter-buds  minute,  3  or  4  together, 
superposed,  the  2  or  3  lower  without  scales  and  covered  by  the  scar  left  by  the  falling  of 
the  petiole,  the  upper  larger,  nearly  surrounded  by  the  base  of  the  petiole  and  covered  by 
small  scurfy  scales.  Leaves  long-petiolate,  often  fascicled  in  earlier  axils,  abruptly  pin- 
nate or  bipinnate,  the  pinnae  increasing  in  length  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf, 
the  lowest  sometimes  reduced  to  single  leaflets;  deciduous;  leaflets  thin,  their  mar- 
gins irregularly  crenate,  without  stipels;  stipules  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  regular, 
polygamous,  minute,  green  or  white  on  short  pedicels,  in  axillary  or  lateral  simple  or 
fascicled  racemes,  with  minute  scale-like  caducous  bracts;  calyx  campanulate,  lined  with 
the  disk,  3-5-lobed,  the  narrow  lobes  nearly  equal;  petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
nearly  equal;  stamens  6-10,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  exserted; 
filaments  free,  filiform,  erect;  anthers  uniform,  much  smaller  and  abortive  in  the  pistillate 
flower;  ovary  subsessile,  rarely  bicarpellary,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  staminate  flower; 
styles  short;  stigma  terminal,  more  or  less  dilated,  often  oblique;  ovules  2  or  many,  sus- 
pended from  the  angle  opposite  the  posterior  petal.  Legume  compressed,  many-seeded, 
elongated,  straight  and  indehiscent,  or  1-3-seeded,  ovoid  and  tardily  dehiscent.  Seeds 
transverse,  ovoid  to  suborbicular,  flattened,  attached  by  a  long  slender  funicle;  seed-coat 
thin,  crustaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  surrounded  by  a  layer  of  horny  orange-colored 
albumen;  cotyledons  subfoliaceous,  compressed;  radicle  short,  erect,  slightly  exserted. 

Gleditsia  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  where  three  species  occur,  southwestern 
Asia,  China,  Formosa,  Japan,  and  west  tropical  Africa.  It  produces  strong,  durable,  coarse- 
grained wood.  In  Japan  the  pods  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Johann  Gottlieb  Gleditsch  (1714-1786),  professor  of 
botany  at  Berlin. 


608 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  linear-oblong,  elongated,  many-seeded,  iridehiscent. 

Legume  12'-18'  long,  with  pulp  between  the  seeds;  ovary  hoary- tomentose. 

1.  G.  triacanthos  (A,C). 

Legume  4'-5'  long,  without  pulp  between  the  seeds.  2.  G.  texana  (C). 

Legume  oval,  oblique,  1-3-seeded,  without  pulp,  tardily  dehiscent;  ovary  glabrous. 

3.  G.  aquatica  (A,  C). 

1.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.    Honey  Locust. 

Leaves  7'-8'  long,  18-28-foliolulate  or  sometimes  bipinnate,  with  4-7  pairs  of  pinnae, 
those  of  the  upper  pair  4'-5'  long,  when  they  unfold  hoary-tomentose,  and  at  maturity 
pubescent  on  the  petiole  and  rachis,  the  short  stout  petiolules,  and  the  under  surface  of 
the  midrib  of  the  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets,  unequal  at  base,  acute  or  slightly  rounded 


Fig.  557 


at  apex,  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  dull  yellow-green 
below,  l'-l|'  long  and  \'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  pale  clear  yellow.  Flowers 
appearing  in  June  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  pre- 
vious years;  the  staminate  in  short  many-flowered  pubescent  racemes  2'-2£'  long  and 
often  clustered;  the  pistillate  in  slender  graceful  few-flowered  usually  solitary  racemes 
%%'-&¥  long;  calyx  campanulate,  narrowed  at  base,  the  acute  lobes  thickened,  revolute 
and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  villose  with  pale  hairs,  rather  shorter  than  and  half  as  wide  as 
the  erect  acute  petals;  filaments  pilose  toward  the  base;  anthers  green;  pistil  rarely  of  2 
carpels,  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  12'-18'  long,  dark  brown,  pilose  and  slightly  falcate, 
with  straight  thickened  margins,  2  or  3  together  in  short  racemes  on  stalks  l'-l|'  long, 
their  walls  thin  and  tough,  contracting  in  drying  by  a  number  of  corkscrew  twists,  and 
falling  late  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  winter;  seeds  oval,  £'  long,  separated  by  thick  suc- 
culent pulp. 

A  tree,  75°-140°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  or  occasionally  5°-6°  in  diameter,  slender 
spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  open  rather  flat-topped  head, 
and  branchlets  marked  by  minute  lenticels,  at  first  light  reddish  brown  and  slightly  puberu- 
lous,  soon  becoming  lustrous  and  red  tinged  with  green,  and  in  their  second  year  greenish 
brown  and  armed  with  stout  rigid  long-pointed  simple  or  3-forked  spines  at  first  red,  and 
bright  chestnut-brown  when  fully  grown,  or  rarely  unarmed  (var.  inermis  Pursh.).  Bark 
of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  long  narrow  longitudinal  ridges  and 


LEGUMINOS.E  609 

roughened  on  the  surface  by  small  persistent  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  red  or  bright  red-bro\vn,  with  thin  pale  sapwood 
of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fence-posts  and  rails,  for  the  hubs  of 
wheels,  and  in  construction. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  intervale  lands,  in  moist  fertile  soil,  usually 
growing  singly  or  occasionally  covering  almost  exclusively  considerable  areas;  less  com- 
monly on  dry  sterile  gravelly  hills;  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  Penn- 
sylvania, westward  through  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  southeastern 
Minnesota,  southern  Iowa,  southeastern  South  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern 
Kansas,  and  Oklahoma  to  the  Salt  Fork  of  the  Arkansas  River  (near  Alva,  Woods  County) 
and  to  creek  valleys  near  Cache,  Comanche  County  (G.  W.  Stevens),  and  southward  to 
northern  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  western  Florida  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River, 
eastern  Texas;  and  in  the  canon  of  Paloduro  Creek  near  Canyon,  Randall  County, 
northwestern  Texas  (E.  J.  Palmer);  in  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia  occasionally 
on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  val- 
leys of  small  streams  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  now  often  naturalized  in  the  region 
east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  The  var.  inermis,  the  prevailing  form  in  Taney  County, 
southern  Missouri. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  and  shade  tree  in  all  countries  of  temperate  climates. 

2.  Gleditsia  texana  Sarg.    Locust. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long,  12-22-foliolulate,  with  a  slender  rachis  at  first  puberulous,  ulti- 
mately glabrous,  or  often  bipinnate,  usually  with  6  or  7  pairs  of  pinnae,  the  lower  pairs 
frequently  reduced  to  single  large  leaflets;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  often  somewhat  falcate, 


Fig.  558 

rounded  or  acute  or  apiculate  at  apex,  obliquely  rounded  at  base,  finely  crenately  serrate, 
thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  \'-\.'  long,  with  a 
short  petiolule  coated  while  young,  like  the  base  of  the  slender  orange-colored  midrib, 
with  soft  pale  hairs.  Flowers  appearing  toward  the  end  of  April,  the  staminate  dark 
orange-yellow,  in  slender  glabrous  often  clustered  racemes  lengthening  after  the  flowers 
begin  to  open  and  finally  3'-4'  in  length;  calyx  campanulate,  with  acute  lobes  thickened  on 
the  margins,  villose-pubescent  and  rather  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  puberulous 
petals;  stamens  with  slender  filaments  villose  near  the  base  and  green  anthers;  pistillate 
flowers  unknown.  Fruit  4 '-5'  long,  1 '  wide,  straight,  much  compressed,  rounded  and  short- 
pointed  at  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  thin-walled,  dark  chestnut-brown, 


610 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


puberulous,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margins,  many-seeded,  without  pulp;  seeds  oval, 
compressed,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2|°  in  diameter,  ascending  and 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  comparatively  slender  more  or  less  zigzag 
branchlets  roughened  by  numerous  small  round  lenticels,  light  orange-brown  when  they 
first  appear,  gray  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  year,  ashy  gray  the  following  season, 
and  unarmed.  Bark  thin  and  smooth. 

Distribution.  Only  in  a  single  grove  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Brazos  River,  near 
the  town  of  Brazoria,  Brazoria  County,  Texas. 

3.  Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh.    Water  Locust. 

Leaves  5 '-8'  long,  12-20-foliolate,  or  bipinnate,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  pinnae;  leaflets 
ovate-oblong,  usually  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate  at  apex,  unequally  cuneate  at  base, 


Fig.  559 

slightly  and  remotely  crenate  or  often  entire  belowT  the  middle,  glabrous  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  hairs  on  the  short  stout  petiolule,  dull  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  dark  green  on  the  lower  surface,  about  1'  long  and  %'-%'  wide.  Flowers  appearing 
in  May  and  June  after  the  leaves  are  fully  grown  on  short  stout  purple  puberulous  pedicels, 
in  slender  racemes  3 '-4'  long;  calyx-tube  covered  with  orange-brown  pubescence,  the  lobes 
narrow,  acute,  slightly  pilose  on  the  two  surfaces,  as  long  as  but  narrower  than  the  green 
erect  petals  rounded  at  apex;  filaments  hairy  toward  the  base;  anthers  large,  green;  ovary 
long-stipitate,  glabrous.  Fruit  fully  grown  in  August,  pendent  in  graceful  racemes, 
obliquely  ovoid,  long-stalked,  crowned  with  a  short  stout  tip,  thin,  l'-2'  long,  1'  broad,  with- 
out pulp,  its  valves  thin,  tough,  papery,  bright  chestnut-brown,  lustrous  and  somewhat 
thickened  on  the  margins;  seeds  1  or  rarely  2  or  3,  flat,  nearly  orbicular,  orange-brown, 
^'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-2|°  in  diameter,  usually  dividing  a  few  feet 
from  the  ground  into  stout  spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  wide  irregular 
flat-topped  head,  and  glabrous  orange-brown  branchlets  becoming  in  their  second  year 
gray  or  reddish  brown,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  lenticels,  and  armed  with  usually 
flattened  simple  or  short-branched  straight  or  falcate  sharp  rigid  spines  3 '-5'  long,  about 
\'  broad  at  the  base,  and  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous.  Bark  \'-%  thick,  smooth,  dull 
gray  or  reddish  brown,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  small  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  coarse-grained,  rich  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
light  clear  yellow  sapwood  of  about  40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.     Eastern  South  Carolina  to  Florida,  through  the  coast  region  of  the  Gulf 


LEGUMINOS.E  611 

states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  western  Louisiana 
and  southern  Arkansas  to  northwestern  Mississippi,  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
the  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  at  La  Pointe,  Saint  Charles  County,  Missouri,  western  and 
southern  Illinois  and  southwestern  Indiana;  rare  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  only  in 
deep  river  swamps;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  westward  on  rich  bottom-lands; 
in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  often  occupying  extensive  tracts  submerged  during  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  year. 

9.  PARKINSONIA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  thin  bark  and  terete  branches  often  armed  with  simple 
or  3-forked  spines.  Leaves  abruptly  bipinnate,  alternate  or  fascicled  from  earlier  axils, 
short-petiolate,  the  rachis  short  and  spinescent,  with  2-4  secondary  elongated  rachises 
bearing  numerous  minute  opposite  entire  leaflets  without  stipels;  stipules  short,  persistent 
and  spinescent,  or  caducous.  Flowers  perfect  on  thin  elongated  jointed  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  in  slender  axillary  solitary  or  fascicled  racemes: 
calyx  short-campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  inbricated  or  subvalvate  in  the  bud, 
narrow,  membranaceous,  nearly  equal,  becoming  reflexed,  deciduous;  petals  bright  yel- 
low, unguiculate,  much  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  spreading,  the  upper  petal  rather 
broader  than  the  others  and  glandular  at  the  base  of  the  claw;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  2 
rows  on  the  margin  of  the  thin  disk,  free,  slightly  declinate,  those  of  the  outer  row  opposite 
the  sepals  and  rather  longer  than  the  others;  filaments  villose  below  the  middle,  the  upper 
filament  enlarged  at  base  and  gibbous  on  the  upper  side;  anthers  uniform,  versatile;  ovary 
short-stipitate,  pilose,  contracted  into  a  slender  filiform  incurved  style  infolded  in  the  bud 
and  tipped  with  a  minute  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the 
ovary.  Legume  linear,  torulose,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  2-valved,  the  valves  thin,  convex 
by  the  growth  of  the  seeds,  contracted  between  and  beyond  them,  longitudinally  striate. 
Seeds  oblong,  suspended  longitudinally  on  a  slender  funicle;  hilum  minute,  near  the  apex; 
seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  inclosed  on  the  sides  only  by  thick  layers 
of  horny  albumen:  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  slightly  fleshy,  the  radicle  very  short  and  straight. 

Parkinsonia,  with  four  species,  is  confined  to  the  warm  parts  of  America  and  to  southern 
Africa.  Two  species  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  for  John  Parkinson  (1567-1650),  an  English  botanical  author,  and 
herbalist  to  James  I. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  long  slender  racemes;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
petals;  legume  1-8-seeded,  12'-18'  long;  leaves  7'-8'  long;  rachis  of  the  pinnae  flat, 
wing-margined,  50-60-foliolate;  branches  with  spines.  1.  P.  aculeate  (G,  H). 

Flowers  in  short  racemes;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  longer  than  the  petals; 
legume  1-2-seeded;  leaves  about  1'  long;  rachis  of  the  pinnae  terete,  8-12-foliolate; 
branches  without  spines.  2.  P.  microphylla  (G,  H). 

1 .  Parkinsonia  aculeate  L.     Retema.    Horse  Bean. 

Leaves  of  two  forms,  short-petiolate,  persistent,  light  green  and  glabrous,  except  for 
a  few  hairs  on  the  lower  part  of  the  young  secondary  rachis,  12'-18'  long;  primary  leaves 
on  young  branches,  with  2-4  pinnae,  and  a  spinescent  rachis  developing  into  a  stout  ridged 
persistent  short-pointed  chestnut-brown  spine  !'-!$'  long  and  marked  near  the  base  by 
the  prominent  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  pinnae;  stipules  persistent,  appearing  as  lateral 
spiny  branches  on  the  spines;  secondary  leaves  fascicled  from  the  axils  of  the  primary 
leaves,  nearly  sessile  with  a  short  terete  spinescent  rachis  and  2  pinnae;  puma?  flat,  12'-18' 
in  length,  wing-margined,  acute  at  apex,  with  25-30  pairs  of  ovate  or  obovate  petiolulate 
leaflets,  iV-J'  long.  Flowers  appearing  on  the  growing  branches  during  the  spring 


612 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  summer,  and  in  the  tropics  throughout  the  year,  on  slender  pedicels  ¥~¥  in  length, 
in  slender  erect  racemes  5 '-6'  long;  petals  bright  yellow,  the  upper  one  marked  near  the 
base  on  the  inner  surface  with  conspicuous  red  spots;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Fruit  hanging  on  pedicels  \'-\r  in  length,  in  graceful  racemes,  2'-4'  long,  long-pointed, 
dark  orange-brown,  slightly  pilose,  compressed  between  the  remote  seeds;  seeds  \'  long, 
nearly  terete,  with  thick  albumen  and  a  bright  yellow  embryo. 

A  tree,  18°-SO°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  usually  separating 
6°-8°  from  the  ground  into  slender  spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a 
wide  graceful  head,  and  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  puberulous  and  yellow-green  during 
their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous,  gray  or  light  orange  color  and  roughened  by  lenticels 
in  their  second  and  third  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  generally  smooth  surface  broken  into  small  persistent  plate-like  scales.  Wood 


Fig.  560 

heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  with  very  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  tinged  with  yellow. 

Distribution.  Lowr  moist  soil,  valley  of  the  lower  Bio  Grande,  Texas;  common  in 
northern  Mexico  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Colorado  River,  Arizona;  widely  distrib- 
uted  in  Lower  California;  naturalized  on  Key  West,  the  Bahamas,  the  West  Indian  islands, 
and  in  many  other  tropical  countries. 

Cultivated  in  most  warm  countries  as  an  ornament  of  gardens,  and  to  form  hedges. 

2.  Parkinsonia  microphylla  Torr. 

Leaves  1'  long,  pale,  densely  tomentose  when  they  unfold,  pubescent  at  maturity, 
deciduous  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks;  petiole  j'  long;  rachis  short,  rarely  spinescent; 
leaflets  in  4-6  pairs,  distant,  entire,  sessile,  broad-oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or 
somewhat  acute  at  apex,  oblique  at  base,  £'  long;  stipules  caducous.  Flowers  opening  in 
May  or  early  June  before  the  leaves,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  racemes  1'  or  less  long  from 
the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  pale  yellow;  stamens  longer  than  the  petals.  Fruit 
persistent  on  the  branches  for  at  least  a  year,  frequently  1  or  2,  rarely  3-seeded,  2'-3'  long, 
slightly  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  base,  with  a  long  acuminate  often  falcate  apex; 
seeds  compressed,  %'  long,  with  a  bright  green  embryo. 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  occasionally  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  stout  pale  yellow-green  rigid  branchlets  terminating  in  a  stout  spine,  covered  at  first 
with  deciduous  tomentum,  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  and  .second  seasons,  and 
often  marked  by  the  persistent  scales  of  undeveloped  buds.  Bark  dark  orange  color,  gen- 


LEGUMINOS.E  613 

erally  smooth,  although  sometimes  roughened  by  scattered  clusters  of  short  pale  gray 
horizontal  ridges,  becoming  on  old  trees  f  thick;  more  often  a  shrub,  frequently  only  a 
few  feet  tall.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  orange-brown  streaked  with  red, 
with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 


Fig.  561 

Distribution.  Deserts  of  southern  Arizona  and  adjacent  regions  of  California  and 
Sonora,  and  in  northern  Lower  California;  known  to  attain  the  size  and  habits  of  a  tree 
only  in  the  neighborhood  of  Wickenburg,  Maricopa  County,  Arizona. 

10.  CERC1DIUM  Tul. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  tortuous  branches,  covered  with  bright  green  bark  and  armed 
with  slender  straight  axillary  spines,  and  minute  obtuse  buds.  Leaves  alternate,  abruptly 
pinnate,  petiolate,  early  deciduous;  pinnae  2  or  occasionally  3,  6-8-foliolate;  stipules  incon- 
spicuous or  0 ;  leaflets  ovate  or  obovate,  without  stipels.  Flowers  perfect  in  short  few-flowered 
axillary  racemes,  solitary  or  fascicled,  with  minute  membranaceous  early  deciduous  bracts; 
calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  equal,  acute,  reflexed  at  maturity,  their  margins  scarious,  slightly 
re  volute;  petals  orbicular  or  short-oblong,  unguiculate,  bright  yellow,  the  upper  petal 
broader  and  longer  clawed  than  the  others,  slightly  auriculate  at  base  of  the  blade,  the 
claw  conspicuously  glandular  at  base;  stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin 
of  the  disk,  free,  slightly  declinate,  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  pilose  below,  the  upper 
filament  enlarged  at  base  and  gibbous  on  the  upper  side;  anthers  uniform,  ovoid,  versatile; 
ovary  short-stalked,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube;  styles  slender,  involute,  in- 
folded in  the  bud,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma;  ovules  suspended  from  the  angle  of  the 
ovary  opposite  the  posterior.petal.  Legume  linear-oblong,  compressed  or  somewhat  tur- 
gid, straight  or  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds,  thickened  on  the  margins,  the  ven- 
tral suture  acute,  or  slightly  grooved,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  tardily  de- 
hiscent, 2-valved,  the  valves  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  obliquely  veined.  Seeds 
suspended  longitudinally  on  a  long  slender  funicle,  ovoid,  compressed,  the  minute  hilum 
near  the  apex;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous;  embryo  compressed,  light  green,  covered  on 
the  sides  only  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen;  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  rather  fleshy;  radicle 
very  short,  erect,  near  the  hilum. 

Cercidium  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  New  World,  where  it  is  distributed 
with  four  or  five  species  from  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States  through  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  Venezuela  to  Mendoza.  Of  the  three  species  found  within  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  two  are  small  trees. 


614 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Cercidium  produces  hard  wood  sometimes  used  as  fuel. 

The  generic  name,  from   Keptddiov,  refers  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  legume  to 
the  weaver's  instrument  of  that  name. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  compressed,  with  straight  margins;  leaflets  green,  slightly  glandular. 

1.  C.  floridum  (E). 

Legume  somewhat  turgid,  the  margins  often  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds;  leaf- 
lets glaucous.  2.  C.  Torreyanum  (G,  H). 

1 .  Cercidium  floridum  Benth.     Green-barked  Acacia. 

Leaves  l'-l-|'  long,  with  2  or  rarely  3  pinnae,  a  broad  pubescent  petiole  and  rachis,  and 
oval  or  somewhat  obovate  dull  green  puberulous  minutely  glandular  leaflets  about  Ty 
in  length,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  and  when  they  unfold  covered  on  the 
lower  surface  with  scattered  white  hairs;  petiolules  short,  stout,  pubescent;  appearing  in 
April  and  deciduous  in  October.  Flowers  opening  with  the  leaves,  and  produced  in  suc- 


Fig.  562 


cessive  crops  during  three  or  four  months,  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  4  or  ;>- 
flowered  racemes  H'-2'  long,  with  small  acute  minute  membranaceous  caducous  bracts. 
Fruit  compressed,  oblong,  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  acute,  narrowly  and  acutely  mar- 
gined on  the  ventral  suture,  glabrous,  2  or  3-seeded,  2'-2|'  long,  \'  broad,  tardily  de- 
hiscent, the  valves  papery,  yellow  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outer  surface,  and  bright 
orange  color  within;  seeds  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  covered  with  thin  smooth  bright  green  bark,  forming  a  low  wide  head,  and 
branchlets  light  or  dark  olive-green,  slightly  puberulous  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  marked 
by  occasional  black  lenticels,  and  armed  with  slender  spines  1'  or  less  in  length.  Bark 
•jJ^'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  numerous  short  horizontal  light  gray  ridge-like 
excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale  yellow  tinged  with  green,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay  to  Hidalgo  and  Valverde  Counties,  Texas, 
and  in  northern  Mexico;  not  common  in  Texas;  very  abundant  and  a  conspicuous  feature 
of  vegetation  in  Mexico  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra 
Madre. 


LEGUMINOS^:  61.) 

2.  Cercidium  Torreyanum  Sarg.    Green-barked  Acacia.    Palo  Verde. 

Leaves  few  and  scattered,  1'  long,  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  puberulous 
at  maturity,  with  a  slender  petiole  and  2  pinnae,  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  oblong  obtuse  glaucous 
leaflets  narrowed  toward  the  somewhat  oblique  base,  iV-i'  long;  unfolding  in  March  and 
April  and  falling  almost  immediately  when  fully  grown.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels  f'-l'  long,  in  4  or  5-flowered  racemes  about  1'  in  length,  with  small  acute  mem- 
branaceous  caducous  bracts.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  July,  3'-4'  long,  l'~i'  wide, 
2-8-seeded,  slightly  turgid,  often  somewhat  contracted  between  the  seeds,  frequently 
grooved  on  the  ventral  suture;  seeds  turgid,  £'  long. 

A  low  intricately  branched  tree,  leafless  for  most  of  the  year,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short 
often  inclining  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  covered  with  yellow 


Fig.  563 

or  olive-green  bark,  forming  a  wide  open  irregular  head,  and  glabrous  slightly  zigzag  light 
yellow  or  pale  olive-green  and  glaucous  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight  or  curved 
spines  \'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  pale  olive-green,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trunks 
reddish  brown,  f  thick,  furrowed  and  separating  into  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  not  strong,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  clear  light  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Sides  of  low  canons  and  depressions,  and  sandhills  of  the  desert;  valley 
of  the  lower  Gila  River,  Arizona,  to  the  Colorado  Desert  of  southern  California,  and  south- 
ward into  Sonora  and  Lower  California;  when  in  flower  in  early  spring  the  conspicuous 
and  most  beautiful  feature  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Colorado  Desert. 

11.  SOPHORA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  minute  scaly  buds,  unarmed  terete  branches  prolonged  by  an 
upper  axillary  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  with  numerous  small 
or  few  and  ample  thin  or  coriaceous  leaflets;  stipules  minute,  deciduous;  stipels  often  0. 
Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  with  linear  minute  deciduous  bracts  and  bract- 
lets;  calyx  broad-campanulate,  often  slightly  turbinate  or  obconic  at  base,  obliquely 
truncate,  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal  or  the  2  upper  subconnate  and  often  somewhat 
larger  than  the  others;  disk  cupuliform,  glandular,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube;  corolla  papil- 
ionaceous; petals  white  or  violet  blue,  unguiculate;  standard  obovate  or  orbicular,  usually 
shorter  than  the  oblong,  suberect  keel-petals,  as  long  or  rather  longer  than  the  oblong- 
oblique  wings,  overlapping  each  other  at  the  back,  barely  united;  stamens  free,  or  9  of 
them  slightly  united  at  base,  uniform;  anthers  attached  on  the  back  near  the  middle;  ovary 
short-stipitate,  contracted  into  an  incurved  style,  with  a  minute  truncate  or  slightly 


616 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


rounded  capitate  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary, 
superposed,  amphitropous.  Legume  terete,  much  contracted  between  the  seeds,  woody  or 
fleshy,  usually  many-seeded,  each  seed  inclosed  in  a  separate  cell,  indehiscent.  Seed 
oblong  or  oval,  sometimes  somewhat  compressed;  seed-coat  thick,  membranaceous  or 
crustaceous;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy;  radicle  short  and  straight  or  more  or  less  elon- 
gated and  incurved. 

Sophora  is  scattered  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  two  hemispheres,  with  about  twenty 
species  of  trees,  shrubs  or  herbs;  of  the  six  North  American  species  two  are  small  trees. 
Several  of  the  species  produce  valuable  wood,  and  from  the  pods  and  flower-buds  of  the 
Chinese  Sophora  japonica  L.,  a  dye  is  obtained  used  to  dye  white  cloth  yellow  and  blue 
cloth  green.  This  tree  is  often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  northern 
China,  Japan,  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in  western,  central,  and  southern  Europe. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Soph-era,  the  Arabic  name  of  some  tree  with  pea-shaped  flowers. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  violet  blue,  in  terminal  racemes;  the  upper  calyx-lobes  larger  than  the  others  and 
united;  legume  woody;  seeds  without  albumen;  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent. 

1.  S.  secundiflora  (C,  E,  H). 

Flowers  white,  in  axillary  racemes;  calyx-lobes  equal;  legume  fleshy;  seeds  with  albumen; 
leaves  thin,  deciduous.  2.  S.  affinis  (C). 

1.  Sophora  secundiflora  DC.    Frijolito.    Coral  Bean. 

Leaves  persistent,  covered  when  they  unfold,  especially  on  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaflets,  with  silky  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  4 '-6'  long,  with  a  stout  puberulous  petiole 
slightly  enlarged  at  base,  and  7-9  oblong-elliptic  leaflets  rounded,  emarginate  or  sometimes 


Fig.  564 


mucronate  at  apex,  gradually  contracted  at  base  into  a  short  thick  petiolule,  coriaceous, 
lustrous  and  dark  yellow-green  above,  rather  paler  below,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly 
puberulous  along  the  under  side  of  the  stout  midrib,  entire,  with  thickened  margins,  con- 
spicuously reticulate- veined,  l'-2£'  long,  £'-!£'  wide,  without  stipels.  Flowers  with  a 
powerful  and  delicious  fragrance,  appearing  with  the  young  leaves  in  very  early  spring, 
1'  long,  on  stout  pedicels  sometimes  1'  in  length,  from  the  axils  of  subulate  deciduous 
bracts  \'  or  more  long,  and  bibracteolate  with  2  acute  bractlets,  in  terminal  1-sided 
canescent  racemes  2'-3'  in  length;  calyx  campanulate,  slightly  enlarged  on  the  upper  side, 
the  3  lower  teeth  triangular  and  nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  rather  larger  and  united  almost 


LEGUMINOS^E 


617 


throughout;  petals  shortly  unguiculate.  violet  blue  or  rarely  white,  the  broad  erect  stand- 
ard marked  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  with  a  few  darker  spots;  ovary  coated  with 
long  silky  white  hairs.  Fruit  terete,  l'-7'  long,  \'  thick,  stalked,  crowned  with  the  thick- 
ened remnants  of  the  style,  covered  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  indehiscent,  1-8-seeded, 
with  hard  woody  walls  \'  thick;  seeds  short-oblong,  rounded,  \'  long,  bright  scarlet,  with 
a  small  pale  hilum  and  a  bony  seed-coat;  albumen  0;  cotyledons  thick,  orange-colored, 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  radicle  short  and  straight. 

A  tree,  25°-35°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  separating  several  feet 
from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  branchlets 
coated  when  they  first  appear  with  fine  hairy  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly 
glabrous  in  their  second  year  and  pale  orange-brown;  more  often  a  shrub,  wdth  low  clustered 
stems.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  orange-colored,  streaked  writh  red,  with 
thick  bright  yellow  sap  wood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  seeds  contain  a 
poisonous  alkaloid,  sophorin,  with  strong  narcotic  properties. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  forming  thickets  or  small  groves,  in  low  rather  moist 
limestone  soil;  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  to  the  mountain  canons  of  New  Mexico, 
and  to  those  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  San  Luis  Potosi;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Matagorda  Bay;  south  and  west,  especially  west  of  the  Pecos  River,  rarely  more  than 
a  shrub. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  the  southern  states. 

2.  Sophora  affinis  T.  &  G. 

Leaves  deciduous,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  pubescence,  6'-9'  long,  with 
a  slender  puberulous  petiole,  and  13-19  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse  slightly  mucronate  leaflets 
contracted  into  short  stout  pubescent  petiolules,  entire  or  with  slightly  wavy  thickened 


Fig.  565 

margins,  thin,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  covered  with  scattered 
hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  below,  \'-\\'  long  and  |'  wide,  with  a  prominent  orange-colored 
midrib,  slender  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  \'  long,  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring  with  the  young  leaves,  on  slender  canescent  pedicels  nearly  ^'  long, 
from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  slender  pubescent  semipendent  racemes,  3'-5' 
long,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  at  the  end  of  the  branches;  calyx  short-campanulate, 
abruptly  narrowed  at  base,  somewhat  enlarged  on  the  upper  side,  slightly  pubescent, 
especially  on  the  margins  of  the  short  nearly  triangular  teeth;  petals  short-unguiculate, 
white  tinged  with  rose  color;  standard  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  emarginate,  reflexed,  as 
long  and  twice  as  broad  as  the  ovate  auriculate  wing-petals  and  the  keel-petals;  ovary  con- 


618  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

spicuously  stipitate,  villose.  Fruit  \'-3'  long,  indehiscent,  black,  more  or  less  pubescent, 
crowned  with  the  thickened  remnants  of  the  style,  4-8-seeded,  or  rarely  1-seeded  and  then 
subglobose,  with  thin  fleshy  rather  sweet  walls;  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the 
winter;  seeds  oval,  slightly  compressed,  with  a  thin  crustaceous  bright  chestnut-brown 
seed-coat;  cotyledons  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen,  bright  green;  radicle 
long  and  incurved. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8 '-10'  in  diameter,  dividing  into  a  number  of  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  slightly  zig- 
zag branchlets,  orange-brown  or  dark  brown  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, becoming  bright  green  marked  by  narrow  brown  ridges,  and  in  their  second  year 
by  the  elevated  tomentose  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  depressed,  almost  surrounded  by 
the  base  of  the  petiole,  with  broad  scales  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  dark  brown 
Momentum  and  on  the  inner  surface  with  thicker  pale  tomentum,  and  persistent  on  the 
base  of  the  growing  shoot.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and 
broken  into  numerous  oblong  scales,  the  surface  exfoliating  in  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy, 
very  hard  and  strong,  light  red  in  color,  with  thick  bright  clear  yellow  sapwood  of  10-12 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  limestone  hills,  or  on  the  borders  of  streams,  ravines,  or 
depressions  in  the  prairie,  often  forming  small  groves;  valley  of  the  Red  River  at  Shreve- 
port,  Caddo  Parish,  Louisiana,  to  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  River,  Arkansas,  and  to 
southern  Oklahoma  (Choctaw  and  Love  Counties),  and  southward  in  Texas  to  the  valley 
of  the  San  Antonio  and  upper  Guadalupe  Rivers  (Kerrville,  Kerr  County). 

1*.  CLADRASTIS  Raf . 

A  tree,  with  copious  watery  juice,  smooth  gray  bark,  slender  slightly  zigzag  terete 
branchlets  without  a  terminal  bud,  fibrous  roots,  and  naked  axillary  buds  4  together, 
superposed,  flattened  by  mutual  pressure  into  an  acuminate  cone,  and  inclosed  collec- 
tively in  the  hollow  base  of  the  petiole,  the  largest  and  upper  one  only  developing,  the 
lowest  minute  and  rudimentary.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  petiolate,  with  a  stout  ter- 
ete petiole  abruptly  enlarged  at  base,  7-11-foliolate,  deciduous;  leaflets  usually  alternate, 
broadly  oval,  the  terminal  one  rhombic-ovate,  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  broad 
point,  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  petiolulate,  without  stipels,  covered  at  first  like  the  young 
shoots  writh  fine  silvery  pubescence,  and  on  the  midrib  with  lustrous  brown  tomentum, 
at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  the  midrib  and  numerous  primary  veins  conspicuous,  light  yellow  below;  stipules 
0.  Flowers  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  with  scarious 
caducous  bractlets,  in  long  gracefully  nodding  stalked  terminal  panicles,  the  lower  branches 
racemose,  and  often  springing  from  the  axils  of  1-flowered  pedicels,  the  main  axis  slightly 
zigzag,  and,  like  the  branches,  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  slightly  pilose; 
bracts  lanceolate,  scarious,  pale,  caducous;  calyx  cylindric-campanulate,  enlarged  on 
the  upper  side,  and  obliquely  obconic  at  base,  puberulous,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  nearly  equal,  short  and  obtuse,  the  2  upper  slightly  united;  disk  cupuliform, 
adnate  to  the  interior  of  the  calyx-tube;  corolla  papilionaceous;  petals  white,  unguiculate; 
standard  nearly  orbicular,  entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  reflexed  above  the  middle,  barely 
longer  than  the  straight  oblong  wing-petals,  slightly  biauriculate  at  the  base  of  the  blade, 
marked  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  pale  yellow  blotch;  keel-petals  free,  oblong,  nearly 
straight,  obtuse,  slightly  subcordate  or  biauriculate  at  base;  stamens  10,  free;  filaments 
filiform,  slightly  incurved  near  the  apex,  glabrous;  anthers  versatile;  ovary  linear,  stipitate, 
bright  red,  villose  with  long  pale  hairs,  contracted  into  a  long  slender  glabrous  slightly 
incurved  subulate  style;  stigma  terminal,  minute;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the 
inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  glabrous,  short-stalked,  linear-com- 
pressed, the  upper  margin  slightly  thickened,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent 
style,  4-6-seeded,  ultimately  dehiscent,  the  valves  thin  and  membranaceous .  Seeds 


LEGUMINOS.E 


619 


short-oblong,  compressed,  attached  by  a  slender  funicle;  without  albumen;  seed-coat 
thin,  membranaceous,  dark  brown;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons 
fleshy,  oblong,  flat;  radicle  short,  inflexed. 

Four  species  are  now  known.  One  inhabits  the  southern  United  States,  two  occur  in 
western  China  and  one  in  Japan. 

Cladrastis,  from  /cXdSos  and  dpavo-rds,  relates  to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches. 

1.  Cladrastis  luteaK.  Koch.    Yellow  Wood.    Virgilia. 

Leaves  8'-12'  in  length,  with  leaflets  3'-4'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide,  the  terminal  leaflet 
rather  shorter  than  the  others  and  3'-3^'  wide;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  rather  late  in 
the  autumn  some  time  before  falling.  Flowers  appearing  about  the  middle  of  June, 
slightly  fragrant,  in  panicles  12'-14'  long  and  o'-6'  wide.  Fruit  fully  grown  by  the  middle 
of  August,  ripening  in  September  and  soon  falling. 


Fig.  566 


A  tree,  sometimes  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  l£°-2°  or  exceptionally  4°  in  diameter, 
usually  divided  6°-7°  from  the  ground  into  2  or  3  stems,  slender  wide-spreading  more  or 
less  pendulous  brittle  branches  forming  a  wide  graceful  head,  and  zigzag  branchlets  clothed 
with  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  during  their  first  season 
light  brown  tinged  more  or  less  with  green,  very  smooth  and  lustrous,  and  covered  by  nu- 
merous darker  colored  lenticels,  bright  red-brown  in  their  first  winter  and  marked  by  large  ele- 
vated leaf  -scars  surrounding  the  buds,  and  dark  dull  brown  the  following  year.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  |'-i'  thick,  with  a  silvery  gray  or  light  brown  surface  and  rather  darker  colored 
than  that  of  the  branches.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and  close-grained,  with  a 
smooth  satiny  surface,  Wight  clear  yellow  changing  to  light  brown  on  exposure,  with 
thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  used  for  fuel,  occasionally  for  gun-stocks,  and  yielding  a  cleat- 
yellow  dye. 

Distribution.  Limestone  elm's  and  ridges  generally  in  rich  soil,  and  often  overhanging 
the  banks  of  mountain  streams;  Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina,  and  the  western  slopes 
of  the  high  mountains  of  eastern  Tennessee;  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky;  near 
Florence,  Lauderdale  County,  and  cliffs  of  the  Warrior  River,  Tuscaloosa  County,  Alabama; 
Forsythe,  Taney  County,  and  Eagle  Rock,  Barry  County,  Missouri;  rare  and  local;  most 
abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  in  Missouri. 

Often  planted  in  the  eastern  United  States  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  hardy  as  far 
north  as  New  England;  and  rarely  in  western  and  southern  Europe;  usually  only  flower- 
ing in  alternate  years. 


620 


TUBES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


13.  EYSENHAKDTIA  H.  B.  K. 

Small  glandular-punctate  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves 
alternate,  equally  pinnate,  petiolate;  leaflets  oblong,  mucronate  or  emarginate  at  apex, 
short-petiolulate,  numerous,  stipellate;  stipules  subulate,  caducous.  Flowers  short- 
pedicellate,  in  long  spicate  racemes,  terminal  or  axillary,  wyith  subulate  caducous  bracts; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  conspicuously  glandular-punctate,  5-toothed,  the  acute  teeth 
nearly  equal,  persistent;  disk  cupuliform,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube;  corolla 
subpapilionaceous;  petals  erect,  free,  nearly  equal,  oblong-spatulate,  rounded  at  apex,  un- 
guiculate,  creamy  white;  standard  concave,  slightly  broader  than  the  wing  and  keel-petals; 
stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals,  the  superior  stamen  free,  shorter  than  the  others  united 
to  above  the  middle  into  a  tube;  anthers  uniform,  oblong;  ovary  subsessile,  contracted  into 
a  long  slender  uncinate  style  geniculate  and  conspicuously  glandular  below  the  apex; 
stigma  introrse,  oblique;  ovules  2  or  3,  rarely  4,  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary, 
superposed.  Legume  small,  oblong  or  linear-falcate,  compressed,  tipped  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  style,  indehiscent,  pendent.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  rarely  2,  oblong-reni- 
form,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  coriaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed; 
cotyledons  flat,  fleshy;  radicle  superior,  short  and  erect. 

Eysenhardtia  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed 
from  western  Texas  and  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Mexico,  Lower 
California,  and  Guatemala.  Four  species  are  distinguished;  of  these  three  species  occur 
within  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  and  in  northern  Mexico,  and  one  species  is  found 
only  in  Guatemala.  Lignum  nephriticum  formerly  celebrated  in  Europe  for  its  reputed 
medical  properties  and  for  the  fluorescence  of  its  infusion  in  spring  water  is  the  wood  of 
the  shrubby  Eysenhardtia  polystachya  Sarg.  of  western  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Of  the  North  American  species  one  is  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Karl  Wilhelm  Eysenhardt  (1794-1825),  Professor  of 
Botany  in  the  University  of  Konigsberg. 

1.  Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa  S.  Wats. 

Leaves  4'-5'  long,  with  a  pubescent  rachis  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  10-23  pairs  of 
leaflets,  and  small  scarious  deciduous  stipules;  leaflets  oval,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate 
at  apex,  with  a  stout  petiolule  and  minute  scarious  deciduous  stipels,  pale  gray-green, 


Fig.  567 


glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  conspicuously  glandular,  with  chest- 
nut-brown glands,  and  pubescent  especially  on  the  prominent  midrib  on  the  lower  surface, 


LEGUMINOS^E  62 1 

reticulate-veined,  |'-f '  long,  £'-£'  wide,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins.  Flowers 
opening  in  May,  nearly  \'  long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  axillary  pubescent  spikes 
3'-4'  long;  calyx  many-ribbed,  pubescent,  conspicuously  glandular,  half  as  long  as  the 
white  petals  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  of  nearly  equal  size  and  shape.  Fruit  \'  long, 
pendent,  nearly  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  thickened  on  the  edges,  with  usually  a  single 
seed  near  the  apex;  seed  compressed,  light  reddish  brown,  j'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  separating  3°  or  4° 
above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  slender  branches,  and  branchlets  coated  when  they 
first  appear  with  ashy  gray  pubescence  disappearing  during  the  second  year,  and  then 
reddish  brown  and  roughened  by  numerous  glandular  excrescences;  or  more  often  a  low 
rigid  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  yV  thick,  light  gray,  and  broken  into  large  plate- 
like  scales,  exfoliating  on  the  surface  into  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sapwood  of  7  or  8  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  soil,  on  arid  slopes  and  dry  ridges;  valley  of  the  upper 
Guadalupe  River,  western  Texas,  to  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  south- 
ern Arizona,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  arborescent  in  the  United  States  only 
near  the  summit  of  the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains. 

14.  DALEA  L. 

Glandular-punctate  herbs,  small  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally 
pinnate,  or  simple  in  the  arborescent  species;  stipules  generally  minute,  subulate,  deciduous. 
Flowers  in  racemes,  their  bracts  membranaceous  or  setaceous,  broad,  concave  above, 
glandular-dentate;  calyx  5-toothed  or  lobed,  persistent,  the  divisions  nearly  equal;  corolla 
papilionaceous;  petals  unguiculate;  standard  cordate,  free,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the 
tubular  disk  connate  to  the  calyx-tube,  rather  shorter  than  the  wing-  and  keel-petals,  the 
claws  adnate  to  and  jointed  upon  the  staminal  tube;  stamens  10,  sometimes  9  through  the 
suppression  of  the  superior  stamen,  united  into  a  tube  cleft  above  and  cup-shaped  toward 
the  base;  anthers  uniform,  often  surmounted  by  a  gland;  ovary  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
contracted  into  a  slender  subulate  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma;  ovules  4-6  at- 
tached to  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  ovoid,  sometimes  conspicu- 
ously ribbed,  more  or  less  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  membranaceous,  indehiscent,  1-seeded; 
seed  reniform,  without  albumen;  testa  coriaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed; 
cotyledons  broad  and  flat;  radicle  superior,  accumbently  reflexed. 

Dalea  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  where  it  is  distributed  from  the  central,  western,  and 
southwestern  regions  of  the  United  States  through  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Peru, 
Chili,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands;  usually  herbs  or  low  undershrubs,  one  species  of  the 
United  States  occasionally  assumes  the  habit  and  attains  the  size  of  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Samuel  Dale  (1659-1739),  an  English  botanist  and 
writer  on  the  materia  medica. 

1.  Dalea  spinosa  A.  Gray.    Smoke  Tree. 

Leaves  few,  simple,  irregularly  scattered  near  the  base  of  the  spinose  branchlets,  cuneate 
or  linear-oblong,  sessile  or  nearly  sessile,  marked  by  few  large  glands,  especially  on  the 
entire  wavy  margins,  hoary-pubescent,  f'-l'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  and 
three  pairs  of  lateral  ribs,  on  vigorous  young  shoots  or  seedling  plants  remotely  and 
coarsely  serrate;  remaining  only  for  a  few  weeks  on  the  branches;  stipules  minute,  ovate, 
acute,  pubescent.  Flowers  \'  long,  appearing  in  June  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
minute  bracts,  in  racemes  I'-lf  long,  their  rachis  slender,  spinescent,  hoary-pubescent; 
calyx-tube  10-ribbed,  with  usually  5  glands  between  the  dorsal  ribs,  the  lobes  short,  ovate, 
rounded  or  more  or  less  ciliate  on  the  margins,  reflexed  at  maturity;  petals  dark  violet  blue, 
standard  cordate,  reflexed,  furnished  at  base  of  the  blade  with  two  conspicuous  glands, 
wing-  and  keel-petals  attached  to  the  staminal  tube  by  their  base  only  and  nearly  equal 
in  size,  rounded  at  apex,  more  or  less  irregularly  lobed  at  base;  ovary  pubescent,  gland- 


622  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ular  punctate.  Fruit  ovoid,  pubescent,  glandular,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  tipped  with 
the  remnants  of  the  recurved  style;  seed  }'  long,  pale  brown  irregularly  marked  with  dark 
spots. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  stout  contorted  trunk  sometimes  20'  in  diameter  and 
divided  near  the  ground  into  several  upright  branches,  and  branchlets  reduced  to  slender 
sharp  spines  coated  with  fine  pubescence,  bearing  minute  nearly  triangular  scarious  cadu- 
cous bracts,  marked  by  occasional  glandular  fistules,  and  developed  from  stouter  branches 
hoary-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  third  year  and  covered  with 


Fig.  568 

pale  brown  bark  roughened  with  lenticels  and  as  it  exfoliates  showing  the  pale  green  inner 
bark;  more  often  a  low  rigid  intricately  branched  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  gray- 
brown,  nearly  %'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  roughened  on  the  surface  by  small  persistent 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  rather  close-grained,  walnut-brown  in  color,  with  nearly  white 
sap  wood  of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth: 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  lower  Gila  River,  Arizona,  through  the  Colorado  Desert 
to  San  Felipe  and  Palm  Springs,  Riverside  County,  California,  and  southward  into  Sonora 
and  Lower  California. 

15.  ROBIN1A  L.    Locust. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  or  slightly  many-angled  zigzag  branchlets,  without  a 
terminal  bud,  minute  naked  subpetiolar  depressed-globose  axillary  buds  3  or  4  together, 
superposed,  protected  collectively  in  a  depression  by  a  scale-like  covering  lined  on  the  inner 
surface  with  a  thick  coat  of  tomentum  and  opening  in  early  spring,  its  divisions  persistent 
during  the  season  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet  developed  usually  from  the  upper  bud. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  petiolate,  deciduous;  leaflets  entire,  penniveined,  stipellate, 
reticulate- venulose,  petiolulate;  stipules  setaceous,  becoming  spinescent  at  maturity,  per- 
sistent. Flowers  on  long  pedicels,  in  short  pendulous  racemes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of 
the  year,  with  small  acuminate  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate,  5- 
toothed  or  cut,  the  upper  lobes  shorter  than  the  others,  cohering  for  part  of  their  length ; 
corolla  papilionaceous,  petals  shortly  unguiculate,  inserted  on  a  tubular  disk  glandular 
on  the  inner  surface  and  connate  with  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube;  standard  large,  reflexed, 
barely  longer  than  the  w7ing-  and  keel-petals,  naked  on  the  inner  surface,  obcordate,  re- 
flexed;  wings  oblong-falcate,  free;  keel-petals  incurved,  obtuse,  united  below;  stamens 
10,  inserted  with  the  petals,  the  9  inferior  united  into  a  tube  often  enlarged  at  base  and 
cleft  on  the  upper  side,  the  superior  stamen  free  at  the  base  and  connate  in  the  middle 


623 

with  the  staminal  tube,  or  finally  free;  anthers  ovoid;  ovary  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx, 
linear-oblong,  stipitate;  style  subulate,  inflexed,  bearded  along  the  inner  side  near  the  apex, 
with  a  small  terminal  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary, 
in  two  ranks,  superposed.  Legumes  in  drooping  many-fruited  racemes,  many-seeded,  linear, 
compressed,  almost  sessile,  2-valved,  the  seed-bearing  suture  narrow-winged;  valves  thin 
and  membranaceous.  Seed  oblong-oblique,  transverse,  attached  by  a  stout  persistent 
incurved  f  unicle  enlarged  at  the  point  of  attachment  to  the  placenta ;  seed-coat  thin,  crusta- 
ceous;  albumen  thin,  membranaceous;  cotyledons  oval,  fleshy;  radicle  short,  much  re- 
flexed,  accumbeht. 

Robinia  with  seven  or  eight  species  is  confined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico;  of 
the  species  found  in  the  United  States  three  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  botanical  labors  of  Jean  and  Vespasien  Robin, 
arborists  and  herbalists  of  the  kings  of  France  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Legume  without  glandular  hairs;  flowers  white.  1.  R.  Pseudoacacia  (A,  C). 

Legume  glandular-hispid  (in  the  arborescent  form  of  No.  2) ;  flowers  rose  color. 

Glands  not  viscid.  2.  R.  neo-Mexicana  (F,  H). 

Glands  exuding  a  clammy  sticky  substance.  3.  R.  viscosa  (A). 

1.  Robinia  Pseudoacacia  L.    Locust.    Acacia.    Yellow  Locust. 

Leaves  8'-14'  long,  with  a  slender  puberulous  petiole,  and  7-19  leaflets;  turning  pale 
clear  yellow  late  in  the  autumn  just  before  falling;  stipules  \'  long,  linear,  subulate,  mem- 


Fig,  569 


branaceous,  at  first  pubescent  and  tipped  with  small  tufts  of  caducous  brown  hairs,  be- 
coming straight  or  slightly  recurved  spines  persistent  for  many  years  and  ultimately  often 
more  than  1'  in  length;  leaflets  oval,  rounded  or  slightly  truncate  and  minutely  apiculate  at 
apex,  when  they  unfold  covered  with  caducous  silvery  pubescence,  at  maturity  very  thin, 
dull  dark  blue-green  above,  pale  below,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  slight  pubes- 
cence on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midrib,  l£'-2'  long  and  £'-f '  wide;  petiolules  stout, 
|'-i'  in  length;  stipules  minute,  linear,  membranaceous,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  open- 
ing in  May  or  early  in  June,  filled  with  nectar,  very  fragrant,  on  slender  pedicels  \'  long  and 
dark  red  or  red  tinged  with  green,  in  loose  puberulous  racemes  4'-5'  long;  calyx  conspicu- 
ously gibbous  on  the  upper  side,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  dark  green  blotched  with  red,  espe- 
cially on  the  upper  side,  the  lower  lobe  acuminate  and  much  longer  than  the  nearly  trian- 


624 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


gular  lateral  and  upper  lobes;  petals  pure  white,  with  a  large  pale  yellow  blotch  marking 
the  inner  surface  of  the  standard.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  3 '-4'  long  and  \' 
wide,  with  bright  red-brown  valves,  usually  4-8-seeded,  mostly  persistent  until  the  end  of 
winter  or  early  spring;  seeds  ^'  long,  dark  orange-brown,  with  irregular  darker  markings. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  small  brittle  usually  erect  branches 
forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and  slender  terete  or  sometimes  slightly  many-angled 
branchlets  marked  by  small  pale  scattered  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  short  appressed 
silvery  white  deciduous  pubescence,  pale  green  and  puberulous  during  their  first  summer, 
becoming  light  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  toward  autumn.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  l'-l|'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  covered  by  small 
square  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  brown  or  rarely  light  green,  with  pale  yellow  sapwood 
of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth;  formerly  extensively  used  in  shipbuilding,  for  all  sorts  of 
posts,  in  construction  and  turnery;  preferred  for  treenails,  and  valued  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  central  and  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  northern  Georgia;  in  southern  Illinois;  now  widely  naturalized  in  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  perhaps  indigenous  as  a  low  shrub  in  northeastern 
and  western  Arkansas  and  in  Oklahoma;  nowhere  common;  in  the  Appalachian  forest 
growing  singly  or  in  small  groups  up  to  altitudes  of  3500°;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghanies  of  West  Virginia;  often  spreading  by 
underground  stems  into  broad  thickets  of  small  and  often  stunted  trees. 

Formerly  much  planted  as  an  ornamental  and  timber  tree  in  the  eastern  states;  very 
frequently  used  in  Europe,  with  numerous  seminal  varieties  of  peculiar  foliage  or  habit, 
for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens,  and  to  shade  the  streets  of  cities. 

2.  Robinia  neo-mexicana  A.  Gray.    Locust. 

In  its  typical  form  a  shrub  only  a  few  feet  high.     The  hairs  on  the  fruit  not  glandular- 
hispid. 
Distribution.     Mountain  canons  and  plains,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico.     Passing  into 

Robinia  neo-mexicana  var.  luxurians  Dieck. 

Leaves  6'-12'  long,  with  a  stout  pubescent  petiole,  and  15-21  leaflets;  stipules  charta- 
ceous,  covered  with  long  silky  brown  hairs,  becoming  at  maturity  stout  slightly  recurved 


Fig.  570 

flat  brown  or  bright  red  spines  sometimes  1'  or  more  long;  leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  rounded 
or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at  the  mucronate  apex,  cuneate  or  sometimes  rounded 


LEGUMINOS^E 

at  base,  1|'  long,  and  1'  broad,  coated  at  first  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  margins 
with  soft  brown  hairs,  and  silvery-pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
pale  blue-green,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the 
slightly  puberulous  lower  side  of  the  slender  midrib  and  stout  petiolule;  stipels  mem- 
branaceous,  \'  long,  often  recurved,  sometimes  persistent  through  the  season.  Flowers 
appearing  in  May,  1'  long,  on  slender  pedicels  \'  in  length  and  covered  with  stout  glan- 
dular hairs,  in  short  compact  many-flowered  glandular-hispid  long-stemmed  racemes; 
corolla  pale  rose  color  or  sometimes  almost  white  (f.  albiflora  Kusche),  with  a  broad 
standard  and  wing-petals.  Fruit  3'-4'  long,  about  %'  wide,  glandular-Lispid,  with  a  nar- 
row wing;  seeds  dark  brown,  slightly  mottled,  yV  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  branchlets  at  first 
pale  and  coated  with  rusty  brown  glandular  hairs  increasing  in  length  during  the  summer, 
and  slightly  puberulous,  bright  reddish  brown,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and 
marked  by  a  few  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  whiter.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
thin,  slightly  furrowed,  light  brown,  the  surface  separating  into  small  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  with 
light  yellow  sapwrood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  valley  of  the  Purgatory  River,  Colorado, 
through  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Utah;  on  the  Santa  Catalina  and 
Santa  Rita  Mountains,  southern  Arizona  up  to  altitudes  of  7000°;  probably  of  its  largest 
size  near  Trinidad,  Las  Animas  County,  Colorado. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western 
Europe. 

X  Robinia  Holdtii  Beiss,  a  hybrid  of  Robinia  neo-mexicana  var.  luxurians  and  R.  Pseu- 
doacacia,  has  appeared  in  a  Colorado  nursery  and  is  occasionally  cultivated. 

3.  Robinia  viscosa  Vent.    Clammy  Locust. 

Leaves  7'-12'  long,  with  a  stout  nearly  terete  dark  glandular-hispid  clammy  petiole, 
and  13-21  leaflets;  stipules  subulate,  chartaceous,  often  deciduous  or  developing  into 
short  slender  spines:  leaflets  ovate,  sometimes  acuminate,  mucronate,  rounded  or  pointed 


Fig.  571 

at  apex,  and  cuneate  at  base,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  with  soft  white  pubescence, 
and  slightly  puberulous  above,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  slender  yellow  midrib  and 
primary  veins  and  on  the  stout  glandular-hispid  petiolule,  H'-2'  long  and  f'  wide;  stipels 
slender,  deciduous.  Flowers  f '  long,  almost  inodorous,  appearing  in  June,  on  slender 


626  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

hairy  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  large  lanceolate  acuminate  dark-red  bracts  contracted  at 
apex  into  a  long  setaceous  point  exserted  beyond  the  flower-buds  and  mostly  deciduous 
before  the  flowers  open,  in  short  crowded  glandular-hispid  racemes;  calyx  dark  red,  coated 
on  the  outer  surface  and  on  the  margins  of  the  subulate  lobes  with  long  pale  hairs;  corolla 
pale  rose  or  flesh  color,  with  a  narrow  standard  marked  on  the  inner  face  by  a  pale  yellow 
blotch,  and  broad  wing-petals.  Fruit  narrow- winged,  glandular-hispid,  2'-3£'  long;  seeds 
I'  long,  dark  reddish  brown  and  mottled. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches,  and 
dark  reddish  brown  branchlets  covered  with  conspicuous  dark  glandular  hairs  exuding, 
like  those  on  the  petioles  and  legumes,  a  clammy,  sticky  substance,  during  the  first  winter 
bright  red-brown,  covered  with  small  black  lenticels  and  very  sticky,  becoming  in  their 
second  year  light  brown  and  dry;  or  a  shrub,  often  only  5°-6°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |' 
thick,  smooth,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown,  with 
light  yellow  sap  wood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Mountains  of  North  and  South  Carolina  up  to  altitudes  of  3000°,  and 
now  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  as 
far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  all  countries  with  a  temperate 
climate. 

16.  OLNEYAA.  Gray. 

A  tree,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  and  stout  terete  hoary-canescent  slightly  angled  branchlets 
armed  with  stout  infrastipular  spines.  Leaves  equally  or  unequally  pinnate,  hoary-canes- 
cent,  persistent,  10-15-foliolulate,  destitute  of  stipules  and  stipels,  short-pet iolate,  often 
fascicled  in  earlier  axils;  leaflets  oblong  or  obovate,  entire,  obtuse,  often  mucronate  at  apex, 
cuneate  at  base,  rigid,  short-petiolulate,  reticulate-veined,  with  a  broad  conspicuous  mid- 
rib. Flowers  on  stout  pedicels  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  in  short  axillary  few-flowered 
hoary-canescent  racemes,  with  acute  minute  bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous  before  the 
expansion  of  the  flowers;  calyx  hoary-canescent,  the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  almost  equal,  the 
two  upper  lobes  connate  nearly  throughout;  disk  cupuliform,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the 
calyx;  corolla  papilionaceous;  petals  unguiculate,  purple  or  violet,  inserted  on  the  disk; 
standard  orbicular,  deeply  emarginate,  reflexed,  furnished  at  base  of  the  blade  with  two 
infolded  ear-shaped  appendages  covering  2  prominent  callosites;  wing-petals  oblique,  ob- 
long, slightly  auriculate  at  base  of  blade  on  the  upper  side,  free,  as  long  as  the  broad  obtuse 
incurved  keel-petals;  stamens  10,  the  superior  stamen  free,  filling  the  slit  in  the  tube  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  others;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  of  the  same  length,  oblong,  uniform: 
ovary  sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  pilose;  style  inflexed,  bearded  above  the  middle;  stigma 
thick  and  fleshy,  depressed-capitate;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of 
the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  oblique,  compressed,  glandular-hairy,  light  brown,  2- 
valved,  often  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  long  persistent  style,  1-5-seeded,  the  valves 
thick  and  coriaceous,  becoming  unequally  and  interruptedly  convex  at  maturity.  Seeds 
broad-ovoid,  slightly  angled  on  the  ventral  side,  suspended  by  a  short  thick  funicle,  with- 
out albumen;  seed-coat  thin,  membranaceous,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  em- 
bryo filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  accumbent  on  the  short 
incurved  radicle. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  southern  Arizona,  California,  and 
northwestern  Mexico. 

Olneya  is  in  memory  of  Stephen  T.  Olney  (1812-1878),  author  of  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Rhode  Island. 

1.  Olneya  tesota  A.  Gray.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  l'-2|'  long,  with  leaflets  |'-f  in  length,  appearing  in  June  and  persistent  until 
the  following  spring.  Flowers  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  nearly  \'  long.  Fruit  light 


LEGUMINOS^  627 

brown,  very  glandular,  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  ripening  before  the  end  of  August. 
2'-2i'  long.' 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  18'  in  diameter  and 
usually  divided  4°-6°  above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches,  and 
slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary-canescent  pubescence  disappearing 
early  in  their  second  year,  and  then  pale  green  and  more  or  less  spotted  and  streaked  with 
red,  becoming  pale  brown  in  their  third  season,  their  spines  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
very  sharp  and  rigid,  |'-j'  long,  and  persistent  at  least  during  two  years.  Bark  of  the 


Fig.  572 

trunk  thin,  exfoliating  in  long  longitudinal  dark  red-brown  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard  and  strong,  although  brittle,  rich  dark  brown  striped  with  red,  with  thin  clear 
yellow  sap  wood;  valued  as  fuel  and  sometimes  manufactured  into  canes  and  other  small 
objects. 

Distribution.  Sides  of  low  depressions  and  arroyos  in  the  desert;  valley  of  the  Colorado 
River  south  of  the  Mohave  Mountains,  California,  to  southwestern  Arizona,  and  to 
Sonora  and  Lower  California ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Sonora. 

17.  ERYTHRINA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  erect  terete  stems  and  branches,  often  armed  with  recurved  prickles, 
or  rarely  herbaceous.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  ST-foliolate;  stipules  small,  the  stipels 
gland-like.  Flowers  papilionaceous,  showy,  in  pairs  or  fascicled  on  the  rachis  of  axillary 
leafless  racemes,  or  in  terminal  racemes  furnished  at  base  with  leaf-like  bracts;  calyx  ob- 
lique, truncate  or  5-toothed;  corolla  usually  scarlet;  petals  free;  standard  broad  or  elon- 
gated, erect  or  spreading,  nearly  sessile  or  raised  on  a  long  stalk;  wing-petals  small  or 
wanting,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  keel-petals;  stamens  10,  united  into  a  tube  split  on 
the  upper  side,  the  tenth  and  upper  stamen  separate  or  all  10  united;  anthers  uniform; 
ovary  stipitate,  1-celled;  styles  subulate,  incurved,  naked;  stigmas  small,  terminal;  ovules 
numerous,  amphitropous,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  stipitate  linear-falcate  pod  nar- 
rowed at  ends,  compressed  or  subterete,  constricted  or  undulate  between  the  seeds, 
2-valved;  seeds  reniform,  attached  by  an  oblong  basal  hilum,  exalbuminous. 

From  twenty-five  to  thirty  species  are  recognized,  all  inhabitants  of  tropical  and  semi- 
tropical  regions.  In  the  gardens  of  warm  countries  several  of  the  species  are  cultivated 
for  the  beauty  of  their  large  and  brilliant  flowers. 

The  name  is  from  tpv0p6s,  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flowers. 


6-28 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1 .  Erythrina  herbacea  var.  arborea  Chapm. 

Leaves  persistent,  usually  6'-8'  long,  with  a  slender  petiole  and  rachis  occasionally 
armed  with  small  recurved  prickles;  leaflets  thin,  deltoid  to  hastate,  concave-cuneate  at 
the  broad  base,  the  lateral  lobes  broad  and  rounded  and  much  shorter  than  the  elongated 
terminal  lobe  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  thin,  yellow-green,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  2|'-3|'  long  and  lf'-2j'  wide;  petiolules  slender,  about  \'  in  length,  with 
minute  gland-like  stipels.  Flowers  2'-2f '  Jong  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  narrow  leafless 
racemes  8'-13'  long,  the  lowrer  flowers  fading  before  those  at  the  apex  of  the  raceme  open; 
calyx  dark  red,  truncate  and  ciliate  at  the  mouth,  \'  in  length;  corolla  scarlet;  the  standard 
narrow,  oblanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  base,  about  \'  long,  closely  infolded 
and  then  more  or  less  falcate;  wing-petals  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx  and  longer  than 


Fig.  573 


the  keel-petals;  stamens  diadelphous.  Fruit  compressed,  constricted  between  the  seeds, 
apiculate  at  apex,  from  4 '-6'  long,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  stout  stipitate  base  often 
f  in  length;  seeds  compressed,  bright  scarlet,  lustrous,  T52'  long  and  about  \'  wide,  with  a 
dark  hilum. 

A  tree,  rarely  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  erect 
and  spreading  branches,  and  slende'r  yellow-green  branchlets  armed  with  short  broad  re- 
curved spines;  more  often  shrubby  and,  except  in  size  and  habit,  not  distinguishable  from 
Erythrina  herbacea  L.,  an  herb  with  slender  spreading  stems  occasionally  3°  long,  and  com- 
mon in  sandy  soil  from  the  coast  region  of  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  western  Mississippi 
and  Louisiana,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas.  Bark  thin  red-brown 
marked  by  longitudinal  rows  of  large  circular  elevated  lenticle-like  excrescences. 

Distribution.  Florida,  coast  region  from  Miami,  Dade  County,  to  the  southern  shores 
of  Tampa  Bay,  and  on  the  southern  keys. 


18.  ICHTHYOMETHIA  P.  Brown. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  thin  scaly  bark  and  stout  terete  branchlets  without  a  terminal 
bud.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  long-petiolate;  leaflets  opposite.  Flowers  papiliona- 
ceous, on  slender  pedicels  enlarged  at  the  end,  bibracteolate,  in  lateral  panicles,  appearing 
before  the  leaves;  bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  scarious;  calyx  campanulate,  2-lipped,  the 


LEGUMINOS^E  629 

upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  3-lobed,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  short 
and  broad;  petals  inserted  on  an  annular  glandular  disk  adnate  to  the  interior  of  the  calyx- 
tube,  unguiculate,  white  tinged  with  red,  rarely  yellowish  white;  stamens  10,  the  filament 
of  the  upper  stamen  free  at  base  only,  united  above  with  the  others  into  a  long  tube;  an- 
thers oblong,  uniform,;  versatile;  ovary  sessile,  contracted  into  a  filiform  incurved  style, 
with  a  capitate  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary, 
^-ranked.  Legume  linear,  compressed,  raised  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the  calyx,  slightly 
contracted  between  the  numerous  seeds,  tomentose-canescent  or  glabrate,  thin-walled, 
indehiscent,  longitudinally  4-winged,  the  wings  developed  from  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
sutures,  broad  or  narrow,  continuous  or  interrupted  by  the  abortion  of  some  of  the  ovules, 
membranaceous,  their  margins  undulate  or  irregularly  cut;  seeds  oval,  compressed,  with- 
out albumen,  laterally  attached  by  a  short  thick  funicle;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  red- 
brown,  not  lustrous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  oval, 
fleshy;  radicle  short,  inflexed. 

Seven  or  eight  species  are  now  recognized,  inhabitants  of  tropical  America  where  they 
are  distributed  from  southern  Florida,  through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Mexico  and 
Guatemala.  Piscidia  from  the  bark  of  the  roots  of  Ichthyomethia  is  sometimes  used  me- 
dicinally. 

The  generic  name,  from  tx0i£  and  ^0v,  indicates  the  Carib  use  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Ichthyomethia  piscipula  A.  S.  Hitch.    Jamaica  Dogwood. 

Leaves  4'-9'  long,  5-11-foliolate,  with  stout  petioles;  leaflets  oval,  obovate  or  broad- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  short-acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  with  thick  pubes- 
cent petiolules,  when  they  first  appear  coated  like  the  petioles  with  rufous  hairs,  at  ma- 


Fig.  574 


turity  coriaceous,  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  clothed  below  with 
rufous  or  canescent  pubescence  along  the  elevated  conspicuous  midrib,  and  numerous  thin 
veins  arching  and  united  at  the  entire  undulate  thickened  margins,  or  covered  with  soft  pu- 
bescence below;  deciduous  in  spring.  Flowers  opening  in  May,  f '  long,  on  slender  pedicels 
sometimes  l£'  in  length,  in  canescent  ovoid  densely  flowered  or  elongated  thyrsoid  pan- 
icles, with  short  3-12-flowered  branches,  from  the  axils  of  the  fallen  leaves  of  the  previous 
year;  calyx  canescent,  5-lobed;  petals  white  tinged  with  red,  the  standard  hoary-canescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  marked  with  a  green  blotch  on  the  inner  surface,  its  claw  as  long  as 
the  calyx;  ovary  sericeous.  Fruit  ripening  in  July  and  August,  broad-winged,  light  brown, 
3' -4'  long  and  !'-!£'  across  the  wings. 
A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  erect  sometimes  con- 


630  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

torted  branches  forming  an  irregular  head,  and  branches  coated  when  they  first  appear 
with  thick  rufous  pubescence  disappearing  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  glabrous 
or  glabrate,  bright  reddish  brown,  conspicuously  marked  by  oblong  longitudinal  lenticels, 
and  large  elevated  horizontal  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars  marked  by  the  ends  of  numerous 
small  scattered  fibro- vascular  bundles.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  |'-|'  long,  with  thin 
hoary-pubescent  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  gray  more  or  less  blotched 
with  olive  and  covered  with  small  square  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
clear  yellow-brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
ground;  largely  used  in  Florida  in  boat-building,  and  for  firewood  and  charcoal.  In  the 
West  Indies  the  bark  of  the  roots,  young  branches  and  powdered  leaves  were  used  by 
the  Caribs  to  stupefy  fish  and  facilitate  their  capture. 

Distribution.  One  of  the  commonest  of  the  tropical  trees  of  Florida  from  the  shores 
of  Bay  Biscay ne  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west  coast  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Peace  Creek  to  Cape  Sable;  on  many  of  the  Antilles  and  in  southern  Mexico.  Sterile 
branches  collected  by  C.  T.  Simpson  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cape  Sable  indicate  that  a  sec- 
ond species  occurs  in  Florida. 

XXIV.    ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  resinous  wood,  and  opposite  pinnate  leaves,  with  stipules. 
Flowers  perfect,  regular;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  as  many  as 
the  calyx-lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals, 
hypogynous;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally; 
ovary  5-celled;  styles  united,  terminating  in  a  minute  5-lobed  or  entire  stigma;  ovules  nu- 
merous, suspended,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  capsular,  angled  or  winged,  sep- 
arating at  maturity  into  5  indehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  each  cell;  seed- 
coat  thick  and  fleshy;  embryo  straight  or  nearly  so;  cotyledons  oval,  foliaceous;  radicle 
short,  superior. 

Of  the  fourteen  genera  of  this  family,  mostly  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  one  only,  Guaiacum,  has  an  arborescent  representative  in  the  United  States. 

1.  GUAIACUML.    Lignum-vitae. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  and  stout  terete  alternate  branchlets  often  with  swollen 
nodes.  Leaves  petiolate,  abruptly  pinnate,  with  2-14  entire  reticulate-veined  leaflets, 
and  minute  mostly  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  umbellate-fascicled, 
pedicellate,  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts;  calyx-lobes  slightly  united  at  base, 
unequal,  deciduous;  petals  broad-obovate,  more  or  less  unguiculate;  stamens  inserted  on 
the  inconspicuous  elevated  disk  opposite  to  and  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  fili- 
form, naked  or  bearing  at  base  on  the  inner  surface  a  minute  membranaceous  scale;  an- 
thers oblong;  ovary  raised  on  a  short  thick  stalk,  obovoid  or  clavate,  5-lobed,  contracted 
into  a  slender  subulate  acute  style;  ovules  8-10  in  each  cell,  suspended  in  pairs  from  the 
inner  angle.  Fruit  fleshy,  5-celled,  smooth,  coriaceous,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  stem, 
with  5  wing-like  angles,  ventrally  and  sometimes  dorsally  dehiscent.  Seeds  suspended, 
ovoid;  seed-coat  easily  separable  from  the  hard  bony  nucleus  closely  invested  with  a  tliin 
indistinct  tegumen. 

Guaiacum  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  through 
the  Antilles,  Mexico,  and  Central  America  to  the  Andes  of  Peru.  Seven  or  eight  species 
are  distinguished. 

Guaiacum  produces  heavy  close-grained  wood,  the  cells  of  the  heart  wood  filled  with 
dark-colored  resin.  The  lignum-vitse  of  commerce,  largely  used  for  the  sheaths  of  ship- 
blocks,  mallets,  skittle-balls,  ten-pin  balls,  etc.,  is  produced  principally  by  Guaiacum 
officinale  L.,  of  the  Antilles  and  South  America,  and  by  Guaiacum  sanctum  L.  Guaiacum 
resin  is  a  stimulating  diaphoretic  sometimes  used  in  the  treatment  of  gout  and  rheuma- 
tism. 


MALPIGIACE^E  631 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  Carib  Guaiaco  or  Guayacon,  the  aboriginal  name  of  the 
Lignum-vitse. 

1.  Guaiacum  sanctum  L. 

Leaves  3'  or  4'  long,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  obliquely  oblong  or  obovate  mucronate  subses- 
sile  leaflets,  membranaceous,  light  green  and  puberulous  below  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  both  surfaces,  1'  long  and 
nearly  \'  wide,  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  growth  in  March  or  early  April 
of  the  following  year;  stipules  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  short  mucro,  pubescent,  \'  long. 
usually  caducous,  but  sometimes  persistent  during  the  season.  Flowers  §'  in  diameter, 
opening  almost  immediately  after  the  appearance  of  the  new  growth,  and  continuing  to 
open  during  several  weeks,  solitary  on  a  slender  pubescent  pedicel  shorter  than  the  leaves 
and  usually  produced  3  or  4  together  at  the  end  of  the  branches  from  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  their  bracts  acuminate,  minute,  the  2  lateral  rather  smaller  than  the  others;  calyx- 
lobes  obovate,  slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  outer  surface  near  the  base,  and  smaller 


Fig.  575 

than  the  blue  petals  twisted  below  from  left  to  right,  and  thus  appearing  to  be  obliquely  in- 
serted; filaments  naked;  ovary  obovoid,  prominently  5-angled,  glabrous,  contracted  at 
base  into  a  short  stout  stalk.  Fruit  broad-obovoid,  f '  long,  \'  wide,  bright  orange  color, 
opening  at  maturity  by  the  splitting  of  the  thick  rather  fleshy  valves;  seeds  black,  with  a 
thick  fleshy  scarlet  aril-like  outer  coat. 

A  gnarled  round-headed  cree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  occa- 
sionally 2f°-3°  in  diameter,  slender  pendulous  branches,  and  branchlets  conspicuously 
enlarged  at  the  nodes,  sligjitly  angled,  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in 
their  second  year  glabrous,  nearly  white,  and  roughened  by  numerous  small  excrescences. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  £'  thick,  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  white 
scales.  Wood  dark  green  or  yellow-brown,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Keys  of  southern  Florida  from  Key  West  eastward;  on  the  Bahama 
Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

XXV.  MALPIGIACEJE. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  vines  with  opposite  simple  entire  often  stipulate  persistent  leaves; 
stipules  deciduous  or  0.  Flowers  usually  perfect  or  dimorphous,  on  pedicels  articulate 
near  their  base  from  the  axils  of  a  bract  and  furnished  below  the  articulation  with  two 
bractlets,  in  terminal  racemes,  corymbs  or  umbels;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  generally  im- 


632 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


bricated  in  the  bud,  usually  glandular;  petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  unguiculate;  disk 
inconspicuous;  stamens  usually  10;  filaments  generally  united  at  base;  anthers  short, 
2-celled,  introrse;  ovary  of  3  rarely  of  2  carpels  more  or  less  united  into  a  3-celled  ovary; 
styles  usually  3,  distinct,  rarely  united;  stigma  terminal  or  sublateral,  inconspicuous; 
ovule  solitary,  between  orthotropous  and  anatropous,  often  uncinate,  ascending  on  the 
pendulous  funicle;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  samaroid; 
seeds  without  albumen,  suspended  from  below  the  apex  of  the  cell;  testa  thin;  embryo 
curved  or  coiled,  rarely  straight;  cotyledons  often  unequal;  radicle  short,  superior. 

This  family  of  nearly  sixty  genera  is  confined  to  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  with 
one  arborescent  species  in  the  United  States. 

1.  BYRSONIMA  Rich. 

Trees,  or  shrubs  often  scandent,  with  astringent  bark  and  leaves;  stipules  usually  con- 
nate, rarely  partly  connate  or  free.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  lobes  of  the  calyx  fur- 
nished on  the  back  with  two  glands;  petals  unguiculate,  their  slender  claws  reflexed  in 
anthesis,  the  limb  concave,  penniveined;  stamens  10,  filaments  short,  united  and  bearded 
at  base;  ovary  3-celled;  styles  3,  distinct,  oblong  or  subulate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the 
acute  stigma.  Fruit  a  3-celled  drupe;  endocarp  bony  or  woody,  angled;  seeds  ovoid  to 
subglobose;  embryo  circinate,  with  slender  coiled  cotyledons;  radicle  oblong. 

Byrsonima  with  nearly  one  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America 
from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  and  the  Bahama  Islands  through  the 
West  Indies,  Mexico,  Brazil  and  Bolivia. 

The  generic  name  is  from  fivps,  a  hide,  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  bark  in  tanning. 

1.  Byrsonima  lucida  DC. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  occasionally  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  grad- 
uallv  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 


Fig.  576 


paler,  dull  and  reticulate-venulose  beneath,  l'-H'  long  and  £'-£'  wide,  with  thickened 
revolute  margins,  a  slender  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins;  petioles  stout,  $'-£'  in 
length;  stipules  free,  minute,  acute,  deciduous.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  appearing  through- 


RUTACEyE  633 

out  the  year  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels  \'  to  nearly  \'  long  from  the  axils  of  acuminate 
caducous  bracts  a  third  longer  than  their  acuminate  bractlets,  in  terminal  5-12-flowered 
erect  racemes  f'-l^'  in  length;  calyx  cup-shaped,  persistent  under  the  fruit,  with  short 
nearly  triangular  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  white  petals  turning  yellow,  pink  or  rose 
color;  styles  elongated  and  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose,  greenish,  about  j' 
in  diameter,  the  flesh  thin  and  dry;  stone  woody,  rugose,  thick-walled,  lustrous  on  the 
inner  surface;  seed  ovoid,  acute,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  stone,  pale  yellow. 

A  small  tree,  rarely  20°  high  with  a  trunk  10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  bark, 
spreading  branches  forming  a  flat-topped  head  and  slender  terete  pale  gray  branchlets; 
more  often  a  many-stemmed  shrub. 

Distribution.  Florida,  in  sandy  soil  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  and  on 
several  of  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahamas  and  many  of  the  Antilles;  in  Florida  ar- 
borescent on  Long  Key  in  the  Everglades,  and  on  Big  Pine  Key. 

XXVI.    RUTACE^;. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  abounding  in  a  pungent  or  bitter  aromatic  volatile  oil,  with  simple  or 
compound  usually  glandular-punctate  leaves,  without  stipules  or  rarely  with  stipular 
spines.  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  unisexual,  in  paniculate  or  corymbose  cymes;  calyx 
3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  united  at  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  3-5,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  filaments  distinct  or 
united  below;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  pistils  1-4,  sep- 
arate or  united  into  a  compound  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate  on  a  glandular  disk;  styles  mostly 
united;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous; 
raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  of  2-valved  carpels,  a  samara,  drupe  or  capsule. 
Seeds  solitary  or  several;  seed-coat  bony  or  crustaceous,  furrowed  or  punctate;  embryo 
axile  in  fleshy  albumen;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Of  this  large  family,  widely  distributed  over  the  warm  and  temperate  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface,  four  genera  only  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States.  Citrus 
Aurantium  L.,  the  Bitter-sweet  Orange,  a  native  of  Asia,  has  long  been  naturalized  in  the 
peninsula  of  Florida,  where  other  species  of  this  genus  have  escaped  from  cultivation  and 
are  now  growing  spontaneously. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  of  1-5,  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels;  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  1 .  Xanthoxylum. 
Fruit  of  3  or  4-winged  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels;  flowers  perfect.  2.  Helietta. 

Fruit  a  winged  samara;  flowers  polygamous.  3.  Ptelea. 

Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  4.  Amyris. 

1.  XANTHOXYLUM  L. 
»^ 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  aromatic  bark,  pellucid  aromatic-punctate  fruit  and  foliage, 
scaly  buds,  and  usually  stipular  spines.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  or  rarely  equally 
pinnate;  leaflets  generally  opposite,  often  oblique  at  the  base,  entire  or  crenulate.  Flowers 
small,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  axillary  or  terminal  broad  or  contracted  pedunculate 
cymes;  calyx  and  petals  hypogynous;  disk  small  or  obscure;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  them,  hypogynous,  effete,  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  female  flower; 
filaments  filiform  or  subulate;  pistils  1-5,  oblique,  raised  on  the  summit  of  a  fleshy  gyno- 
phore,  connivent,  sometimes  slightly  united  below,  rudimentary,  simple  or  2-5-parted  in 
the  sterile  flower;  ovaries  1-celled;  styles  short  and  slender,  more  or  less  united  toward  the 
summit;  stigmas  capitate;  ovules  collateral,  pendulous  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell. 
Fruit  of  1-5  coriaceous  or  fleshy  1-seeded  carpels,  broad-obovoid,  sessile  or  stipitate, 
ventrally  dehiscent.  Seed  solitary  oblong  or  globose,  suspended  on  a  slender  funicle,  often 


634  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

hanging  from  the  carpel  at  maturity;  seed-coat  black,  shining,  conspicuously  marked  by 
the  broad  hilum;  cotyledons  oval  or  orbicular,  folia  ceous. 

Xanthoxylum  is  widely  distributed  through  tropical  and  extratropical  regions  and  is 
most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  It  is  represented  in  North  America  by  one  shrub 
and  by  four  arborescent  species  of  the  southern  states.  The  resin  contained  in  the  bark, 
especially  in  that  of  the  roots,  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and  tonic  occasionally  used  in 
medicine. 

The  generic  name  is  from  ZavQbs  and  &\ov. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  contracted  cymes;  branches  armed  with  stipular  spines. 

1.  X.Fagara  (D,  E). 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  5;  leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

Leaves  deciduous;  branches  armed  with  stout  spines.  2.  X.  clava-Herculis  (('). 

Leaves  persistent;  branches  without  spines.  3.  X.  flavum  (D). 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  3;  leaves  equally  pinnate,  persistent.          4.  X.  coriaceum  (I)). 

1.  Xanthoxylum  Fagara  Sarg.    Wild  Lime. 
Fagara  Fagara  Small. 

Leaves  persistent,  3'-4'  long,  with  a  broad-winged  jointed  petiole,  and  7-9  obovate  leaf- 
lets rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  minutely  crenulate-toothed  above  the  middle,  sessile, 


%'  long  or  less,  coriaceous,  glandular-punctate,  bright  green  and  lustrous,  with  minute 
hooked  deciduous  stipular  prickles.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute 
ovate  obtuse  deciduous  bracts,  in  short  axillary  contracted  cymes,  appearing  singly  or  in 
pairs  from  April  until  June,  on  branches  of  the  previous  year,  from  minute  dark  brown 
globular  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  different  trees;  sepals  4,  membrana- 
ceous,  much  shorter  than  the  4  ovate  yellow-green  petals;  stamens  4,  with  slender  exserted 
filaments,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  pistils  2,  with  ovate  sessile  ovaries  gradually  contracted 
into  long  slender  subulate  exserted  styles  united  near  apex  and  crowned  with  obliquely 
spreading  stigmas,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
obovoid,  rusty  brown  and  rugose,  f'-j'  long;  seed  dark  and  lustrous. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk,  fastigiate  branches, 
and  more  or  less  zigzag  slender  dark  gray  branchlets  armed  with  sharp  hooked  stipular 


RUTACE^E  635 

spines;  more  frequently  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  the  smooth 
light  gray  surface  broken  into  small  appressed  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very 
close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Coast  and  islands  of  southern  Florida,  and  Texas  from  Matagorda  Bay 
to  the  Rio  Grande  and  in  San  Saba,  Bandera,  and  Brown  Counties;  one  of  the  commonest 
of  the  south  Florida  plants,  and  arborescent  on  the  rich  hummock  soil  of  Elliott's  Key  and 
the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne;  in  Texas  generally  shrubby;  common  in  northern  Mexico,  and 
widely  distributed  through  the  Antilles,  southern  Mexico,  and  Central  and  South  America 
to  Brazil  and  Peru. 

2.  Xanthoxylum  clava-Herculis  L.    Prickly  Ash.    Toothache-tree. 

Fagara  clava-Herculis  Small. 

Leaves  5 '-8'  long,  with  a  stout  pubescent  or  glabrous  spiny  petiole,  and  3-9  pairs  of 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  sometimes  slightly  falcate  subcoriaceous  leaflets  usually  oblique 
at  base,  crenulate-serrate,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  l'-2£'  long,  green  and  lustrous  above, 
paler  and  often  somewhat  pubescent  below,  especially  when  they  unfold;  persistent  until 


Fig.  578 

late  in  the  winter  or  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  in  the  early  spring.  Flowers  on 
slender  pedicels  |'-|'  long,  from  the  axils  of  minute  lanceolate  deciduous  bracts,  in  ample 
wide-branched  cymes  4 '-5'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  appearing  hi  very  early  spring,  when  the 
leaves  are  about  half  grown,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  different  individuals; 
sepals  minute,  membranaceeus,  persistent,  barely  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  oval  green 
petals  \'-\'  long;  stamens  5,  with  slender  filiform  filaments,  conspicuously  exserted  from 
the  male  flowers,  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  female  flowers;  pistils  3,  rarely  2,  with  ses- 
sile ovaries  and  short  styles  crowned  by  a  slightly  2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  May 
and  June,  in  dense  often  nearly  globose  clusters;  mature  carpels  obliquely  ovoid,  1-seeded, 
chestnut-brown,  f '  long,  with  a  rugose  or  pitted  surface;  seeds  hanging  at  maturity  outside 
the  carpels. 

A  round-headed  tree,  25°-30°,  or  exceptionally  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-18'  in 
diameter,  numerous  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  stout  branchlets  cov- 
ered when  they  first  appear  with  brown  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  gray  in 
their  second  year,  and  marked  by  small  glandular  spots  and  by  large  elevated  obcordate 
leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  large  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  and  armed  with  stout 
straight  or  sometimes  slightly  curved  sharp  chestnut-brown  spines  \'  or  more  long,  with  a 


636  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

flattened  enlarged  base;  or  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  short,  obtuse,  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black.  Bark  of  the  trunk  barely  TV  thick,  light  gray,  and  roughened  by  corky 
tubercles,  with  ovoid  dilated  bases  sometimes  1'  or  more  across  and  thick  and  rounded  at 
apex.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  and  light  brown,  with  yellow  sapwood.  The  bark, 
which  is  collected  in  large  quantities  by  negroes  in  the  southern  states,  is  used  as  a  cure  for 
toothache  and  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscayne  and  Bocagrande,  Lee  County,  Florida,  and  westward  through  the  Gulf  states 
to  northern  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas  (near  Arkadelphia,  Clark  County),  and  eastern 
Oklahoma,  and  through  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River  ranging  northward  to 
Tarrant  and  Dallas  Counties;  in  the  Atlantic  states  not  abundant,  and  confined  to  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  growing  in  light  sandy  soil  and  often  on  the  low 
bluffs  of  islands  or  on  river  banks;  from  the  Gulf  coast  ranging  farther  inland,  especially 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River;  most  abundant  in  eastern  Texas,  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  rich  intervale  lands  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Trinity  River.  In  western  Texas 
a  form  occurs  (var.  fruticosum  Gray),  with  short  sometimes  3-foliolate  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent leaves,  with  small  ovate  or  oblong  blunt  and  conspicuous  crenulate  rather  coriaceous 
leaflets;  this  is  the  common  form  of  western  Texas,  growing  usually  as  a  low  shrub. 

3.  Xanthoxylum  flavum  Vahl.    Satinwood. 
Fagaraflava  Kr.  &  Urb. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent,  usually  6'-9'  long,  with  a  stout  glandular  petiole 
enlarged  at  base,  and  usually  5,  sometimes  3,  or  rarely  1  leaflet,  unfolding  hi  Florida  during 
the  month  of  June,  and  then  densely  covered  with  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  sparingly 


Fig.  579 


hairy  on  the  petiole  and  on  the  midrib  of  the  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  often 
slightly  falcate  leaflets,  sometimes  oblique  at  base,  nearly  sessile  or  long-stalked,  2'-3' 
long,  If '-£'  broad,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  coriaceous,  pale  yellow-green  and  conspic- 
uously marked  by  large  pellucid  glands.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  on  a 
slender  pubescent  pedicel  |'  or  more  long,  in  wide-spreading  pubescent  sessile  cymes,  the 
male  and  female  on  different  trees;  calyx-lobes  5,  minute,  acuminate,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, barely  one  eighth  of  the  length  of  the  ovate  greenish  white  petals  reflexed  when 
the  flowers  are  fully  expanded;  stamens  5,  with  slender  filaments  much  longer  than  the 
petals,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  pistils  2  or  sometimes  1,  with  a  stipitate  obovate  ovary 
and  a  short  style  with  a  spreading  entire  stigma,  minute  and  depressed  in  the  staminate 
flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  autumn  and  early  winter  and  sometimes  persistent  until  the 


RUTACE^E 


637 


spring  of  the  following  year;  mature  carpels  obliquely  obovoid,  short-stalked,  1-seeded,  pale 
chestnut-brown  at  maturity,  about  £'  long,  faintly  marked  by  minute  glands. 

A  round-headed  tree,  30°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  stout  brittle 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  silky  pubescence,  becoming  light  gray,  rugose,  con- 
spicuously marked  by  large  triangular  leaf-scars,  and  puberulous  during  their  second  and 
third  years.  Winter-buds  narrow-acuminate,  \'  long,  coated  with  short  thick  pale  tomen- 
tum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  gray  surface  divided  by  shallow  fur- 
rows and  broken  into  numerous  short  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly 
hard,  brittle,  not  strong,  light  orange-colored,  with  thin  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood; 
occasionally  used  in  southern  Florida  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  handles  of 
tools,  and  other  objects  of  domestic  use. 

Distribution.  Florida,  on  the  Marquesas  Keys  and  on  South  Bahia  Honda  and  Boca 
Chica  Keys;  on  Bermuda,  the  Bahama  Islands,  San  Domingo,  and  Porto  Rico. 

4*.  Xanthoxylum  coriaceum  A.  Richard. 
Fagara  coriacea  Kr.  &  Urb. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate,  persistent,  2'-3'  long,  with  a  stout  grooved  petiole,  and  6-8  ob- 
long-obovate  stalked  coriaceous  dark  yellow-green  lustrous  leaflets  rounded  or  rarely  emar- 
ginate  at  apex,  I'-l-J'  long  and  f'-f  wide,  with  much-thickened  revolute  entire  margins, 


Fig.  580 


a  stout  midrib,  slender  obscure  spreading  primary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers 
yellow,  appearing  in  March  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  densely  flowered  terminal  cymes; 
sepals  3,  minute,  united  below,  free  above,  much  shorter  than  the  3  oval  or  obovate  petals 
rounded  at  apex;  stamens  3;  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  ovoid  or  oval; 
ovary  3-celled,  globose-ovoid;  styles  thick,  3  (teste  Urban).  Fruit:  mature  fruit  not  seen. 

A  glabrous  tree,  sometimes  18°-20°  high,  with  a  slender  stem,  and  stout  red-brown 
branches  unarmed  in  Florida  specimens,  or  in  the  West  Indies  furnished  with  short  re- 
curved spines;  more  often  shrubby. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  near  Fort  Lauderdale,  Dade  County; 
rare;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 

2.  HELIETTA  Tul. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petiolate,  tri- 
foliolate, persistent;  leaflets  sessile,  obovate-oblong, obtuse,  entire  orcrenate,  subcoriaceous, 


038 


TREES  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA 


grandular-punctate,  the  terminal  the  largest.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  on  slender  bibracte- 
olate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles;  calyx  3  or  4-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  slightly  united  at  base,  persistent;  petals  3  or  4,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogy- 
nous,  oblong,  concave,  glandular-punctate,  reflexed  at  maturity;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  inserted  under  the  disk;  filaments  shorter  than  the  petals,  slightly  flattened,  glabrous; 
anthers  ovoid,  cordate  at  base,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle;  disk  free,  cup-shaped, 
erect,  subcorrugated,  with  a  sinuate  margin,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  crenate  and  opposite 
the  petals;  ovary  minute,  sessile,  depressed,  3  or  4-lobed,  glandular-verrucose  or  minutely 
pilose,  the  lateral  lobes  slightly  compressed,  4-celled;  styles  united  into  a  single  slender 
column  crowned  by  the  globose  3-4-lobed  stigma;  ovules  collateral,  anatropous.  Fruit 
obconic,  composed  of  3  or  4  dry  woody  1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels  with  a  cartilaginous 
endocarp  and  with  a  prominent  horizontal  wing,  separating  at  maturity.  Seed  linear- 
oblong,  seed-coat  crustaceous,  fragile,  black;  cotyledons  straight,  obtuse. 

Helietta  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  to  Brazil  and 
Paraguay.  Four  species  are  recognized,  one  species  extending  across  the  Rio  Grande 
into  western  Texas. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Lewis  Theodore  Helie  (1804-1867),  a  distinguished 
French  physician. 

1 .  Helietta  parvifolia  Benth. 

Leaves  l£'-2'  long,  with  a  stout  slightly  club-shaped  petiole,  at  first  puberulent,  soon 
becoming  glabrous,  and  oblong  or  narrow-obovate  leaflets  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly 


Fig.  581 


emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  and  regularly  contracted  at  base,  entire  or  slightly  and  re- 
motely crenulate-serrate,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  conspicuously 
marked  by  black  glandular  dots,  the  terminal  leaflet  %-l\'  long,  sometimes  \'  wide,  and 
nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  others;  persistent  on  the  branches  until  early  spring.  Flowers 
appearing  in  April  and  May,  on  slender  pedicels  covered  at  first  like  the  petioles  and  calyx 
with  short  dense  pubescence,  with  minute  acuminate  early  deciduous  bracts,  in  dichoty- 
mously  branched  subsessile  panicles  on  branchlets  of  the  year  from  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves;  petals  4,  white,  ovate,  \'  long,  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  and  thin 
scabrous  margins,  and  four  or  five  times  longer  than  the  4  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4;  ovary 
4-lobed,  glandular-punctate  like  the  slender  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  oblong,  £'-$' 
long,  with  a  rigid  broad-ovate  sometimes  slightly  falcate  wing  rounded  at  apex,  \'  long, 
and  conspicuously  reticulate- veined. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  rather  erect  branches  form- 


RUTACE^E 


639 


ing  a  small  irregular  head,  and  slender  pale  branchlets  covered  with  minute  wart-like  ex- 
crescences, slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  marked 
during  their  second  year  by  small  inconspicuous  leaf-scars;  or  a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  about  |'  thick,  covered  with  dark  brown  closely  appressed  scales  separating  in  large 
irregular  patches  and  leaving  when  they  fall  a  smooth  pale  yellow  surface.  Wood  hard, 
very  heavy,  close-grained,  light  orange-brown,  with  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Often  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent  and  abundant  near  Rio 
Grande,  Starr  County,  Texas;  mesas  south  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande;  of  its  largest  size 
and  tree-like  in  habit  on  the  limestone  ridges  of  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

3.  PTELEA  L. 

Small  unarmed  trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  bitter  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets,  with- 
out terminal  buds,  small  depressed  lateral  buds  covered  with  pale  tomentum,  and  nearly 
inclosed  by  the  narrow  obcordate  leaf-scars  marked  by  the  ends  of  2  or  3  small  fibro-vas- 
cular  bundles,  and  thick  fleshy  acrid  roots.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  without 
stipules,  long-petiolate,  usually  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  conduplicate  hi  the  bud,  ovate  or 
oblong,  entire  or  crenulate-serrate,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  Flowers  polygamous,  on 
slender  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  compound  cymes,  greenish  white;  calyx  4  or 
o-parted;  petals  4  or  5,  hypogynous;  stamens  3  or  4,  alternate  with  and  as  long  as  the  petals, 
hypogynous,  much  shorter  in  the  pistillate  flower  with  imperfect  or  rudimentary  anthers: 
filaments  subulate,  more  or  less  pilose,  especially  toward  the  base;  anthers  ovoid  or  cordate; 
pistil  raised  on  a  short  gynophore,  abortive  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  staniinate  flower;  ovary 
compressed,  2-3-celled;  style  short;  stigma  2-3-lobed;  ovules  superposed,  amphitropous, 
the  upper  ovule  only  fertilized.  Fruit  a  2  or  3-celled  broad-winged  indehiscent  samara 
surrounded  by  a  reticulate  whig  or  rarely  wingless.  Seed  oblong,  acute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  ascending;  seed-coat  smooth  or  slightly  wrinkled,  coriaceous;  cotyledons  ovate- 
oblong. 

Ptelea  is  confined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  where  four  or  five  species  are  known; 
of  these  one  is  a  small  tree.  The  bark  and  foliage  of  Ptelea  is  bitter  and  strong-scented  and 
possesses  tonic  properties. 

The  generic  name  is  from  irreXta,  a  classical  name  of  the  Elm-tree. 

1.  Ptelea  trifoliate  L.    Hop-tree.    Wafer  Ash. 

Leaves  rarely  o-foliolate  on  vigorous  shoots;  leaflets  sessile,  ovate  or  oblong,  pointed,  the 
terminal  leaflet  generally  larger  and  more  gradually  contracted  at  base  than  the  others, 


Fig.  582 


640  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

entire  or  finely  serrate,  covered  at  first  with  short  close  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous 
and  rather  coriaceous  at  maturity,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  4'-6'  long, 
2^'-3'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins;  turning  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn 
before  falling;  petioles  stout,  thickened  at  base,  2|'-3'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in 
early  spring  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  I'-l^-'  long,  the  pistillate  and  stamina te  flowers 
produced  together,  the  staminate  usually  less  numerous  and  falling  soon  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  anther^cells;  calyx  and  petals  pubescent;  ovary  puberulous.  Fruit  with  a  thin 
almost  orbicular  sometimes  slightly  obovate  wing,  nearly  1'  across,  on  a  long  slender  re- 
flexed  pedicel,  in  dense  drooping  clusters  remaining  on  the  branches  through  the  winter; 
seeds  5'  long,  dark  red-brown. 

A  round-headed  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  slender  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
small  spreading  or  erect  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  short  fine 
pubescence,  becoming  glabrous,  dark  brown  and  lustrous,  and  marked  by  wart-like  excres- 
cences and  by  the  conspicuous  leaf-scars;  more  often  a  low  spreading  shrub.  Winter-buds 
depressed,  nearly  round,  pale  or  almost  white.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  yellow- 
brown,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood  of  6-8  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bitter 
bark  of  the  roots  is  sometimes  used  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and  fluid  extracts  as  a  tonic,  and 
the  fruit  is  occasionally  employed  domestically  as  a  substitute  for  hops  in  brewing  beer. 

Distribution.  Generally  on  rocky  slopes  near  the  borders  of  the  forest,  often  in  the 
shade  of  other  trees;  Long  Island,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  westward  through  south- 
western Ontario  (Point  Pelee)  and  southern  Michigan  to  southern  Iowa,  southeastern 
Nebraska,  and  southward  to  Georgia,  Alabama,  eastern  Louisiana  and  through  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Kansas,  eastern  Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas.  A  form 
with  leaflets  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  (var.  mollis  T.  &  G.)  occurs  in  the  south 
Atlantic  states  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens. 

4.  AMYRIS  L. 

Glabrous  glandular-punctate  trees  or  shrubs,  with  balsamic  resinous  juices.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  rarely  opposite  and  alternate,  3-foliolate,  without  stipules,  persistent;  leaflets 
opposite,  petiolulate,  entire  or  crenate.  Flowers  white,  minute,  on  slender  bibracteolate 
pedicels,  usually  in  3-flowered  corymbs  in  terminal  or  axillary  branched  panicles;  calyx 
4-toothed,  persistent;  petals  4,  hypogynous,  much  larger  than  the  calyx-lobes,  spreading 
at  maturity;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  inconspicuous,  that  of  the  pistillate  and  perfect 
flowers  thickened  and  pulvinate;  stamens  8,  hypogynous,  opposite  and  alternate  with  the 
petals;  filaments  filiform,  exserted;  anthers  ovoid,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  mid- 
dle; ovary  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  1-celled,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  short,  ter- 
minal, or  wanting;  stigma  capitate;  ovules  collateral,  suspended  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  globose  or  ovoid  aromatic  drupe;  stone  1-seeded  by  abortion,  charta- 
ceous.  Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  cotyledons  plano- 
convex, fleshy,  'glandular-punctate. 

Amyris  is  confined  to  tropical  America  and  northern  Mexico.  Of  the  twelve  or  fourteen 
species  which  have  been  distinguished  two  extend  into  the  territory  of  the  United  States; 
one  of  these  is  a  small  West  Indian  tree  common  on  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  and 
the  other,  Amyris  parvifolia  A.  Gray,  a  Mexican  shrub,  grows  in  Texas  near  Corpus 
Christi,  Neuces  County,  and  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Amyris  is  fragrant  and 
yields  a  balsamic  aromatic  and  stimulant  resin,  and  heavy  hard  close-grained  wood  valu- 
able as  fuel  and  sometimes  used  in  cabinet-making. 

The  generic  name,  from  ptppa,  relates  to  the  balsamic  properties  of  the  plants  of  this 
genus. 

1.  Amyris  elemifera  L.    Torch  Wood. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  with  slender  petioles  l'-l|'  long,  and  broad-ovate  or  rounded  obtuse 
acute  or  acuminate  leaflets  cuneate  at  base,  or  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate  or  rhombic- 


SIMAROUBACE^E  641 

lanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  crenulate,  coriaceous,  lustrous,  dark  yellow-green,  conspicu- 
ously reticulate- veined,  covered  below  with  minute  glandular  dots,  l'-2|'  long,  with  slender 
petiolules,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  often  1'  or  more  long  and  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the 
lateral  leaflets.  Flowers  in  terminal  pedunculate  or  nearly  sessile  panicles  appearing  in 
Florida  from  August  to  December.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring,  ovoid,  often  nearly  %' 
long,  black  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  with  thin  flesh  filled  with  an  aromatic  oil  and  of 
rather  agreeable  flavor. 

A  slender  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes,  although  rarely,  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  slender  terete  branchlets  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences,  at  first  light  brown,  be- 


Fig.  583 


coming  gray  during  their  second  season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  gray-brown,  slightly 
furrowed  and  broken  into  short  appressed  scales.  Winter-buds  acute,  flattened,  J'  long, 
with  broad-ovate  scales  slightly  keeled  on  the  back.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard, 
strong,  close-grained,  very  resinous,  extremely  durable,  light  orange  color,  with  thin  rather 
lighter  colored  sapwood  of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth;  often  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Mosquito  Inlet,  Volusia  County,  to  the  southern  keys;  common 
in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  interior,  and  of 
its  largest  size  on  Umbrella  Key;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

XXVII.    SIMAROUBACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  persistent,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals 
5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous;  stamens  10,  inserted  under  the  disk;  pistil  of  5 
united  carpels;  ovary  5-ceJled;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral; 
micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe. 

Of  the  thirty  genera  of  this  family,  confined  chiefly  to  the  tropics  and  to  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  three  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  flora  of  North 
America.  Ailanthus  altissima  Swing.,  the  so-called  Tree  of  Heaven,  a  native  of  northern 
China,  has  been  largely  planted  as  an  ornament  and  shade  tree  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  and  is  now  sparingly  naturalized  southward. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry. 

Ovary  deeply  5-lobed;  fruit  drupaceous.  1.  Simarouba  (D). 

Ovary  not  lobed;  fruit  baccate.  2.  Picramnia  (D). 

Fruit  a  3-winged  samara.  3.  Alvaradoa  (D). 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

1.  SIMAROUBA  Aubl. 

Trees,  with  resinous  juice  and  tonic  properties.  Leaves  long-petiolate,  abruptly  pin- 
nate; leaflets  usually  alternate,  long-pet iolulate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  entire,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  below,  feather- veined.  Flowers  in  elongated 
widely  branched  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  disk  cup-shaped,  depressed  in  the  sterile 
flower,  pubescent;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals,  in  the  pistillate  flower  reduced  to  minute 
scales;  filaments  free,  filiform,  thickened  toward  the  base,  inserted  on  the  back  of  a  minute 
ciliate  scale;  anthers  oblong,  slightly  emarginate,  introrse,  attached  on  the  back  below 
the  middle,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  deeply 
lobed,  the  lobes  opposite  the  petals,  rudimentary,  lobulate,  minute  or  wanting  in  the 
staminate  flower;  styles  united  into  a  short  column,  with  a  3-5-lobed  spreading  stigma. 
Fruit  composed  of  1-5  sessile  spreading  drupes;  flesh  thin;  stone  crustaceous.  Seeds  in- 
verse, without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy,  the 
radicle  very  short,  partly  included  between  the  cotyledons,  superior. 

Simarouba  with  four  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  and  is  distributed  from  the 
coast  of  southern  Florida  to  Brazil  and  Guatemala.  The  plants  of  this  genus  contain  a 
small  amount  of  resin,  a  volatile  oil,  and  an  exceedingly  bitter  principle,  quasin,  with 
tonic  properties. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  Simarouba,  the  Carib  name  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Simarouba  glauca  DC.    Paradise-tree. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  glabrous,  with  a  stout  petiole  2'-3'  in  length,  and  usually  6  pairs  of 
opposite  or  alternate  oblong-obovate  or  oval  leaflets,  rounded  or  slightly  mucronate  at 
apex,  usually  oblique  at  base,  membranaceous  and  dark  red  when  they  first  unfold, 
soon  becoming  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below, 
2'-3'  long  and  I'-l-J'  wide,  with  revolute  margins,  a  prominent  midrib,  remote  conspicuous 
primary  veins,  and  stout  petiolules  i'— |'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  |'-|' 
long,  on  short  stout  club-shaped  pedicels,  in  panicles  12'~18'  long,  and  18'-24'  broad,  with  a 


Fig.  584 

stout  pale  glaucous  stem  and  spreading  branches  from  the  axils  of  small  acute  scarious 
deciduous  bracts;  petals  fleshy,  oval,  often  acute,  pale  yellow,  and  four  or  five  times  as 
long  as  the  glaucous  calyx.  Fruit  nearly  fully  grown  by  the  end  of  April  and  then  bright 
scarlet,  about  1'  long,  ovoid,  sometimes  falcate,  and  slightly  angled  on  the  ventral  suture, 
becoming  dark  purple  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  papillose,  orange-brown,  about  £'  long. 
A  round-headed  tree,  growing  occasionally  in  Florida  to  the  height  of  50°,  with  a  straight 


SIMAROUBACE^E 


643 


trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  pale 
green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  brown  before  the  end  of  the  summer,  rugose 
and  conspicuously  marked  during  their  second  season  by  the  large  oval  leaf-scars.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  j'-f  thick,  light  red-brown  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  broad  thick  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  rather  darker 
colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.     Florida,  from  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  to  the 
southern  keys;  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Nicaragua,  and  Brazil. 


2.  PICRAMNIA  Sw. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  principles  and  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, unequally  pinnate,  persistent,  the  leaflets  subopposite  to  alternate,  entire.  Flowers 
dioecious,  occasionally  perfect,  small,  glomerate  on  long  pendulous  spikes  or  racemes 
opposite  the  leaves;  calyx  3-5-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  3-5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  rarely  wanting;  stamens  3-5,  opposite  the  petals,  inserted  under 
the  lobed  depressed  disk,  in  the  pistillate  flower  reduced  to  linear  scales  or  wanting; 
filaments  naked;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  inserted 
on  the  disk,  2  or  3-celled,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  2  or  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  recurved  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface,  or  crowned  by  a  2  or  3-lobed  sessile 
stigma;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  attached  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell  near  its  apex, 
anatropous;  raphe  narrow;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  baccate,  oblong  to  oblong-obovoid, 
2  or  by  abortion  1-celled,  the  cells  1-seeded.  Seeds  filling  the  cavity  of  the  cell,  plano- 
convex, pendulous  from  the  apex  of  the  cell;  hilum  minute,  apical,  the  raphe  conspicuous; 
testa  membranaceous,  adherent  to  the  exalbuminous  undivided  embryo;  radicle  superior, 
inconspicuous. 

Picramnia,  with  about  twenty  species,  is  confined  to  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions 
of  the  New  World,  one  species  extending  into  southern  Florida.  The  bitter  principle  in 
the  plants  of  this  genus  makes  the  bark  of  several  of  them  useful  in  domestic  remedies. 

The  generic  name,  from  irtKp6s  and  6d/jivos,  is  in  reference  to  this  bitter  principle. 

1.  Picramnia  pentandra  Sw. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  5-9-foliolate,  with  a  slender  rachis  and  petiole;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  coriaceous,  glabrous. 


Fig.  585 


644 


TKEES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  l£'-2£'  long  and  £'-!'  wide,  with  thickened  slightly  revo- 
lute  margins,  a  prominent  midrib,  slender  primary  veins  and  thin  reticulate  veinlets; 
petiolules  stout,  ^'-^  long,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  often  f '  in  length.  Flowers 
green  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  slender  pubescent  racemes  6' -8'  in  length;  calyx  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs;  petals 
5,  acuminate,  hirsute,  narrower  and  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  5  in  the  pis- 
tillate flower;  filaments  slender,  glabrous,  exserted;  anthers  short-oblong,  obtuse;  stigma 
sessile,  2  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  red  becoming  nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  \'-%'  in  length, 
about  j'  in  diameter;  seeds  light  brown  and  lustrous. 

A  slender  tree  in  Florida,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4'  or  5'  in 
diameter,  and  slender  light  yellow-green  or  pale  brown  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  during 
their  first  season;  more  often  a  shrub.  Bark  thin,  close,  yellowish  brown. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  to  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County, 
and  on  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  several  of  the  Antilles,  and  in 
Colombia. 

3.  ALVARADOA  Liebm. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  juices  and  slender  terete  pubescent  branchlets.  Leaves 
alternate,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  unequally  pinnate,  long-petiolate,  many- 
foliolulate,  persistent;  leaflets  alternate,  entire;  stipules  and  stipels  none.  Flowers  in 
many-flowered  axillary  or  terminal  racemes.  Fruit  a  2  or  3-winged  samara,  3-celled  below 
the  middle,  2-celled  above,  crowned  with  remnants  of  the  styles.  Seed  erect,  compressed; 
testa  membranaceous;  albumen  none;  embryo  oblong-compressed;  cotyledons  flat;  radi- 
cle inferior,  very  short. 

An  anomalous  genus,  by  several  authors  doubtfully  referred  to  Sapindaceae,  but  chiefly 
on  account  of  its  bitter  properties  now  placed  in  Simaroubacese.  It  consists  of  three 
species;  of  these  the  widely  distributed  Alvaradoa  amorphoides  Liebmann,  the  type  of  the 
genus,  occurs  in  southern  Florida.  The  other  species  appear  to  be  confined  to  the  islands 
of  Jamaica  and  Cuba. 

1.  Alvaradoa  amorphoides  Liebm. 

Leaves  4 '-12'  long,  with  21-41  leaflets  and  slender  petioles;  leaflets  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse  or  occasionally  minutely  mucronate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a  short 


Fig.  586 


BURSERACE.E  645 

slender  pubescent  petiolule,  slightly  thickened  and  revolute  on  the  margins,  dark  green 
above,  pale  pubescent  below,  ^'-f '  long,  about  i'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  obscure 
primary  veins.  Flowers  regular,  minute,  dioecious,  on  slender  accrescent  pubescent 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  many-flowered  hoary-tomentose 
racemes  3'-4|'  long,  the  pistillate  accrescent,  becoming  4'-8'  in  length;  calyx  campanulate, 
5-parted,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface;  disk  5-lobed;  stam- 
inate  flowers  appearing  sessile  in  the  bud;  their  pedicels  only  slightly  accrescent;  petals 
filiform;  filaments  slender,  elongated,  slightly  villose  toward  the  base,  inserted  between 
the  lobes  of  the  disk  and  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  united 
except  at  apex,  opening  longitudinally  by  marginal  slits,  their  connective  orbicular,  con- 
spicuous; pistillate  flowers  on  short  accrescent  pedicels;  petals  0  or  very  rarely  present; 
stamens  0;  ovary  compressed,  unequally  3-angled,  villose-hirsute  on  the  margins,  3-celled 
at  base,  with  two  small  compressed  empty  cells,  the  third  larger  with  two  anatropous 
ovules;  styles  2,  subulate  or  recurved,  often  of  unequal  length,  stigmatic  above  the  middle. 
Fruit  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowly  2-winged,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  long  spreading 
hairs,  slightly  tinged  with  red,  f '  in  length  and  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  its  slender 
hairy  pedicel;  seeds  acute  at  ends,  pale  yellow,  j'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  hoary-pubescent  during  their  first  year  becoming  dull  red-browrn,  glabrous  and 
marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  large  obovate  obcordate  scars  of  fallen 
leaves  showing  the  ends  of  three  conspicuous  equidistant  fibro- vascular  bundles;  in  Florida 
more  often  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Everglade  Keys  (Timbo  Hummock  near  Gozman's  Homestead, 
Caldwell's  Hummock  and  Long  Key),  Dade  County;  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  in  Cuba, 
southern  Mexico,  Central  America  and  Argentina. 

XXVHI.    BURSERACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  bark  and  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  clustered  racemes  or  panicles;  calyx  4-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  dis- 
tinct or  slightly  united,  deciduous;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  under 
the  annular  or  cup-shaped  disk;  filaments  distinct,  subulate;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled, 
the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  pistil  of  2-5  united  carpels;  ovary  2-5-celled;  styles  united; 
stigma  2-5-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  collateral,  anatropous;  micropyle 
superior;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seeds  without  albumen;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous:  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Of  the  sixteen  genera  of  this  family,  which  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics 
of  the  two  hemispheres,  one  only,  Bursera,  occurs  in  the  United  States,  reaching  the  shores 
of  southern  Florida  with  an  arborescent  species,  and  southern  California  and  Arizona  with 
another  species. 

* 

1.  BURSERA  Jacq. 

Trees,  with  balsamic  resinous  juices.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets  opposite, 
petiolulate,  entire  or  subserrate,  thin,  or  coriaceous.  Flowers  polygamous,  small,  on 
fascicled  or  rarely  solitary  pedicels,  in  short  or  elongated  lateral  simple  or  branched 
panicles;  calyx  minute,  membranaceous;  petals  inserted  on  the  base  of  an  annular  crenate 
disk,  reflexed  at  maturity  above  the  middle;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  disk; 
anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  above  the  base,  usually  effete  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
ovary  sessile,  ovoid,  3-celled,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  short;  stigma 
capitate,  obtuse,  3-lobed;  ovules  suspended  below  the  apex  from  the  central  angle.  Fruit 
with  a  valvate  epicarp,  globose  or  oblong-oblique,  indistinctly  3-angled;  flesh  coriaceo- 
carnose,  2-3- valved :  nutlets  1-3,  usually  solitary,  adnate  to  a  persistent  fleshy  axis,  1-celled, 


646  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

1-seeded,  covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous  coat.  Seed  ovoid,  without  albumen;  seed- 
coat  membranaceous;  hilum  ventral,  below  the  apex;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  con- 
tortuplicate. 

Bursera  with  about  forty  species  is  confined  to  southern  Florida,  the  Antilles,  the 
southwestern  United  States  and  to  Mexico,  and  Central  and  South  America. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Joachim  Burser  (1593-1649),  a  German  botanist  and 
physician. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  5-7  rarely  3-foliolate,  their  rachis  and  petiole  without  wings;  staminate  flowers 
in  elongated  many-flowered  racemes.  1.  B.  Simaruba  (D). 

Leaves  usually  10-22-foliolate,  their  rachis  and  petiole  wing-margined;  staminate  flow- 
ers in  short,  usually  3-flowered  clusters.  2.  B.  microphylla  (G,  H). 

1.  Bursera  Simaruba  Sarg.    Gumbo  Limbo.    West  Indian  Birch. 
Leaves  confined  to  the  end  of  the  branchlets,  6'-8'  long,  4'-8'  wide,  with  a  long  slender 
petiole,  and  usually  5,  rarely  3  or  7  leaflets  coriaceous  at  maturity,  oblong-ovate,  oblique 


Fig.  587 

at  base,  contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  or  short  point,  2^ '-3'  long,  l|'-2'  broad,  with  stout 
petiolules  often  \'  long;  deciduous  in  early  winter  or  occasionally  persistent  until  the  fol- 
lowing spring.  Flowers  about  T\'  in  diameter,  appearing  before  the  leaves  or  as  they  un- 
fold, on  slender  pedicels  \'-\'  long,  in  slender  raceme-like  panicles,  those  of  the  staminate 
plant  4 '-5'  longer  nearly  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  pistillate  plant;  calyx-lobes  and  pet- 
als 5;  petals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  revolute  on  the  margins,  and  nearly  four  times  as 
long  as  the  slender  acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  of  the  staminate  flower  as  long  as  the  petals 
and  in  the  pistillate  flower  not  more  than  half  as  long,  with  smaller  often  effete  anthers. 
Fruit  in  short  raceme-like  clusters,  \'-\'  long,  3-angled,  with  a  thick  dark  red  outer  coat, 
separating  readily  into  3  broad-ovate  valves,  and  containing  1  or  rarely  2  bony  triangu- 
lar nutlets  rounded  at  base,  pointed  at  apex,  and  covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous  light 
pink  coat;  seeds  1  or  2,  triangular,  rose  color. 

A  glabrous  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2|°-3°  in  diameter,  massive  primary  branches 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  light  gray  during  their  first 
season,  becoming  during  their  second  year  reddish  brown,  covered  with  lenticular  spots 
and  conspicuously  marked  by  large  elevated  obcordate  yellow  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds 


i',  i  BSERACE& 

short,  rounded,  obtuse,  with  broa;l-ovate-  dark  rerel  se-ale-s  slightly  se-arious  e,n  the  margins. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  ami  large  branrhes  1'  thie-k,  glandular  dotted,  separating  freely  inte> 
thin  paperry  bright  re;e]-brenvn  se-ale-s  expensing  in  falling  the  dark  red-brown  or  gray  inner 
bark.  Wood  spongy,  ve-r.y  light,  exceeelingly  soft  and  weak,  light  brown,  with  thick  sap- 
woejel,  soon  bece>ming  dise-olem-el  by  decay.  Pieces  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  set 
in  the  ground  soon  pre>duce  roots  anel  grow  rapidly  into  large  trees.  The  aromatic  resin 
e>btaineel  by  incisions  cut  in  the  trunk  was  formerly  used  in  the  treatment  of  gout,  and  in 
the  West  Indies  is  manufactured  into  varnish.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  sometime 
used  in  Florida  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Distribution.  Moriela,  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west 
e;oast  from  Terra  Ceia  Island,  Manatee  County,  Plagida,  De  Sota  County,  and  Gasparilla 
Island  southwarel;  ejne;  e>f  the  largest  and  most  common  of  the  south  Florida  trees,  and  the 
only  one  which  she-ds  its  fe>liage  eluring  the  autumn  and  winter;  on  most  of  the  West  Indian 
islands,  in  tropical  Mexico,  Guatemala,  New  Granada,  and  Venezuela. 

2.    Bursera  microphylla  A.  Gray. 

Leaves  glabrous,  deciduous,  I'-lJ'  long,  with  a  slender  narrowly  winged  rachis  and 
petiole;  and  usually  10-20  oblong  or  oblong-obovate  leaflets  rounded  at  apex,  obliquely 
cuneate  at  base,  sessile,  about  J'  long  and  -^  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  June  before 


Fig.  588 

the  leaves,  \'  long  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  acuminate  caducous 
bracts,  in  mostly  3-flowered  clusters  \'  in  length;  staminate,  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute; 
petals  5,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  revolute  on  the  margins,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  white;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  pistillate  flower  not  seen.  Fruit 
ripening  in  October,  ellipsoid  or  slightly  obovoid,  solitary,  drooping  on  the  thickened  ped- 
icel i'  in  length,  3-angled,  \'  long,  red,  glabrous,  splitting  into  three  valves;  nutlets  usually 
ovoid,  acute,  narrow  at  base,  thin  walled,  3-angled,  gray  with  a  deep  depression  at  base. 
A  tree,  rarely  10°-12°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2|'-3'  in  diameter,  stout  erect  and  spread- 
ing branches,  forming  a  wide  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  red  branchlets, 
roughened  during  their  first  year  by  the  crowded  scars  of  fallen  leaves;  more  often  a  low 
shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  pale  yellow,  separating  into  membranaceous  scales,  the  outer 
layer  thin  and  firm,  the  inner  layer  corky,  reddish  brown,  \'  thick.  Wood  hard,  close- 
grained,  pale  yellow. 


648  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Colorado  Desert,  between  Fish  Creek  and  Carriso  Creek  about  twenty- 
five  miles  from  the.  Mexican  Boundary,  on  "  banks  of  dry  washes,  in  hard  sterile  soil  cov- 
ered with  boulders"  (E.  H.  Davis),  Imperial  County,  California;  near  Maricopa,  Final 
County,  Arizona,  and  in  Lower  California  and  Sonora;  reported  as  a  tree  only  from  Cali- 
fornia. 

XXIX.  MELIACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood  and  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
in  panicles,  perfect,  regular;  calyx  o-lobed,  the  lobes  contorted  (in  Swietenia)  in  the  bud, 
persistent;  petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk;  fila- 
ments united  into  a  tube;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary 
3-5-celled,  free,  surrounded  at  base  by  an  annular  or  cup-shaped  disk;  styles  united, 
dilated  into  a  5-lobed  stigma;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  suspended,  semi-anatropous; 
raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  capsule  (in  Swietenia)  or  drupe.  Seeds  often 
winged;  embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons. 

A  family  with  about  forty  genera  chiefly  confined  to  the  tropics,  with  a  single  represen- 
tative, Swietenia,  in  southern  Florida.  Melia  Azedarach  L.,  of  this  family,  the  China-tree 
or  Pride  of  India,  with  drupaceous  fruits,  has  long  been  cultivated  in  the  southern  states, 
where  it  now  often  grows  spontaneously. 

1.  SWIETENIA  Jacq. 

Trees,  with  heavy  dark  red  wood.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  glabrous,  long-petiolate, 
persistent;  leaflets  opposite,  petiolulate,  usually  oblique  at  base.  Flowers  small,  in 
axillary  or  subterminal  panicles  produced  near  the  end  of  the  branches;  calyx  minute; 
petals  spreading;  staminal  tube  urn-shaped,  connate  with  the  petals,  10-lobed,  the  lobes 
convolute  in  the  bud;  anthers  10,  fixed  by  the  back  below  the  sinuses  of  the  staminal  tube, 
included;  ovary  ovoid,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  petals;  style  erect,  longer  than  the 
tube  of  the  stamens;  stigma  discoid,  5-rayed.  Fruit  a  5-celled  5-valved  capsule  septi- 
cidally  dehiscent  from  the  base,  the  valves  separating  from  a  persistent  .5-angled  axis 
thickened  toward  the  apex  and  5-winged  toward  the  base.  Seeds  suspended  from  near 
the  summit  of  the  axis,  imbricated  in  2  ranks,  compressed,  emarginate,  produced  above 
into  a  long  membranaceous  wing  with  the  hilum  at  its  apex  and  trans  versed  by  the  raphe; 
embryo  transverse;  cotyledons  conferruminate  with  each  other  and  with  the  thin  fleshy 
albumen;  radicle  short,  papillaeform. 

Swietenia  with  five  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America  from  southern  Florida  where 
one  species  occurs,  to  Venezuela,  western  and  southwestern  Mexico,  and  the  east  coast 
of  Central  America. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Baron  von  Swieten  (1700-1772),  the  distinguished 
Dutch  physician,  founder  of  the  Botanic  Garden  and  of  the  Medical  School  at  Vienna. 

1.  Swietenia  mahagoni  Jacq.    Mahogany. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  with  a  slender  glabrous  petiole  thickened  at  base  and  3  or  4  pairs  of 
ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  rounded  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  narrowr-cuneate  or  nearly 
straight  on  the  lower  side,  entire,  coriaceous,  pale  yellow-green  or  slightly  rufous  on  the 
under  surface,  3'-4'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  reddish  brown  midrib,  conspicu- 
ous reticulate  veins,  and  a  stout  grooved  petiolule  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  July  and 
August  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  1  or  2  together  at 
the  end  of  the  branches  of  slender  panicles  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  glabrous, 
cup-shaped,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  elliptic  petals  f '  long  and  slightly  emarginate  at 
apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter,  long-stalked,  ovoid,  rounded  at 
apex  narrowed  at  base,  4'-5'  long  and  2|'  broad,  with  thick  dark  brown  valves  rugose 
and  pitted  on  the  surface,  its  axis  obovoid  3'  or  4'  long,  l'-l|'  thick,  dark  red-brown, 


EUPHORBIACE.E  649 

marked  near  the  apex  by  the  dark  scars  left  by  the  falling  seeds;  seeds  f '  long,  almost 
square,  thickened  at  base  and  nearly  one  fourth  as  long  as  their  ovate  rugose  red-brown 
wings  rounded  or  truncate  at  apex  and  gradually  contracted  below. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  40°-50°  high  or  with  a  trunk  exceeding  2°  in  diameter, 
and  slender  glabrous  angled  branchlets  covered  during  their  first  season  with  pale  red- 
brown  bark,  becoming  lighter  or  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  thickly  covered  with 
lenticels  during  their  second  year;  much  larger  in  the  West  Indies.  Winter-buds  about 
£'  long,  with  broad-ovate  minutely  apiculate  loosely  imbricated  light  red  scales.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  in  Florida  \'-\'  thick,  with  a  dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into  short 
broad  rather  thick  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very 


Fig.  589 

durable,  rich  red-brown,  becoming  darker  with  age  and  exposure,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood 
of  about  20  layers  of  annual  growth;  the  most  esteemed  of  all  woods  for  cabinet-making, 
and  also  largely  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  railroad  cars,  and  formerly  in  ship 
and  boatbuilding.  The  bark  is  bitter  and  astringent  and  has  been  used  as  a  substitute 
for  quinine  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers. 

Distribution.  Florida,  hummocks,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  on  the  Everglade  Keys  and 
near  Flamingo  on  White  Water  Bay,  Dade  County,  on  Elliotts  Key,  Key  Largo  and 
Upper  Matacombe  Key;  rare  and  now  nearly  exterminated  except  in  the  region  of  Cape 
Sable;  on  the  Bahama  and  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

XXX.    EUPHORBIACE^E. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  acrid  juice,  and  alternate  stipular  leaves.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious;  calyx  3-6-lobed  or  parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
or  wanting;  corolla  0;  stamens  2  or  3,  or  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes; 
anthers  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally;  ovules  1  or  2  hi  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropous; 
raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule.  Seeds  albuminous;  cotyle- 
dons flat,  much  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

The  Euphorbia  family,  widely  distributed  over  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  with 
some  one  hundred  and  thirty  genera  and  over  three  thousand  species,  is  represented  in  the 
United  States  by  three  arborescent  genera,  with  only  five  species,  and  by  many  shrubby 
herbaceous  and  annual  plants. 


650  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  drupaceous. 

Nutlets  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
lobes,  free.  1.  Drypetes. 
Nutlets  6-8-celled  and  6-8-seeded;  stamens  2  or  3,  united  into  a  column. 

2.  Hippomane. 
Fruit  a  3-Iobed  capsule  splitting  into  three  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.       3.  Gymnanthes. 

1.  DRYPETES  Vahl. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thick  juice,  and  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud, 
petiolate,  penniveined,  coriaceous,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  ax- 
illary, sessile  or  pedicellate,  their  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts, 
ebracteolate,  the  males  in  many-flowered  clusters,  the  females  solitary  or  in  few-flowered 
clusters;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  de- 
ciduous or  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  inserted  under  the  margin  of  a  flat  or  con- 
cave slightly  lobed  disk,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovoid,  emar- 
ginate,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  extrorse  or  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  affixed 
to  a  broad  oblong  connective;  ovary  sessile,  ovoid,  1  or  rarely  2-celled,  with  1  or  2  sessile 
or  subsessile  peltate  or  reniform  stigmas,  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flower; 
ovules  collateral,  descending,  attached  to  the  central  angle  of  the  cell,  operculate,  with 
a  hood-like  body  developed  from  the  placenta.  Fruit  drupaceous,  ovoid  or  subglobose, 
tipped  with  the  withered  remnants  of  the  stigmas;  flesh  thick  and  corky  or  thin  and  crusta- 
ceous;  stone  thick  or  thin,  bony  or  crustaceous,  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  rarely  2-celled 
and  2-seeded.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  membranaceous; 
embryo  erect  in  thin  fleshy  albumen. 

Drypetes  is  confined  to  the  tropical  regions  of  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed  from 
southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  eastern  Brazil.  Of  the  eleven  species  now- 
distinguished,  two  inhabit  the  coast-region  of  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  dptTrira,  relates  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Calyx  5-lobed;  stamens  8;  ovary  1-celled;  fruit  oblong,  ivory-white;  outer  coat  thick  and 
mealy;  stone  thick- walled.  1.  D.  diversifolia  (D). 

Calyx  4-lobed;  stamens  4;  ovary  2-celled;  fruit  subglobose,  bright  red;  outer  coat  thin, 
crustaceous;  stone  thin-walled.  2.  D.  lateriflora  (D). 

1.  Drypetes  diversifolia  Krug  &  Urb.    White  Wood. 
Dry  petes  keyensis  Krug  &  Urb. 

Leaves  appearing  in  early  spring  and  falling  during  their  second  year,  entire,  oval  or  ob- 
long, often  more  or  less  falcate,  acute,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate  at  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  on  young  plants  often  spinose-dentate,  when  they  unfold  thin 
and  membranaceous,  light  green  or  green  tinged  with  red  and  pilose  with  scattered  pale 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  rather  paler  on  the  lower  surface 
than  on  the  upper  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  a  broad  thick  pale  midrib  raised 
and  rounded  on  the  upper  side  and  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the 
thick  revolute  cartilaginous  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  coarsely  reticulated 
veinlets;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  grooved  above,  \'  long;  stipules  nearly  triangular,  rather 
less  than  TV  long,  caducous.  Flowers  on  pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  opening 
in  early  spring  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  staminate  in  many-flowered 
clusters,  the  pistillate  usually  solitary  or  occasionally  in  2-3-flowered  clusters:  calyx 


EUPHORBIACE^E  651 

yellow-green,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  TV  long,  and  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
5  ovate  acute  boat-shaped  lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  stamens  about  8,  inserted  on 
the  borders  of  the  slightly  lobed  pulvinate  concave  disk;  filaments  unequal  in  length,  rather 
longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  and  a  little  longer  than  the  broad-ovoid  emarginate  pilose 
extrorse  anthers,  with  broad  ovate  acute  connectives;  ovary  sessile,  hirsute,  1-celled, 
crowned  with  a  broad  sessile  slightly  stalked  oblique  pulvinate  stigma,  wanting  in  the 
staminate  flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  deciduous  at  maturity  from  its  stout 
erect  stalk  much  enlarged  at  apex  and  \'  long,  ovoid,  1'  long,  ivory-white,  with  thick  dry 


Fig.  590 

mealy  flesh  closely  investing  the  light  brown  stone  narrowed  at  base  into  a  long  point, 
with  bony  walls  f '  thick  and  penetrated  longitudinally  by  large  fibro- vascular  bundle-chan- 
nels; seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  nearly  \'  long,  covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous 
light  brown  coat  marked  by  conspicuous  veins  radiating  from  the  small  hilum. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout 
usually  erect  branches  forming  an  oblong  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  light 
green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  pale  scattered  caducous  hairs  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, becoming  ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  numerous  elevated  circular  pale  lenticels  and 
later  by  the  large  prominent  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  fibro- 
vascular  bundles.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  partly  immersed  hi  the  bark  and  coated 
with  brown  resin.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  smooth,  milky  white  and  often  marked 
by  large  irregular  gray  or  pale  brown  patches.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle, 
close-grained,  and  brown  streaked  with  bright  yellow,  with  thick  yellow-brown  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Flamingo  near  Cape  Sable  (C.  T.  Simpson),  Cocoanut  Grove 
(Miss  0.  Rodham),  Dade  County,  on  Key  West,  Key  Largo,  Elliotts,  Lower  Metacombe 
and  Umbrella  Keys.  One  of  the  rarest  of  the  tropical  trees  of  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas. 

2.  Drypetes  lateriflora  Urb.    Guiana  Plum. 

Leaves  appearing  in  Florida  in  early  spring  and  falling  during  their  second  year,  oblong, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  and  entire,  when  they  unfold  thin 
and  covered  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous, 3'-4'  long  and  \'-\\'  wide,  with  a  conspicuous  light-colored  midrib,  rounded  above, 
and  pale  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  slightly  thickened  revolute 
margins  and  connected  by  slender  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  |'  in  length. 
Flowers  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles,  opening  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early 
winter  on  branches  one  or  two  years  old,  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  from  leafless  nodes,  in 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

many  or  few-flowered  clusters;  calyx  greenish  white,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  divided 
to  the  base  into  4  ovate  rounded  lobes,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  4,  inserted  under 
the  margin  and  between  the  lobes  of  the  flat  tomentose  disk;  filaments  slender,  exserted; 
anthers  introrse,  emarginate,  pilose,  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  ovoid,  tomen- 
tose, 2-celled,  with  2  nearly  sessile  oblique  spreading  cushion-like  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening 
during  the  spring  and  early  summer,  subglobose,  \r  in  diameter,  tipped  with  the  conspicu- 
ous blackened  remnants  of  the  stigmas,  bright  red,  covered  with  soft  pubescence,  solitary 
or  in  clusters  of  2  or  3,  deciduous  at  maturity  from  its  stout  stalk  enlarged  at  apex  and  \' 


Fig.  591 

long;  flesh  thin  and  crustaceous,  closely  investing  the  thin-walled  crustaceous  stone;  seed 
usually  solitary  by  abortion,  obovoid,  gibbous,  £'  long,  narrowed  below,  narrowed  and 
marked  at  apex  by  the  elevated  pale  hilum  and  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  seed-coat  by 
the  broad  conspicuous  raphe. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  small  erect  branches,  and 
slender  branchlets,  light  green  tinged  with  red  wrhen  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their 
first  winter  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  scattered  pale  lenticels,  and  at  the  end  of  their  second 
year  by  the  small  elevated  oval  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  fibro- vascular  bundles. 
Winter-buds  minute,  acute  or  obtuse,  chestnut-brown,  and  covered  with  pale  hairs.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  about  TO'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  generally  smooth  surface 
separating  into  small  irregular  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  brittle,  close-grained,  rich 
dark  brown,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Palm  Beach,  Palm  Beach  County,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Dade 
County,  and  on  many  of  the  southern  keys;  common  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several 
of  the  Antilles. 

2.  HIPPOMANE  L. 

A  glabrous  tree,  with  thick  acrid  juice,  scaly  bark,  and  stout  pithy  branchlets  marked 
by  circular  raised  lenticels,  and  oblong  or  semiorbicular  horizontal  elevated  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  row  of  obscure  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  nearly  encircled  at  the  nodes 
by  ring-like  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  stipules.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  covered  by 
many  loosely  imbricated  long-pointed  chestnut-brown  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  involute 
in  the  bud,  tardily  deciduous,  broad-ovate,  rounded  and  abruptly  narrowed  at  apex  into  a 
broad  point  terminating  in  a  slender  mucro,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  remotely  crenu- 
late-serrate  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  penniveined,  long-petiolate,  at  first  pilose  with 
occasional  long  pale  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous, 
dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  dull  below,  with  a  stout  light  yellow  midrib 


EUPHORBIACE^E  653 

raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  and  slender  primary  veins  remote,  arcuate,  and  united 
at  some  distance  from  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  coarsely  reticulate  veinlets 
more  prominent  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  side;  their  petioles  elongated,  slender, 
rigid,  light  yellow,  rounded  below,  obscurely  grooved  above,  marked  at  the  apex  by  large  or- 
bicular dark  red  glands;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  from  a  broad  base, 
slightly  laciniate  near  the  apex,  membranaceous,  light  chestnut-brown,  caducous.  Inflo- 
rescence terminal,  spicate,  appearing  in  early  spring  usually  before  the  unfolding  leaves, 
the  stout  fleshy  rachis  often  bearing  at  the  base  acute  sterile  deciduous  bracts,  or  1  or  2 
small  leaves,  the  minute  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils  or  in  the  axils  of  ovate  acute 
lanceolate  bracts  furnished  with  2  lateral  glandular  bractlets;  staminate  flowers  minute, 
articulate  on  slender  pedicels  clustered  in  8-15-flowered  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  simple  bracts 
higher  on  the  rachis  and  extending  to  its  apex;  calyx  usually  3-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  that  of  the  staminate  flower  yellow-green,  membranaceous,  divided  below  into 
3  or  sometimes  into  2  acute  lobes;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower,  ovoid,  yellow-green,  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  3  ovate  acute  concave  divisions  rounded  on  the  back;  stamens  2  or 
often  3,  exserted,  more  or  less  connate  by  their  filaments  into  a  stout  column,  free  and  spread- 
ing at  apex;  anthers  ovoid,  light  yellow,  surmounted  by  the  short  prolonged  connective,  at- 
tached on  the  back  below  the  middle,  erect,  extrorse;  ovary  6-8-celled,  narrowed  at  base, 
gradually  contracted  above  into  a  short  simple  cylindric  style  separating  into  6-8  long 
radiating  flattened  abruptly  reflexed  lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovule  solitary  in 
each  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous,  pome-shaped,  obscurely  6-8-lobed,  raised  on  a  thickened 
woody  stem;  skin  thin,  light  yellow-green  or  yellow  and  red;  flesh  thick,  lactescent,  ad- 
herent to  the  thick-walled  rugose  deeply  wringed  6-8-celled,  6-8-seeded  subglobose  stone 
flattened  at  the  ends,  the  cells  divided  throughout  by  thin  dark  radial  plates,  ultimately 
separable,  penetrated  near  the  summit  by  oblique  canals  filled  by  the  funicles  of  the  seeds. 
Seeds  oblong-ovoid,  marked  by  a  minute  slightly  elevated  hilum  and  on  the  ventral  face 
by  an  obscure  raphe;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  separable  into  2  layers,  the  outer  dark, 
the  inner  thinner,  light  brown;  embryo  surrounded  by  thick  fleshy  albumen. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  abounding  in  exceedingly  poisonous  caustic 
sap  which  produces  cutaneous  eruptions  and  when  taken  internally  destroys  the  mucous 
membrane;  formerly  employed  by  the  Caribs  to  poison  arrows. 

The  generic  name  is  from  I'TTTTOS  and  pavla,  and  was  first  used  by  the  Greeks  to  distinguish 
some  plant  with  properties  excitant  to  horses. 

1.  Hippomane  Mancinella  L.    Manchineel. 

Leaves  3'-4'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  unfolding  in  early  spring  and  persistent  in  Florida  until 
the  spring  of  the  following  year;  petioles  2|'-4'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  March 


654  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

before  the  leaves  of  the  year;  rachis  of  the  inflorescence  4'-6'  long,  dark  purple,  more  or  less 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter  and  often 
persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  of  the  following  year, 
I'-lj'  in  diameter,  light  yellow-green,  with  a  bright  red  cheek;  seeds  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  12°-15°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter, 
long  spreading  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head;  in  the  West 
Indies  often  50°-60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
j'~j'  thick,  dark  brown  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  appressed  irregularly 
shaped  scales;  in  the  West  Indies  sometimes  smooth,  light  gray  or  nearly  white.  Wood 
light  and  soft,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  sandy  beaches  and  dry  knolls  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
the  ocean,  shores  of  White  Water  Bay  and  on  many  of  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama 
Islands,  through  the  Antilles  to  the  northern  countries  of  South  America,  and  to  south- 
ern Mexico  and  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  Central  America. 

3.  GYMNANTHES  Sw. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice  and  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  con- 
duplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  entire  or  crenulate-serrate,  coriaceous,  penniveined,  per- 
sistent; stipules  membranaceous,  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  dioe- 
cious; inflorescence  buds  covered  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales,  length- 
ening in  anthesis,  bearing  in  the  upper  axils  numerous  3-branched  clusters  of  staminate 
flowers,  their  branches  furnished  with  minute  ovate  bracts,  and  in  the  lower  axils  2  or  3 
long-stalked  pistillate  flowers;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  minute  or  0;  stamens  2  or 
rarely  3;  filaments  filiform,  inserted  on  the  slightly  enlarged  torus,  free  or  slightly  connate 
at  base;  anthers  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  erect,  ovoid,  2-celled,  the  cells 
parallel;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  reduced  to  3  bract-like  scales;  ovary  ovoid,  3-celled, 
narrowed  into  3  recurved  styles  free  or  slightly  united  at  base,  stigmatic  on  iheir  inner  face; 
ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule  separating  from  the  persistent  axis 
into  three  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels  dehiscent  on  the  dorsal  suture  and  partly  dehiscent 
on  the  ventral  suture.  Seed  ovoid  or  subglobose,  strophiolate;  seed-coat  crustaceous; 
embryo  erect  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Gymnanthes  with  about  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World  and  is 
distributed  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  through  the  West  Indies 
to  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

The  generic  name,  from  yv[Av6$  and  AvBos,  relates  to  the  structure  of  the  naked  flowers. 

1.  Gymnanthes  lucida  Sw.    Crab  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  and  remotely  crenulate-serrate  or 
often  entire,  when  they  unfold  thin  and  membranaceous,  deeply  tinged  with  red,  and 
glandular  on  the  teeth  with  minute  caducous  dark  glands,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  and  dull  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3' 
long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  a  broad  pale  midrib  raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  obscure 
primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  prominent  coarsely 
reticulate  veinlets;  appearing  in  Florida  in  early  spring  and  remaining  on  the  branches 
through  their  second  summer;  petioles  broad,  slightly  grooved,  about  |'  in  length;  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  light  brown,  clothed  on  the  margins  with  long  pale  hairs,  about  TV  long. 
Flowers:  inflorescence  buds  appearing  in  Florida  late  in  the  autumn  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
of  the  year  and  beginning  to  lengthen  in  spring,  the  inflorescence  becoming  l|'-2'  long, 
with  a  slender  glabrous  angled  rachis,  the  scales  broad-ovate,  pointed,  concave,  rounded 
and  thickened  at  apex,  puberulous  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  those  inclosing  the  male 
flowers  connate  with  the  flowers  and  persistent  under  the  calyx,  those  subtending  the 
female  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  inflorescence  and  not  raised  on  their  peduncle.  Fruit  pro- 
duced in  Florida  sparingly,  ripening  in  the  autumn,  slightly  obovoid,  dark  reddish  brown 


ANACAJRDIACE^E 


655 


or  nearly  black,  £'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dry  flesh,  and  pendent  on  a  slender  stem 
1'  or  more  in  length;  seeds  ovoid. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter  and  often  irregularly 
ridged,  the  rounded  ridges  spreading  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  into  broad  buttresses, 
slender  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  oblong  head,  and  slender  upright  branchlets 
light  green  more  or  less  deeply  shaded  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their 
first  winter  light  gray-brown  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  roughened  by  numerous  oblong 
pale  lenticels,  ultimately  ashy  gray  and  marked  at  the  end  of  their  second  year  by  the 


Fig.  593 


semiorbicular  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  4  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars 
superposed  in  pairs.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  covered  with  chestnut-brown  scales, 
about  TV  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  red-brown,  about  -j^'  thick,  separating  into  large 
thin  scales,  in  falling  displaying  the  light  brown  inner  bark.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sapwood; 
in  Florida  occasionally  manufactured  into  canes,  and  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Florida, 'common  in  low  woods  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne  to  the 
Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  and  on  many  of  the  southern  keys  to  those  of  the  Marque- 
sas group;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 


XXXI.  ANACARDIACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  pithy  branchlets,  resinous  juice,  and  alternate  simple  or 
pinnate  leaves,  without  stipules,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds.  Flowers  regular,  minute, 
dioecious,  polygamo-dio3cious,  or  polygamo-monoecious;  calyx-lobes  and  petals  5,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud  or  0;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  and  inserted  with 
them  on  the  margin  or  under  an  hypogynous  annular  fleshy  slightly  5-lobed  disk;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  1-celled; 
styles  1-3;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  funicle  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  cell,  anatropous;  micropyle  superior;  styles  3,  united  or  spreading;  stigmas 
terminal.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen;  seed-coat  thin  and  membranaceous ; 
embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat,  accumbent  on  the  short  radicle. 

The  Sumach  family  with  some  sixty  genera  is  mostly  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of 
the  earth's  surface  and  contains  the  Mango,  Pistacia,  and  other  important  trees.  In  the 
flora  of  the  United  States  four  genera  have  arborescent  representatives. 


656 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  without  petals,  and  in  the  species  of  the  United  States,  without  a  calyx.  1 .  Pistacia. 
Flowers  with  a  calyx  and  petals. 

Flowers  usually  dioecious  by  abortion;  styles  lateral,  spreading;  pedicels  of  the  abor- 
tive flowers  becoming  long  and  plumose  at  maturity;  fruit  compressed,  very  oblique; 
leaves  simple,  deciduous.  2.  Cotinus. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious;  styles  terminal,  short,  united;  stigma  3-lobed;  fruit  ovoid, 
glabrous;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent.  3.  Metopium. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious  or  polygamo-moncecious;  styles  terminal,  spreading;  fruit 
usually  globose,  naked  or  clothed  with  acrid  hairs;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  trifo- 
liolate  or  rarely  simple,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent.  4.  Rhus. 

1.  PISTACIA  L. 

Balsamic  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  3-foliolate  or  equally  or  unequally  pinnate,  petiolate, 
deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  small,  dioecious,  subtended  by  a  bract  and  2  branchlets, 
short  pedicellate  in  panicles  or  racemes;  calyx  1  or  2-lobed  or  in  the  pistillate  flower 
3-5-lobed,  or  0;  petals  0,  stamens  3-5,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  short,  their 
base  connate  with  the  disk;  anthers  large;  ovary  subglobose  or  short-ovoid,  rudimentary 
or  0  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  3-lobed,  shorter  than  the  3  obovate-oblong  or  oblong 
stigmas.  Drupe  ovoid,  oblique,  compressed;  exocarpa  thin;  the  stone  bony,  1-seeded; 
seed  compressed;  cotyledons  thick  plano-convex. 

Pistacia  with  eight  or  nine  species  is  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande, 
southern  Mexico;  the  Canary  Islands,  the  countries  adjacent  to  the  Mediterranean,  and 
northern  and  central  China,  with  one  species  growing  on  the  northern  banks  of  the  Rio 
Grande  in  Texas. 

The  Pistacio-nuts  of  commerce,  the  green  or  yellow  seeds  of  P.  vera  L.  are  largely  used 
in  confectionery,  and  some  of  the  species  are  valued  for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens. 

Pistacia  from  TTKTT  and  d/ceo/xai,  in  reference  to  the  healing  properties  of  its  resinous 
exudations. 

1.  Pistacia  texana  Swing. 

Leaves  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous,  9-19-foliolate,  with  a  slightly  winged  rachis 
pubescent  above  and  a  flattened  narrow-winged  petiole  £'-f  in  length;  leaflets  spatulate, 


Fig.  594 


ANACARDIACE^E  657 

rounded  and  often  mucronate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  a  deltoid  or  sub- 
cuneiform  base,  entire,  more  or  less  curved  and  unequilateral,  wine-red  when  they  unfold, 
and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  sparingly  pubescent  along  the  midrib  above,  pale  and 
glabrous  below,  nearly  sessile  or  the  terminal  leaflet  raised  on  a  short  petiolule,  TV~f '  long 
and  about  \'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  often  near  one  side  of  the  leaflet  and  reticulate 
veinlets.  Flowers  small,  without  a  calyx,  appearing  just  before  or  with  the  new  leaves,  in 
simple  nearly  glabrous  panicles,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  wine- 
red  at  apex;  staminate  flowers  more  crowded  than  the  pistillate,  in  compact  panicles 
t'-l|'  long;  anthers  reddish  yellow  or  wine  color;  pistillate  flowers  in  loose  panicles  1%'-%%' 
in  length;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose,  two  of  the  three  styles  with  2-lobed  stigmas,  the 
third  with  a  3-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  oval,  dark  reddish  brown  and  slightly  glaucescent, 
about  I'  long  and  J'  broad,  usually  striate. 

A  small  tree,  occasionally  30°  high  with  a  short  trunk  15'-18'  in  diameter,  with  stout 
erect  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  head  sometimes  30°-35°  across,  and  slender 
slightly  pubescent  reddish  branchlets  becoming  grayish  brown  by  the  end  of  their  first 
year;  more  often  a  large  shrub  with  numerous  stout  stems. 

Distribution.  Texas,  limestone  cliffs  and  the  rocky  bottoms  of  canons  periodically 
swept  by  floods,  and  in  deep  narrow7  ravines,  along  the  lower  Pecos  River  and  in  the 
neighborhood  of  its  mouth,  Valverde  County;  and  in  northeastern  Mexico. 

2.  COT1NUS  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  small  acute  winter-buds,  with  numerous  imbri- 
cated scales,  fleshy  roots,  and  strong-smelling  juice.  Leaves  simple,  petiolate,  oval,  obo- 
vate-oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pilose-pubescent,  deciduous. 
Flowers  regular,  dioecious  by  abortion  or  rarely  polygamo-dicecious,  greenish  yellow,  on 
slender  pedicels  accrescent  after  the  flowering  period,  mostly  abortive  and  then  becoming 
conspicuously  tomentose-villose  at  maturity,  in  ample  loose  terminal  or  lateral  pyramidal 
or  thyrsoidal  panicles,  the  branches  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  or  spatulate  deciduous 
bracts;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  persistent;  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the 
calyx  and  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovary;  petals  oblong,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  inserted  under  the  free  margin  of  the  disk  opposite  its  lobes,  deciduous;  stamens 
shorter *than  the  petals,  usually  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary 
sessile,  obovoid,  compressed,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  3,  short  and 
spreading  from  the  lateral  apex  of  the  ovary;  stigmas  large,  obtuse.  Fruit  oblong-oblique, 
compressed,  glabrous,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  light  red-brown,  bearing  on  the 
side  near  the  middle  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  styles,  the  outer  coat  thin  and  dry; 
stone  thick  and  bony. 

Cotinus  is  widely  distributed  through  southern  Europe  and  the  Himalayas  to  central 
China  with  a  single  species,  and  is  represented  in  the  southern  United  States  by  one 
species. 

The  Old  -World  Cotinus  cvggygria  Scop.,  the  Smoke-tree  of  gardens,  is  often  cultivated 
in  the  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kbrivos,  the  classical  name  of  a  tree  with  red  wood. 

1 .  Cotinus  americanus  Nutt.    Chittam  Wood. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  gradually 
contracted  at  base,  and  entire,  with  slightly  wavy  revolute  margins,  when  they  unfold 
light  purple  and  covered  below  with  fine  silky  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  on 
the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  and  puberulous  along  the  under  side  of  the 
broad  midrib  and  primary  veins,  4'-6'  long  and  2'-3'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  brilliant 
shades  of  orange  and  scarlet;  petioles  stout,  ^'-f  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  late  in 
April  or  early  in  May  on  pedicels  \'-\'  long,  and  usually  collected  3  or  4  together  in  loose 
umbels  near  the  end  of  the  principal  branches  of  puberulous  terminal  slender  long-branched 


658 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


few-flowered  panicles  5 '-6'  long  and  2f  '-3'  broad,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on 
different  individuals.  Fruit  produced  very  sparingly,  about  |'  long,  on  stems  2'-3'  in 
length;  the  sterile  pedicels  becoming  l|'-2'  long  at  maturity  and  covered  with  short  not 
very  abundant  rather  inconspicuous  pale  purple  or  brown  hairs;  seed  kidney-shaped,  pale 
brown,  about  -fa'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-35°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  occasionally  12'-14'  in  diameter,  usually 
dividing  12°-14°  from  the  ground  into  several  erect  stems  separating  into  wide-spreading 
often  slightly  pendulous  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  purple  when  they  first  appear, 
soon  becoming  green,  bright  red-brown  and  covered  with  small  white  lenticels  and  marked 
by  large  prominent  leaf-scars  during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  orange-colored  in  their 
second  year.  Winter-buds  $'  long,  and  covered  with  thin  dark  red-brown  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  £'  thick,  light  gray,  furrowed,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  oblong  scales. 


Fig.  595 

Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  bright  clear  rich  orange  color,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sap  wood;  largely  used  locally  for  fence-posts  and  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil;  yielding  a  clear  orange-colored  dye. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  Owensboro,  Daviess  County,  Kentucky  (E.  J. 
Palmer}',  on  the  Cheat  Mountains,  eastern  Tennessee;  near  Hunts ville,  Madison  County, 
Alabama;  valley  of  White  River  in  Stone  and  Taney  Counties,  southern  Missouri;  near 
Cotter,  Baxter  County,  and  Van  Buren,  Crawford  County,  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Okla- 
homa; valleys  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  and  Medina  Rivers,  western  Texas;  usually  only 
in  small  isolated  groves  or  thickets  scattered  along  the  sides  of  rocky  ravines  or  dry  slopes: 
very  abundant  as  a  small  shrub  and  spreading  over  many  thousand  acres  of  the  mountain 
canons,  and  high  hillsides  in  the  neighborhood  of  Spanish  Pass,  Kendall  County,  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  rarely  in  Europe:  hardy  as  far 
north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 


3.  METOPIUM  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds,  fleshy  roots,  and  milky  exceedingly  caustic  juice. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent;  leaflets  coriaceous,  lustrous,  long-petiolulate.  Flow- 
ers dioecious,  yellow-green,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  narrow  erect  axillary  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  with  minute  acute  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets,  the  males  and 
females  on  different  trees;  calyx-lobes  semiorbicular,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse 
petals;  stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk;  filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers, 
minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  ovoid,  sessile,  minute  in  the  stami- 


ANACARDIACEJE  659 

nate  flower;  style  terminal,  short,  undivided;  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  ovoid,  compressed, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style;  outer  coat  thick  and  resin- 
ous; stone  crustaceous.  Seed  nearly  quadrangular,  compressed;  seed-coat  smooth,  dark 
brown  and  opaque,  the  broad  funicle  covering  its  margin. 

Metopium  with  two  species  is  confined  to  southern  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

The  generic  name,  from  foros,  was  the  classical  name  of  an  African  tree  now  unknown. 

1 .  Metopium  toxiferum  Kr.  &  Urb.    Poison  Wood.    Hog  Gum. 
Metopium  Metopium  Small. 

Leaves  clustered  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  9'-10'  long,  with  stout  petioles  swollen 
and  enlarged  at  base,  and  5-7  leaflets,  or  often  3-foliolate;  unfolding  in  March  and  per- 
sistent until  the  following  spring;  leaflets  ovate,  rounded  or  usually  contracted  toward 


Fig.  5% 

the  acute  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  apex,  rounded  or  sometimes  cordate  or  cuneate 
at  base,  3'-4'  long,  2'-S'  broad,  with  thickened  slightly  re  volute  margins,  a  prominent  mid- 
rib, primary  veins  spreading  at  right  angles,  and  numerous  reticulate  veinlets;  petiolules 
stout,  !'-!'  long,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  often  twice  as  long  as  the  others.  Flowers 
about  I'  in  diameter,  in  clusters  as  long  or  rather  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  yellow- 
green,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  by  dark  longitudinal  lines;  stamens  rather  shorter  than 
the  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  November  and  December,  pendent  in  long  graceful  clusters, 
orange-colored,  rather  lustrous,  f  in  length;  seed  about  j'  long. 

A  tree,  frequently  35°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing often  pendulous  branches*  forming  a  low  broad  head,  and  reddish  brown  branchlets 
marked  by  prominent  leaf-scars  and  numerous  orange-colored  lenticels.  Winter-buds 
%'-%'  in  length,  with  acuminate  scales  ciliate  on  the  margin  with  rufous  hairs.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  light  reddish  brown  tinged  with  orange,  often  marked  by  dark 
spots  caused  by  the  exuding  of  the  resinous  gum,  and  separating  into  large  thin  plate-like 
scales  displaying  the  bright  orange  color  of  the  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong, 
rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30 
layers  of  annual  growth.  The  resinous  gum  obtained  from  incisions  made  in  the  bark  is 
emetic,  purgative,  and 'diuretic. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  and  on  Coot 
Bay  in  the  rear  of  Cape  Sable,  Dade  County,  and  on  the  southern  keys;  very  abundant; 
in  the  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  Honduras. 


660  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

4.  RHUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pithy  branchlets,  fleshy  roots,  and  milky  sometimes  caustic  or 
watery  juice.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  or  rarely  simple.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious, 
rarely  polygamous,  white  or  greenish  white,  in  more  or  less  compound  axillary  or  terminal 
panicles,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usually  produced  on  separate  plants;  calyx-lobes 
united  at  base  only,  generally  persistent;  disk  surrounding  the  base  of  the  free  ovary,  co- 
herent with  the  base  of  the  calyx;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  under  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  opposite  its  lobes,  deciduous;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the 
disk  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglo- 
bose,  sessile;  styles  3,  terminal,  free  or  slightly  connate  at  base,  rising  from  the  centre  of 
the  ovary.  Fruit  usually  globose,  smooth  or  covered  with  hairs;  outer  coat  thin  and 
dry,  more  or  less  resinous;  stone  crustaceous  or  bony.  Seed  ovoid  or  reniform,  commonly 
transverse;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  generally  transverse;  radicle  long,  uncinate,  laterally 
accumbent. 

Rhus  is  widely  distributed,  with  more  than  one  hundred  species,  in  the  extra-tropical 
regions  of  the  northern  and  southern  hemispheres.  In  North  America  the  genus  is  widely 
and  generally  distributed  from  Canada  to  southern  Mexico  and  from  the  shores  of  the 
Atlantic  to  those  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  with  sixteen  or  seventeen  species  within  the  territory 
of  the  United  States.  Of  these,  four  obtain  the  habit  of  small  trees.  The  acrid  poisonous 
juice  of  Rhus  vernicifera  DC.,  of  China,  furnishes  the  black  varnish  used  in  China  and 
Japan  in  the  manufacture  of  lacquer,  and  other  species  are  valued  for  the  tannin  con- 
tained in  their  leaves  or  for  the  wax  obtained  from  their  fruit. 

The  name  of  the  genus  is  from  'PoOs,  the  classical  name  of  the  European  Sumach. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles;  fruit  globular,  clothed  with  acrid  hairs;  leaves  un- 
equally pinnate,  deciduous;  SUMACHS. 

Branches  and  leaf-stalks  densely  velvety  hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  on  the  lower  surface; 

fruit  covered  with  long  hairs;  buds  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  base  of  the  petioles; 

juice  milky.  1.  R.  typhina  (A,  C). 

Branches  and  leaf-stalks  pubescent;  rachis  winged;  leaflets  9-21,  green  on  the  lower 

surface;  fruit  pilose;  buds  not  inclosed  by  the  petioles;  juice  watery. 

2.  R.  copallina  (A,  C). 

Flowers  in  axillary  slender  panicles;  fruit  glabrous,  white;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  de- 
ciduous; leaflets  7-13.  3.  R.  vernix  (A,  C). 
Flowers  in  short  compact  terminal  panicled  racemes;  fruit  pubescent;  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  serrate,  simple  or  rarely  trifoliolate,  persistent.                          4.  R.  integrifolia  (G). 

1.  Rhus  typhina  L.    Staghorn  Sumach. 
Rhus  kirta  Sudw. 

Leaves  16'-24'  long,  with  a  stout  petiole  usually  red  on  the  upper  side  and  covered  with 
soft  pale  hairs,  enlarged  at  base  and  surrounding  and  inclosing  the  bud  developed  in  its 
axil,  and  11-31  oblong  often  falcate  rather  remotely  and  sharply  serrate  or  rarely  laciniate 
long-pointed  nearly  sessile  or  short-stalked  leaflets  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at 
base,  covered  above  like  the  petiole  and  young  shoots  wrhen  they  first  appear  writh  red 
caducous  hairs,  bright  yellow-green  until  half  grown,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and 
rather  opaque  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  often  nearly  white  on  the.  lower  surface,  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  the  short  fine  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  stout  midrib,  and  primary 
veins  forked  near  the  margins,  opposite,  or  the  lower  leaflets  slightly  alternate,  those  of 
the  3  or  4  middle  pairs  considerably  longer  than  those  at  the  ends  of  the  leaf,  2'-5'  long, 
and  I'-lV  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling  bright  scarlet  with  shades  of  crimsoa 


ANACARDIACE^E 


661 


purple,  and  orange.  Flowers- opening  gradually  and  in  succession  in  early  summer,  the 
pistillate  a  week  or  ten  days  later  than  the  staminate,  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
small  acute  pubescent  bracts,  in  dense  panicles,  with  a  pubescent  stem  and  branchlets,  and 
acuminate  bracts  \'  to  nearly  2'  long  and  deciduous  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers;  panicle 
of  the  staminate  flowers  8'-12'  long  and  5 '-6'  broad,  with  wide-spreading  branches  and 
nearly  one  third  larger  than  the  more  compact  panicle  of  the  pistillate  plant;  calyx-lobes 
acute,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  long  slender  hairs,  much  shorter  than  the  petals 
in  the  staminate  flower,  and  almost  as  long  in  the  pistillate  flower;  petals  of  the  staminate 
flower  yellow-green  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  strap-shaped,  rounded  at  apex,  becoming 
reflexed  above  the  middle  at  maturity;  petals  of  the  pistillate  flower  green,  narrow  and 
acuminate,  with  a  thickened  and  slightly  hooded  apex,  remaining  erect;  disk  bright  red 
and  conspicuous;  stamens  slightly  exserted,  with  slender  filaments  and  large  bright  orange- 
colored  anthers;  ovary  ovoid,  pubescent,  the  3  short  styles  slightly  connate  at  base,  with 
large  capitate  stigmas,  in  the  staminate  flower  glabrous,  much  smaller,  unusually  rudimen- 


Fig.  597 


tary.  Fruit  fully  grown  and  colored  in  August  and  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  in  dense 
panicles  6'-8'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  depressed-globose,  with  a  thin  outer  covering  clothed 
with  long  acrid  crimson  hairs  and  a  small  pale  brown  bony  stone;  seed  slightly  reniform, 
orange-brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°-40°  high,  with  copious  white  viscid  juice  turning  black  on  ex- 
posure, a  slender  often  slightly  inclining  trunk  occasionally  12'-14'  in  diameter,  stout 
upright  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  low  flat  open  head,  and  thick  branchlets  cov- 
ered with  long  soft  brown  hairs  gathered  also  in  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  leaflets,  becoming 
glabrous  after  their  third  or*fourth  year,  and  in  their  second  season  marked  by  large  nar- 
row leaf-scars  and  by  small  orange-colored  lenticels  enlarging  vertically  and  persistent  for 
several  years;  more  frequently  a  tall  shrub,  spreading  by  underground  shoots  into  broad 
thickets.  Winter-buds  conic,  thickly  coated  with  long  silky  pale  browrn  hairs,  about  |' 
long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  brown,  generally  smooth,  and  occasionally  separating 
into  small  square  scales.  Wood  light,  brittle,  soft,  coarse-grained,  orange-colored,  streaked 
with  green,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood.  From  the  young  shoots  pipes  are  made  for 
drawing  the  sap  of  the  Sugar  Maple.  The  bark,  especially  that  of  the  roots,  and  the 
leaves  are  rich  in  tannin.  A  form  with  narrow  deeply  divided  leaflets  (f .  dissecta  Rehdr.) 
occasionally  occurs. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  uplands  in  good  soil,  or  less  commonly  on  sterile  gravelly 
banks  and  on  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  New  Brunswick  and  through  the  valley 


662 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  southern  Ontario  and  westward  to  eastern  North  Dakota  and 
eastern  and  northeastern  Iowa,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Mississippi;  more  abundant  on  the  At- 
lantic seaboard  than  in  the  region  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  United  States,  and  very  commonly 
in  central  and  northern  Europe. 

X  Rhus  hybrida  Rehdr.  a  hybrid  of  R.  iyphina  and  R.  glabra  L.  has  been  found  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

2.  Rhus  copallina  L.    Sumach. 

Leaves  6'-8'  long,  with  a  slender  pubescent  petiole  and  rachis  more  or  less  broadly 
wing-margined  between  the  leaflets,  the  wings  increasing  in  width  toward  the  apex  of  the 
leaf,  and  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  entire  or  remotely  serrate  above  the  mid- 
dle, sharp-pointed  or  rarely  emarginate  at  apex,  acute  or  obtuse  and  often  unequal  at 


Fig.  598 


base,  those  of  the  lower  pairs  short-petiolulate  and  smaller  than  those  above  the  middle 
of  the  leaf,  the  others  sessile  with  the  exception  of  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  con- 
tracted into  a  long  winged  stalk,  when  they  unfold  dark  green  and  slightly  puberulous 
above,  especially  along  the  midrib,  and  covered  below  with  fine  silvery  white  pubescence, 
at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below, 
1|'-2|'  long  and  about  f  wide,  with  slightly  thickened  re  volute  margins,  a  prominent  mid- 
rib and  primary  veins;  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling  dark  rich  maroon  color  on  the 
upper  surface.  Flowers  appearing  from  June  in  the  south  to  August  in  the  north,  those 
of  the  staminate  plant  opening  in  succession  during  nearly  a  month  and  continuing  to 
unfold  long  after  the  petals  of  the  pistillate  plant  have  fallen,  on  stout  pubescent  pedicels 
f '-j'  long,  in  short  compact  pubescent  panicles,  the  lower  branches  from  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves,  4'-6'  long,  3'-4'  broad,  and  usually  smaller  on  the  female  than  on  the  male 
plant,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  ovate  or  oblong,  densely  cinereo-pilose,  deciduous  before 
the  expansion  of  the  flowers;  calyx  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  wTith  ovate  acute  lobes 
one  third  as  long  as  the  ovate  greenish  yellow  petals  rounded  at  apex,  becoming  reflexed 
above  the  middle;  disk  red  and  conspicuous;  stamens  somewhat  longer  than  the  petals, 
with  slender  filaments  and  large  orange-colored  anthers,  in  the  pistillate  flower  much 
shorter  than  the  petals,  with  minute  rudimentary  anthers;  ovary  ovoid,  pubescent,  gla- 
brous, much  smaller  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  five  or  six  weeks  and  borne 
in  stout  compact  often  nodding  pubescent  clusters  sometimes  persistent  on  the  branches 


ANACARDIACE^E  663 

until  the  beginning  of  the  following  summer,  §'  across,  slightly  obovoid,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened, with  a  thin  bright  red  coat  covered  with  short  fine  glandular  hairs,  and  a  smooth 
bony  orange-brown  stone;  seed  reniform,  smooth,  orange-colored,  with  a  broad  funicle. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  colorless  watery  juice,  a  short  stout  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter, 
erect  spreading  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  dark  green  tinged  with  red  and  more  or 
less  densely  clothed  with  short  fine  or  sometimes  ferrugineous  pubescence,  appearing 
slightly  zigzag  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  from  the  swellings  formed  by  the  prominent 
leaf-scars,  and  then  pale  reddish  brown,  slightly  puberulous  and  marked  by  conspicuous 
dark-colored  lenticels;  or  at  the  north  usually  a  low  shrub  rarely  more  than  4°-5°  tall. 
Winter-buds  minute,  nearly  globose,  and  covered  with  dark  rusty  brown  tomentum. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  %'-%'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  marked  by  large  ele- 
vated dark  red-brown  circular  excrescences,  and  separating  into  large  thin  papery  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  light  brown  streaked  with  green  and  often  tinged  with 
red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  leaves  are 
rich  in  tannin  and  are  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  ground  for  curing  leather  and  for 
dyeing. 

Distribution.  Dry  hillsides  and  ridges;  widely  and  generally  distributed  from  northern 
New  England  to  southern  Florida,  and  to  southeastern  Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  east- 
ern Kansas  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas;  in  Cuba;  in  the  United  States 
arborescent  only  southward;  at  the  north  rarely  more  than  a  few  feet  high  and  spreading 
by  underground  stems  on  gravelly  sterile  soil  into  broad  thickets;  varying  considerably  in 
the  size  and  form  of  the  leaflets.  The  most  distinct  and  probably  the  most  constant  of 
these  varieties  is  var.  lanceolata  A.  Gray,  a  small  tree  growing  on  the  prairies  of  eastern 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  to  southeastern  New  Mexico,  often  forming 
thickets  on  river  bluffs  or  on  the  banks  of  small  streams,  and  distinguished  by  its  narrow 
acute  often  falcate  leaflets  and  by  its  larger  inflorescence  and  fruit.  A  tree  sometimes 
25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  8'  in  diameter,  covered  by  dark  gray  bark  marked 
by  lenticular  excrescences.  The  flowers  appear  in  July  and  August  and  the  dull  red  or 
sometimes  green  fruit  ripens  in  early  autumn  and  falls  before  the  beginning  of  winter. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in 
western  and  northern  Europe. 

3.  Rhus  vernix  L.    Poison  Dogwood.    Poison  Sumach. 

Leaves  7 '-14'  long,  with  a  slender  usually  light  red  or  red  and  green  petiole,  and  7-13 
obovate-oblong  entire  leaflets  slightly  unequal  at  base  and  narrowed  at  the  acute  or 
rounded  apex,  bright  orange  color  and  coated,  especially  on  the  margins  and  under  sur- 
face, with  fine  pubescence  when  they  unfold,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  at  maturity 
3'-4'  long,  If '-2'  wide,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  with  a  prominent  mid- 
rib scarlet  above,  primary  veins  forked  near  the  margins,  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets, 
and  revolute  margins:  turning  early  in  the  autumn  before  falling  to  brilliant  shades  of 
scarlet  or  orange  and  scarlet.  Flowers  about  f  long,  appearing  in  early  summer  on 
slender  pubescent  pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  in  long  narrow  axillary  pubes- 
cent panicles  crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  acute  pubescent  early  deciduous 
bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-lobes  acute,  one  third  the  length  of  the  yellow-green  acute  petals 
erect  and  slightly  reflexed  toward  the  apex;  stamens  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  petals, 
with  slender  filaments  and  large  orange-colored  anthers,  in  the  fertile  flower  not  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  petals,  with  small  rudimentary  anthers;  ovary  ovoid-globose,  with 
short  thick  spreading  styles  terminating  in  large  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  in 
September  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring,  in  long  grace- 
ful racemes,  ovoid,  acute,  often  flattened  and  slightly  gibbous,  tip'ped  with  the  dark  rem- 
nants of  the  styles,  glabrous,  striate,  ivory-white  or  white  tinged  with  yellow,  very  lustrous, 
and  about  \'  long;  stone  conspicuously  grooved,  the  wall  thin,  membranaceous;  seed  pale 
yellow. 

A  tree,  with  acrid  poisonous  juice  turning  black  on  exposure,  occasionally  25°  high,  with 


664 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


a  trunk  5' -6'  in  diameter,  slender  rather  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  reddish  brown  and  covered  with  minute 
orange-colored  lenticels  when  they  first  appear,  orange-brown  at  the  end  of  their  first 
season,  becoming  light  gray  and  marked  by  large  elevated  conspicuous  leaf-scars;  more 


Fig.  599 

often  a  shrub,  with  several  slender  clustered  stems.  Winter-buds  acute  and  covered  with 
dark  purple  scales  puberulous  on  the  back,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  short  pale  hairs, 
the  terminal  £'-f '  long  and  two  or  three  times  larger  than  the  axillary  buds.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  thin,  light  gray,  smooth  or  sometimes  slightly  striate.  Wood  light,  soft,  coarse- 
grained, light  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Wet  swramps  often  inundated  during  a  portion  of  the  year;  northern 
New  England  to  northern  Florida  and  southern  Alabama,  and  westward  to  Ontario  and 
southeastern  Minnesota,  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River  (San 
Augustine  County)  eastern  Texas;  common  and  one  of  the  most  dangerous  plants  of  the 
North  American  flora.  An  infusion  of  the  young  branches  and  leaves  is  employed  in 
homoeopathic  practice,  and  the  juice  can  be  used  as  a  black  lustrous  durable  varnish. 

4.  Rhus  integrifolia  B.  &  H.    Mahogany. 

Leaves  simple  or  very  rarely  3-foliolate,  persistent,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  with  thick- 
ened revolute,  or  spinosely  toothed  margins  (var.  serrata  Engler),  puberulous  when  young, 
and  at  maturity  l|'-3'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  above, 
paler  below,  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  stout  petiole,  broad  thick  midrib,  and 
prominent  reticulate  veins.  Flowers  appearing  from  February  to  April,  \r  in  diameter 
when  expanded,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  with  2-4  broad-ovate  pointed  persistent  scarious 
ciliate  pubescent  bractlets,  in  short  dense  racemes  forming  hoary-pubescent  terminal 
panicles  I' -3'  in  length;  sepals  rose-colored,  orbicular,  concave,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  rounded  ciliate  reflexed  rose-colored  petals;  stamens 
as  long  as  the  petals,  with  slender  filaments  and  pale  anthers,  minute  and  rudimentary  in 
the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  broad-ovoid,  pubescent,  with  3  short  thick  connate  styles  and 
very  large  3-lobed  capitate  stigmas,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit  \'  long, 
ovoid,  flattened,  more  or  less  gibbous,  thick,  dark  red,  densely  pubescent;  stone  kidney- 
shaped,  smooth,  light  chestnut-brown,  with  thick  walls;  seed  flattened,  pale,  with  a  broad 
dark-colored  funicle  covering  its  side. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  numerous  spreading 
branches,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  thick  pale  pubescence 


CYRILLACE^E  665 

disappearing  in  their  second  and  third  years,  and  bright  reddish  brown  and  marked  by 
numerous  small  elevated  lenticels;  or  usually  a  small  often  almost  prostrate  shrub.  Win- 
ter-buds small,  obtuse,  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  pale  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
\'-%'  thick,  bright  reddish  brown,  exfoliating  in  large  plate-like  scales.  Wood  hard,  heavy, 


Fig.  600 

bright  clear  red,  with  thin  pale  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth;  valued  and 
largely  used  as  fuel.  The  fruit  is  occasionally  employed  in  the  preparation  of  a  cooling 
beverage. 

Distribution.  Sandy  sterile  soil  along  sea  beaches,  and  bluffs  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  ocean ;  neighborhood  of  Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  to  the 
shores  of  Magdalena  Bay,  Lower  California,  and  on  the  Santa  Barbara  and  Cedros 
islands;  on  the  mainland  usually  shrubby,  forming  close  impenetrable  thickets;  in  more 
sheltered  situations  and  on  the  islands  becoming  arborescent;  probably  of  its  largest  size 
on  the  shores  of  Todos  Santos  Bay,  Lower  California. 

XXXII.    CYRILLACE^;. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  scaly  buds  and  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  entire, 
subcoriaceous,  without  stipules,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  regular, 
perfect,  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes;  calyx  5-8-lobed, 
persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  5-8,  hypogynous;  stamens  5-10,  hypogy- 
nous,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter  than  the  others;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled, 
the  cells  laterally  dehiscent,  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  2-4-celIed;  ovules  suspended, 
anatropous;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  capsule.  Seed  sus- 
pended; seed-coat  membranaceous;  albumen  fleshy,  radicle  superior. 

A  family  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  with  three  genera,  of  which  two  are 
represented  by  small  trees  in  the  southern  states. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5  contorted  in  the  bud;  fruit  without 
wings,  2-celled,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.  1.  Cyrilla. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  calyx  5-8-lobed;  petals  5-8  imbricated  in  the  bud;  fruit 
with  2-4  wings,  3  or  rarely  4-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell.  2.  Cliftonia. 


666 


TREES  OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


1.  CYRILLAL. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  spongy  bark,  slender  terete  branch  lets  conspicuously 
marked  by  large  leaf-scars,  and  narrow  acute  winter-buds  covered  with  chestnut-brown 
scales.  Leaves  usually  clustered  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate, 
pointed,  rounded,  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  conspicuously  reticulate- veined,  short- 
petiolate.  Flowers  on  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  narrow  alternate  persistent  bracts,  in 
slender  racemes  from  the  axils  of  fallen  leaves  or  of  small  deciduous  bracts  near  the  end  of 
the  branches  of  the  previous  year;  calyx  minute,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  ovate- 
lanceolate  acute  coriaceous  lobes;  petals  5,  contorted  in  the  bud,  white  or  rose  color,  in- 
serted on  an  annular  disk,  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  concave,  subcoriaceous,  furnished  below  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  broad 
glandular  nectary ;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  inserted  with  and  shorter 
than  the  petals;  filaments  subulate,  fleshy;  anther-cells  united  above  the  point  of  attach- 
ment, free  below;  ovary  ovoid,  free,  sessile,  pointed,  2-celled;  styles  short,  thick;  stigma 
2-lobed,  with  spreading  lobes;  ovules  3  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  an  elongated  placental 
process  developed  from  the  apex  of  the  cell.  Fruit  2-celled,  broad-ovoid,  crowned  with 
the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style;  pericarp  spongy.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  elongated, 
acuminate;  embryo  minute,  cylindric,  2-lobed. 

Cyrilla  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states  and  of  the  Antilles  and  eastern  tropical  South  America. 

The  name  commemorates  the  scientific  labors  of  Dominico  Cirillo  (1734-1799),  the 
distinguished  Italian  naturalist  and  patriot. 

1 .  Cyrilla  racemiflora  L.    Ironwood.    Leather  Wood. 

Leaves  2'-3'  long  and  |'-1'  wide,  with  a  stout  petiole  i'-l'  in  length;  turning  late  in  the 
autumn  and  early  winter  to  brilliant  shades  of  orange  and  scarlet  and  then  deciduous,  or 
southward  persistent  with  little  change  of  color  until  the  beginning  of  the  following  sum- 


Fig.  601 

mer.  Flowers  appearing  late  in  June  or  early  in  July,  in  racemes  usually  6-10  together 
and  4 '-6'  long,  at  first  erect,  becoming  pendulous  before  the  fruit  ripens.  Fruit  ripening 
in  August  and  September,  rarely  more  than  TV  long;  seeds  light  brown. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  30°-35°  high,  with  a  stout  often  eccentric  trunk  10'-14'  in 
diameter,  dividing  several  feet  above  the  ground  into  numerous  wide-spreading  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets  bright  brown  during  their  first  season  and  ultimately  ashy  gray; 


CYRILLACE.E 


667 


often  a  broad  bush  sending  up  many  slender  stems  15°-20°  high.  Winter-buds  about  f  long. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  \'  thick  except  near  the  base  of  old  trees,  and  covered  by 
large  thin  bright  red-brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  not  strong,  brown 
tinged  with  red,  with  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  spongy  bark  at  the  base  of 
the  trunk  is  pliable,  absorbent,  and  astringent,  and  has  been  recommended  as  a  styptic. 
Distribution.  Rich  shaded  river-bottoms,  the  borders  of  sandy  swamps  and  shallow 
ponds  of  the  coast  Pine-belt,  or  on  high  sandy  exposed  ridges  rising  above  streams  near 
the  Gulf  coast;  southeastern  Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  northern  Florida 
and  westward  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River,  Texas;  in  Lake 
County,  Florida,  and  ranging  northward  in  Mississippi  to  Forrest  County  (near  Hat- 
tiesburg,  T.  G.  Harbison),  and  in  Alabama  to  Dallas  County;  in  swamps  near  the  coast 
of  western  Florida  often  a  low  shrub  with  smaller  leaves  and  shorter  racemes  (var.  parvi- 
flora  Sarg.);  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  Demarara,  and  Brazil  (var.  racemifera  Sarg.). 

2.  CLIFTONIA  Gaertn.  f. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  thick  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets 
marked  by  conspicuous  leaf-scars,  and  small  acuminate  buds  covered  by  chestnut-brown 
scales.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  glandular- 
punctate,  short-petiolate,  persistent.  Flowers  on  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  large  acumi- 
nate membranaceous  alternate  bracts  deciduous  before  the  opening  of  the  flowers,  in  short 
terminal  erect  racemes;  calyx  5-8-lobed,  equal  or  unequal,  broad-ovoid,  rounded  or  acumi- 
nate at  apex,  much  shorter  than  the  5-8  obovate  unguiculate  concave  white  or  rose-colored 
sepals;  stamens  10,  opposite  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  inserted  with  and  shorter  than 
the  petals,  2-ranked,  those  of  the  outer  rank  longer  than  the  others;  filaments  laterally  en- 
larged near  the  middle,  flattened  below,  subulate  above;  disk  cup-shaped,  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  oblong  2-4-winged  2-4-celled  ovary;  stigma  subsessile,  obscurely  2-4-lobed; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  its  apex.  Fruit  oblong,  2-4-winged,  crowned  with 
the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  3  or  rarely  4-celled;  pericarp  spongy,  the  wings  thin 
and  membranaceous.  Seed  1  in  each  cell,  terete,  tapering  to  the  ends,  suspended;  cotyle- 
dons very  short. 

Cliftonia  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Dr.  Francis  Clifton  (d.  1736),  an  English  physician. 

1.  Cliftonia  monophylla  Britt.    Titi.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  1V-2'  long,  ^'-1'  wide,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on 
the  lower  surface;  persistent  until  the  autumn  of  their  second  year.  Flowers  fragrant, 


Fig.  602 


668  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

appearing  in  February  and  March,  in  racemes  at  first  nodding,  and  conspicuous  from  the 
long  exserted  dark  red-brown  caducous  bracts,  becoming  erect  as  the  flowers  open.  Fruit 
about  £'  long,  ripening  in  August  and  September;  seeds  Ty-|'  long,  light  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  stout  often  crooked  or  inclining  trunk,  occa- 
sionally 15'-18'  in  diameter,  and  usually  divided  12°-15°  from  the  ground  into  a  number  of 
stout  ascending  branches,  and  slender  rigid  bright  red-brown  branchlets,  becoming  paler 
during  their  second  and  third  seasons;  or  sometimes  a  shrub,  with  numerous  straggling 
stout  or  slender  stems  frequently  only  a  few  feet  high  or  occasionally  30°-40°  high.  Win- 
ter-buds about  \'  long.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  large  branches  thin,  the  surface  sep- 
arating into  small  persistent  scales  l'-2'  long,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trees  deeply 
furrowed,  dark  red-brown,  \'  thick,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  short  broad  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  moderately  hard,  brittle,  not  strong,  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  burning  with  a  clear 
bright  flame,  and  valued  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Damp  sandy  peat  soil  in  swamps  almost  submerged  for  several  months 
of  the  year,  or  often  in  shallow  rarely  overflowed  swamps;  coast  region  of  the  south  At- 
lantic states  from  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River  to  the  coast  of  western  Florida,  and 
through  the  maritime  Pine-belt  of  the  Gulf  coast  to  eastern  Louisiana. 

XXXIII.    AQUIFOLIACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  simple  entire  crenate 
or  pungently  toothed  petiolate  persistent  or  deciduous  leaves,  with  minute  stipules.  Flow- 
ers axillary,  solitary  or  cymose,  small,  greenish  white,  dioecious;  calyx  4-6-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous;  petals  4-6,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  free  or  united  at 
base,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  disk  0;  stamens  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals  and 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally, 
small  and  sterile  in  the  pistillate  flower;  pistil  compound;  ovary  4-8-celled,  minute  and 
rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  short  or  0;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the 
ovary,  nearly  confluent;  ovule  generally  solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropous; 
raphe  usually  dorsal,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  as  many  indehiscent 
bony  or  crustaceous  1-seeded  nutlets  as  carpels;  sarcocarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  nar- 
rowed at  the  ends,  suspended;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  pale  brown;  embryo  minute 
in  the  apex  of  the  copious  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  plain;  the  radicle  superior. 

The  Holly  family  with  five  genera  is  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the 
two  hemispheres.  Of  the  five  genera  now  recognized,  only  Ilex  is  important  in  the  number 
of  species  or  is  widely  distributed. 

1.  ILEX  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Ilex  with  about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  species  is  found  in  all  tropical  and  temper- 
ate regions  of  the  world  with  the  exception  of  western  North  America,  Australia,  New 
Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  New  Guinea,  the  largest  number  of  species  occurring  in  Brazil 
and  Guiana.  Of  the  thirteen  species  which  inhabit  eastern  North  America,  six  are  trees. 
Ilex  contains  a  bitter  principle,  ilicin,  and  possesses  tonic  properties.  Ilex  paraguariensis 
St.  Hilaire,  of  South  America,  furnishes  the  mate  or  Paraguay  tea,  and  is  the  most  useful 
of  the  species.  The  European  Ilex  Aquifolium  L.  is  a  favorite  garden  plant,  and  is  some- 
times planted  in  the  middle,  southern,  and  Pacific  United  States. 

Ilex  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Evergreen  Oak  of  southern  Europe. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's;  pedicels  with  bractlets  at  the  base;  nutlets  prominently  ribbed 
on  the  back  and  sides;  leaves  persistent. 

Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth;  young  branchlets  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

1.  I.  opaca  (A,  C). 


AQUIFOLIACE^E  669 

leaves  serrate  or  entire;  fruit  bright  red. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-obovate,  mostly  entire;  young  branchlets  pubescent; 

calyx-lobes  acuminate.  2.  I.  Cassine  (C). 

Leaves  elliptic  or   oblong-elliptic,   coarsely  crenulate-serrate;   young  branchlets 

puberulous;  calyx-lobes  obtuse.  3.  I.  vomitoria  (C). 

Leaves  entire,  ovate,  ovate-elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate;  fruit  brownish  purple. 

4.  I.  Krugiana  (D). 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  o's,  rarely  in  6's;  pedicels  without  bractlets;  nutlets  stria te, 
many-ribbed  on  the  back;  leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  remotely  crenulate-serrate;  calyx- 
lobes  broad-triangular.  5.  I.  decidua  (A,  C). 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate;  calyx-lobes  acute. 

6.  I.  monticola  (A). 

1.  Ilex  opaca  Ait.    Holly. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate-oblong,  pungently  acute,  with  thickened  undulate  margins 
and  few  stout  spinose  teeth,  or  occasionally  entire,  especially  on  upper  branches,  thick, 
coriaceous,  dull  yellow-green,  paler  and  often  yellow  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4'  long,  with 
a  prominent  midrib  and  conspicuous  veins;  persistent  on  the  branches  for  three  years, 


Fig.  603 

finally  deciduous  in  the  spring;  petioles  short,  stout,  thickened  at  base,  grooved  above, 
slightly  puberulent;  stipules  minute,  broad-acute  or  nearly  deltoid,  persistent.  Flowers 
appearing  in  spring  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  with  minute  acute  bractlets,  in  short 
pedunculate  cymes  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves  or  scattered  along  the  base  of  the  young 
shoots,  3-9-flowered  on  the  staminate  and  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-flowered  on  the  pistillate 
plant;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  stigmas  broad  and  sessile.  Fruit  ripening 
late  in  the  autumn,  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  spherical  or  ovoid,  dull 
red  or  rarely  yellow,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlets  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides, 
rather  narrower  at  apex  than  at  base. 

A  tree,  often  40°-50°  and  occasionally  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°,  3°,  or  exception- 
ally 4°  in  diameter,  short  slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  fine  rufous  pubescence  disappearing  during 
their  first  season,  and  becoming  glabrous  and  pale  brown.  Winter-buds  obtuse  or  acu- 
minate, £'-£'  long,  with  narrow  acuminate  ciliate  scales.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  light  gray 
and  roughened  by  wart-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  tough,  not  strong,  close-grained^ 


670  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

nearly  white  when  first  cut,  turning  brown  with  age  and  exposure,  with  thick  rather 
lighter  colored  sap  wood;  valued  and  much  used  in  cabinet-making,  in  the  interior  finish 
of  houses,  and  in  turnery.  The  branches  are  used  in  large  quantities  for  Christmas 
decoration. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  city  of  Quincy,  Norfolk  County,  south- 
ward generally  near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Charlotte  Harbor, 
Florida;  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  from  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  to  the  shores  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  Missouri,  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and  Louisiana  to  the 
valley  of  Cibolo  Creek  (Southerland  Springs,  Wilson  County),  Texas;  rare  and  of  small  size 
east  of  the  Hudson  River  and  rare  in  the  Appalachian  Mountain  region  and  the  country 
immediately  west  of  it;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the 
streams  of  northern  Louisiana,  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas;  at  the  north  in  dry 
rather  gravelly  soil  often  on  the  margins  of  Oak-woods,  southward  on  the  borders  of 
swampy  river-bottoms,  in  rich  humid  soil. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

2.  Ilex  Cassine  L.    Dahoon. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  mucronate  or  rarely  rounded  and  occa- 
sionally emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  revolute  and  entire, 
or  sometimes  serrate  above  the  middle  with  sharp  mucronate  teeth,  puberulous  above  and 


Fig.  604 

densely  pubescent  below  when  they  first  unfold,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity  with  the 
exception  of  scattered  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  broad  midrib,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  pale  below,  l|'-3'  long  and  !'-!'  wide;  petioles  short,  stout,  thickened  at  the 
base,  sparingly  villose.  Flowers  on  hairy  pedicels,  with  acute  scarious  bractlets,  in  pedun- 
culate clusters,  3-9-flowered  on  the  staminate  plant,  usually  3-flowered  on  the  pistillate 
plant  sometimes  nearly  I/  long,  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  occasionally  of  the 
previous  year;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  persistent 
until  the  following  spring,  globose,  sometimes  \*  in  diameter,  bright  or  occasionally  dull  red 
or  nearly  yellow,  solitary  or  often  in  clusters  of  3's;  nutlets  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the 
back  and  sides;  rounded  at  base,  acute  at  apex. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  branches  coated  at  first  with 
dense  silky  pubescence  persistent  until  the  end  of  the^second  or  third  year,  ultimately  dark 
brown  and  marked  by  occasional  lenticels;  or  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  minute, 
acute,  with  lanceolate  scales  thickly  coated  with  pale  silky  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk 


AQUIFOLIACE^E  671 

about  TV  thick,  dark  gray,  thickly  covered  and  roughened  by  lenticels.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  not  strong,  pale  brown,  with  thick  nearly  wrhite  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Cold  swamps  and  on  their  borders,  in  rich  moist  soil,  or  occasionally  on 
the  high  sandy  banks  of  Pine-barren  streams;  southeastern  Virginia  southward  in  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  Everglade  Keys, 
Dade  County,  and  in  the  interior  of  the  peninsular  in  Polk  and  De  Soto  Counties,  Florida, 
and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  western  Louisiana;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba 
(var.  latifolia  Ait.);  nowrhere  abundant  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  most  common  in  western 
Florida  and  southern  Alabama;  passing  through  forms  with  elongated  narrow  leaves  (var. 
angustifolia  Ait.,  the  common  form  of  southern  Alabama)  into  the  variety  myrtifolia 
Sarg.  This  is  a  low  shrub  or  occasionally  a  slender  wide-branched  tree,  with  pale  nearly 
white  bark,  puberulous  branchlets,  and  crowded  generally  entire  mucronate  leaves  ^'-1' 
long,  I'  wide,  with  strongly  reflexed  margins,  a  very  short  petiole,  and  a  broad  prominent 
midrib;  an  inhabitant  of  Cypress-swamps  and  Pine-barren  ponds  or  their  margins,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast,  North  Carolina  to  Louisiana. 

Ilex  Cassine  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  Europe. 

3.  Ilex  vomitoria  Ait.    Cassena.    Yaupon. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  and  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  cori- 
aceous, dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  opaque  below,  l'-2'  long  and  i'-l'  wide, 
persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  generally  falling  just  before  the  appearance  of  the  new 


Fig.  605 


growth  of  their  third  season;  petioles  short,  broad,  and  grooved.  Flowers  on  slender  club- 
shaped  glabrous  pedicels,  wfth  minute  bractlets  at  the  base,  in  short  glabrous  cymes  on 
branchlets  of  the  previous  year,  those  of  the  staminate  plant  short-stemmed  and  many- 
flowered,  those  of  the  pistillate  plant  sessile  and  1  or  2-flowered;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  ob- 
tuse, often  slightly  ciliate;  ovary  contracted  below  the  broad  flat  stigma.  Fruit  produced 
in  great  abundance,  on  stems  not  more  than  j'  long,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early 
winter,  soon  deciduous,  or  persistent  until  spring,  scarlet,  nearly  globose,  about  \'  in  diam- 
eter; nutlets  obtuse  at  the  ends,  and  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides. 

A  small  much-branched  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk  rarely 
more  than  6'  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets  standing  at  right  angles  with  the  stem, 
slightly  angled  and  puberulous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, terete  and  pale  gray  in  their  second  year;  generally  a  tall  shrub,  with  numerous  stems 
forming  dense  thickets.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  narrow  dark  brown  or  often 
nearly  black  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  Ty-r|'  thick,  the  light  red-brown  surface  broken 


672  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

into  thin  minute  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  nearly  white,  turning  yellow 
with  exposure,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Virginia  to  the  St.  John's  River  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida, 
and  westward  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay  and  the  valleys  of  the  upper  Rio  Blanco 
and  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas,  and  to  southern  Arkansas;  in  the  Atlantic  and  east 
Gulf  states  rarely  far  from  salt  water  and  usually  not  more  than  10°-15°  high;  of  its  largest 
size  and  of  tree-like  habit  only  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas.  The  branches 
covered  with  the  fruit  are  sold  during  the  winter  months  for  decorative  purposes.  An  in- 
fusion of  the  leaves,  which  are  emetic  and  purgative,  was  used  by  the  Indians,  who  for- 
merly visited  the  coast  in  large  numbers  every  spring  to  drink  it. 

Occasionally  used  in  the  southern  states  for  hedges. 

4.  Ilex  Krugiana  Loesen. 

Leaves  ovate,  ovate-elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  abruptly  long-pointed  or 
acute  at  apex,  rounded  or  obtusely  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  margins 
subcoriaceous  or  coriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  dull  beneath, 


Fig.  606 

persistent,  2|'-4'  long  and  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  deeply  impressed  on  the 
upper  side  and  pale  on  the  lower  side,  and  6-9  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  connected 
by  thin  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  i'-f  in  length;  stipules  minute,  whitish,  per- 
sistent. Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  iV~i'  long,  in  the  axils  of  minute  acute  scarious 
deciduous  bractlets,  in  crowded  clusters,  the  staminate  1-3-flowered  on  short  peduncles, 
the  pistillate  1-flowered;  calyx  about  TV  in  diameter,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular,  suberect, 
about  as  long  as  the  tube,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  rotate,  greenish  white,  petals  4, 
ovate  or  slightly  obovate  in  the  pistillate  flower,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  4  in  the 
staminate  flower,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals;  filaments  slender,  about  as  long  as  the  oval 
anthers;  in  the  pistillate  flower  much  smaller  and  abortive;  ovary  4-celled,  ellipsoid;  stigma 
small,  discoid,  obscurely  4-lobed;  ovary  of  the  staminate  flower  subconic,  minute  and  abor- 
tive. Fruit  on  a  stout  pedicel  up  to  i'  in  length,  globose,  brownish  purple,  lustrous,  £'  in 
diameter;  sarcocarp  thin;  nutlets  4,  irregularly  3-seeded,  obtusely  angled,  dark  brown. 

In  Florida  a  tree,  sometimes  30°-40°  high,  with  a  tall  often  crooked  trunk  occasionally 
4'  in  diameter  and  covered  with  thin  smooth  nearly  white  bark,  becoming  on  old  individ- 
uals darker-colored  and  broken  into  narrow  scales,  and  small  ascending  branchlets  green 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  gray  and  finally  white,  and  marked  by  numerous 
round  elliptic  lenticels;  often  a  shrub. 


AQUIFOLIACE^E  673 

Distribution.  Florida,  Homestead  and  Paradise  Keys  in  the  Everglades,  Dade  County; 
in  the  Bahama  Islands,  Hayti  and  San  Domingo. 

5.  Ilex  decidua  Walt. 

Leaves  deciduous,  except  on  vigorous  shoots,  fascicled  at  the  end  of  short  spur-like  lateral 
branchlets,  oblong-spatulate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  2'-3'  long,  3'-!'  wide,  thin 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  thick  and  firm  at  maturity,  light  green  above  and  pale  and 
sparingly  hairy  along  the  narrow  midrib  below;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  pubescent,  about 
-}'  in  length;  stipules  filiform,  membranaceous.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  those  of  the 
staminate  plant  often  \'  long  and  longer  than  those  of  the  pistillate  plant,  in  1  or  2-flowered 
glabrous  cymes  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  lateral  branches  of  the  previous  season,  or  rarely 
solitary  on  branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  with  smooth  or  sometimes  ciliate 
margins.  Fruit  on  short  stout  stems,  ripening  in  the  early  autumn,  often  remaining  on 
the  branches  until  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  the  following  spring,  globose  or  depressed- 


Fig.  607 

globose,  orange  or  orange-scarlet,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlets  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  many-ribbed  on  the  back. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  6'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  glabrous  pale  silver  gray  branchlets;  more  often  a  tall  straggling  shrub. 
Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  ovate  light  gray  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more 
than  yV  thick,  light  brown,  and  roughened  by  wart-like  excrescences.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  creamy  white,  jvith  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  lowr  moist  soil;  Gloucester  County, 
Virginia,  to  western  Florida  in  the  region  between  the  eastern  and  southern  base  of  the  Ap- 
palachian Mountains  and  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  and 
southern  Missouri  to  southern  Illinois;  usually  shrubby  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and 
only  arborescent  in  Missouri,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas.  In  Florida  a  form 
(var.  Curtissii  Fern.)  occurs  with  leaves  only  t'-f  long  and  fruit  about  \'  in  diameter. 

6.  Ilex  monticola  Gray. 

Leaves  deciduous,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed  and  acuminate  or 
rarely  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  sharply  and  rather  remotely  serrate 
with  minute  glandular  incurved  teeth,  thin,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  hairy  along  the  prom- 


674  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

inent  midrib  and  veins,  2'-5'  long,  £'-2£'  wide,  light  green  above  and  pale  below;  petioles 
slender,  i'-4'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  June  when  the  leaves  are  more  than  half 
grown,  on  slender  pedicels  \*  long  on  the  staminate  plant  and  much  longer  on  the  pistillate 
plant,  in  1-2-flowered  cymes  crowded  at  the  end  of  lateral  spur-like  branchlets  of  the  previ- 
ous year,  or  solitary  on  branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate;  ovary  contracted 
below  the  broad  flat  stigma.  Fruit  globose,  bright  scarlet,  nearly  \'  in  diameter;  nutlets 
narrowed  at  the  ends,  prominently  ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10'-12'  in  diameter,  slender  branches 
forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  more  or  less  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  pale  red- 


Fig.  608 

brown  at  first,  becoming  dark  gray  at  the  end  of  their  first  season;  more  often  a  low  shrub, 
with  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  broad-ovoid  to  subglobose,  about  f '  long,  with  ovate 
keeled  apiculate  light  brown  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  usually  less  than  TV  thick,  with  a 
light  brown  surface  roughened  by  numerous  lenticels.  Wood  hard,  heavy,  close-grained, 
and  creamy  white. 

Distribution.  Central  and  western  New  York,  southward  along  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  eastern  Tennessee;  northern  and  central  Georgia;  coast  of  South  Carolina 
near  Charleston;  western  Florida  (Mariana,  Jackson  County,  and  Wakulla  Springs, 
Wakulla  County) ;  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  northeastern  Mississippi  (Tishomingo  County), 
and  in  West  Feliciana  and  Wynn  Parishes,  Louisiana;  a  shrubby  form  with  leaves  soft 
pubescent  beneath  (var.  mollis  Britt.)  occurs  in  western  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut, 
and  southward  to  North  Carolina. 

XXXIV.  CELASTRACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  or  alternate  simple  persistent  or  de- 
ciduous leaves,  with  or  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioe- 
cious, pedicellate  in  axillary  clusters;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud: 
petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  4  or  5;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  2-5-celled;  ovules  2  or  solitary  in  each  cell  (6  in  Canotia), 
anatropous,  or  subhorizontal  (in  Canotia).  Fruit  a  capsule  or  drupe.  Seed  with  copious 
albumen;  embryo  axile. 

A  family  of  about  thirty-eight  genera  widely  distributed  over  the  tropical  and  warm 
temperate  parts  of  the  world,  with  five  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States. 


CELASTRACE.E  675 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  opposite,  deciduous;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's;  fruit  a  fleshy  capsule  enclosed  in  a 
colored  aril.  1.  Evonymus. 

Leaves  alternate,  persistent  (0  in  S). 

Fruit  capsular;  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's. 

Capsule   3-4-valved,    loculicidal,    its   outer   coat   woody,  the    valves   apiculate  at 

apex;  base  of  the  seed  enclosed  in  a  colored  aril.  2.  Maytenus. 

Capsule  o-valved,  septicidal,  its  outer  coat  thin  and  fleshy,  the  valves  2-lobed  at 

apex;  seed  without  an  aril.  3.  Canotia. 

Fruit  drupaceous;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's;  seed  without  an  aril. 

Leaves  often  crenately  serrate  above  the  middle;   stipules  minute,  caducous;  fruit 

usually  1-seeded;  branchlets  quadrangular.  4.  Gyminda. 

Leaves  entire;  stipules  0;  fruit  2-seeded;  branchlets  terete.  5.  Schaefferia. 

1.  EVONYMUS  L. 

Small  generally  glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  square  sometimes  wing-margined 
branchlets,  bitter  drastic  bark,  slender  obtuse  or  acuminate  winter-buds,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  entire,  crenate  or  dentate,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent; 
stipules  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious,  in  dichotomous  ax- 
illary usually  few-flowered  cymes;  calyx  4-lobed  (in  the  North  American  arborescent 
species);  disk  thick  and  fleshy,  cohering  with  and  filling  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx,  flat, 
4-angled  or  lobed,  closely  surrounding  and  adhering  to  the  ovary;  petals  inserted  in  the 
sinuses  of  the  calyx  under  the  free  border  of  the  disk,  as  many  as  and  much  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  spreading,  deciduous;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  disk;  filaments  very  short,  subulate,  erect  or  recurved;  an- 
thers 2-celled,  the  cells  nearly  parallel  or  spreading  below;  ovary  4-celled;  styles  short, 
terminating  in  a  depressed  stigma;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell,  ascending  from  the  central 
angle;  raphe  ventral,  micropyle  inferior,  or  pendulous,  the  raphe  then  dorsal  and  themicro- 
pyle  superior.  Fruit  capsular,  4-lobed  and  celled,  fleshy,  angled  or  winged,  smooth  (in 
the  North  American  arborescent  species),  loculicidally  4-valved,  the  valves  septicidal. 
Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  or  commonly  solitary  by  abortion,  ascending,  surrounded  by  a  col- 
ored aril;  seed-coat  chartaceous;  albumen  fleshy;  embryo  axile;  cotyledons  broad,  coria- 
ceous, parallel  with  the  raphe;  the  radicle  short,  inferior. 

Evonymus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  extending  south 
of  the  equator  to  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  and  to  Australia.  About  forty 
species  are  distinguished,  the  largest  number  occurring  in  the  tropical  regions  of  southern 
Asia,  and  in  China  and  Japan.  Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the 
United  States  one  only  is  a  small  tree.  Many  of  the  species  are  rich  in  bitter  and  as- 
tringent principles,  and  are  drastic  and  slightly  stimulant.  Many  are  valued  as  orna- 
ments of  gardens  and  parks. 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  European  species. 

1.  Evonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq.    Burning  Bush.    Wahoo. 

Leaves  ovate-elliptic,  acuminate,  minutely  serrate  or  biserrate,  thin,  puberulous  below, 
2'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  primary  veins;  turning  pale  yellow  in 
the  autumn  and  falling  in  October;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing 
from  May  to  the  middle  of  June,  nearly  \'  across,  in  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous  usually 
7-15-flowered  cymes  borne  on  slender  peduncles  l'-2'  long  and  conspicuously  marked  by 
the  scars  of  minute  bracts;  calyx-lobes  4,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  apex,  mostly  entire; 
petals  broad-obovate,  undulate,  often  erose  on  the  margins;  anthers  spreading.  Fruit 
ripening  in  October,  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  until  midwinter,  deeply  lobed, 
\'  across,  with  light  purple  valves;  seeds  sometimes  gibbous  on  the  dorsal  side,  broad  and 


676  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

rounded  above,  narrowed  below,  \'  long,  with  a  thin  light  chestnut-brown  wrinkled  coat 
and  a  thin  scarlet  aril. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches,  and 
slender  terete  branchlets  dark  purple-brown  at  first,  becoming  lighter  colored  in  their 
second  season,  often  covered  with  small  crowded  lenticels,  and  marked  by  prominent 
leaf-scars,  occasionally  slightly  or  on  vigorous  shoots  rarely  broadly  wing-margined;  more 
often  a  shrub,  6°-10°  tall.  Winter-buds  f  long,  acute,  with  narrow  purple  apiculate 


Fig.  609 

scales  scarious  on  the  margins  and  covered  by  a  glaucous  bloom.  Bark  thin,  ashy  gray, 
and  covered  by  thin  minute  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  wyhite  tinged 
with  orange. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  in  rich  soil ;  western  New  York  to  southern  Minnesota, 
central  Iowa,  southeastern  South  Dakota,  northwestern  Nebraska,  central  Kansas,  Okla- 
homa to  the  valley  of  the  Canadian  River  (near  Minton,  Caddo  County),  southern  Ar- 
kansas and  eastern  Texas  (Dallas  County),  and  southward  to  eastern  Tennessee,  Jackson 
County,  Alabama,  and  western  Florida;  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  River,  Mon- 
tana; arborescent  only  in  southern  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in 
Europe. 

2.  MAYTENUS  Molina. 

Small  unarmed  trees  or  shrubs  with  slender  branchlets  and  minute  buds.  Leaves 
alternate  often 'in  two  ranks,  coriaceous,  petiolate,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  deciduous. 
Flowers  polygamous,  small,  white,  yellow  or  red,  axillary,  solitary  or  in  cymose  or  fas- 
cicled clusters;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5,  spreading;  stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  orbicular 
disk,  with  undulate  margins;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovoid-cordate;  ovary  immersed 
and  confluent  with  the  disk,  2-4-celled;  style  0  or  columnar;  stigma  2-4-lobed,  usually 
sessile;  ovules  erect,  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  each  cell.  Fruit  capsular,  coriaceous,  2-4-valved; 
seed  erect,  surrounded  at  base  or  entirely  in  a  pulpy  aril;  testa  crustaceous;  albumen 
fleshy  or  wanting;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Maytenus  with  some  seventy  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  tropical  and  subtropi- 
cal regions  of  America  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  to  Brazil  and 
Chile. 

The  Chilean  Maytenus  boaria  Molina,  a  handsome  tree  of  graceful  habit,  is  occasionally 
cultivated  in  California. 

The  generic  name  is  from  May  ten,  the  Chilean  name  of  one  of  the  species. 


CELASTRACE.E  677 

1 .  Maytenus  phyllanthoides  Benth. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  rounded  and  rarely  emarginate  or  acute  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base  and  entire,  deeply  tinged  with  red  when  they 
unfold  and  at  maturity,  l'~H'  long  and  %'-l'  wide,  with  thickened  often  slightly  undulate 
margins,  a  slender  midrib,  obscure  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets; 
petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  usually  solitary  or  in  compact  fascicles,  short- 
stalked,  about  ^  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  rounded  at  apex,  often  persistent  under  the 
fruit,  reddish,  shorter  than  the  white  petals;  ovary  3-4-celled.  Fruit  solitary,  short- 


Fig.  610 

stalked,  broad-obovoid,  4-angled,  rounded  and  minutely  mucronate  at  apex,  abruptly 
narrowed  below,  bright  red,  \'-\'  long  and  broad,  1-celled,  3-4-valved,  the  valves  opening 
to  the  base,  ridged  down  the  inner  surface  with  a  low  ridge  developed  from  the  dissepi- 
ment, 2-4-seeded;  seed  ellipsoid,  acute  at  the  ends,  Ty  long,  surrounded  at  base  by  an  open 
bright  red  aril. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter  (teste  J.  K.  Small), 
and  slender  alternate  glabrous  pale  gray  branchlets;  usually  a  low  shrub. 

Distribution.  Florida,  west  coast,  Captiva  Island,  Lee  County,  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Cape  Sable;  Cocoanut  Grove,  Dade  County,  and  on  many  of  the  southern  keys;  on 
bluffs  of  Matagorda  Bay  near  Corpus  Christi,  Nueces  County,  Texas;  in  northern  Mexico 
and  Lower  California;  probably  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Sands  Key  and  on  Cap- 
tiva Island. 

3.  CANOTIA  Torr. 

A  glabrous  leafless  tree,  with  light  brown  deeply  furrowed  bark,  stout  terete  alternate 
branches  terminating  in  rigid,  pale  green  and  striate  spines,  their  base  and  those  of  the 
peduncles  surrounded  by  black  triangular  persistent  cushion-like  processes  minutely 
papillose  on  the  surface.  Flowers  perfect,  on  slender  spreading  pedicels  jointed  below  the 
middle,  3-7  together,  in  short-stemmed  fascicles  or  corymbs  near  the  end  of  the  branches, 
from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  subulate  bracts;  calyx  5-lobed,  minute,  persistent,  much 
shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  white  hypogynous  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  reflexed 
at  maturity  above  the  middle,  deciduous;  stamens  5,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx;  filaments  awl-shaped,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals,  persistent  on  the  fruit; 
anthers  oblong,  cordate,  minutely  apiculate,  attached  below  the  middle,  grooved  on  the 
back;  ovary  raised  upon  and  confluent  with  a  fleshy  slightly  10-angled  gynophore,  papil- 
lose-glandular on  the  surface,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  petals,  terminating  in  a  fleshy 
elongated  style;  stigma  slightly  5-lobed;  ovules  6  in  each  cell,  inserted  in  2  ranks  on  its 


678  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

inner  angle,  subhorizontal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  woody  ovoid,  acuminate  capsule 
rounded  at  base,  crowned  with  the  subulate  persistent  style,  septicidally  5-valved, 
the  valves  2-lobed  at  apex;  outer  coat  thin,  fleshy;  inner  coat  woody.  Seed  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  ascending,  subovoid,  flattened;  seed-coat  subcoriaceous,  papillate,  produced  below 
into  a  subfalcate  membranaceous  wing;  embryo  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen,  erect; 
cotyledons  oval,  compressed;  radicle  very  short,  inferior. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  that  by  which  this  plant  was  known  to  the  Mexicans  of  Arizona 
at  the  time  of  its  discovery. 

1.  Canotia  holacantha  Torr. 

Leaves  0.  Flowers  |'-j'  in  diameter,  appearing  from  June  until  October.  Capsule  1' 
long;  seed  about  f  in  length. 

A  small  shrub-like  tree,  sometimes  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  rarely  a  foot 
in  diameter;  or  often  a  low  spreading  shrub. 


Fig.  61 1 


Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  mesas  on  the  Arizona  foothills,  from  the  White  Mountain 
region  to  the  valley  of  Bill  Williams's  Fork  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  and  on 
Providence  Mountain  in  southern  California. 

4.  GYMINDA  Sarg. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pale  quadrangular  branchlets  and  minute  acuminate  buds.  Leaves 
opposite,  short-petiolate,  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  sometimes  emarginate  at  apex, 
entire  or  remotely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle  with  revolute  thickened  margins, 
feather- veined,  coriaceous,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  acuminate,  membranaceous, 
caducous.  Flowers  unisexual,  pedicellate,  in  axillary  pedunculate  few-flowered  dichoto- 
mously  branched  cymes  bibracteolate  at  apex;  calyx  minute,  4-lobed,  persistent,  with  a 
short  urceolate  tube  and  rounded  lobes;  disk  fleshy,  filling  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  cup- 
shaped,  slightly  4-lobed;  petals  entire,  obovate,  white,  rounded  at  apex,  reflexed,  much 
longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  oalyx;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals,  inserted  in  the  lobes  of 
the  disk,  exserted,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  slender,  subulate,  incurved;  anthers 
oblong;  ovary  2-celled,  oblong,  sessile,  confluent  with  the  disk,  crowned  with  a  large  2-lobed 
sessile  stigma,  rudimentary  and  deeply  cleft  in  the  staminate  flower;  ovule  solitary,  sus- 
pended from  the  apex  of  the  cell;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
fc-celled,  1  or  2-seeded,  black  or  dark  blue,  oval  or  obovoid,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of 


CELASTRACE^E  .  679 

the  persistent  stigma,  often  1 -celled  by  abortion;  flesh  thin;  stone  thick,  crustaceous.  Seed 
oblong,  suspended;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  albumen  thin,  fleshy;  embryo  axile;  cotyle- 
dons ovate,  foliaceous;  radicle  superior,  next  the  hilum. 

Gyminda  with  a  single  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  Trinidad  and 
southern  Mexico,  and  is  represented  in  Central  America  by  what  is  perhaps  a  second 
species. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  by  transposing  the  first  three  letters  of  Myginda,  to  which 
tli  is  plant  had  been  referred. 

1.  Gyminda  latifolia  Urb. 
Gyminda  Grisebachii  Sarg. 

Leaves  l^'-2'  long,  £'-!'  broad,  pale  yellow-green.  Flowers  produced  on  shoots  of 
the  year  from  April  to  June.  Fruit  ripening  in  November,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  0'  in  diameter,  and 
branchlets  becoming  terete  during  their  third  season  and  covered  with  thin  slightly 


Fig.  612 

grooved  roughened  bright  red-brown  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  brown  tinged  with 
red,  separating  into  thin  minute  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  light  brown  sapwood  of  75-80  layers  of  annual  growth. 
Distribution.  Florida,  common  and  generally  distributed  over  the  southern  keys 
from  the  Marquesas  group  to  Upper  Matecombe  Key;  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,.  Trinidad, 
and  southern  Mexico.  A  form  (var.  glaucescens,  Small.)  with  smaller  less  coriaceous 
very  glaucous  leaves  occurs  in  Cuba. 

5.  SCIL3EFFERIA  Jacq. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  rigid  terete  branches  and  small  obtuse  buds. 
Leaves  alternate,  or  fascicled  on  short  spur-like  branchlets,  entire,  obovate  or  spatulate, 
acute  and  minutely  apiculate  or  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rounded  or  emarginate  apex, 
cuneate  below,  persistent,  without  stipules.  Flowers  dioecious,  pedicellate  in  axillary 
clusters  from  buds  covered  by  scale-like  persistent  bracts;  calyx  4-lobed,  the  lobes  orbic- 
ular, persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  4  hypogynous,  oblong,  obtuse,  white  or  greenish 
white  petals;  stamens  4,  hypogynous,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  small  inconspicuous 
disk  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  subulate,  in- 
curved; anthers  oblong-ovoid;  ovary  2-celled,  ovoid,  sessile,  free,  rudimentary  in  the 


680 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


starainate  flower;  style  very  short,  gradually  enlarged  into  the  large  2-lobed  stigma,  with 
spreading  lobes;  ovule  solitary,  ascending;  raphe  thin,  ventral;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
a  small  2-seeded  fleshy  drupe,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  per- 
sistent style,  indistinctly  2-lobed  by  longitudinal  grooves,  slightly  flattened;  flesh  thin 
and  tuberculate;  nutlets  2,  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  thick  bony  shell.  Seed 
solitary,  ascending;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  albumen  fleshy;  cotyledons  broad,  folia- 
ceous;  radicle  very  short,  inferior,  next  the  hilum. 

Schaefferia  with  four  or  five  species  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  with  one  species  in 
southern  Florida,  and  another,  a  small  shrub,  Schcefferia  cuneifolia  A.  Gray  in  the  arid 
region  of  western  Texas  and  northern  Mexico. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Jakob  Christian  Schaeffer  (1718-1790),  the  distinguished 
German  naturalist. 

1.  Schsefferia  frutescens  Jacq.    Yellow  Wood.    Box  Wood. 

Leaves  bright  yellow-green,  2'-2f  long,  J'-l'  wide,  with  thick  revolute  margins,  ap- 
pearing in  Florida  in  April  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  spring  of  the  follow- 


Fig.  613 

ing  year;  petioles  short  and  broad  Flowers  opening  in  spring  on  branchlets  of  the 
year,  |'  across,  the  staminate  generally  3  or  5  together  on  pedicels  rarely  more  than  ^' 
long,  the  pistillato  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  on  pedicels  rather  longer  than  the  petioles. 
Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  in  November,  slightly  grooved,  compressed,  bright  scarlet,  with 
an  acrid  disagreeable  flavor. 

A  glabrous  tree,  35°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'-10'  in  diameter,  erect  branches, 
and  slender  many-angled  branchlets  pale  greenish  yellow  during  their  first  season,  becom- 
ing light  gray  during  their  second  year  and  then  conspicuously  marked  by  the  remains  of 
the  persistent  wart-like  clusters  of  bud-scales;  or  often  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  rarely  more  than  TV  thick,  pale  brown  faintly  tinged  with  red,  the  surface  divided 
by  long  shallow  fissures,  and  ultimately  separating  into  long  narrow  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
close-grained,  bright  clear  yellow,  with  thick  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood;  sometimes 
used  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood  in  wood  engraving. 

Distribution.  Florida,  upper  Matecombe  and  Old  Rhodes  Keys,  and  eastward  on  the 
southern  keys,  and  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  and 
widely  distributed  through  the  West  Indies  to  Venezuela. 


ACEBACE^B  681 

XXXV.    ACERACE^. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  limpid  juice,  terete  branches,  scaly  buds,  their  inner  scales 
accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  rarely  in  whorls  of  3,  long-petiolate,  simple,  palmately 
3-7-lobed  and  nerved  or  pinnately  3-7-foliolulate,  usually  without  stipules,  deciduous,  in 
falling  leaving  small  U-shaped  narrow  scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  equidistant  fibro-vas- 
cular  bundles.  Flowers  regular,  direciously  or  monoeciously  polygamous,  rarely  perfect  or 
dioecious,  in  fascicles  produced  from  separate  lateral  buds  appearing  in  early  spring  before 
the  leaves  or  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes  or  panicles  appearing  with  or  later  than  the 
leaves;  bracts  minute,  caducous;  calyx  colored,  generally  o-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud;  petals  usually  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  0;  disk  annular,  fleshy,  more  or  less 
lobed,  with  a  free  margin;  stamens  4-10,  usually  7  or  8,  inserted  on  the  summit  or  inside  of 
the  disk,  hypogynous;  filaments  distinct,  filiform,  commonly  exserted  in  the  staminate, 
shorter  and  generally  abortive  in  the  pistillate  flower;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  attached 
at  the  base,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled,  com- 
pressed contrary  to  the  dissepiment,  wing-margined  on  the  back;  styles  2,  inserted  between 
the  lobes  of  the  ovary,  connate  below  and  divided  into  2  linear  branches  stigmatose  on  their 
inner  surface;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  rarely  superposed,  ascending,  attached  by 
their  broad  base  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous ;  micropyle 
inferior.  Fruit  composed  of  2  samaras  separable  from  a  small  persistent  axis,  the  nut-like 
carpels  compressed  laterally,  produced  on  the  back  into  a  large  chartaceous  or  coriaceous 
reticulated  obovate  wing  thickened  on  the  lower  margin.  Seed  solitary  by  abortion,  or 
rarely  2  in  each  cell,  ovoid,  compressed,  irregularly  3-angled,  ascending  obliquely,  without 
albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  the  inner  coat  often  fleshy;  embryo  conduplicate; 
cotyledons  thin,  foliaceous  or  coriaceous,  irregularly  plicate,  incumbent  or  accumbent  on 
the  elongated  descending  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

A  family  of  two  genera,  one  widely  distributed,  the  other,  Dipteronia,  distinguished 
by  the  broad  wings  encircling  the  mature  carpels,  and  represented  by  a  single  Chinese 
species. 

1.  ACER  L.    Maple. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Acer  with  sixty  or  seventy  species  is  widely  distributed  over  the  northern  hemisphere, 
with  a  single  species  extending  south  of  the  equator  to  the  mountains  of  Java.  Acer  pro- 
duces light  close-grained  moderately  hard  wood  valued  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and 
in  turnery.  The  bark  is  astringent,  and  the  limpid  sweet  sap  of  some  of  the  American 
species  is  manufactured  into  sugar. 

Acer  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Maple-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  simple,  usually  palmately  lobed  (sometimes  3-foliolate  in  1,  3-lobed  at  apex  in  £)• 
Flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves. 
Flowers  with  petals;  sepals  distinct. 
Inflorescence  corymbose. 

Flowers  in  terminal  drooping  corymbs. 

Leaves  3-lobed  or  parted.  1.  A.  glabrum  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  palmately  3-5-lobed.  2.  A.  circinatum   (B,  G). 

Inflorescence  racemose. 

Flowers  in  dense  erect  racemes.  .  A.  spicatum  (A). 

Flowers  in  drooping  racemes. 

Ovary  and  young  fruit  glabrous;  leaves  3-lobed  at  apex. 

4.  pennsylvanictun  (A). 
Ovary  and  young  fruit  hairy ;  leaves  deeply  5-lobed.  5 .  A.  macrophyllum  (G) . 


682 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Flowers  without  petals;  sepals  united;  inflorescence  corymbose;  pedicels  long,  pen- 
dulous, mostly  hairy. 
Leaves  pale  or  glaucescent,  or  green  and  glabrous  beneath. 

Leaves  green  or  pale  beneath,  glabrous  or  in  one  form  villose-pubescent  on  the 

under  side  of  the  veins  and  on  the  petioles.  C.  A.  saccharum  (A,  C). 

Leaves  pale  and  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous  beneath,  their  lobes  usually  short 

and  obtuse  or  acuminate. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  only  slightly  lobed  or  entire;  bark  of  young  trees  smooth 

and  pale.  7.  A.  floridanum  (C). 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  distinctly  lobulate;  bark  of  young  trees  dark  brown  and 

scaly.  H.  A.  grandidentatum  (F,  H). 

Leaves  green  and  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous  beneath. 

Leaves  hirsute-pubescent  beneath  and  on  the  petioles,  the  lobes  entire  or  lobu- 
late, the  basal  sinus  often  closed  by  the  lower  lobes;  bark  dark  and  furrowed. 

9.  A.  nigrum  (A). 

Leaves  pilose-pubescent,  rarely  glabrous  beneath,  the  lobes  slightly  lobulate, 
the  basal  sinus  open;  petioles  glabrous;  bark  pale  and  smooth. 

10.  A.  leucoderme  (C). 
Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  dense  lateral  clusters  from  separate  buds; 

leaves  5-lobed  (3-lobed  in  varieties  of  12)  \  fruit  ripening  in  May  or  June. 
Flowers  sessile  or  short-stalked,  without  petals;  ovary  and  young  fruit  tomentose. 

11.  A.  saccharinum. 
Flowers  on  long  pedicels,  with  petals;  ovary  and  young  fruit  glabrous. 

12.  A.  rubrum. 
Leaves  3-7-foliolate;  flowers  dioecious,  without  petals.    13.  A.  Negundo  (A,  B,  C,  F,  G,  H) . 

1.  Acer  glabrum  Torr.    Dwarf  Maple. 

Leaves  glabrous,  thin,  rounded  in  outline,  cordate-truncate  or  cuneate  at  base,  3-5-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  usually  narrowed  and  entire  below  the  middle,  or  often  3-parted  or  3-foli- 
olate  (f.  trisecta  Sarg.),  with  acute  or  obtuse  doubly  serrate  lobes,  3'-5'  in  diameter,  dark 


Fig.  614 

green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  conspicuous  veinlets; 
petioles  stout,  grooved,  l'-6'  in  length,  and  often  bright  red.  Flowers  about  £'  long  on 
short  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  few-flowered  glabrous  racemose  corymbs  on  slender  droop- 
ing peduncles  from  the  end  of  2-leaved  branchlets,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usually 
produced  separately  on  different  plants;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  petaloid,  as  long  as  the 


ACERACE.E 


683 


greenish  yellow  petals;  stamens  7  or  8,  with  glabrous  unequal  filaments  shorter  than  the 
petals,  much  shorter  or  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  glabrous,  with  short 
obtuse  lobes,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  divided  to  the  base  into  2 
spreading  stigmatic  lobes  as  long  as  the  petals.  Fruit  glabrous,  with  broad  nearly  erect 
or  slightly  spreading  wings  t'-£'  long,  often  rose-colored  during  the  summer;  seeds  ovoid, 
bright  chestnut-brown,  about  ^'  long. 

A  small  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-12'  in  diameter,  small 
upright  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  often  slightly  many-angled,  pale  greenish 
brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  winter;  often  a 
shrub.  Winter-buds  acute,  |'  long,  with  bright  red  or  occasionally  yellow  scales,  those  of 
the  inner  ranks  pale  brown  tinged  with  pink,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming 
1  £'  long  and  narrow-spatulate.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth,  and  dark  reddish  brown. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  or  often  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  mountain  streams  usually  at  elevations  of  5000°-6000°;  Rocky 
Mountains  from  Montana  to  Wyoming,  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota,  Sioux  County, 
Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  northern  Arizona,  and  to  the  Sacramento  Mountains, 
New  Mexico;  in  California  from  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the 
East  Fork  of  the  Kaweah  River,  Kern  County,  at  altitudes  of  5000°-6000°  at  the  north 
and  of  8000°-9000°  at  the  south.  Passing  into 

Acer  glabrum  var.  Douglasii  Dippel. 

Acer  Douglasii  Hook. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  slightly  cordate  by  a  wide  shallow  sinus,  truncate  or  rarely 
rounded  at  base,  3-lobed  with  acuminate  lobes  often  slightly  divided  into  acuminate  lobules, 
the  terminal  leaflet  usually  ovate  from  a  broad  base,  or  occasionally  gradually  narrowed 


Fig.  615 

below  and  rhombic  in  outline  and  sharply  serrate  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
lobe  with  long-acuminate  teeth  pointing  forward,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  often  glau- 
cescent  below,  3|'-4'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  3  prominent  nerves  extending  to  the  points 
of  the  lobes,  and  slender  veins;  petioles  glabrous,  I'-Stf  in  length.  Flowers  as  in  the  species. 
Fruit  with  erect  or  nearly  erect  wings,  f '-!'  long  and  %'-?'  wide. 


684  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  upright 
branches  and  slender  bright  red-brown  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  southern  Alaska  (head  of  Lynn  Canal),  southward  near  the  coast 
to  Vancouver  Island  and  western  Washington,  and  eastward  on  the  high  mountains  of 
Washington  to  the  Blue  Mountains  of  eastern  Oregon,  western  Idaho  and  northern  Mon- 
tana; on  Loomis  Creek,  Natrona  County,  Wyoming. 

2.  Acer  circinatum  Pursh.    Vine  Maple. 

Leaves  almost  circular  in  outline,  cordate  at  base  by  a  broad  shallow'  sinus,  or  some- 
times almost  truncate,  palmately  7-9-lobed  occasionally  nearly  to  the  middle,  with  acute 
lobes  sharply  and  irregularly  doubly  serrate,  and  conspicuously  palmately  nerved,  with 


Fig.  616 

prominent  veinlets,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  rose  color,  and  puberulous,  especially 
on  the  lower  surface  and  >pn  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of 
tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  large  veins,  thin  and  membranaceous,  dark  green  above, 
pale  below,  and  2'-7'  in  diameter;  in  the  autumn  turning  orange  and  scarlet;  petioles  stout, 
grooved,  l'-2'  in  length,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  large  base.  Flowers  appearing  when 
the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  in  loose  10-20-flowered  umbel-like  corymbs  pendent  on 
long  stems  from  the  end  of  slender  2-leaved  branchlets,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 
produced  together;  sepals  oblong  to  obovate,  acute,  villose,  purple  or  red,  much  longer  than 
the  greenish  white  broad,  cordate  petals  folded  together  at  apex;  stamens  6-8,  \vith  slender 
filaments  villose  at  base,  exserted  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  shorter  than  the  petals  in 
the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  glabrous,  with  spreading  lobes,  in  the  staminate  flower  reduced 
to  a  small  point  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs;  style  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
long  exserted  stigmas.  Fruit  with  thin  wings,  1|'  long,  spreading  almost  at  right  angles, 
red  or  rose  color  like  the  nutlets  in  early  summer,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn ;  seeds  smooth, 
pale  chestnut-brown,  |'-|'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  often  vine-like  or  prostrate,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter, 
and  glabrous  pale  green  or  reddish  brown  branchlets  frequently  covered  during  their  first 
winter  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and  occasionally  marked  by  small  lenticels;  often  a  low 
wide-spreading  shrub.  Winter-buds  f '  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  thin  bright  red  outer  scales 
rounded  on  the  back,  and  obovate-spatulate  inner  scales  rounded  at  apex,  contracted  into 
a  long  narrow  claw,  bright  rose-colored  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  on  the  outer 
surface,  and  when  fully  grown  often  2'  long  and  \f  broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth, 
bright  red-brown,  marked  by  numerous  shallow  fissures.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
not  strong,  light  brown,  sometimes  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used 


ACERACE^E 


685 


for  fuel,  the  handles  of  axes  and  other  tools,  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  ooast  for 
the  bows  of  their  fishing-nets. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  coast  of  British  Columbia  through  western  Washington 
and  Oregon  to  Mendocino  County,  and  the  canon  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River,  Cali- 
fornia; one  of  the  most  abundant  of  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  of  western  Washington  and 
Oregon  up  to  altitudes  of  4000°  above  the  sea,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  alluvial 
soil  of  bottom-lands,  its  vine-like  stems  in  such  situations  springing  4  or  5  together  from 
the  ground,  spreading  in  wide  curves  and  sending  out  long  slender  branches  rooting  when 
they  touch  the  ground  and  forming  impenetrable  thickets  of  contorted  and  interlaced 
trunks,  often  many  acres  in  extent;  in  California  smaller  and  less  abundant,  growing  along 
streams  in  the  coniferous  forest  or  rarely  on  dry  ridges  up  to  an  altitude  of  4000°  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  state. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  Europe,  and  in  the  eastern  states,  and 
hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

3.  Acer  spicatum  Lam.    Mountain  Maple. 

Leaves  subcordate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  base,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  3  or  slightly 
5-lobed,  with  gradually  narrowed  pointed  lobes,  and  sharply  and  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface  and  densely  tomentose  on  the 


Fig.  61 7 

lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin,  4 '-5'  long  and  broad;  turning  in  the  autumn 
to  various  shades  of  orange  and  scarlet;  petioles  slender,  enlarged  at  base,  2'-3'  in 
length,  often  becoming  scarlet  in  summer.  Flowers  opening  in  June  after  the  leaves  are 
fully  grown,  f '  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels  |'-|'  long,  the  pistillate  toward  the  base  and 
the  staminate  at  the  apex  of  a  narrow  many-flowered  long-stemmed  upright  slightly  com- 
pound pubescent  raceme;  calyx-lobes  narrow-obovate,  yellow,  pubescent  on  the  outer 
surface,  much  shorter  than  the  linear-spatulate  pointed  yellow  petals;  stamens  7  or  8,  in- 
serted immediately  under  the  ovary,  with  slender  glabrous  filaments  as  long  as  the  petals  in 
the  sterile  flower,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals  in  the  pistillate  flower,  and  glandular  anthers; 
ovary  hoary-tomentose,  reduced  to  a  minute  point  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs  in 
the  staminate  flower;  style  columnar,  almost  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  short  stigmatic 
lobes.  Fruit  fully  grown  and  bright  red  or  yellow  in  July,  turning  brown  late  in  the  au- 
tumn, almost  glabrous,  with  more  or  less  divergent  wings  about  \'  long;  seeds  smooth, 
dark  red-brown,  f '  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  small  up- 
right branches,  and  slender  branchlets  light  gray  and  pubescent  when  they  first  appear, 


686 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


becoming  glabrous  during  the  summer,  bright  red  during  their  first  winter,  gray  or  pale 
brown  the  following  season,  and  blotched  or  streaked  with  green  toward  the  base;  more 
often  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  acute;  the  terminal  |-'  long,  with  bright  red  outer 
scales  more  or  less  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  at 
maturity  1'  or  more  in  length  and  then  lanceolate,  pale  and  papery;  axillary  buds  much 
smaller  and  glabrous  or  puberulous.  Bark  of  the  trunk  very  thin,  reddish  brown,  smooth 
or  slightly  furrowed.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Moist  rocky  hillsides  usually  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  and  really 
arborescent  only  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  Tennessee  and  North 
Carolina;  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay,  Manitoba,  and  Saskatchewan, 
and  southward  through  the  northern  states,  and  westward  to  Minnesota  and  northeastern 
Iowa,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  northern  states. 

4.  Acer  pennsylvanicum  L.    Striped  Maple.    Moose  Wood. 

Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3-nerved,  3-lobed  at  apex,  with  short  lobes 
contracted  into  a  tapering  serrate  point,  and  finely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate,  when  they 
unfold  thin,  pale  rose  color  and  coated  with  ferrugineous  pubescence,  especially  on  the 


Fig.  618 

lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  tufts  of 
ferrugineous  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  nerves  on  the  two  surfaces,  thin,  pale  green 
above,  rather  paler  below,  o'-6'  long  and  4'-5'  wide;  turning  in  the  autumn  clear  light 
yellow;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  l^'-2'  in  length,  with  an  enlarged  base  nearly  encircling 
the  branch.  Flowers  bright  canary-yellow,  opening  toward  the  end  of  May  or  early  in 
June  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  growrn,  on  slender  pedicels  ?'~¥  l°ng>  m  slender 
drooping  long-stemmed  racemes  4 '-6'  in  length,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usually  in 
different  racemes  on  the  same  plant;  sepals  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate,  \'  long  and  a  little 
shorter  and  narrower  than  the  obovate  petals;  stamens  7-8,  shorter  than  the  petals  in  the 
staminate  flower,  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  purplish  brown,  glabrous,  in 
the  staminate  flower  reduced  to  a  minute  point;  styles  united  nearly  to  the  top,  with 
spreading  recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  in  long  drooping  racemes,  glabrous,  with  thin  spreading 
wrings  f '  long,  and  marked  on  one  side  of  each  nutlet  by  a  small  cavity;  seeds  \f  long,  dark 
red-brown,  and  slightly  rugose. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  upright  branches,  and 
slender  smooth  branchlets  pale  greenish  yellow  at  first,  bright  reddish  brown  during  their 


ACERACE.E  687 

first  winter,  and  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years  striped  like  the  trunk  with  broad  pale 
lines;  or  often  much  smaller  and  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter-buds:  the  terminal  conspicu- 
ously stipitate,  sometimes  almost  \'  long,  much  longer  than  the  axillary  buds,  covered  by 
two  thick  bright  red  spatulate  boat-shaped  scales  prominently  keeled  on  the  back,  the 
inner  scales  green  and  foliaceous,  becoming  l|'-2'  long,  \'  wide,  pubescent,  and  bright  yel- 
low or  rose  color.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-%  thick,  reddish  brown,  marked  longitudinally  by 
broad  pale  stripes,  and  roughened  by  many  oblong  horizontal  excrescences.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  often  forming  in  northern  New 
England  a  large  part  of  their  shrubby  undergrowth;  shores  of  Ha-Ha  Bay,  Quebec,  west- 
ward along  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  islands  of  Lake  Huron  to  northern  Wiscon- 
sin, and  southward  through  the  Atlantic  states  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to 
northern  Georgia;  ascending  to  altitudes  of  5000°;  common  in  the  north  Atlantic  states, 
especially  in  the  interior  and  elevated  regions;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  slopes  of  the  Big 
Smoky  Mountains,  Tennessee,  and  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  occasionally  in 
Europe. 

5.  Acer  macrophyllum  Pursh.    Broad-leaved  Maple. 

Leaves  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  deeply  5-lobed  by  narrow  sinuses  acute  in 
the  bottom,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  the  terminal  lobe  often  3-lobed,  the  others  usually 
furnished  with  small  lateral  lobules,  the  lower  lobes  much  smaller  than  the  others,  promi- 


Fig.  619 

• 

nently  3-5-nerved,  puberulous  when  they  unfold,  especially  on  the  upper  surface  along 
the  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  8'-12'  in  diameter;  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  orange 
oolor  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  10'-12'  in  length,  with  enlarged  bases  united  and  encir- 
cling the  stem  and  often  furnished  on  the  inside  with  small  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  fragrant,  \'  long,  on  slender  pubescent  often  branched  pedicels  £'-f '  in  length, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  together  in  graceful  pendulous  slightly  puberulous  racemes 
4 '-6'  long,  appearing  in  April  and  May  after  the  leaves  are  fully  grown;  sepals  petaloid,  obo- 
vate,  obtuse  and  a  little  longer  and  broader  than  the  spatulate  petals;  stamens  9-10,  with 
long  slender  filaments  hairy  at  base,  exserted  in  the  staminate  flower  and  included  in  the 
pistillate  flower,  and  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  hoary-tomentose,  reduced  in  the  stam- 
inate flower  to  a  minute  point;  styles  united  at  base  only;  stigmas  long  and  exserted.  Fruit 


688  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

fully  grown  by  the  1st  of  July  and  ripening  late  in  the  autumn;  nutlets  covered  with  long 
pale  hairs,  their  wings  l£'  long,  \'  wide,  slightly  divergent  and  glabrous  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  hairs  on  the  thickened  edge;  seeds  dark-colored,  rugose  and  pitted,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-30  in  diameter,  stout  often  pendulous 
branches  forming  a  compact  handsome  head,  and  stout  branchlets  smooth  and  pale  green 
at  first,  becoming  bright  green  or  dark  red  in  their  first  winter,  covered  more  or  less  thickly 
with  small  longitudinal  white  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  summer  gray  or  grayish  brown. 
Winter-buds  obtuse;  terminal  \'  long,  with  short  broad  slightly  spreading  dark  red  ciliate 
outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  green  and  foliaceous,  and  at 
maturity  \\'  long,  colored  and  puberulous;  axillary  buds  minute.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-f ' 
thick,  brown  faintly  tinged  with  red  or  bright  reddish  brown,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken 
on  the  surface  into  small  square  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close- 
grained,  rich  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood 
of  60-80  layers  of  annual  growth;  more  valuable  than  the  wood  produced  by  other  decidu- 
ous-leaved trees  of  western  North  America,  and  in  Washington  and  Oregon  used  in  the 
interior  finish  of  buildings,  for  furniture,  and  for  axe  and  broom-handles. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  or  on  rich  bottom-lands  or  the  rocky  slopes  of  mountain 
valleys;  coast  of  Alaska  south  of  latitude  55°  north,  southward  along  the  islands  and  coast 
of  British  Columbia,  through  Washington  and  Oregon  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
and  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  to  Hot  Spring  Valley,  San  Diego  County,  California;  on 
the  Sierra  Nevada  usually  between  altitudes  of  2000°  and  5000°  and  on  the  southern  moun- 
tains rarely  above  3000°;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  humid  climate  and 
rich  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  of  southwestern  Oregon,  forming  extensive  forests;  in  Cali- 
fornia usually  much  smaller,  especially  on  the  coast  ranges. 

Generally  planted  in  the  Pacific  States  for  shade  and  as  a  street  tree,  and  occasionally 
in  the  Eastern  States  as  far  north  as  Long  Island,  New  York,  and  in  western  Europe;  not 
hardy  in  Massachusetts. 

6.  Acer  saccharum  Marsh.    Sugar  Maple.    Rock  Maple. 

Leaves  rarely  in  whorls  of  3,  heart-shaped  by  a  broad  sinus,  truncate  or  sometimes 
cuneate  at  base,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  acute  sparingly  sinuate-toothed  usually 
3-lobulate  at  apex,  with  3-5  conspicuous  nerves,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  when  they  un- 
fold coated  below  with  pale  pubescence,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  nerves 
below  (var.  Schneckii  Rehd.)  and  at  maturity,  4'-5'  in  diameter,  often  rather  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  opaque  on  the  upper  surface,  green  or  pale  (var.  glabrum  Sarg.)  on  the  lower 
surface;  turning  in  the  autumn  brilliant  shades  of  deep  red,  scarlet  and  orange  or  clear  yel- 
low ;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  H'-3'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  on  slen- 
der more  or  less  hairy  pedicels  f '-3'  long,  in  nearly  sessile  umbel-like  corymbs  from  terminal 
leaf-buds  and  lateral  leafless  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  or  in  separate 
clusters  on  the  same  or  on  different  trees;  calyx  broad-campanulate,  o-lobed  by  the  partial 
union  of  the  obtuse  sepals,  greenish  yellow,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  0;  stamens 
7-8,  writh  slender  glabrous  xfilaments  tw7ice  as  long  as  the  calyx  in  the  staminate  flower 
and  much  shorter  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  obtusely  lobed,  pale  green,  covered  with  long 
scattered  hairs,  in  the  staminate  flower  reduced  to  a  minute  point;  styles  united  at  base 
only,  with  2  long  exserted  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  glabrous,  with 
broad  thin  and  usually  divergent  wings  ^'-1'long;  seeds  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  3°-4°  in  diameter,  rising  sometimes  in  the 
forest  to  the  height  of  60°-70°  without  branches,  or  in  open  situations  developing  8°-10° 
from  the  ground  stout  upright  branches  forming  while  the  tree  is  young  a  narrow  egg-shaped 
head,  ultimately  spreading  into  a  broad  round-topped  dome  often  70°-80°  across,  and 
slender  glabrous  branchlets  green  at  first,  becoming  reddish  brown  by  the  end  of  their  first 
season,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  large  pale  oblong  lenticels,  and  in  their  second 
winter  pale  brown  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  acute,  \'  long,  with  purple  slightly  puber- 


ACERACE^E  689 

ulous  outer  scales,  and  inner  scales  becoming  1  \'  long,  narrow-obovate,  short-pointed  at  apex, 
thin,  pubescent,  and  bright  canary  yellow.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  large  branches 
pale,  smooth  or  slightly  fissured,  becoming  on  large  trunks  £'-f  thick  and  broken  into 
deep  longitudinal  furrows,  the  light  gray-brown  surface  separating  into  small  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thin  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  build- 
ings, especially  for  floors,  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  in  turnery,  shipbuilding,  for 
shoe-lasts  and  pegs,  and  largely  as  fuel.  Accidental  forms  with  the  grain  curled  and  con- 
torted, known  as  curly  maple  and  bird's-eye  maple,  are  common  and  are  highly  prized  in 
cabinet-making.  The  ashes  of  the  wood  are  rich  in  alkali  and  yield  large  quantities  of 
potash.  Maple  sugar  is  principally  made  from  the  sap  of  this  tree. 

Distribution.  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia,  westward  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
Ontario,  and  southward  through  eastern  Canada  and  the  northern  states,  and  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia;  in  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 


Fig.  620 

westward  in  the  United  States  to  Minnesota,  northeastern  South  Dakota  (coulees  of  Little 
Minnesota  River,  Roberts  County),  central  and  northwestern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas, 
central  Oklahoma,  and  eastern  Louisiana;  most  abundant  northward;  ascending  in  North 
Carolina  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  3000°;  the  var.  glabrum  rare  and  local 
in  the  north  from  Prince  Edwards  Island  and  Lake  St.  John,  Quebec,  to  Iowa  and  south- 
ward to  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  central  Tennessee;  more  abundant  southward;  apparently 
the  only  form  but  not  common  in  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana  and 
southern  Arkansas;  the  var.  fjjchneckii  with  leaves  glaucous  or  glaucescent  below  and  more 
or  less  densely  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs,  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins 
and  on  the  petioles,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  western  Kentucky  and  western  and 
middle  Tennessee,  northwestern  Georgia  (near  Rome,  Floyd  County),  and  to  eastern 
Missouri  southward  to  Williamsville,  Wayne  County. 

Commonly  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states. 

More  distinct  are  the  following  varieties: 

Acer  saccharum  var.  Rugelii  Rehd. 

Leaves  thick,  3'-5'  long  and  4'-6'  wide,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  3-lobed  by  broad 
rounded  sinuses,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  the  lobes  long-acuminate,  usually  en- 
tire, the  middle  lobe  occasionally  slightly  undulate,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading,  sometimes 
furnished  near  the  base  with  a  short  acute  lobule. 


690 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Distribution.     Southeastern   Ohio   to   western   Pennsylvania    (Kittaning,    Armstrong 
County)  and  eastern  and  middle  Tennessee,  and  to  southern  Ontario,  the  southern  penin- 


Fig.  621 

sula  of  Michigan,  eastern  and  central  Indiana,  southern  Illinois,  eastern  Missouri  and 
northwestern  Arkansas  (Eureka  Springs,  Carroll  County);  rare  and  local  in  its  extreme 
form;  its  3-lobed  leaves  sometimes  appearing  on  upper  branches  of  trees  bearing  on  lower 
branches  leaves  of  the  typical  Sugar  Maple. 

Acer  saccharum  var.  sinuosum  Sarg. 
Acer  sinuosum  Rehd, 

Leaves  suborbicular,  broader  than  long,  3-5-lobed  with  short  triangular-ovate  to  tri- 
angular-oblong obtuse  lobes,  entire  or  on  vigorous  shoots  occasionally  dentate,  usually 
broad-cordate  at  base,  often  with  the  nerves  of  the  two  lateral  lobes  projecting  into  the 


Fig.  622 


ACERACEJK  691 

broad  sinus  and  forming  its  base,  when  they  unfold  glabrous  and  purplish  above,  loosely 
hairy  below,  soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale,  reticulate-venulose  and  glabrous  except  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins  on 
the  lower  surface.  3-o-nerved,  usually  not  more  than  If  long,  occasionally  up  to  2f '  long 
and  3'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  f -If  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  f-li'  long,  in  3-8-flowered  nearly  sessile  corymbs;  calyx  broad- 
campanulate  or  cupulate,  with  short  semiorbicular  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  petals  0; 
stamens  usually  6,  with  slender  filaments  longer  than  the  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower;  style 
divided  to  below  the  middle,  with  two  spreading  stigmas.  Fruit  glabrous,  with  long  and 
broad  almost  horizontally  spreading  nutlets,  convex,  smooth,  pale  yellow-brown,  the  wing 
curved  upward. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  20°  high  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  green  above  when 
they  first  appear,  becoming  pale  red-brown  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  during  their  first 
season  and  ultimately  dull  gray-brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  smooth,  pale  gray.  Winter- 
buds  small,  obtuse,  covered  with  dark  brown  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent, 
linear-oblong,  scarlet  or  pink,  up  to  \\'  in  length  when  fully  grown. 

Distribution.  Edwards  Plateau  of  western  Texas,  banks  and  bluffs  of  Cibelo  Creek, 
near  Boerne,  Kendall  County,  on  the  rocky  banks  of  upper  Saco  Creek,  Bandera  County, 
and  at  the  base  of  a  high  limestone  bluff  near  Utopia,  TJvalde  County;  rare  and  local. 

7.  Acer  floridanum  Pax.    Sugar  Maple. 

Leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  3-5-lobed,  with  short  obtuse 
or  acute  entire  or  lobulate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  sparingly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface 
and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous 


Fig.  623 

above,  pale  or  glaucescent  and  pubescent  below,  If -3'  in  diameter,  and  prominently 
3-5-nerved,  with  stout  spreading  lateral  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  turning 
yellow  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  or  pubescent 
generally  becoming  glabrous,  lf-3'  in  length,  with  an  enlarged  base  nearly  encircling  the 
branchlet.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  on  slender  elongated  sparingly  hairy  ul- 
timately glabrous  or  villose-tomentose  (var.  villipes  Rehd.)  pedicels,  in  many-flowered 
drooping  nearly  sessile  corymbs;  calyx  campanulate,  yellow,  about  f  long,  persistent  under 
the  fruit,  the  short  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  long  pale  hairs;  corolla  0.  Fruit  green, 


692 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


sparingly  villose  until  fully  grown,  usually  becoming  glabrous,  with  spreading  occasionally 
erect  wings  f  '-£'  long;  seeds  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  about  1'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  3°  in  diameter,  small  erect  and 
spreading  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  or  more  or  less  densely  villose-tomentose  (var. 
villipes  Rehdr.)  branchlets,  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  rather  light  red- 
brown  during  their  first  season,  and  covered  with  minute  pale  lenticels;  usually  smaller. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  about  |-'  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown  obtuse  scales  and  bright 
rose-colored  linear-spatulate  inner  scales  often  1'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
thin,  smooth,  pale,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trees  thick,  dark,  and  deeply  furrowed. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  low  wet  woods,  southeastern  Virginia  (near  McKinney, 
Dinwiddie  County,  W.  W.  Ashe),  valley  of  the  Roanoke  River  near  Weldon,  Halifax 
County,  North  Carolina,  and  southward  to  southern  Georgia  and  western  Florida  to  La- 
fayette County;  near  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  West  Feliciana  Parish  and  through 
western  Louisiana  to  eastern  Texas  (Harrison  and  St.  Augustine  Counties),  and  southern 
Arkansas  (Fulton,  Hempstead  County) ;  the  var.  fillipes  near  Raleigh,  Walker  County, 
North  Carolina,  Calhoun  Falls,  Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  Shell  Bluff  on  the 
Savannah  River,  Burke  County,  Cuthbert,  Randolph  County,  and  Columbus,  Muscogee 
County,  Georgia;  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Florida,  and  on  the  San  Luis  Moun- 
tains, southern  New  Mexico  (A.  brachypterum  Woot.  &  Stanl.). 

Sometimes  planted  as  a  shade-tree;  the  prevailing  tree  in  the  streets  and  squares  of 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

8.  Acer  grandidentatum  Nutt.    Sugar  Maple. 

Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  3-lobed  by  broad  shallow  sinuses,  the  lobes  acute  or 
obtuse,  entire  or  slightly  lobulate,  sparingly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface  and  thickly  coated 


Fig.  624 


with  dense  paletomentum  on  the  lower  surface  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  stout  nerves 
and  veins,  or  rarely  glabrous,  2'-5'  in  diameter;  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling  yellow 
and  scarlet;  petioles  stout,  l'-2'  in  length,  glabrous,  often  red  after  midsummer,  encircling 
the  branchlet  with  their  large  base  villose  on  the  inner  surface.  Flowers  appearing  with 
the  leaves  on  long  slender  drooping  villose  pedicels,  in  short-stalked  corymbs;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  yellow,  sparingly  hairy  with  long  pale  hairs,  about  j'  long,  with  broad  rounded 
lobes,  often  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  0;  stamens  7  or  8,  much  longer  than  the  calyx, 
in  the  pistillate  flower  shorter  than  the  calyx;  ovary  usually  glabrous,  with  long  spreading 


ACERACE^E 

stigmatic  lobes,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit  often  rose-colored  at  mid- 
summer, green  at  maturity,  glabrous  or  rarely  sparingly  hairy,  with  spreading  or  erect 
wings  2'"!'  long;  seeds  smooth,  light  red-brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  usually  erect 
branches,  and  slender  glabrous  bright  red  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale 
lenticels  and  nearly  encircled  by  the  narrow  leaf-scars,  with  conspicuous  bands  of  long  pale 
hairs  in  their  axils.  Winter-buds  acute  or  acuminate,  about  -fa'  long,  bright  red-brown, 
with  puberulous-ciliate  outer  scales  and  obovate  apiculate  inner  scales  sometimes  \'  long 
when  fully  grown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  brown,  separating  on  the  surface  into 
plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  bright  brown  or  nearly  white,  with 
thick  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams  usually  at  altitudes  of  5000°-6000C  above 
the  sea;  on  the  Salt  River  Mountains,  western  Wyoming;  valley  of  the  Columbia  River  in 
northern  Montana,  southeastern  Idaho  (Pocatello,  Oneida  County),  Wasatch  Mountains, 
Utah,  mountains  of  Arizona  and  of  southern  New  Mexico;  on  the  Guadalupe  Mountains, 
western  Texas,  and  on  the  Wichita  Mountains,  southwestern  Oklahoma  (G.  W.  Stevens) ;  in 
Coahuila;  rare  and  local. 

Occasionally  cultivated;  hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

9.  Acer  nigrum  Michx.    Black  Maple. 

Leaves  generally  3  or  occasionally  5-lobed,  with  abruptly  short-pointed  acute  or  acu- 
minate lobes,  undulate  and  narrowed  from  broad  shallow  sinuses  and  rarely  furnished  with 
short  lateral  spreading  lobules,  cordate  at  base  with  a  broad  sinus  usually  more  or  less  closed 


Fig.  625 


by  the  approximation  or  imbrication  of  the  basal  lobes,  occasionally  3-lobed  with  a  broad 
long-acuminate  nearly  entire  terminal  lobe,  and  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base  (var. 
Palmeri  Sarg.),  covered  below  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum  and  above  with 
caducous  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dull  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  yellow-green  and  soft-pubescent,  especially  along  the  yellow  veins  on  the  lower 
surface,  and  5 '-6'  long  and  wide,  with  drooping  sides;  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the 
autumn;  petioles  stout,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  sometimes  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity, 
usually  pendent,  3'-5'  in  length,  much  enlarged  at  base,  frequently  nearly  inclosing  the 
buds,  in  falling  leaving  narrow  scars  almost  encircling  the  branchlet  and  furnished  in  their 
axils  with  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs;  stipules  triangular  and  dentate  or  foliaceous,  sessile  or 
stipitate,  oblong,  acute,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  frequently 
H'  long.  Flowers  yellow,  about  £'  long,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels  2^ '-3'  long,  in  many- 


694  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

flowered  nearly  sessile  umbel-like  corymbs,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  or  in 
the  same  cluster  on  the  same  or  on  different  trees;  calyx  broad-campanulate,  5-lobed  by 
the  partial  union  of  the  sepals,  pilose  on  the  outer  surface  near  the  base;  corolla  0;  stamens 
7  or  8,  with  slender  glabrous  filaments,  in  the  staminate  flower  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  and  in  the  pistillate  flower  shorter  than  the  calyx;  ovary  obtusely  lobed,  pale  green, 
covered  with  long  scattered  hairs,  minute  in  the  sterile  flower.  Fruit  glabrous,  with  con- 
vergent or  wide-spreading  wings  \'-\'  long;  seeds  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  frequently  3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  or 
often  erect  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels,  orange-green 
and  pilose  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs  when  they  appear,  orange  or  orange-brown 
and  lustrous  during  their  first  year,  becoming  dull  pale  gray-brown  the  following  season. 
Winter-buds  sessile,  ovoid,  acute,  §'  long,  with  dark  red-brown  acute  scales  hoary-pubes- 
cent on  the  outer  surface  and  often  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  yellow  puberulous 
inner  scales,  |'-1'  long  at  maturity.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin, 
smooth,  pale  gray,  becoming  on  old  trunks  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  sometimes  almost 
black. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal, 
Quebec,  southward  to  the  valley  of  Cold  River,  New  Hampshire,  through  western  Vermont 
and  Massachusetts  and  northwestern  Connecticut  (near  Salisbury,  Litchfield  County), 
and  westward  through  northern  and  western  New  York,  southern  Ontario,  Ohio,  the 
southern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa  to  southeastern  Minnesota, 
northeastern  South  Dakota,  western  and  southern  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  and  south- 
ward through  western  Pennsylvania,  West  Virginia  and  eastern  Kentucky;  comparatively 
rare  near  Montreal  and  in  New  England,  more  abundant  farther  west;  almost  entirely  re- 
placing Acer  saccharum  in  Iowa,  and  the  only  Sugar  Maple  of  South  Dakota ;  easily  dis- 
tinguished in  summer  by  its  heavy  drooping  leaves,  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  by  the 
orange  color  of  the  branchlets;  the  var.  Palmeri  in  a  single  grove  at  Tunnel  Hill,  Johnson 
County,  Illinois;  southern  Indiana  (Shelby,  Putnam  and  Lawrence  Counties),  and  in  Clark, 
Jackson  and  Dunklin  Counties,  Missouri;  rare  and  local. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  region  where  it  grows  naturally  as  a  shade-tree. 

10.  Acer  leucoderme  Small.    Sugar  Maple. 

Leaves  usually  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  more  or  less  deeply  divided  into 
3-5  acute  caudate-acuminate  lobes  coarsely  and  sinuately  dentate  or  undulate,  when  they 
unfold  coated  below  with  long  matted  pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark 
yellow-green  above,  bright  yellow-green  and  pilose-pubescent  below,  2'-3^'  in  diameter; 
often  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface  before  falling;  petioles 
slender,  glabrous,  I'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  yellow,  about  f  long,  on  slender,  glabrous 
pedicels,  in  nearly  sessile  clusters;  calyx  campanulate,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose,  with 
rounded  ciliate  lobes;  corolla  0;  stamens  7  or  8;  filaments  villose,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  villose;  style  elongated,  with 
short  spreading  lobes.  Fruit  villose,  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs  until  nearly  grown, 
becoming  glabrous  at  maturity,  the  wings  wide-spreading  or  divergent,  5'— |'  long;  seeds 
smooth,  light  red-brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  occasionally  40°  high,  with 
a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  short  slender  branches  forming  a  rather  compact  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright 
red-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  summer,  and  marked  by  numerous  small  oblong 
pale  lenticels,  gradually  growing  darker  in  their  second  year  and  finally  light  gray-green. 
Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  dark  brown,  glabrous,  rather  more  than  yV  long,  the  inner 
scales  becoming  bright  crimson  and  very  conspicuous  when  the  tree  is  in  flower.  Bark 
of  young  stems  and  large  branches  close,  light  gray  or  grayish  brown,  becoming  near  the 
base  of  old  trees  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black  and  broken  by  deep  furrows  into  narrow 
ridges  covered  by  closely  appressed  scales. 


ACERACE^E  695 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  rocky  gorges,  and  woods  in  moist  soil;  valley  of  the 
Vadkin  River,  Stanley  County,  North  Carolina;  southeastern  Tennessee  (Polk  County); 
valley  of  the  Savannah  River  (Abbeville  County,  South  Carolina,  and  Richmond  County, 


Fig.  626 

Georgia)  to  central  and  northwestern  Georgia  (near  Rome,  Floyd  County,  and  Walker 
County)  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Chattahoochee  River  to  Muscogee  County;  northern  and 
central  Alabama;  western  Louisiana  (Natchitoches  and  Sabine  Parishes);  southern  Ar- 
kansas (Baker  Springs,  Howard  County);  rare  and  local;  most  abundant  in  northwestern 
and  central  Georgia  and  northern  Alabama. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  towns  of  northern  Georgia  and  'Alabama; 
hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

11.  Acer  saccharinum  L.    Silver  Maple.    Soft  Maple. 

Leaves  truncate  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  deeply  5-lobed  by  narrow  sinuses,  with 
acute  irregularly  and  remotely  dentate  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  often  3-lobed,  6 '-7'  long  and 
nearly  as  broad,  thin,  bright  pale  green  above,  silvery  white  and  at  first  slightly  hairy  be- 
low, especially  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins;  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before 
falling;  petioles  slender,  drooping,  bright  red,  4>'-5f  in  length.  Flowers  greenish  yellow, 
opening  during  the  first  warm  days  of  the  late  winter  or  early  spring  long  before  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  leaves,  on  short  pedicels,  in  sessile  axillary  fascicles  on  shoots  of  the  previ- 
ous year,  or  on  short  spur-like  branchlets  developed  the  year  before  from  wood  of  the 
preceding  season,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters,  on  the  same  or  on 
different  trees,  and  produced*  from  clustered  obtuse  buds  covered  with  thick  ovate  pubes- 
cent red  and  green  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  a  thick  fringe  of  long  rufous  hairs; 
calyx  slightly  5-lobed,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  long  and  narrow  in  the 
staminate  and  short  and  broad  in  the  pistillate  flower;  corolla  0;  stamens  3-7,  with  slender 
filaments,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  and  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  covered,  like  the  young  fruit,  with  a  thick  coat  of  pubes- 
cence, rudimentary  in  the  sterile  flower;  styles  united  at  base  only,  with  long  exserted  stig- 
matic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  April  and  May  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  grown,  on  slender 
drooping  pedicels,  H'-2'  long,  glabrous,  1^'  to  nearly  3'  long,  with  thin  almost  straight 
conspicuously  falcate  divergent  wings  sometimes  f  broad,  prominently  reticulate-veined 
and  pale  chestnut-brown  or  rarely  bright  red;  seeds  \'  long,  with  a  pale  reddish  brown 
wrinkled  coat,  germinating  as  soon  as  they  fall  to  the  ground,  and  producing  plants  with 
several  pairs  of  leaves  before  the  end  of  the  summer. 


696 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  90°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  generally  dividing  10°-15°  from 
the  ground  into  3  or  4  stout  upright  secondary  stems  destitute  of  branches  for  a  consider- 
able length,  brittle  pendulous  branchlets  light  green  and  covered  with  lenticels  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  becoming  darker,  bright  chestnut-brown,  smooth  and  lustrous  in  the 
autumn  and  winter  of  their  first  year,  and  in  their  second  season  pale  rose  color  or  gray 
faintly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  I'  long,  with  thick  ovate  bright  red  outer  scales 
rounded  on  the  back,  minutely  apiculate,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  acute  inner 
scales  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming  pale  green  or  yellow  and  about  1'  long. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  large  branches  smooth  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  becoming 
on  old  trunks  I'-f '  thick,  reddish  brown  and  more  or  less  furrowed,  the  surface  separating 
into  large  thin  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  easily  worked,  rather  brittle, 


fig.  627 

pale  brown,  with  thick  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  now  sometimes  used  for 
flooring  and  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture.  Sugar  is  occasionally  made  from  the  sap. 

Distribution.  Sandy  banks  of  streams,  rarely  in  deep  often  submerged  swamps;  valley 
of  the  St.  John's  River  (near  Fredericton),  New  Brunswick,  to  that  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in 
Quebec,  and  southward  through  western  Vermont  and  central  Massachusetts  to  western 
Florida,  Alabama,  and  south  central  Mississippi,  and  westward  Ithrough  Ontario,  New 
York,  Ohio,  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  and  southern  Indiana  to  Minnesota, 
southeastern  South  Dakota,  and  eastern  Nebraska,  and  through  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  northwestern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Oklahoma;  in  western 
Louisiana  (swamp  near  Alexandria,  Rapides  Parish) ;  rare  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  on  the  high  Appalachian  Mountains;  probably  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

Often  cultivated  with  several  forms  differing  in  habit  and  in  the  lobing  of  the  leaves; 
fast-growing,  and  largely  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  a  park  and  street  tree. 

12.  Acer  rubrum  L.    Red  Maple.    Scarlet  Maple. 

Leaves  truncate,  more  or  less  cordate  by  a  broad  shallow'  sinus,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  3-5-lobed  by  acute  sinuses,  wyith  irregularly  doubly  serrate  or  toothed  lobes,  the 
middle  lobe  often  longer  than  the  others,  when  they  unfold  pubescent  especially  beneath, 
and  at  maturity  light  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  white  or  glaucescent 
and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  densely  tomentose  (var.  iomentosum  Kirch,  [var.  rubrocar- 
pum  Detmars])  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  along  the  principal  veins,  chartaceous  or 
sometimes  almost  coriaceous,  H'-6'  long  and  rather  longer  than  broad;  turning  in  the  early 


ACERACE^E 


697 


autumn  to  brilliant  shades  of  scarlet  and  orange,  or  clear  bright  yellow;  petioles  slender, 
glabrous  or  puberulous,  red  or  green,  2'-4'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  March  and  April 
before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  bright  scarlet,  dull  yellowish  red  or  sometimes  yellow 
(var.  pallidiflorum  Pax.),  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  fascicles  on  branches  of 
the  previous  year,  from  clustered  obtuse  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate 
clusters  on  the  same  or  on  different  trees;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  as  and  broader  than 
the  oblong  or  linear  petals;  stamens  5-8,  scarlet  or  yellow,  with  slender  filaments  exserted 
in  the  staminate  and  included  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  glabrous  on  a  narrow  slightly 
lobed  glandular  disk;  styles  slightly  united  above  the  base,  with  long  exserted  stigmatic 
lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring  or  early  summer  on  drooping  stems  3'-4'  long,  scarlet, 
dark  red  or  brown  or  yellow,  with  thin  erect  wings,  convergent  at  first,  divergent  at  ma- 


Fig.  628 


turity,  2'"!'  l°ng  and  \'~\'  wide;  seeds  dark  red,  with  a  rugose  coat,  j'  long,  germinating 
as  soon  as  it  falls  to  the  ground. 

A  tree,  80°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4£°  in  diameter,  upright  branches  usually 
forming  a  rather  narrow  head,  and  branchlets  green  or  dark  red  wThen  they  first  appear,  be- 
coming dark  or  bright  red  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  summer  and  marked  by 
numerous  longitudinal'white  lenticels,  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  in  their  second  year. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  \'  long,  \vith  thick  dark  red  outer  scales,  rounded  on  the  back  and 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  inner  scales  becoming  f'-l'  long,  narrow-oblong,  rounded  at 
apex  and  bright  scarlet.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth  and  light  gray, 
becoming  on  old  trunks  \'-%  thick,  dark  gray,  and  divided  by  longitudinal  ridges  separat- 
ing on  the  surface  into  large  ptate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  close-grained,  not  strong, 
light  brown  often  slightly  tinged  with  red,  writh  thick  rather  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  used 
in  large  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs  and  other  furniture,  in  turnery,  for  wooden 
ware  and  gun-stocks. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  wet  swamps,  upland  forests  and  rarely  on  dry  rocky 
hillsides  and  sand  dunes;  Newfoundland,  southward  to  southern  Florida  (banks  of  the 
Miami  River,  Dade  County,  on  the  east  coast  and  to  Cypress  swamps  east  of  Everglade, 
Lee  County,  on  the  west  coast)  and  westward  through  Quebec  to  latitude  49°  north,  and 
Ontario  t<$  the  sandy  shores  of  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  (Brevort,  Mackinac 
County,  on  Lake  Michigan  and  White  Fish  Point,  Chippewa  County,  on  Lake  Superior), 
western  Wisconsin,  northwestern  Minnesota  (Buckeye  County),  southeastern  Iowa 
(Johnson  County),  central  Oklahoma,  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  on 
the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  to  altitudes  of  4500°;  one  of  the  commonest  and  most 


698 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


generally  distributed  trees  of  eastern  North  America,  ranging  between  more  degrees  of 
latitude  than  any  other  American  tree;  most  abundant  southward  especially  in  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  river  swamps  of  the  lower  Ohio  and 
its  tributaries;  in  the  north  often  covering  with  small  trees  low  wet  swamps;  on  the  sand 
dunes  and  ridges  of  northern  Michigan  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  On  var.  tomentosum  leave* 
usually  5-lobed,  cordate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base,  with  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles 
and  branchlets;  widely  distributed  but  rare;  near  Cranberry  Island,  Buckeye  Lake. 
Licking  County,  Ohio,  Biltmore,  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina;  neighborhood  of 
Augusta,  Richmond  County,  Georgia;  top  of  Flagstaff  Mountain,  Barclay,  Talladega 
County,  Alabama;  Panther  Burn,  Sharkey  County,  Mississippi;  near  Little  Rock,  Pulaski 
County,  Arkansas;  near  Page,  Leflore  County,  Oklahoma,  and  Larissa,  Cherokee  County, 
Texas;  connected  by  trees  of  this  variety  with  pubescent  branchlets  and  winter-buds,  and 
broad-ovate  3-5-lobed  slightly  cordate  leaves  and  pubescent  petioles  with 

Acer  rubrum  var.  Drummondii  Sarg. 

Leaves  often  broader  than  long,  usually  5-lobed,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  3'-6'  long 
and  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  veins,  until  nearly  fully  grown  covered  above  with  scat- 
tered hairs  and  clothed  below  with  thick  snow-white  tomentum,  and  more  or  less  pubescent 


Fig.  629 

during  the  season;  petioles  stout,  hoary-tomentose,  U'-4'  in  length,  becoming  nearly 
glabrous  in  the  autumn.  Flowers  bright  scarlet.  Fruit  ripening  with  or  before  the  un- 
folding of  the  leaves  late  in  March  or  in  April,  bright  scarlet,  with  convergent  wings  \\'-9,\' 
long  and  |'-f '  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  not  more  than  30°-35°  high,  with  small  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow 
head  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  matted  pale  hairs,  becom- 
ing glabrous  and  dark  reddish  browrn  in  their  second  season. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps,  eastern  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River  (Beau- 
mont, Jefferson  County,  and  Concord,  Hardin  County),  eastern  Texas  and  northward  through 
southern  and  eastern  Arkansas  to  western  Mississippi,  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
southeastern  Missouri  (Butler,  Stoddard,  Dunklin  and  Mississippi  Counties),  southern  Il- 
linois (Gallatin,  Pulaski  and  Richland  Counties),  and  southwestern  Indiana  (swamp  eighteen 
miles  west  of  Decker,  Knox  County,  C.  C.  Deam).  A  form  growing  at  Hattiesburg,  For- 
rest County,  Mississippi,  at  Glen  Gordon,  Covington,  St.  Tammany  Parish,  and  Chopin, 
Natchitoches  Parish,  Louisiana,  near  Beaumont,  Jefferson  County,  Texas,  and  at  Poplar 
Bluff,  Butler  County,  Missouri,  with  3-lobed  leaves  rounded  at  base  (f.  rofundatum  Sarg.) 
shows  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves  a  transition  from  the  var.  Drummondii  to 


ACERACE^E  699 

Acer  rubrum  var.  tridens  Wood.    Red  Maple. 
Acer  carolinianum  Britt.  not  Walt. 

Leaves  obovate,  usually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  rounded  or  rarely  cune- 
ate  base,  3-lobed  at  apex,  with  acute  or  acuminate  erect  or  slightly  spreading  lobes,  simple 
or  furnished  with  short  lateral  secondary  lobes,  remotely  serrate  except  toward  the  base,  with 


Fig.  630 

incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  often  ovate  by  the  suppression  of  the  lateral  lobes  and  acute 
or  acuminate,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  glaucous  and  usually  pubescent  or  rarely  tomentose 
or  tomentulose  below,  2'-3'  long  and  1|'-2|'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 
Flowers  sometimes  tawny  yellow.  Fruit  usually  much  smaller  and  rarely  also  yellow. 

Distribution.  Usually  with  the  species;  Massachusetts  and  central  New  York,  south- 
ward usually  in  the  coast  region  and  the  middle  districts  to  western  Florida,  along  the 
Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  and  through  western  Louisiana,  and* 
Arkansas  to  northeastern  Mississippi,  southern  Missouri,  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky 
and  southern  Illinois;  in  North  Carolina  occasionally  ascending  on  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains to  altitudes  of  3000°;  often  the  prevailing  Red  Maple  in  southern  Missouri  and 
northwestern  Louisiana;  in  the  swamps  of  western  Florida  and  southwestern  Georgia  the 
form  with  leaves  densely  tomentose  below  and  pubescent  petioles  prevails. 

13.  Acer  Negundo  L.    Box  Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Leaves  usually  3,  rarely  5-7-foliolate,  with  a  slender  glabrous  petiole  2'-3'  in  length, 
the  enlarged  base  often  furnished  with  a  minute  rim  of  deciduous  white  hairs,  and  in  falling 
leaving  a  large  conspicuous  scar  surrounding  the  stem;  leaflets  ovate  to  elliptic  or  obovate, 
acuminate,  and  often  long-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  and  often  unsymmetrical 
at  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle  or  nearly  entire,  and 
occasionally  slightly  and  irregularly  lobulate;  when  they  unfold  more  or  less  hoary-tomen- 
tose  below  and  slightly  pubescent  above,  and  at  maturity  thin,  light  green,  paler  on  the 
lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  glabrous  above,  villose-pubescent  along  the  under  side  of 
the  midrib  and  veins,  often  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  otherwise 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  below,  2|'-4'  long,  and  1|'-2|'  wide,  on  slender  glabrous 
petiolules,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  f '-!'  long  and  much  longer  than  those  of  the  smaller 
lateral  leaflets.  Flowers  on  slender  glabrous  or  rarely  hairy  pedicels,  minute,  apetalous, 
yellow-green,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate  trees,  expanding  just  before  or  with 
the  leaves  from  buds  developed  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  stami- 
nate fascicled,  the  pistillate  in  narrow  drooping  racemes,  sometimes  furnished  near  the 


700  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

base  with  one  or  two  smaller  3-lobed  or  rarely  elliptic  leaves;  calyx  5-lobed,  hairy,  cam- 
panulate  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  smaller  in  the  pistillate  flower  and  divided  to  the 
base  into  ;>  narrow  sepals;  corolla  0;  stamens  4-6,  with  slender  exserted  hairy  filaments 
and  long  linear  anthers  narrowed  and  apiculate  at  apex,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary 
on  a  narrow  rudimentary  disk,  pubescent,  only  partly  inclosed  by  the  calyx;  style  separat- 
ing from  the  base  into  2  long  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  attaining  nearly  its  full  size  in  summer, 
pendent  on  glabrous  stems  1/-2'  long,  in  graceful  racemes  6'-8'  in  length,  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  deciduous  from  the  stems  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring, 
l£'-2'  long,  with  narrow  acute  pubescent  nutlets  diverging  at  an  acute  angle  and  con- 
stricted below  into  a  stipe-like  base,  and  thin  reticulate  straight  or  falcate  wings  undulate 
toward  the  apex;  seeds  narrowed  at  the  ends,  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  £'  long. 


Fig.  631 


A  tree  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter,  dividing  near  the  ground  into  a 
•number  of  stout  wide-spreading  or  erect  branches,  and  slender  pale  green  lustrous  glabrous 
branchlets.  Winter-buds  terminal  acute,  $'  long,  rather  longer  than  the  obtuse  lateral 
buds,  the  scales  tomentose,  those  of  the  inner  pairs  accrescent,  becoming  1'  long  at  ma- 
turity, deciduous,  leaving  conspicuous  scars  visible  at  the  base  of  the  branchlet  for  two 
or  three  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-|'  thick,  pale  gray  or  light  brown  and  deeply  divided 
into  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  short  thick  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  creamy  white,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood; 
occasionally  manufactured  into  cheap  furniture,  and  sometimes  used  for  the  interior 
finish  of  houses,  for  wooden  ware,  cooperage,  and  paper  pulp.  Small  quantities  of  maple 
sugar  are  occasionally  made  from  this  tree. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  lakes,  and  the  borders  of  swamps ;  western  Vermont, 
western  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  central  New  York  and  southwestern  Ontario,  and 
southward  to  west-central  Florida  (Hernando  County)  and  westward  to  Minnesota,  Iowa, 
Nebraska,  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  Arkansas,  eastern  Oklahoma,  western  Louisiana,  and 
eastern  and  southern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Blanco. 

Often  planted  in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  western  states  and  in  eastern  Canada, 
and  in  western  and  northern  Europe,  especially  the  varieties  with  variegated  leaves. 

Passing  into  the  following  varieties: 

Var.  violaceum  Kirch.,  with  slender  pale  or  bluish  violet  glabrous  branchlets  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  rather  larger  winter-buds.  Leaves  3-11,  usually  3-7-foliolu- 
late,  the  leaflets  slightly  thicker,  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  often  entire  or 
irregularly  dentate,  occasionally  lobed,  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  3-lobed,  usually 
pubescent  and  furnished  with  tufts  of  axillary  hairs  on  the  lower  surface.  Fruit  glabrous, 


ACERACE^E 


701 


usually  constricted  at  the  base.  Western  Massachusetts  through  Ohio  to  northern  Wis- 
consin, Minnesota,  Iowa  and  South  Dakota,  and  to  northern  and  southwestern  Missouri; 
in  Nez  Perces  County,  Idaho. 

Var.  texamim  Pax.,  with  branchlets  covered  with  pale  tomentum.  Leaves  3-foliate, 
the  leaflets  ovate,  or  the  terminal  obovate,  acuminate,  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle  or  entire,  only  slightly  and  irregularly 
lobed,  early  in  the  season  villose  along  the  midrib  and  veins  above  and  thickly  coated 
below  with  matted  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and 
covered  below  with  loose  pubescence,  3'-4'  long  and  2'-3'  wide.  Fruit  puberulous,  con- 
stricted into  a  short  stipe-like  base.  Western  and  southwestern  Missouri,  southeastern 
Kansas,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River. 
Passing  into  forma  latifolia  Sarg.  differing  only  in  its  glabrous  branchlets,  and  distributed 
from  eastern  Texas  through  Louisiana  to  western  Mississippi,  western  North  Carolina, 
Virginia  and  southern  Ohio. 

Var.  interior  Sarg.,  with  branchlets  covered  with  close  pale  pubescence,  or  rarely  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaves  trifoliate,  with  puberulous  petioles,  rachis  and  petiolules,  the  long- 
stalked  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  or  the  terminal  sometimes  obovate,  acuminate  and 
long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  sometimes 
distinctly  3-Iobed  at  base,  glabrous  or  villose  on  the  midrib  below,  or  in  Arizona  sometimes 
sparingly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  1^-4'  wide.  Frujt  glabrous,  not 
at  all,  slightly  or  at  the  north  conspicuously  constricted  at  the  base.  Southern  Manitoba* 
Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  to  Wyoming,  and  through  the  mountain  regions  of  Colorado- 
and  Utah  to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

Var.  arizonicum  Sarg.,  with  glabrous  branchlets  thickly  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 
Leaves  thin,  3-foliolulate;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  If '-8'  long,  often  turning  bright  red 
late  in  summer;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  to  rhombic,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  often  slightly  lobed  near  the  middle,  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  2j'-4'  long,  l|'-2'  wide;  petiolules 
slender,  glabrous,  usually  bright  red,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  f'-l'  long,  the  others  not 
more  than  |'  in  length.  Fruit  in  glabrous  racemes  3'  or  4'  long,  the  body  glabrous,  spread- 
ing, not  constricted  at  base.  A  tree,  20°-25°  high.  Bark  fissured.  Mountain  canons,  cen- 
tral and  southern  Arizona  up  to  8000°  altitude,  and  in  Socorro  County,  New  Mexico. 
More  distinct  is 

Acer  Negundo  var.  calif ornicum  Sarg. 

Leaves  trifoliate  with  tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous  rachis  and  petiolules;  leaflets  ob- 
long-ovate to  rhombic,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or  unsymmetrically 


Fig.  632 


709  TREES  OF  NOKTIi    A.MKIiU'A 

rounded  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  or  nearly  entire,  when  they  unfold 
hoary-tomentose  below  and  densely  pubescent  above,  occasionally  deeply  lobed,  glabrous 
on  the  upper  surface  except  along  the  midrib  and  veins,  thickly  coated  on  the  lower  sur- 
face with  matted  pale  hairs  and  furnished  with  large  axillary  tufts.  Fruit  on  pubescent 
pedicels,  puberulous  or  nearly  glabrous,  not  constricted  or  rarely  slightly  constricted  at 
base. 

A  tree,  20°-50°  high,  with  dark  bark,  hoary-tomentose  bi-aiichlets  and  winter-buds. 

Distribution.  California,  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River  and  the  interior  valleys 
of  the  coast  ranges  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Barbara  County  and  in  ele- 
vated canons  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains;  widely  distributed 
but  nowhere  abundant. 

Occasionally  planted  in  California. 

XXXVI.  HIPPOCASTANACE^E. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  branchlets  conspicuously  marked  by  triangu- 
lar leaf-scars,  fetid  bark,  thick  fleshy  roots,  and  large  scaly  winter-buds,  the  inner  scales  ac- 
crescent with  the  young  shoots  and  often  brightly  colored.  Leaves  opposite,  digitately 
compound,  without  stipules,  deciduous;  leaflets  3-9,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  serrate,  pin- 
nately  veined.  Flowers  polygamo-moncecious,  showy,  white,  red,  or  pale  yellow,  on 
stout  jointed  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  racemose  or  nearly  uni- 
lateral on  the  branches  of  large  terminal  thyrsi  or  panicles,  appearing  later  than  the  leaves, 
only  those  near  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence  perfect  and  fertile;  calyx  5 
or  rarely  2-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  unequal,  campanulate  or  tubular, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  mostly  oblique  or  posteriorly  gibbous  at  base;  disk 
hypogynous,  annular,  depressed,  lobed,  more  or  less  gibbous  posteriorly;  petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  deciduous,  the  anterior 
petal  often  abortive,  unguiculate,  the  margins  of  the  claw  commonly  involute;  stamens 
6-8,  rarely  5,  generally  7,  inserted  on  the  disk,  free,  unequal;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
ellipsoid,  glandular-apiculate,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  introrse,  2-celled,  the 
contiguous  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-celled,  echi- 
nate  or  glabrous,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  slender,  elongated,  generally 
more  or  less  curved;  stigma  terminal,  entire,  mostly  acute;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  borne  on  the 
middle  of  its  inner  angle,  amphitropous,  the  upper  ascending,  the  micropyle  inferior,  the 
lower  pendulous,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  an  echinate  or  smooth  coriaceous  capsule, 
3-celled  and  loculicidally  3-valved,  the  cells  1-seeded  by  abortion,  often  by  suppression  1 
or  2-celled,  and  then  1  or  2-seeded,  the  remnants  of  the  abortive  cells  and  seeds  commonly 
visible  at  its  maturity.  Seeds  without  albumen,  round  when  one  is  developed,  or,  when 
more  than  one,  flattened  by  mutual  pressure;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dark  chestnut-brown 
or  pale  orange-brown,  smooth  and  lustrous,  with  a  broad  opaque  light-colored  hilum;  em- 
bryo filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  often  conferruminate, 
unequal,  incurved  on  the  short  conic  radicle,  remaining  under  ground  in  germination; 
plumule  conspicuously  2-leaved. 

The  Horsechestnut  family  is  composed  of  the  widely  distributed  genus  Aesculus  and 
of  Billia  Peyr.,  a  genus  of  two  species  of  Mexican  and  Central  American  trees,  differing 
from  Aesculus  in  its  3-foliolate  leaves. 

1.  AESCULUS  L. 

Characters  of  the  family ;  leaves  5-9-foliolate. 

Aesculus  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  species,  is  represented  in  the  floras  of  the  three  conti- 
nents of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  is  most  abundant  in  the  southeastern  United  States. 
It  produces  soft  straight-grained  light-colored  wood  and  bitter  and  astringent  bark.  The 
seeds  contain  a  bitter  principle,  aesculin.  Aesculus  Hippvcastauum  L.,  of  the  mountains 


H1PPOCAHTANACE.*:  703 

of  Greoiv.  the  coininon  Uorsechestnut  of  gardens,  is  largely  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in 
all  countries  with  temperate  climates,  and  now  occasionally  grows  spontaneously  in  the 
eastern  states. 

The  generic  name  is  the  classical  name  of  an  Oak-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORKSCENT  SPECIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Winter-buds  without  a  resinous  covering.     PA  VIA. 

Calyx  campanulate  (occasionally  tubular  in  3};  margins  of  the  petals  ciliate,  eglandular; 

flowers  usually  yellow.     OCTANDR^E. 

Fruit  covered  with  prickles:  flowers  yellow;  petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  shorter  than 
the  stamens.  1.  A.  glabra  (A,  C). 

Fruit  without  prickles;  flowers  yellow  or  red;  petals  unequal  in  length,  longer  than 
the  stamens. 

Pedicels  and  calyx  glandular-villose.  2.  A.  octandra  (A,  C). 

Pedicels  and  calyx  without  glandular  hairs.  3.  A.  geoigiana  (C). 

Calyx  tubular;  margins  of  the  unequal  petals  without  hairs,  glandular;  fruit  without 

prickles.     EUPAVI^E. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  along  the  midrib;  flowers 
red;  seeds  dark  chestnut-brown.  4.  A.  Pavia  (C). 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  tomentose  or  pubescent;  flowers  red  and  yellow,  red,  or  in 
one  form  yellow;  seed  light  yellow-brown.  5.  A.  discolor  (C). 

Winter-buds  resinous;  petals  nearly  equal  in  length,  shorter  than  the  stamens;  fruit  with- 
out prickles.     CALOTHYRSUS.  6.  A.  calif ornica  (G). 

1.  Aesculus  glabra  Willd.    Ohio  Buckeye.    Fetid  Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  a  slender  petiole  4'-6'  long  and  enlarged  at  the  end,  a  rachis  often  furnished 
on  the  upper  side  with  clusters  of  dark  browrn  chaff-like  scales  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
petiolules,  and  5  rarely  7  (var.  BucUeyi  Sarg.)  oval-oblong  or  obovate  acuminate  leaflets 


Fig.  633 


gradually  narrowed  to  the  elongated  entire  base,  finely  and  unequally  serrate  above,  at  first 
sessile,  becoming  slightly  petiolulate  at  maturity,  covered  on  the  lower  surface  like  the  peti- 
oles when  they  first  appear  with  floccose  deciduous  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  midrib  and 
veins,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the  under  side  of  the 
conspicuous  yellow  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  or  rarely  covered  below 
with  close  dense  pubescence  persistent  during  the  season  (var.  pallida,  Kirch.);  yellow- 
green,  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  4'-6'  long  and  l£'-2^'  wide;  turning 


704  TREES  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 

yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers  pale  yellow-green,  mostly  unilateral,  %'-l?r 
long  or  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  appearing  in  April  and  May  in  clusters  5'-6' 
long  and  2'-3'  wide,  and  more  or  less  densely  covered  with  pubescence,  with  short  usually  4- 
6-flowered  branches;  calyx  campanulate;  petals  nearly  equal,  puberulous,  the  thin  limb  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  claw,  in  the  lateral  pair  broad-ovate  or  oblong,  and  in  the  superior  pair 
oblong-spatulate,  much  narrower,  sometimes  marked  with  red  stripes;  stamens  usually  7, 
with  long  exserted  curved  pubescent  filaments  and  orange-colored  slightly  hairy  anthers; 
ovary  pubescent,  covered  with  long  slender  deciduous  prickles  thickened  and  tubercle- 
like  at  base.  Fruit  on  a  stout  stem  ^'-1'  long,  ovoid  or  irregularly  obovoid,  pale  brown,  l'-2' 
long,  with  thin  or  sometimes  thick  valves,  roughened  by  the  enlarged  persistent  bases  of 
the  prickles  of  the  ovary;  seeds  l'-l£'  broad. 

A  tree,  occasionally  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches, 
and  branchlets  orange-brown  and  covered  at  first  with  short  fine  pubescence,  soon  gla- 
brous, reddish  brown,  and  marked  by  scattered  orange-colored  lenticels;  usually  much 
smaller,  and  rarely  more  than  30°  high.  Winter-buds  f  long,  acuminate,  with  thin 
nearly  triangular  pale  brown  scales,  the  outer  bright  red  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the 
base,  those  of  the  inner  pair  strap-shaped,  prominently  keeled  on  the  back,  minutely  apicu- 
late  and  slightly  ciliate  along  the  margins,  and  at  maturity  l£'-2'  long  and  bright  yellow. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  dark  brown  and  scaly,  becoming  on  old  trees  f ' 
thick,  ashy  gray,  densely  furrowed,  and  broken  into  thick  plates  roughened  on  the  sur- 
face by  numerous  small  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  often  blemished 
by  dark  lines  of  decay,  nearly  white,  with  thin  dark-colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of 
annual  growth;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  artificial  limbs,  wooden  ware,  wooden  hats,  and 
paper  pulp;  occasionally  sawed  into  lumber.  An  extract  of  the  bark  has  been  used  as  an 
irritant  of  the  cerebro-spinal  system. 

Distribution.  River-bottoms  and  the  banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil ;  western  slopes 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  western  and  southwestern  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Alabama, 
and  westward  to  central  and  southern  Iowa,  southeastern  Nebraska,  northern  and  central 
Missouri  and  northeastern  Kansas;  nowhere  abundant;  most  common  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  River  in  Tennessee  and  northern  Alabama. 

A  shrubby  form  (var.  micrantha  Sarg.)  with  flowers  not  more  than  -|'  long  near  Fulton, 
Hempstead  County,  Arkansas.  In  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  probably  Oklahoma 
Aesculus  glabra  is  replaced  by  the  var.  leucodermis  Sarg.  with  glabrous  leaves  pale  green  or 
glaucescent  below.  A  tree  occasionally  60°  high,  well  distinguished  from  the  type  by  the 
smooth  pale  nearly  white  bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches,  becoming  on  old  trunks 
light  brown  and  separating  into  oblong  flakes,  and  by  its  later  flowers;  the  var.  pallida  in 
Iowa,  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  the  var.  Buckleyi  in  Jackson  County,  Missouri,  eastern 
Kansas,  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

The  Ohio  Buckeye  is  occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

X  Aesculus  Bushii  Schn.,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Aesculus  discolor  var.  mollis  Sarg.  and 
Aesculus  glabra  var.  leucodermis  Sarg.,  has  been  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fulton,  Hemp- 
stead  County,  Arkansas;  and  what  is  evidently  a  hybrid  of  Aesculus  discolor  var.  mollis  and 
the  typical  form  of  Aesculus  glabra  occurs  near  Starkville,  Oktibbeha  County,  Mississippi 

X  Aesculus  mississippiensis  Sarg.,  a  probable  hybrid  between  Aesculus  glabra  and  Aescu- 
lus Pavia  with  characters  intermediate  between  those  of  its  supposed  parents,  occurs  near 
Brookville,  Noxubee  County,  Mississippi.  The  mingling  of  a  species  of  the  Octandrse 
and  of  the  Eupavise  in  these  hybrids  of  Aesculus  is  shown  by  the  presence  of  both  hairs 
and  glands  on  the  margins  of  the  petals. 

2.  Aesculus  octandra  Marsh.    Sweet  Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  or  slightly  pubescent  petioles  4 '-6'  long,  and  5-7  elliptic  or  obovate- 
oblong  leaflets,  acuminate  and  usually  abruptly  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  cuneate  at  base,  sharply  and  equally  serrate,  glabrous  above  except  on  the  midrib  and 


HIPPOCASTANACE^: 


705 


veins  sometimes  clothed  with  reddish  brown  pubescence,  when  they  unfold  more  or  less 
canescent-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  pale  or  rufous  hairs  along  the  stout  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  principal 
veins,  dark  yellow-green,  duller  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  4'-6'  long,  and 
l-2-'-2|'  wide;  petiolules  1*%-%'  in  length;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling. 
Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  l'-l|'  long,  pale 
or  dark  yellow,  rarely  red,  pink  or  cream-colored  (var.  virginica  Sarg.),  on  short  glandular- 
villose  pedicels  mostly  unilateral  on  the  branches  of  the  pubescent  clusters  5 '-7'  in  length,' 
calyx  campanulate,  glandular- villose;  petals  connivent,  very  unequal,  puberulent,  the 
claws  villose  within,  limb  of  the  superior  pair  spatulate,  minute,  the  long  claws  exceeding 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  lateral  pair  obovate  or  nearly  round  and  subcordate  at 
base;  stamens  usually  7,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  straight  or  inclining  subulate 
villose  filaments;  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  2'-3'  long,  generally  2-seeded,  with  thin  smooth 
or  slightly  pitted  pale  brown  valves;  seeds  1|'  to  nearly  2'  wide. 


Fig.  634 

A  tree,  sometimes  90°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2-£°-3°  in  diameter,  small  rather 
pendulous  branches,  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  branchlets  orange-brown  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  pale  brown  and  marked  by  numerous  irregularly 
developed  lenticels.  Winter-buds  f '  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  broad-ovate  pale  brown 
outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  minutely  apiculate,  ciliate,  and  slightly  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  the  inner  scales  becoming  sometimes  2'  long,  bright  yellow  or  occasionally 
scarlet.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  dark  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and 
separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  difficult 
to  split,  creamy  white,  with  thjck  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  artificial  limbs,  for  wooden  ware,  wooden  hats,  paper  pulp,  and  occasionally  sawed  into 
lumber. 

Distribution.  Rich  river-bottoms  and  mountain  slopes;  southwestern  Pennsylvania 
(Alleghany,  Greene  and  Fayette  Counties),  southward  along  the  mountains  to  east  Ten- 
nessee, and  northwestern  Georgia,  and  westward  to  north  central  Ohio  (near  Plymouth, 
Richard  County),  southeastern  and  southern  Indiana  (near  Aurora,  Dearborn  County,  and 
on  the  banks  of  Dry  River  near  Leavenworth,  Crawford  County,  C.  C.  Deam)  and  to  south- 
ern Illinois  (near  Golconda,  Pope  County,  shrub  6'-12'  high,  E.  J.  Palmer) ;  the  var.  virginica 
at  White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  parks  of  the  eastern  United  States  and  Europe. 

X  Aesculus  hybrida  DC.,  with  red  and  yellow  flowers,  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Aesculus 
octandra  and  Aesculus  Pavia,  appeared  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Montpelier  in  France 


706 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  and  in  many  varieties  is  cultivated  in  Europe  and  occasion- 
ally in  the  eastern  United  States. 

3.  Aesculus  georgiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  with  slender  glabrous  petioles  4|'-6'  in  length,  and  5  leaflets  oblong-obovate, 
abruptly  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  base, 
finely  often  doubly  serrate  with  rounded  teeth  pointing  forward,  sparingly  covered  early 
in  the  season,  especially  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  with  short  caducous  hairs, 
yellow-green  above,  green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  or  pubescent  (var.  pubescen.t  Sarg.)  below, 
44 '-6'  long,  1|'-2|'  wide,  with  a  stout  orange-colored  midrib  and  20-30  pairs  of  slender 
primary  veins;  petiolules  stout,  puberulous  early  in  the  season,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers 


Fig.  635 


opening  in  April  and  May  I'-l^'  long,  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  in  broad  pubescent 
panicles,  4  '-6'  in  length;  calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  puberulous,  about  yV  in  diameter, 
red  on  the  upper  side,  pale  yellow  on  the  lower  side  or  entirely  red  or  yellow,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  oblong-ovate,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  finely  serrate  on  the  margins;  petals  con- 
nivent,  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  those  of  the  superior  and 
lateral  pairs  very  unequal  in  size,  puberulous  and  glandular  on  the  outer  surface,  pu- 
bescent on  the  inner  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  bright  yellow  or  red,  their  claws  fur- 
nished on  the  margins  with  long  white  hairs,  those  of  the  superior  pair  as  long  as  the  lateral 
petals;  stamens  7,  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments  villose,  especially  below  the  middle; 
ovary  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs;  styles  exserted,  villose.  Fruit  on  stout  pendulous 
pedicels,  globose,  usually  1-seeded,  \'-\\'  in  diameter,  with  thin  light  brown  slightly  pitted 
valves;  seed  globose,  dark  chestnut-brown. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  erect  and  spreading  branches 
and  stout  glabrous  branchlets,  orange-green  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  in  their  first  winter;  more  often  a  large  or  small 
round-topped  shrub  3°-5°  tall  and  broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  brown,  the.  sur- 
face separating  into  small  thin  scales.  Winter-buds  about  \'  long,  with  light  reddish 


HI  PPOC  AST  ANACE.E 


707 


brown  scales,  narrowed,  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  apex.  The  common  Buckeye  of 
the  Piedmont  region  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and  northern  Georgia. 

Distribution.  Central  North  Carolina  (Durham  and  Orange  Counties),  southward  to 
eastern  (Richmond  County)  and  central  Georgia;  northern  Alabama  (Madison,  Etowah  and 
Tuscaloosa  Counties),  and  near  Pensacola,  Escambia  County,  Florida.  The  var.  pubescens 
occasionally  arborescent  in  habit,  common  in  the  woods  west  of  Augusta,  Richmond  County, 
and  in  De  Kalb,  Rabun  and  Floyd  Counties,  Georgia,  ranging  northward  to  Orange  County, 
North  Carolina,  and  ascending  on  the  Blue  Ridge  to  altitudes  of  3000°;  in  northern 
Alabama. 

X  Aesculus  Harbisonii  Sarg.,  a  probable  hybrid  between  A.  discolor  var.  mollis  and  A. 
georgiana,  has  appeared  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  among  plants  of  A,  georgiana  raised  from 
seeds  collected  near  Stone  Mountain,  De  Kalb  County,  Georgia. 

A  distinct  form  of  Aesculwt  georgiana  is 

Aesculus  georgiana  var.  lanceolata  Sarg. 

Leaves  with  glabrous  petioles  3|'-5^'  in  length,  and  5  lanceolate  or  slightly  oblanceolate 
leaflets  long-acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  and  finely  glandular-serrate,  when  the 


Fig.  636 


flowers  open  early  in  May  thin  yellow-green  above,  pale  below,  glabrous  with  the  excep- 
tion of  occasional  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midrib  and  of  minute  axillary  tufts, 
6'-8'  long  and  \\'-I$'  wide;  petiolules  TV~i'  in  length.  Flowers  on  stout  puberulous  ped- 
icels, bright  red,  in  narrow  crowded  clusters,  8'-10'  long;  calyx  narrow-campanulate,  other- 
wise as  in  the  type.  Fruit  not  seen. 

A  tree  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-10'  in  diameter,  small  erect  and  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  orange-brown  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  in  their  second  year. 

Distribution.     Georgia,  rich  woods  near  Clayton,  Rabun  County. 

4.  Aesculus  Pavia  L.    Red -flowered  Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  petioles  glabrous  or  puberulous  early  in  the  season  and  4 '-7'  long, 
and  5  short-petiolulate,  oblong-obovate,  acuminate  leaflets,  gradually  narrowed  at  base, 


708 


TREKS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above  with  incurved  teeth,  slightly  pubescent  early  in  the 
season  along  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent 
below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  lustrous  and  glabrous,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  often  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary 
hairs,  3^'-6'  long  and  l-J'-lf '  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  and  from  18-30  pairs  of  slender  pri- 
mary veins.  Flowers  in  narrow  pubescent  panicles,  4-|'-8'  in  length,  on  slender  pubescent 
pedicels;  calyx  tubular,  dark  red,  puberulous  on  both  surfaces,  minutely  lobed,  the  lobes 
rounded,  much  shorter  than  the  light  red  petals;  petals  conni vent,  unequal,  oblong-obovate, 


Fig.  637 


rounded  at  apex,  glandular  on  the  outer  surface  and  on  the  margins,  gradually  narrowed 
below  into  a  long  slender  villose  claw;  claw  of  the  lateral  petals  about  as  long  or  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  those  of  the  superior  pair  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  their  blades  not  more 
than  one-third  as  large  as  the  blades  of  the  lateral  pair;  stamens  exserted;  filaments  villose 
like  the  ovary.  Fruit  obovoidor  subglobose,  light  brown,  smooth,  generally  pitted,  usually 
1  or  2-seeded,  pendulous  on  slender  stems;  seeds  usually  about  1'  in  diameter,  dark  chest- 
nut-brown and  lustrous  with  a  small  hilum. 

Occasionally  a  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter  covered  with 
smooth  dark  bark,  large  erect  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  stout  light  orange-brown 
branchlets  marked  in  their  second  year  by  conspicuous  emarginate  scars  of  fallen  leaves 
showing  the  ends  of  3  fibro-vascular  bundles;  usually  a  shrub,  often  flowering  when  not 
more  than  3'  high. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Virginia,  southward  to  western  Florida  to  the  valley  of  the 
Suwanee  River  (near  Old  Town,  Lafayette  County),  and  westward  to  eastern  Louisiana, 
usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  in  Alabama  ranging  inland  to  Jefferson  and  Dallas 
Counties  and  in  Louisiana  to  West  Feliciana  Parish;  in  southern  Kentucky  (near  Bowling 
Green,  Warren  County). 


HIPPOCASTANACE.E 


709 


5.  Aesculus  discolor  Pursh.    Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  grooved  villose  or  pubescent  usually  ultimately  glabrous  petioles  4' 
or  5'  long,  and  5  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic  leaflets,  acuminate  and  usually  long-pointed  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  the  entire  base,  finely  or  coarsely  and  some- 
times doubly  crenulate-serrate  above,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  except  along  the 
slender  yellow  midrib  and  veins  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter  colored  and  tomentulose  or 
tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-5'  long,  \\'-%!  wide,  nearly  sessile  or  raised  on  slender 
petiolules  up  to  \'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  April,  usu- 
ally 4'-!'  long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  much  thickened  on  the  fruit,  sometimes  \' 
long,  and  mostly  aggregated  toward  the  end  of  the  short  branches  of  the  narrow  pubescent 
inflorescence  6'-8'  in  length;  calyx  red,  rose  color  or  yellow  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with 


Fig.  638 

red,  tubular,  short  and  broad  or  elongated,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose 
on  the  inner  surface,  with  rounded  lobes;  petals  yellow,  shorter  than  the  stamens,  connivent, 
unequal,  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  and  glandular 
on  the  margins  with  minute  dark -glands,  those  of  the  superior  pair  about  half  as  wide  as 
those  of  the  lateral  pair,  with  claws  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments  and  ovary 
villose.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  October,  usually  only  a  few  fruits  maturing  in  a  cluster, 
generally  obo void  or  occasionally  subglobose,  mostly  2-seeded,  \\'-%\'  long,  with  very  thin, 
light  brown  slightly  pitted  valves;  seeds  light  yellow-brown,  sometimes  \\'  in  diameter, 
with  a  comparatively  small  hilum  and  a  thin  shell. 

Rarely  arborescent  and  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'  or  7'  in  diameter, 
stout  branches  forming  a  narrow  symmetric  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by 
numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  green  and  puberulous  at  first,  becoming  gray  slightly  tinged 
with  red  during  their  first  winter  and  only  slightly  darker  in  their  second  year;  usually 
a  small  or  large  shrub.  Winter-buds  broad-ovoid,  obtusely  pointed,  about  \'  long,  with 
rounded  apiculate  light  red-brown  scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  and  pale. 

Distribution.'  Rich  woods;  Shell  Bluff  on  the  Savannah  River,  Burke  County,  Georgia; 
near  Birmingham,  Jefferson  County,  and  Selma,  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  near  Camp- 
bell, Dunklin  County,  Missouri;  Comal  Springs,  New  Braunfels  County,  and  Sutherland 
Springs,  Wilson  County,  Texas;  rare  and  local,  and  found  as  a  tree  only  near  Birmingham, 
Alabama;  more  abundant  is  the  var.  mollis  Sarg.  (Aesculus  austrina  Small)  with  bright  red 
flowers;  a  tree  up  to  25°  or  30°  high,  or  more  often  a  large  or  small  shrub;  valley  of  the 
lower  Cape  Fear  River  (near  Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County),  North  Carolina,  south- 


710 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ward  near  the  coast  to  the  neighborhood  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  through  Georgia 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Rome,  Floyd  County,  and  southward  to  western  Florida;  in  Ala- 
bama widely  distributed  from  Jefferson  County  southward;  widely  distributed  in  Missis- 
sippi except  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Gulf  coast,  to  West  Feliciana  Parish,  eastern  Louisi- 
ana; more  common  and  generally  distributed  in  western  Louisiana,  and  through  eastern 
Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River  (neighborhood  of  San  Antonio,  Bexar  County) 
and  to  that  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  River  (near  Boerne,  Kendall  County),  ranging  north- 
ward through  Arkansas  to  southern  Missouri  and  western  Tennessee. 

On  the  Edwards  Plateau  of  western  Texas  Aesculus  discolor  is  represented  by  the  var. 
flavescens  Sarg.,  with  yellow  flowers,  appearing  a  few  days  earlier  than  those  of  the  var. 
mollis;  a  shrub  9'-12'  high,  or  often  much  smaller;  interesting  as  the  only  form  of  Eupaviae 
with  yellow  flowers;  San  Marcos,  Hays  County,  common  on  the  slopes  above  Comal  Springs, 
near  New  Braunfels,  Comal  County,  near  Boerne,  Kendall  County  (with  the  var.  mollis), 
Kerrville,  Kerr  County,  and  Cancan,  Uvalde  County. 

6.  Aesculus  californica  Nutt.    Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  grooved  petioles  3'-4'  long,  and  4-7  usually  5  oblong-lanceolate 
acuminate  leaflets  narrowed  and  acuminate  or  rounded  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  4'-6'  long, 


Fig.  639 

l^'-fc'  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  slightly  pubescent  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  on  petiolules  £'-1'  long;  falling  early,  often  by  midsummer. 
Flowers  white  or  pale  rose  color,  I'-l^'  long,  appearing  from  May  to  July  when  the  leaves 
are  fully  grown,  on  short  pedicels  mostly  unilateral  on  the  long  branches  of  the  densely 
flowered  long-stemmed  pubescent  cluster  3'-9'  in  length;  calyx  2-lobed,  slightly  toothed, 
much  shorter  than  the  narrow  oblong  petals;  stamens  5-7,  with  long  erect  exserted  slender 
filaments  and  bright  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  densely  pubescent.  Fruit  obovoid,  often 
somewhat  gibbous  on  the  outer  side,  with  thin  smooth  pale  brown  valves,  usually  1-seeded, 
2'-3'  long,  on  a  slender  stalk  \'-\'  in  length;  seeds  pale  orange-brown,  H'-2'  broad. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  4°-5°  in  diameter,  often  much 
enlarged  at  base,  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  branch- 
lets  glabrous  and  pale  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  darker  in.  their 
second  season;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  spreading  stems  10°-15°  high  forming  broad  dense 
thickets.  Winter -buds  acute,  covered  with  narrow  dark  brown  scales  rounded  on  the 
back  and  thickly  coated  with  resin.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  smooth,  and  light 
gray  or  nearly  white.  Wood  soft,  light,  very  close-grained,  white  or  faintly  tinged  with 
yellow,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sap  wood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth. 


SAPINDACE.E  711 

Distribution.  California,  borders  of  streams,  valley  of  the  south  fork  of  the  Salmon 
River,  Siskiyou  County,  south  along  the  coast  ranges  to  San  Luis  Obispo  County  and  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  usually  at  altitudes  between  2000°  and  2500°,  occa- 
sionally to  5000°,  to  the  northern  slopes  of  Tejon  Pass,  Kern  County,  and  to  Antelope  Valley, 
Los  Angeles  County. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  Pacific  states,  and  in  western  and 
southern  Europe. 

XXXVH.    SAPINDACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  pinnate  petiolate  persistent  or  deciduous  leaves,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  polygamo-dioecious,  polygamo-moncecious  or  polyg- 
amous; calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals  or  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  4  or  5  imbricated  in 
the  bud;  disk  annular,  fleshy,  5-lobed,  or  unilateral  and  oblique;  stamens  usually  7-10,  in- 
serted on  the  disk;  filaments  free;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally; 
ovary  2-4  or  3-celled;  styles  terminal;  stigmas  capitate  or  lobed;  ovule  solitary  or  2  in  each 
cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule.  Seed  usually  solitary,  with- 
out albumen;  seed-coat  bony,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-six  genera  of  this  family,  which  is  chiefly  confined  to  the 
tropics  and  is  more  abundant  in  the  Old  than  in  the  New7  World,  four  have  arborescent 
representatives  in  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  baccate. 

Fruit  dark  orange-color  or  yellow,  with  thin  semitranslucent  coriaceous  flesh;  ovules  1  in 
each  cell  of  the  ovary;  leaflets  subcoriaceous  to  coriaceous.  1.  Sapindus. 

Fruit  purple,  with  thick  juicy  flesh;  ovules  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary;  leaflets  thin,  per- 
sistent. 2.  Exothea. 
Fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  3-foliolate,  persistent.                                                          3.  Hypelate. 
Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule;  leaves  4  or  5,  rarely  3-foliolate,  deciduous.              4.  Ungnadia. 

1.  SAPINDUS  L.    Soapberry. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branches,  without  a  terminal  bud,  marked  by  large  obcordate 
leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles,  small  globose  axillary 
buds  often  superposed  in  pairs,  the  upper  bud  the  larger,  and  thick  fleshy  roots.  Leaves 
equally  or  rarely  unequally  pinnate.  Flowers  regular,  minute,  polygamo-dioecious,  on  short 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  ample  axillary  or  terminal  panicles; 
sepals  4  or  5,  unequal,  slightly  united  at  base;  petals  4  or  5,  equal,  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  inserted  under  the  thick  edge  of  the  annular  fleshy  entire  crenately  lobed  disk,  un- 
guiculate,  naked  or  furnisheo>at  the  summit  of  the  claw  on  the  inside  with  a  2-cleft  scale, 
deciduous;  stamens  usually  8  or  10,  inserted  on  the  disk  immediately  under  the  ovary, 
equal;  filaments  subulate  or  filiform,  often  pilose,  exserted  in  the  staminate,  much  shorter 
in  the  pistillate  flower;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the  base;  pistils  2  or  3,  united;  ovary 
sessile,  entire  or  2-4-lobed,  2-4-celled,  narrowed  into  a  short  columnar  style,  rudimentary 
in  the  staminate  flower;  stigma  2-4-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell, 
ascending  from  below  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
baccate,  coriaceous,  1-3-seeded,  usually  formed  of  1  globose  coriaceous  carpel,  with  the 
rudiments  of  the  others  remaining  at  its  base,  or  of  2  or  sometimes  3  carpels  more  or  less 
connate  by  their  base  and  then  2-3-lobed.  Seed  solitary  in  each  carpel,  obovoid  or  globose ; 
seed-coat  bony,  smooth,  black  or  dark  brown;  tegmen  membranaceous  or  fleshy;  hilum  ob- 
long, surrounded  by  an  ariloid  tuft  of  long  pale  silky  hairs;  embryo  incurved  or  straight; 
cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  incumbent;  radicle  very  short,  inferior,  near  the  hilum. 


712  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Sapindus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  especially  in  Asia,  occasionally  ex- 
tending into  colder  regions.  About  forty  species  have  been  distinguished;  of  these  three 
are  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

Sapindus  contains  a  detersive  principle  which  causes  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  to  lather  in 
water,  and  makes  it  valuable  as  a  substitute  for  soap.  The  bark,  which  is  bitter  and  as- 
tringent, has  been  used  as  a  tonic.  The  seeds  of  several  of  the  species  are  strung  for  chap- 
lets  and  bracelets  and  are  used  as  buttons. 

The  generic  name,  from  sapo  and  Indus,  refers  to  the  detersive  properties  and  use  of  the 
first  species  known  to  Europeans,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  persistent. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  interrupted-winged,  with  usually  broad  wings;  leaflets  4-9,  oblong- 
lanceolate  and  acute  to  elliptic-ovate  or  oblong,  tomentulose  below;  petals  without 
scales;  fruit  globose,  orange-brown.  1.  S.  saponaria  (D). 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  without  wings  narrow-margined  or  marginless;  leaflets  7-13,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  glabrous  below;  petals  with  scales; 
fruit  somewhat  oblong,  dorsally  keeled,  yellow.  2.  S.  marginatus  (C). 

Leaves  deciduous,  their  rachis  without  marginal  borders;  leaflets  8-18,  lanceolate,  mostly 
falcate,  soft-pubescent  or  ultimately  glabrous  below;  petals  with  scales;  fruit  globose, 
not  keeled,  turning  black  in  drying.  3.  S.  Drummondii  (C,  E). 

1 .  Sapindus  saponaria  L. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long,  with  a  broad  winged  rachis,  the  wings  narrow  and  often  nearly  ob- 
solete below  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets,  and  sometimes  nearly  \'  wide  below  the  upper 
pair,  and  usually  7-9  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets,  rounded  or  slightly  emargi- 


Fig.640 

nate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base  and  very  short-petiolulate,  soft-pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  rather  coriaceous,  yellow-green, 
paler  and  tomentulose  below,  prominently  reticulate- venulose,  3 '-4'  long  and  1^'  wide, 
with  a  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  smaller  than  the  others ; 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  November,  usually  pro- 
duced 3  together  on  short  pedicels,  in  terminal  panicles  7'-10/  in  length,  with  an  angulate 
peduncle  and  branches;  calyx-lobes  acute,  concave,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  2  outer 
rather  smaller  than  those  of  the  inner  rank,  much  shorter  than  the  white,  ovate,  short- 
claw^  petals,  without  scales,  rounded  at  apex  and  covered,  especially  toward  the  base, 


SAPINDACE^E  713 

with  long  scattered  hairs;  ovary  slightly  3-lobed;  stamens  included  or  slightly  exserted, 
with  hairy  filaments  broadened  at  base.  Fruit  ripening  in  spring  or  in  early  summer, 
globose,  f'-f  in  diameter,  with  thin  orange-brown  semitranslucent  flesh;  seeds  obovoid, 
black,  1'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  10'-12'  in  diameter,  erect 
branches  and  slender  branchletsat  first  slightly  many-angled  and  puberulous,  soon  glabrous, 
orange-green  and  marked  by  white  lenticels,  becoming  in  their  second  season  terete,  pale 
brown  faintly  tinged  with  red.  Bark  of  the  trunk  j'-|'  thick,  light  gray  and  roughened  by 
oblong  lighter  colored  excrescences,  the  outer  layer  exfoliating  in"  large  flakes  exposing  the 
nearly  black  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  rather  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with 
yellow,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Cape  Sable,  shores  and  islands  of  Caximbas  Bay,  Key 
Largo,  Elliott's  Key,  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Dade  County;  in  Florida  most  com- 
mon in  the  region  of  Cape  Sable,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  some  of  the  Ten  Thousand 
Islands,  Lee  County;  generally  distributed  through  the  West  Indies  to  Venezuela  and 
Ecuador. 

2.  Sapindus  marginatus  Willd. 
Sapindus  manatensis  Radlk. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long,  with  a  slender  wingless  or  narrow-margined  or  marginless  rachis,  and 
7-13  lance-oblong  acuminate  more  or  less  falcate  leaflets,  glabrous,  dark  green,  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  slen- 


Fig.  641 


der  midrib,  sessile  or  very  short-petiolulate,  2'-5'  Jong,  f'-lj'  wide,  the  lower  usually 
alternate,  the  upper  opposite.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  more  or  less  tinged  with 
red  and  nearly  |'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  tomentose  pedicels,  in  panicles  4'-5'  long  and 
usually  about  3'  wide,  with  a  villose  stem  and  branches;  sepals  acute,  <  oncave,  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong,  short-clawed,  ciliate  petals  furnished  on 
the  inner  surface  near  the  base  with  a  2-lobed  villose  scale;  filaments  villose;  ovary  3-lobed. 
Fruit  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back,  short-oblong  to  slightly  obovoid,  about  f '  long, 
with  thin  light  yellow  translucent  flesh;  seeds  obovoid,  dark  brown. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1°  in  diameter,  and  stout 
pale  brown  or  ultimately  ashy  gray  branchlets. 

Distribution.     Hurricane  Island  at  the  mouth  of  Medway  River,  Liberty  County, 


714 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Georgia  (Miss  J.King);  hummocks,  peninsular  of  Florida  to  Alachua  and  Manitee  Coun- 
ties; not  common;  in  Cuba. 

3.  Sapindus  Drummondii  Hook.  &  Arn.    Wild  China-tree. 

Leaves  appearing  in  March  and  April,  with  a  slender  grooved  puberulous  rachis,  with- 
out wings,  and  4-9  pairs  of  alternate  obliquely  lanceolate  acuminate  leaflets,  glabrous  on 
the  upper  surface  and  covered  with  short  pale  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  coriaceous, 


Fig.  642 


prominently  reticulate- venulose,  pale  yellow-green,  1'-$'  long,  £'-f '  wide,  short-petiolulate; 
deciduous  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  and  June  in  clusters 
6 '-9'  long  and  5 '-6'  wide,  with  a  pubescent  many-angled  stem  and  branches;  sepals  acute 
and  concave,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  white  petals  rounded 
at  apex,  contracted  into  a  long  claw  hairy  on  the  inner  surface  and  furnished  at  base  with  a 
deeply  cleft  scale  hairy  on  the  margins;  filaments  hairy,  with  long  soft  hairs.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing in  September  and  October,  persistent  -on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring,  gla- 
brous, not  keeled,  yellow,  \'  in  diameter,  turning  black  in  drying;  seeds  obovoid,  dark 
brown. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  l|°-2°  in  diameter,  usually  erect  branches, 
and  branchlets  at  first  slightly  many-angled,  pale  yellow-green,  pubescent,  becoming  in 
their  second  year  terete,  pale  gray,  slightly  puberulous,  and  marked  by  numerous  small 
lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  separating  by  deep  fissures  into  long  narrow  plates 
broken  on  the  surface  into  small  red-brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  close-grained, 
light  brown  tinged  writh  yellow,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  about  30  layers  of  annual 
growth;  splitting  easily  into  thin  strips  and  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets  used 
in  harvesting  cotton,  and  for  the  frames  of  pack-saddles. 

Distribution.  Moist  clay  soil  or  dry  limestone  uplands;  southwestern  Missouri  to  north- 
eastern and  southern  Kansas,  eastern  Louisiana  (Tangipahoa  Parish  R.  S.  Cocks),  and  to 
extreme  western  and  southwestern  Oklahoma,  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  Rio  Grande, 
over  the  Edwards  Plateau,  and  in  the  mountain  valleys  of  western  Texas  and  of  southern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  in  northern  Mexico. 

2.  EXOTHEA  Macf. 

A  tree,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  and  terete  branchlets  covered  with  lenticels.  Leaves  petio- 
late,  abruptly  pinnate  or  3  or  rarely  1-foliolate,  glabrous,  without  stipules,  persistent;  leaf- 
lets oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  with  entire  undulate 


SAPINDACE^E  715 

margins,  obscurely  veined,  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  slightly 
paler  on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  regular,  polygamo-direcious,  on  short  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts  covered  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  in  ample  terminal  or 
axillary  wide-branched  panicles  clothed  with  orange-colored  pubescence;  sepals  5,  ovate, 
rounded  at  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  puberulous,  persistent;  petals  5,  white,  ovate, 
rounded  at  apex,  short-unguiculate,  alternate  with  and  rather  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  sepals;  disk  annular,  fleshy,  irregularly  5-lobed,  puberulous;  stamens  7  or  8,  in- 
serted on  the  disk,  as  long  as  the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  shorter  in  the  pis- 
tillate flower;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous,  anthers  oblong,  with  a  broad  connective,  rudi- 
mentary in  the  staminate  flower;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  conic,  pubescent,  2-celled,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  thick  style,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower,  stigma  large,  declinate, 
obtuse;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  the  summit  of  the  inner  angle,  collateral, 
anatropous,  raphe  ventral  ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  nearly  spherical  1-seeded  berry  con- 
taining the  rudiment  of  the  second  cell  and  tipped  with  the  short  remnant  of  the  style,  sur- 
rounded at  base  by  the  persistent  reflexed  sepals;  flesh  becoming  thick,  dark  purple,  and 
juicy  at  maturity.  Seed  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  solitary,  suspended;  seed-coat  thin, 
coriaceous,  orange-brown  and  lustrous;  embryo  subglobose,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed; 
cotyledons  fleshy,  plano-convex,  puberulous;  radicle  superior,  very  short,  uncinate,  turned 
toward  the  small  hilum  and  inclosed  in  a  lateral  cavity  of  the  seed-coat. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  West  Indian  species. 

The  generic  name  is  from  t&dtu,  in  allusion  to  its  removal  from  a  related  genus. 


1.  Exothea  paniculata  Radlk.    Ironwood.    Ink  Wood. 

Leaves  appearing  in  April,  on  stout  grooved  petioles  £'-!'  in  length;  leaflets  4-5'  long 
and  1  |'-2'  wide.  Flowers  opening  in  Florida  in  April,  \'  across  when  expanded,  the  stam- 
inate and  pistillate  on  separate  plants.  Fruit  fully  grown  by  the  end  of  June  and  then  i'-f  ' 


Fig.  643 

long,  and  dull  orange  color,  remaining  on  the  branches  during  the  summer,  ripening  in  the 
autumn;  seeds  i'-f  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender  upright  branch- 
lets  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year  and 
thickly  covered  by  small  white  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  the  bright  red  sur- 
face separating  into  large  scales.  Wood  very  hard  and  heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  bright 
red-brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  valued  for  piles 
and  also  used  in  Florida  in  boatbuilding,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  many  small  articles. 

Distribution.     Florida,  Mosquito  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne 


716  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

and  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  and  on  the  southern  keys ;  on  the  Bahamas,  on 
many  of  the  Antilles,  and  in  Guatemala;  on  the  Florida  Keys  generally  distributed,  but  not 
common. 

3.  HYPELATE  P.  Br. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  smooth  bark  and  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  petioles  sometimes  narrow-winged,  3-foliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet  rather 
larger  than  the  others,  persistent;  leaflets  sessile,  obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  or  emar- 
ginate  at  apex,  entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins  and  a  prominent  midrib,  coriaceous, 
feather-veined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  connected  near  the  margins,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  bright  green  on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  regular,  polygamo-mo- 
ncecious,  minute,  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  few-flow- 
ered long-stemmed  wide-branched  terminal  or  axillary  panicles;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  de- 
ciduous by  a  circumscissile  line,  petals  5,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  rounded,  spread- 
ing, ciliate  on  the  margins,  white;  stamens  7  or  8,  inserted  on  the  lobes  of  the  annular  fleshy 
disk;  filaments  filiform,  as  long  as  the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  shorter  in  the 
pistillate  flower;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  bottom,  the  cells  spreading 
from  above  downward;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  slightly  3-lobed,  3-celled,  contracted  into 
a  short  stout  style,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  stigma  large,  declinate,  obscurely 
3-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  borne  on  the  middle  of  its  inner  angle,  superposed,  amphitro- 
pous,  the  upper  ascending,  with  the  micropyle  inferior,  the  lowrer  pendulous,  with  the  micro- 
pyle  superior.  Fruit  an  ovoid  black  drupe  crowned  writh  the  remnants  of  the  persistent 
style  and  supported  on  the  persistent  base  of  the  disk;  flesh  thin  and  fleshy;  walls  of  the 
stone  thick  and  crustaceous.  Seed  solitary  by  the  abortion  of  the  upper  ovule,  suspended, 
obovoid;  seed-coat  thin,  slightly  wrinkled;  embryo  conduplicate,  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
seed;  cotyledons  thin,  foliaceous,  irregularly  folded,  incumbent  on  the  long  radicle. 

The  genus  with  a  single  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  the  Bahamas, 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  St.  Martin,  Anguilla  and  Jamaica. 

Hypelate  is  the  ancient  name  of  the  Butcher's  Broom. 

1.  Hypelate  trifoliate  Sw.    White  Ironwood. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  June  and  persistent  until  their  second  season  or  longer;  petioles 
stout,  l|'-2'  in  length,  with  narrow  green  wings;  leaflets  l|'-2'  long  and  f'-lj'  wide. 


Fig.  644 


Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  rather  less  than  £'  in  diameter,  in  few-flowered  pani- 
cles 3'-4'  long,  on  a  slender  peduncle,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  panicles 


SAPINDACE.E  717 

on  the  same  tree.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  f '  long,  with  a  sweet  rather  agreeable 
flavor. 

A  tree,  sometimes  3o°-400  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and 
branchlets  pale  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  gray  during  their  first  season  and 
bright  red-brown  the  following  year;  generally  much  smaller.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  f ' 
thick,  marked  by  shallow  depressions  and  numerous  minute  lenticels.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  4  or  5  layers  of 
annual  growth;  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil  and  valued  in  Florida  for  posts;  also 
used  in  shipbuilding  and  for  the  handles  of  tools. 

Distribution.  Southern  Florida,  Upper  Metacombe,  Umbrella  and  Windley's  Keys;  rare. 

4.  UNGNADIA  Endl. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  thin  pale  gray  fissured  bark,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branch- 
lets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  marked  by  large  conspicuous  obcordate  leaf-scars,  small  ob- 
tuse nearly  globose  winter-buds  covered  with  numerous  chestnut-brown  imbricated  scales, 
and  thick  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  long-petioled,  5  or  7  or  rarely  3-foliolate,  deciduous;  leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cuneate,  and  often  oblique  at  base,  irregularly 
crenulate-serrate,  coated  when  they  first  appear  on  the  lower  surface  like  the  petiole  with 
dense  pale  tomentum,  and  pilose  above,  glabrous  at  maturity  writh  the  exception  of  a  few- 
hairs  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  principal  veins,  pinnately  veined,  reticulate-venulose, 
the  terminal  leaflet  long-petiolulate,  the  others  short-petiolulate  to  subsessile.  Flowers 
irregular,  polygamous,  in  small  pubescent  fascicles  or  corymbs  appearing  just  before  or 
with  the  leaves  from  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  year,  usually  from  separate  buds,  or 
occasionally  from  the  base  of  leafy  branches;  calyx  5-lobed,  hypogynous,  the  lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  somewhat  united  irregularly  at  base  only,  deciduous;  petals  4  by  the  suppression 
of  the  anterior  one,  or  5  and  then  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  hypogynous  on  the 
margin  of  a  thickened  truncate  torus,  unguiculate,  bright  rose  color,  deciduous,  the  claw  as 
long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  nearly  erect,  clothed  with  tomentum,  especially  on  the  inner 
surface,  conspicuously  appendaged  at  the  summit  with  a  fimbricated  crest  of  short  fleshy 
tufted  hairs,  the  blade  obovate,  spreading,  often  erose-crenulate;  disk  unilateral,  oblique, 
tongue-shaped,  surrounding  and  connate  writh  the  base  of  the  stipe  of  the  ovary;  stamens 
7-10,  usually  8  or  9,  inserted  on  the  oblique  edge  of  the  disk,  much  exserted  and  unequal, 
the  anterior  ones  shorter  than  the  others,  equal  or  almost  so  and  shorter  than  the  petals  in 
the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the  base;  ovary  ovoid, 
3-celled,  pilose,  raised  on  a  long  stipe,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  subulate, 
filiform,  elongated,  slightly  curved  upward;  stigma  minute,  terminal;  ovules  2,  borne  on 
the  inner  angle  of  the  cell  near  its  middle,  ascending,  the  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a 
coriaceous  3-celled  loculicidally  3-valved  broad-ovoid  capsule,  conspicuously  stipitate, 
crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  rugosely  roughened  and  dark  reddish  brown,  locu- 
licidally 3-valved,  the  valves  somewhat  cordate,  bearing  the  dissepiment  on  the  middle. 
Seed  generally  solitary  by  abortion,  almost  globose;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  very  smooth  and 
shining,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  almost  black;  hilum  broad;  tegmen  thin;  embryo  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  nearly  hemispheric,  conferruminate, 
incumbent  on  the  short  conic  descending  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum,  remaining  below 
ground  in  germination. 

Ungnadia  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  northern  Mexico. 

The  name  is  in  honor  of  Baron  Ferdinand  von  Ungnad,  Ambassador  of  the  Emperor 
Rudolph  II.  at  the  Ottoman  Porte  who  sent  seeds  of  the  Horsechestnut-tree  from  Con- 
stantinople to  Vienna  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

1.  Ungnadia  speciosa  Endl.    Spanish  Buckeye. 

Leaves  appearing  from  March  to  April  with  or  just  after  the  flowers,  6'-12'  Jong,  with  a 
petiole  2'-6'  in  length,  rather  coriaceous  leaflets,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 


718  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

face  and  pale  and  rugose  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  the  terminal  leaf- 
let on  a  petiolule  j'-l'  in  length.  Flowers  1'  across  when  expanded,  in  crowded  clusters 
l|'-2'  long.  Fruit  2'  broad,  opening  in  October,  the  empty  pods  often  remaining  on  the 
branches  until  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  the  following  year;  seeds  |'-f  in  diameter. 
A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  dividing  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  small  upright  branches,  and  branchlets  light 
orange-brown  and  covered  during  their  first  season  with  short  fine  pubescence,  and  pale 
brown  tinged  with  red,  glabrous  and  marked  by  scattered  lenticels  in  their  second  year; 
more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems.  Winter-buds  about  £'  in  diameter.  Bark  of 


Fig.  645 

the  trunk  rarely  more  than  j'  thick,  light  gray  and  broken  by  numerous  shallow  reticulated 
fissures.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  rather  soft  and  brittle,  red  tinged  with  brown,  with 
lighter  colored  sap  wood.  The  sweet  seeds  possess  powerful  emetic  properties  and  are 
reputed  to  be  poisonous. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  river-bottoms  and  limestone  hills,  and  westward  on 
the  sides  of  mountain  canons;  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Dallas  County  and  of  the  lower 
Brazos  River,  Texas,  to  the  mountains  of  southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  southward  into 
Mexico;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  forty  to  fifty  miles  from  the  Texas  coast  west 
of  the  Colorado  River. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  southern  United  States. 

XXXVHI.  RHAMNACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  or  naked  buds,  watery  bitter  astringent  juice,  simple  leaves, 
and  minute  deciduous  stipules  (persistent  in  Krugiodendrori) .  Flowers  small,  mostly  green- 
ish, perfect  (polygamo-dicecious  in  one  species  of  Rhamnus) ;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  val- 
vate  in  the  bud;  petals  4-5,  inserted  on  the  calyx  near  the  margin  of  the  conspicuous  disk 
lining  the  short  calyx-tube,  and  infolding  the  stamens,  or  0;  stamens  as  many  as  and  alter- 
nate with  the  calyx-lobes,  free,  inserted  at  or  below  the  margins  of  the  disk;  filaments 
slender,  subulate;  anthers  introrse,  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally; 
pistils  of  2-3  united  carpels;  ovary  2-3-,  or  rarely  1 -celled  by  abortion,  partly  immersed  in 
the  disk;  style  terminal;  stigma  2-4-lobed;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  erect,  anatropous;  raphe 
ventral ;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  supported  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and  bear- 
ing the  remnants  of  the  style.  Seed  usually  with  scanty  oily  albumen:  embryo  with  broad 
cotvledons;  radicle  inferior,  next  the  hilum. 


RHAMNACE^E 


719 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  more  or  less  fleshy. 

Fruit  with  a  single  stone;  petals  0. 
Sepals  without  crests. 

Leaves  alternate;  branches  spinescent.  1.  Condalia. 

Leaves  nearly  opposite;  branches  not  spinescent.  2.  Reynosia. 

Sepals  crested;  leaves  mostly  opposite.  3.  Krugiodendron. 

Fruit  with  2  or  3  nutlets;  petals  4  or  5,  or  0;  leaves  alternate.  4.  Rhamnus. 

Fruit  crustaceous,  3-lobed,  separating  into  3  longitudinally  2-valved  nutlets. 

Sepals  inflexed;  petals  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  claw.  5.  Ceanothus. 

Sepals  spreading;  petals  sessile.  6.  Colubrina. 

1.  CONDALIA  Cav. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  rigid  spinescent  branches  and  minute  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, subsessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or 
fascicled,  greenish  white,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  with  a  short  broad-obconic  tube  and  a 
•>-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  spreading  and  persistent;  disk  fleshy, 
flat,  slightly  5-angled,  surrounding  the  free  base  of  the  ovary;  petals  0;  stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  free  margin  of  the  disk  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx;  filaments  incurved,  shorter 
than  the  calyx-lobes;  ovary  1-celled,  conic,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  thick  style; 
stigma  3-lobed;  ovule  ascending  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  ovoid  or  subglobose;  flesh 
thin;  stone  thick-walled,  crustaceous.  Seed  compressed;  seed-coat  thin  and  smooth; 
cotyledons  oval,  flat. 

Condalia  with  nine  or  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from 
western  Texas  and  southern  California  to  Brazil  and  Argentina.  Of  the  six  species  found 
within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  one  is  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  that  of  Antonio  Condal,  a  Spanish  physician  of  the 
eighteenth  century  sent  to  South  America  on  a  scientific  mission  in  1754. 

1.  Condalia  obovata  Hook.    Purple  Haw.    Log  Wood. 

Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spinescent  lateral  branchlets,  spatulate  to  oblong-cune- 
ate,  mucronate,  when  they  first  appear  pubescent,  especially  on  the  low^er  surface,  at 


Fig.  646 

maturity  glabrous,  rather  thin,  pale  yellow-green,  l'-l£'  long,  and  about  |'  wide,  with  a 
conspicuous  midrib  and  usually  3  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins;  unfolding  in  May  and 


720 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


June  and  falling  irregularly  during  the  winter.  Flowers  in  2-4-floweivd  short-stemmed 
fascicles,  on  branchlets  of  the  year.  Fruit  ripening  irregularly  during  the  summer,  \'  long, 
dark  blue  or  black,  with  a  sweet  pleasant  flavor. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6 '-8'  in  diameter,  erect  rigid  zigzag  branchlets 
terminating  in  a  stout  spine  and  covered  at  first  with  soft  velvety  pubescence,  becoming 
glabrous  before  the  end  of  their  first  season,  pale  red-brown  and  often  covered  with  thin 
scales;  more  often  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  divided  into  flat  shallow 
ridges,  the  dark  brown  surface  tinged  with  red  separating  into  thin  scales.  Wood  very 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  red,  with  light  yellow  sapwood  of  7-8  layers  of  annual 
growth;  burning  with  an  intense  heat  and  valued  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Texas  from  Jackson  County  (Vanderbilt)  and  Corpus 
Christi,  Nueces  County,  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  to  Comal  and  Valverde  Counties;  in 
northeastern  Mexico;  of  tree-like  habit  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high  sandy  banks  of 
the  lower  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries;  often  covering  large  areas  with  dense  impenetra- 
ble chaparrai. 

2.  REYNOSIA  Griseb. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  rigid  unarmed  terete  branches,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  mostly 
opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  short-pet iolate,  reticulate-veined,  persistent.  Flowers  minute, 
on  stout  pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  base  and  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  flower, 
in  small  axillary  sessile  umbels;  calyx  persistent,  .3-lobed,  the  lobes  deltoid  or  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  spreading,  petaloid,  deciduous;  disk  fleshy;  petals  0;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  incurved;  anthers  oval; 
ovary  free  from  the  disk,  almost  superior,  conic,  2-3-celIed,  contracted  into  a  short  erect 
thick  style;  stigma  2-3-lobed.  Fruit  drupaceous;  flesh  thin;  stone  crustaceo-membrana- 
ceous.  Seed  ovoid  or  subglobose;  seed-coat  very  thin,  conspicuously  rugose  and  tubercu- 
late;  embryo  axile  in  copious  subcorneous  ruminate  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong. 

Reynosia  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands  to  the  Antilles. 
Four  species  are  recognized;  of  these,  one,  a  small  tree,  extends  into  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Alvaro  Reynoso  (1830-1888),  the  distinguished  Cuban 
chemist  and  writer  on  agriculture  and  scientific  subjects. 

1.  Reynosia  septentrionalis  Urb.    Red  Ironwood.    Darling  Plum. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate  or  obovate,  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  rounded,  truncate  or 


Fig.  647 


frequently  emarginate  and  usually  minutely  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base 
into  a  short  broad  petiole,  very  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper,  rather  paler 


RHAMNACE^E  721 

or  often  rufous  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l  |'  long  and  \'  broad,  with  thickened  re  volute  mar- 
gins, a  stout  broad  midrib,  about  five  pairs  of  primary  veins  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles, 
and  numerous  reticulate  veinlets;  unfolding  in  April  and  remaining  on  the  branches  for 
one  and  sometimes  for  two  years.  Flowers  yellowish  green  appearing  in  May,  iV  long; 
sepals  ovate,  acute.  Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  in  November  or  frequently  not  until  the 
following  spring,  short-obovoid,  \'  long,  purple  or  nearly  black,  edible,  with  an  agreeable 
flavor. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  terete  rigid  branchlets  slightly 
puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with 
red,  growing  darker  in  their  second  season,  then  often  covered  by  small  tubercles  and 
marked  by  the  prominent  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  minute,  chestnut-brown. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  rV-i'  thick,  dark-red-brown,  and  divided  into  large  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  light  brown 
sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  coast  and  islands  from  the  Marquesas  group  to  the  shores  of 
Bay  Biscayne  and  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County;  common  and  generally  distrib- 
uted; on  the  Bahama  Islands. 

3.  KRUGIODENDRON  Urb. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  with  slender  unarmed  terete  branches  roughened  by  numerous 
small  lenticels,  and  minute  scaly  buds.  Leaves  opposite  or  obliquely  opposite,  or  some- 
times alternate  on  lower  branches,  ovate  or  oval,  often  emarginate,  coriaceous,  entire, 
short-petiolate,  feather- veined,  persistent;  stipules  acuminate,  persistent.  Flowers  green- 
ish yellow,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  axillary  simple  or  dichotomously  branched  cymes; 
calyx  broad-obconic,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute,  erect  or  spreading,  conspicuously 
crested  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous;  disk  annular,  broad,  fleshy,  5-lobed,  surrounding 
the  base  of  the  ovary;  petals  0;  stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk;  anthers 
ovoid  or  ovoid-orbicular,  obtuse;  ovary  conic,  imperfectly  2-celled;  styles  short  and  thick, 
united  nearly  to  the  apex,  the  branches  spreading  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovule 
ascending  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  1-seeded,  oval  or  ovoid;  flesh  thin  and  black; 
wall  of  the  stone  thin  and  bony.  Seed  ellipsoid,  compressed,  without  albumen ;  seed-coat 
membranaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  obovate 
or  elliptic. 

Krugiodendron,  with  a  single  species,  is  confined  to  southern  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Leopold  Krug  (1833-1898),  a  student  of  the  flora  of  the 
Antilles. 

1.  Krugiodendron  ferreum  Urb.    Bkck  Ironwood. 

Leaves  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  glabrous  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  on  the  petiole,  I'-l^'  long  and  f'-l' 
wide,  with  entire  or  slightly  undulate  margins;  persistent  for  two  or  three  years;  petioles 
stout,  \'  in  length.  Flowers  on  bibracteolate  pedicels  |'  long,  in  3-5-flowered  cymes  on 
peduncles  sometimes  \'  in  length,  usually  much  shorter  and  often  branched  near  the  apex, 
on  branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx  about  TV  long.  Fruit  generally  solitary,  \'  in  length,  on 
a  stem  \'-\'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  at 
first  green  and  covered  with  dense  velvety  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  second 
year,  and  then  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  roughened  by  small  crowded  lenticels;  gen- 
erally much  smaller  and  more  often  shrubby  than  arborescent.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about 
\'  thick  and  divided  into  prominent  rounded  longitudinal  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into 
short  thick  light  gray  scales.  Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  brittle, 
rich  orange-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.     Florida,  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  east  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  near  Cape  Sable,  and  on  the  southern  keys; 
one  of  the  commonest  of  the  small  trees  of  the  region;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on 
several  of  the  Antilles. 


Fig.  648 


4.  RHAMNUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  often  spinescent  branches,  without  a  terminal  bud,  scaly 
or  naked  axillary  buds  and  acrid  bitter  bark.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  obliquely 
opposite,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  feather- veined,  entire  or  dentate,  stipulate. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  in  axillary  simple  or  compound  racemes  or  fascicled 
cymes;  calyx  campanulate,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular-ovate,  erect  or  spreading,  keeled 
on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous;  disk  thin  below,  more  or  less  thickened  above;  petals  5, 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  ovate,  unguiculate,  emarginate,  infolded  round  the  sta- 
mens, deciduous,  or  0;  stamens  4  or  5;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  oblong-ovoid  or  sagit- 
tate, rudimentary  and  sterile  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  free,  ovoid,  included  in  the  tube 
of  the  calyx,  2-4-celled,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  united  below,  with 
spreading  stigmatic  lobes  or  terminating  in  a  2-3-lobed  obtuse  stigma;  ovule  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous,  oblong  or  spherical;  flesh  thick  and  succulent,  inclosing 
2-4  separable  cartilaginous  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  erect,  obovoid,  grooved  longitudinally 
on  the  back,  with  a  cartilaginous  seed-coat,  the  raphe  in  the  groove,  or  convex  on  the  back, 
with  a  membranaceous  seed-coat,  the  raphe  lateral  next  to  one  margin  of  the  cotyledons; 
embryo  large,  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  oval,  folia ceous,  with  revolute 
margins,  or  flat  and  fleshy. 

Rhamnus  with  about  sixty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  nearly  all  the  temperate 
and  in  many  of  the  tropical  parts  of  the  world  with  the  exception  of  Australasia  and  the 
islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Of  the  five  species  indigenous  to  the  United  States  three 
attain  the  size  of  small  trees.  The  fruit  and  bark  of  Rhamnus  are  drastic,  and  yield 
yellow  and  green  dyes.  The  European  Rhamnus  cathartica  L.,  the  Buckthorn,  has  long 
been  used  as  a  hedge  plant  in  northern  Europe,  and  in  eastern  North  America,  where  it  has 
now  become  sparingly  naturalized. 

The  generic  name  is  from  pd/j.vos,  the  classical  name  of  the  Buckthorn. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  polygamo-direcious,  in  sessile  umbels;  calyx  4-lobed;  petals  0;  anthers  oblong- 
ovoid;  lobes  of  the  stigma  elongated,  spreading;  fruit  red;  seed  grooved  on  the  back; 
seed-coat  cartilaginous;  leaves  often  sharply  toothed,  persistent;  winter-buds  scaly. 

1.  R.  crocea  (G). 


RHAMNACE.E 


723 


Flowers  perfect,  in  pedunculate  umbels;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5;  anthers  sagittate;  lobes 
of  the  stigma  short  and  obtuse;  fruit  black;  seed  rounded  on  the  back;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous;  leaves  deciduous;  winter-buds  naked. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles.  2.  R.  caroliniana  (C). 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles.  :}.  R.  Purshiana  (B,  G). 

1 .  Rhamnus  crocea  Nutt. 

Leaves  persistent,  often  in  fascicles,  elliptic,  broad-ovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  and 
often  apiculate  at  apex,  glandular-denticulate  with  minute  teeth,  coriaceous,  yellow-green 
and  lustrous  011  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  frequently  bronzed  or  copper  color  on  the  lower 
surface,  glabrous  or  often  puberulous  while  young,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  slender 
primary  veins,  i'-f  long;  petioles  short  and  stout;  stipules  minute,  acuminate.  Flowers 
polygamo-dioecious,  on  slender  often  puberulous  pedicels,  in  small  clusters  from  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  or  of  small  lanceolate  persistent  bracts  on  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  4-lobecl, 
with  acuminate  lobes,  about  |'  long;  petals  0;  stamens  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx,  with 
short  stout  incurved  filaments  and  large  ovoid  anthers,  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  pis- 
tillate flower;  ovary  ovoid,  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  divided  above  the  middle 
into  two  wide-spreading  acuminate  stigmatic  lobes,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower. 
Fruit  red,  obovoid,  slightly  grooved  or  lobed  at  maturity,  j'  long,  with  thin  dry  flesh  and 
1-3  nutlets;  seed  broad-ovoid,  pointed  at  apex,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back  and  |'  long, 
with  a  thin  membranaceous  pale  chestnut-colored  coat. 

A  shrub,  6'-3°  high,  with  slender  rigid  often  spinescent  branchlets  forming  thickets. 

Distribution.     Coast  mountains  of  central  and  southern  California.     Passing  into 

Rhamnus  crocea  var.  ilicifolia  Greene. 

Leaves  oval  or  orbicular,  spinulose-dentate,  often  golden  beneath  and  I'-l^'  long  and 
£'-!'  wide.  Flowers  with  4  or  occasionally  5  calyx-lobes  and  stamens. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6  '-8'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets  yellow-green  and  puberulous  or  glabrate  when  they  first  appear,  be» 


Fig.  649 


coming  dark  red  or  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds  ob- 
tuse, barely  more  than  iV  long,  with  small  puberulous  apiculate  imbricated  scales  ciliate 
on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  usually  from  TV-f  '  thick,  the  dark  gray  surface  slightly 
roughened  by  minute  tubercles. 

Distribution.    California,  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River  southward  along  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  coast  ranges  and  southern  mountains  to  San  Diego 


724 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


County;  Arizona,  Oak  Creek  and  Sycamore  Canons,  near  Flagstaff,  Coconino  County, 
(P.  Lowell),  Copper  Canon,  west  of  Camp  Verde,  Yavapai  County,  and  on  the  Final  and 
Santa  Catalina  Mountains. 
Passing  into 

Rhamnus  crocea  var.  insularis  Sarg. 

A  form  with  larger  less  prominently  toothed  leaves  sometimes  3'  long  and  1|'  wide, 
rather  larger  flowers,  with  shorter  and  broader  calyx-lobes  a  less  deeply  divided  style, 


Fig.  650 


and  larger  fruits.  A  tree  often  growing  to  the  height  of  25°-30°,  flowering  later  than  the 
var.  Uicifolia,  and  not  uncommon  on  the  islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara  group  and  on 
the  mountains  of  the  adjacent  mainland.  A  form  (f.  pttosa  Trel.)  with  narrow  revolute 
leaves  densely  pilose  throughout,  occurs  in  the  Santa  Maria  valley  of  the  mountains  near 
San  Diego. 

2.  Rhamnus  caroliniana  Walt.     Indian  Cherry. 

Leaves  deciduous,  elliptic-oblong  or  broad-elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate,  cuneate  or  some- 
what rounded  at  base,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate,  or  crenulate,  densely  coated  when 
they  unfold  with  rusty  brown  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  above, 
paler  below,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-6'  long  and  1'  to  nearly 
2'  wide,  with  a  prominent  yellow  midrib  and  about  6  pairs  of  conspicuous  yellow  primary 
veins;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  \'  to  nearly 
1'  in  length;  stipules  nearly  triangular.  Flowers  appearing  from  April  to  June  when  the 
leaves  are  almost  fully  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  about  \'  long,  in  few-flowered  pubescent 
umbels,  on  peduncles  varying  from  \'-\'  in  length;  calyx  5-lobed,  with  a  narrow7  turbinate 
tube  and  triangular  lobes;  petals  5,  broad-ovate,  deeply  notched  at  apex  and  folded  round 
the  short  stamens;  ovary  contracted  into  a  long  columnar  style  terminating  in  a  slightly  3- 
lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches  until 
the  beginning  of  winter,  globose,  \'  in  diameter,  black,  with  thin  sweet  rather  dry  flesh  and 
2-4  nutlets;  seeds  obtuse  at  apex,  rounded  on  the  back,  reddish  brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  unarmed  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets  light  red-brown  and  puberulent  or  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  slightly  angled,  gray,  and  glabrous,  and  marked  during 
their  second  season  by  the  small  horizontal  oval  leaf-scars;  more  often  a  tall  shrub,  with 
numerous  stems  15°-20°  high.  Winter-buds  naked,  hoary-tomentose.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  $'  thick,  slightly  furrowed,  ashy  gray  and  often  marked  by  large  black  blotches. 
Wood  rather  hard,  light,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 


RHAMNACE^E 


725 


Distribution.     Borders  of  streams  on  rich  bottom-lands,  and  on  limestone  ridges;  Vir- 
ginia to  western  Florida  and  westward  through  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River  to  southern 


Fig.  651 

Iowa  and  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  the  valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Okla- 
homa (Ardman  County),  and  to  Kendall,  Kerr  and  Uvalde  Counties,  western  Texas;  occa- 
sionally tree-like  in  western  Florida  and  Mississippi,  and  of  its  largest  size  only  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  the  adjacent  portions  of  Texas;  very  abundant  on  the  limestone  barrens  of 
central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

3.  Rhamnus  Purshiana  DC.    Bearberry.    Coffee-tree. 

Leaves  deciduous,  broad-elliptic,  obtuse  or  bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or  slightly 
cordate  at  base,  finely  serrate,  or  often  nearly  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  thin,  villose 
with  short  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  veins  above,  l|'-7'  long,  l^'-2'  wide, 
conspicuously  netted- veined,  with  a  broad  and  prominent  midrib  and  primary  veins;  turn- 
ing pale  yellow  late  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  often  pubescent,  5'-!'  in 
length;  stipules  membranaceous,  acuminate.  Flowers  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  £'-!' 
long,  in  axillary  cymes  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  ^'-1'  in  length  on  shoots  of  the  year; 
calyx  nearly  campanulate,  with  5  spreading  acuminate  lobes;  petals  5,  minute,  ovate, 
deeply  notched  at  apex,  and  folded  round  the  short  stamens;  stigma  2  or  3-lobed.  Fruit 
globose  or  broad-obovoid,  black,  $'-%'  in  diameter,  slightly  or  not  at  all  lobed,  with  thin 
rather  juicy  flesh,  and  2  or  3  obovoid  nutlets  usually  \f  long,  rounded  on  the  back,  flat- 
tened on  the  inner  surface,  with  2  bony  tooth-like  enlargements  at  base,  1  on  each  side  of 
the  large  scar  of  the  hilum,  and  a  thin  gray  or  pale  yellow-green  shell;  seeds  obtuse 
at  apex,  rounded  on  the  back*  seed-coat  thin  and  papery,  yellow-brown  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, bright  Orange  color  on  the  inner  surface  like  the  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  35°-40°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  often  18'-20'  in  diameter,  separating  10°-15° 
from  the  ground  into  numerous  stout  upright  or  sometimes  nearly  horizontal  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  fine  soft  pubescence,  pale  yellow-green  or  reddish 
brown,  and  pubescent,  glabrous,  or  covered  with  scattered  hairs  in  their  second  season  and 
then  marked  by  the  elevated  oval  horizontal  leaf-scars;  often  shrubby  and  occasionally 
prostrate.  Winter-buds  naked,  hoary-tomentose.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  \' 
thick,  dark  brown  to  light  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  broken  on  the  surface  into  short 
thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood.  The  bark  possesses  the  drastic  properties  peculiar  to  that  of  other  species  of 
the  genus,  and  is  a  popular  domestic  remedy  in  Oregon  and  California,  and  under  the  name 
of  Cascara  Sagrada  has  been  admitted  into  the  American  materia  medica. 


726  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  the  sides  of  canons,  usually  in  coniferous  forests; 
shores  of  Puget  Sound  eastward  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Washington  to  the 
Bitter  Root  Mountains  of  Idaho  and  the  shores  of  Flat  Head  Lake,  Montana,  and  south- 
ward to  central  California;  Arizona,  southern  slope  of  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado 


Fig.  652 

River,  Coconino    County    (A    Rehder),  Cave    Creek    Canon,    Chiricahua    Mountains, 
Cochise  County  (J.  W.  Tourney). 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe  and  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

5.  CEANOTHUS  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branches,  without  a  terminal  bud,  and  small 
scaly  axillary  buds.  Leaves  petiolate,  3-ribbed  from  the  base,  or  pinnately  veined,  per- 
sistent in  the  arborescent  species.  Flowers  on  colored  pedicels,  in  umbellate  fascicles  col- 
lected in  dense  or  prolonged  terminal  or  axillary  thyrsoid  cymes  or  panicles,  blue  or  white; 
calyx  colored,  with  a  turbinate  or  hemispheric  tube  and  5  triangular  membranaceous  peta- 
loid  lobes;  disk  fleshy,  thickened  above;  petals  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk, 
unguiculate,  wide-spreading,  deciduous,  the  long  claw  infolded  round  the  stamens;  stamens 
.">,  inserted  with  and  opposite  the  petals,  persistent,  filaments  spreading;  ovary  partly  im- 
mersed in  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  disk,  3-celled,  sometimes  3-angled,  the  angles 
often  surmounted  by  a  fleshy  gland  persistent  on  the  fruit;  styles  short,  united  below; 
stigmas  3-lobed  with  spreading  lobes;  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  3-lobed, 
subglobose,  with  a  thin  outer  coat,  soon  becoming  dry,  and  separating  into  3  crustaceous 
or  cartilaginous  longitudinally  2-valved  nutlets.  Seeds  erect,  obovoid,  lenticellate,  with 
a  broad  basal  excrescence  surrounding  the  hilum;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous;  albumen 
fleshy;  embryo  axile;  cotyledons  oval  or  obovate. 

Ceanothus  is  confined  to  the  temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  North  America,  with 
about  thirty  species,  mostly  belonging  to  California.  The  leaves,  bark,  and  roots  are  as- 
tringent and  tonic.  Of  the  species  of  the  United  States  three  are  small  trees. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kedvudos,  the  classical  name  of  some  spiny  plant. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branchlets  not  spinose,  leaves  3-ribbed. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  elliptic,  subcordate  or  rounded  at  base,  pale  and  tomentose  below. 

1.  C.  arboreus  (G). 


RHAMNACE.E  727 

Leaves  elliptic,  acute  at  base,  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  below. 

2.  C.  thyrsiflorus  (G). 

Branchlets  spinose;  leaves  with  a  single  midrib,  mostly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordate  at 
base,  glabrous.  3.  C.  spinosus  (G). 

1.  Ceanothus  arboreus  Greene. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  conspicuously  glandular-crenate,  dark  green  and 
softly  puberulent  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  densely  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface, 
2^'-4'  long  and  \'-^,\'  wide,  with  prominent  veins;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  \'-\'  in  length; 
stipules  subulate  from  a  broad  triangular  base,  j'  long.  Flowers  pale  blue  opening  in  July 
and  August,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels  5'-!'  long,  from  the  axils  of  large  scarious  caducous 
bracts,  in  ample  compound  densely  hoary-pubescent  thyrsoid  clusters  3'-4'  long  and 
l|'-2'  wide,  on  a  leafy  or  naked  axillary  peduncle  at  the  end  of  young  branches.  Fruit 
black,  j'  across. 

A  round-headed  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-10'  in  diameter,  dividing 
4°-5Q  from  the  ground  into  many  stout  spreading  branches,  and  slender  slightly  angled 
pale  brown  branchlets  covered  with  short  dense  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  second  season 


Fig.  653 

terete,  nearly  glabrous,  roughened  with  scattered  lenticels  and  marked  by  large  elevated 
leaf-scars;  often  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  about  £'  thick,  and  broken  into 
small  square  plates  separating  into  thick  scales. 

Distribution.  Santa  Catalina,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Santa  Rosa  Islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara 
group  off  the  coast  of  southern  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
northern  slopes  of  Santa  Cruz;»on  the  other  islands  usually  shrubby,  with  numerous  slender 
stems. 

2.  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus  Eschs.    Blue  Myrtle.    California  Like. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  minutely  glandular-serrate,  smooth  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface  and  paler  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  along  the  3 
prominent  ribs,  \'-\\'  long  and  |'-1'wide;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length;  stipules  mem- 
branaceous,  acute.  Flowers  blue  or  white,  appearing  in  early  spring  in  small  pedunculate 
corymbs  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  and  collected  into  slender  rather  loose 
thyrsoid  clusters  2'-3'  long  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  of  small  scarious  bracts,  and 
usually  surmounted  by  the  terminal  leafy  shoot  of  the  branch.  Fruit  ripening  from  July 
to  December,  black;  seeds  TV  long,  smooth,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  dividing  5°-6°  from  the 


728 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ground  into  many  small  wide-spreading  branches,  and  conspicuously  angled  pale  yellow- 
green  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous;  more 
often  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  with  a  bright  red-brown  surface  separat- 
ing into  thin  narrow  appressed  scales.  Wood  close-grained,  rather  soft,  light  brown,  with 
thin  darker  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.     Shady  hillsides  on  the  borders  of  the  forest  and  often  in  the  neighborhood 
of  streams;  coast  mountains  of  California  from  Mendocino  Countv  to  the  vallev  of  the  San 


Luis  Rey  River,  San  Diego  County;  of  its  largest  size  northward,  and  in  the  Redwood-for- 
ests of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains;  southward  often  a  low  shrub,  frequently  flowering  on  the 
wind-swept  shores  of  the  ocean  when  only  l°-2°  high. 

3.  Ceanothus  spinosus  Nutt.    Lilac. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  full  and  rounded,  apiculate  or  often  slightly  emarginateor  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  pointed  or  rarely  3-lobed  at  apex,  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  when 


Fig.  655 


they  unfold  villose-pubescent  belowr  along  the  stout  midrib  and  obscure  primary  veins, 
soon  glabrous,  coriaceous,  usually  about  1'  long  and  \'  wide;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length, 
at  first  villose,  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  ovate,  con- 


RHAMNACE.E  7C29 

spicuously  3-nerved,  irregularly  serrate  with  incurved  apiculate  teeth,  or  coarsely  dentate, 
and  often  1|'  long  and  f '  wide;  stipules  minute,  acute.  Flowers  light  or  dark  blue,  very 
fragrant,  opening  from  March  until  May,  in  lax  corymbs  from  the  axils  of  acute  pubescent 
red  caducous  bracts  on  upper  leafy  branchlets  of  the  year,  the  whole  inflorescence  forming 
an  open  thyrsus  often  5'-6'  long  and  3'-4'  thick,  leafless  toward  the  apex.  Fruit  depressed, 
obscurely  lobed,  crestless,  black,  \'-\'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  o'-6'  in  diameter,  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow 
open  head,  and  slender  divaricate  angled  branchlets  pubescent  or  puberulous  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  bright  green,  ultimately  reddish  brown,  frequently  terminating 
in  sharp  leafless  thorn-like  points;  more  often  shrubby.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  red-brown, 
roughened  by  small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  California,  common  in  mountain  canons  near  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara, 
Ventura,  and  Los  Angeles  Counties;  often  forming  a  dense  undergrowth  in  the  forest,  which 
it  enlivens  for  many  weeks  in  early  spring  by  its  large  clusters  of  bright  blue  flowers. 

6.  COLUBRINA  Brong. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branches  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate, 
pinnately  veined  or  triple-veined  from  the  base,  often  ferrugineo-tomentose  on  the  lower 
surface,  persistent.  Flowers  axillary,  in  contracted  few-flowrered  cymes  or  fascicles, 
yellow  or  greenish  yellow;  calyx-tube  hemispheric,  persistent,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spread- 
ing, triangular-ovate,  keeled  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous  by  a  circum.scissile  line; 
disk  fleshy,  annular,  5-angled  or  indistinctly  5  or  10-lobed  ;  petals  5  yellow  or  white, 
inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  cucullate, 
unguiculate,  infolding  the  stamens;  stamens  5,  opposite  to  and  inserted  with  the  petals; 
filaments  incurved;  anthers  ovoid;  ovary  surrounded  by  and  confluent  with  the  disk, 
3-celled,  subglobose,  contracted  into  a  slender  3-lobed  style,  the  obtuse  lobes  stigmatic  on 
the  inner  face;  ovule  erect,  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  subglobose,  3-lobed,  the  outer 
coat  thin  and  septicidally  dehiscent  into  3  1-seeded  crustaceous  nutlets  2-valved  at  apex. 
Seeds  erect,  broad-obovoid,  compressed,  3-angled;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing; embryo  axile  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  orbicular,  flat  or  incurved,  thin  or 
fleshy. 

Colubrina  with  about  a  dozen  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics,  with  the  largest  number 
of  species  in  the  New  World.  Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United 
States  three  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name  is  from  coluber,  a  serpent,  probably  on  account  of  the  peculiar  twisting 
of  the  deep  furrows  on  the  stems  of  some  of  the  species. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  thin,  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  glabrous  at  maturity.  1.  C.  reclinata  (D). 

Leaves  thick  or  coriaceous. 

Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  densely  soft-pubescent. 

2.  C.  cubensis  (D). 

Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  coriaceous,  rusty-pubescent 
beneath.  3.  C.  arborescens  (D). 

1.  Colubrina  reclinata  Brong.    Naked  Wood. 

Leaves  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  usually  contracted  at  apex  into  a  blunt  point, 
cuneate  or  somewhat  rounded  and  furnished  with  2  conspicuous  marginal  glands  at  base, 
and  entire  when  they  unfold  in  early  summer  thin,  glabrous  or  finely  puberulent  below 
and  along  the  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  yellow-green,  2|'-3'  long  and  1^'  to 
nearly  2'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  and  arcuate  primary  veins;  persistent  until  their  second 
year;  petioles  slender,  £'  in  length.  Flowers  in  cymes  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  on 
shoots  of  the  year,  pubescent,  soon  becoming  glabrate.  Fruit  \'  in  diameter  and  dark 
orange-red,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  on  pedicels  \'  in  length:  seeds  light  red-brown, 
f'long. 


rso 


TRIBES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  divided  by  numerous  irregular  deep 
furrows  multiplying  and  spreading  in  all  directions,  and  branchlets  slightly  angled  when 
they  first  appear,  puberulent  and  reddish  brown,  soon  becoming  glabrate,  and  in  their 


Fig.  656 


second  season  nearly  terete,  gray  or  light  brown,  and  marked  by  numerous  small  light- 
colored  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  orange-brown,  exfoliating  in  large  papery  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with  thin  light  yellow  sap- 
wood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  on  Umbrella  Key,  the  north  end  of  Key  Largo,  and  on  some  of  the 
small  keys  south  of  Elliott's  Key;  of  its  largest  size  and  forming  a  forest  of  considerable 
extent  on  Umbrella  Key;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  Colubrina  cubensis  Brong. 

Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  or  acute  and  apiculate  at 
apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  often  unsymmetric  base,  slightly  crenulate-serrate  with 


Fig.  657 


RHAMNACE.E 


731 


broad  rounded  teeth,  thick,  dull  dark  green  and  soft-pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  3|'-5'  long  and  1  j'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  pubes- 
cent yellow  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  petioles  slender,  yellow,  densely  pubescent, 
i'-s'  in  length;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  pubescent,  f '  in  length.  Flowers 
minute  on  pedicels  ^'  long,  from  the  axils  of  ovate  acuminate  villose  caducous  bracts,  in 
villose  cymes  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  calyx  densely  pubescent,  the  lobes 
triangular,  ovate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  yellow  petals.  Fruit  globose,  about  %'  in  di- 
ameter. 

A  tree  in  Florida  from  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter  (teste  J.  K.  Small) 
and  slender  light  red-brown  pubescent  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Florida,  hummocks  of  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County;  on  the  Ba- 
hama Islands  and  in  Cuba  and  Hispaniola. 

3.  Colubrina  arborescens  Sarg. 
Cohibrina  Colubrina  Mills. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  persistent,  elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  and 
bluntly  pointed  at  apex,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  dark  green, 
glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick 
rusty  pubescence  and  sometimes  marked  by  conspicuous  glands  mostly  at  the  end  of  small 
veins,  2'-4^-'  long  and  Ij'-^'  wide,  with  a  thick  midrib;  petioles  stout,  rusty-pubescent, 
\'-\'  in  length;  stipules  oblong,  acuminate,  rusty-pubescent,  caducous.  Flowers  minute, 
in  axillary  cymes  shorter  than  the  petioles,  covered  with  persistent  rusty  pubescence  and 
generally  produced  on  short  axillary  branches;  petals  white  or  nearly  white.  Fruit  on  a 
stout  rusty-pubescent  pedicel,  about  \'  long,  on  a  much  thickened  peduncle,  obovoid  to 


Fig.  658 

subglobose,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black,  T\'  in  diameter;  nutlets  light  yellow;  seed 
about  i'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  large  erect  branches 
and  stout  branchlets  densely  rusty-pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  and  light  gray,  puber- 
ulous  and  marked  by  small  dark  lenticels  in  their  second  year;  in  Florida  more  often  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Florida,  on  the  Everglade  and  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and 
on  several  of  the  Antilles. 


732  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

XXXIX.  TILIACEjE. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  free  stipules.  Flowers  regular, 
perfect;  sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous;  corolla  hypogynous;  stamens  numerous,  with 
2-celled  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  pistil  compound;  styles  united  into  1; 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  capsular  or  nut-like.  Seeds  with  albumen;  embryo  with  broad 
foliaceous  cotyledons. 

The  Linden  family  with  forty-four  genera  is  chiefly  tropical,  with  more  representatives  in 
the  southern  than  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the  three  North  American  genera  only 
Tilia  is  arborescent. 

1.  TILIAL.    Bass  Wood.    Linden. 

Trees,  with  terete  moderately  stout  branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  large  compressed 
acute  axillary  buds,  with  numerous  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rank  accrescent, 
mucilaginous  juice,  and  tough  fibrous  inner  bark.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  long- 
petiolate,  2-ranked,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  oblique  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrale, 
deciduous,  their  petioles  in  falling  leaving  large  elevated  horizontal  leaf -scars  displaying 
the  ends  of  numerous  fibro- vascular  bundles;  stipules  ligulate,  membranaceous,  caducous. 
Flowers  nectariferous,  fragrant,  on  slender  clavate  pedicels,  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes, 
with  minute  caducous  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  branches,  their  peduncle  more  or  less  con- 
nate with  the  axis  of  a  large  membranaceous  light  green  ligulate  often  obovate  persistent 
conspicuously  reticulate- veined  bract;  sepals  5,  distinct;  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
alternate  with  the  sepals,  sometimes  thickened  and  glandular  at  the  narrow  base,  creamy 
white  or  yellow7,  deciduous;  stamens  inserted  on  a  short  hypogynous  receptacle;  filaments 
filiform,  forked  near  the  apex,  collected  into  5  clusters  and  united  at  base  with  each 
other  and  (in  the  American  species)  with  a  spatulate  petaloid  scale  (staminodium)  placed 
opposite  each  petal,  the  branches  of  the  filament  bearing  oblong  extrorse  half  anthers; 
ovary  sessile,  tomentose,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals;  style  erect,  dilated  at  apex 
into  5  spreading  stigmatic  lobes;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending  from  the  middle  of  its  inner 
angle,  semianatropous,  the  micropyle  centripetal-inferior.  Fruit  nut-like,  woody,  subglo- 
bose  to  short-oblong  or  ovoid,  sometimes  ribbed,  tomentose,  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  of 
the  partitions,  1  or  2-seeded.  Seeds  obovoid,  amphitropous,  ascending;  seed-coat  carti- 
laginous, light  reddish  brown;  embryo  large,  often  curved,  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons 
reniform  or  cordate,  palmately  5-lobed,  the  margins  irregularly  involute  or  crumpled;  radi- 
cle inferior. 

Tilia  with  some  thirty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere  with  the  exception  of  western  America,  central  Asia,  and  the  Himalayas. 
Tilia  produces  soft  straight-grained  pale-colored  light  wood,  largely  used  for  the  interior 
finish  of  buildings,  in  cabinet-making,  for  the  sounding-boards  of  pianos,  wood-carving  and 
wooden  ware,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  The  tough  inner  bark  is  largely  manufac- 
tured into  mats,  cords,  fish-nets,  coarse  cloths,  and  shoes.  Lime-flower  oil,  obtained  by 
distilling  the  flowers  of  the  European  species,  is  used  in  perfumery.  The  flowers  yield 
large  quantities  of  nectar,  and  honey  made  near  forests  of  Tilia  is  unsurpassed  in  flavor  and 
delicacy.  Many  of  the  species  are  planted  as  shade  and  ornamental  trees,  and  some  of 
the  European  species  are  now  common  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  the  eastern  United 
States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous  at  maturity. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  almost  glabrous  when  they  unfold,  coarsely  serrate. 

Leaves  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  their  lower  surface  light 

green  and  lustrous;  pedicels  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous.  1.  T.  glabra  (A). 

Leaves  usually  without  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  their  lower  surface  not  lustrous;  pedicels 

densely  hoary-tomentose.  2.  T.  nuda  (C). 


TILIACE42  733 

Leaves  hoary-tomentose  when  they  unfold. 
Leaves  soon  glabrous. 

Leaves  coarsely  serrate  with  stout  teeth,  their  veinlets  conspicuous;  branchlets 
stout,  bright  red.  3.  T.  venulosa  (A). 

Leaves  finely  serrate  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth,  their  veinlets  less  conspicu- 
ous; branchlets  slender,  pale  reddish  brown.  4.  T.  littoralis  (C). 
Leaves  crenately  serrate,  glaucescent  on  the  lower  surface.     5.  T.  crenoserrata  (C). 
Leaves  covered  below  early  in  the  season  with  articulate  hairs,  becoming  glabrous 

or  nearly  glabrous. 

Leaves  thin,  coarsely  serrate,  green  or  glaucescent  on  the  lower  surface,  with  or  with- 
out tufts  of  axillary  hairs;  summer  shoots  not  pubescent.      6.  T.  floridana  (C). 
Leaves  subcoriaceous,  finely  serrate,  bluish  green  and  lustrous  below  early  in  the 
season;  tufts  of  axillary  hairs  minute,  usually  wanting;  summer  shoots  pubes- 
cent. 7.  T.  Cocksii  (C). 
Surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent  below  during  the  season. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  covered  with  short  gray  firmly  attached  pubescence;  tufts  of 
axillary  hairs  not  conspicuous.  8.  T.  neglecta  (A,C). 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  covered  with  articulate  easily  detached  hairs. 
Branchlets  without  straight  hairs. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  usually  obliquely  truncate  at  base,  glabrous  above,  their 

pubescence  brownish  or  white.  9.  T.  caroliniana  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  cordate  or  obliquely  cordate  at  base,  pubescent  above  early 

in  the  season.  10.  T.  texana  (C). 

Leaves  semiorbicular  to  broad-ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed,  deeply  and  usually 

symmetrically  cordate  at  base.  11.  T.  phanera  (C). 

Branchlets  covered  with  straight  hairs;  leaves  ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed,  oblique 

and  truncate  at  base.  12.  T.  lasioclada  (C). 

Surface  of  the  leaves  tomentose  below  during  the  season  with  close  firmly  attached  tomen- 

tum. 
Tomentum  white,  gray,  or  brown;  leaves  usually  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  branch- 

lets  and  winter-buds  glabrous  (occasionally  pubescent  in  varieties  of  13}. 
Branchlets  slender;  petioles  not  more  than  1^'  in  length;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acumi- 
nate or  abruptly  pointed,  oblique  and  truncate  or  cordate  at  base;  tomentum  on  the 
leaves  of  upper  branches  often  brown;  flowers  £'-$'  long.  13.  T.  heterophylla  (A,  C) . 
Branchlets  stout;  petioles  .up  to  3' in  length;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  obliquely 
truncate  at  base;  tomentum  always  white;  flowers  iV— 2'  l°ng- 

14.  T.monticola(A). 

Tomentum  pale  or  brownish;  leaves  thickly  covered  above  early  in  the  season  with  fas- 
cicled hairs;  branchlets  tomentose;  winter-buds  pubescent.       15.  T.  georgiana  (C). 

i 

1.  Tilia  glabra  Vent.    Linden.    Bass  Wood. 
,      Tilia  americana  L. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  contracted  at  apex  into  a  slender  acuminate  entire  point,  obliquely 
cordate  or  sometimes  almost  truncate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  with  incurved  glandular 
teeth,  often  slightly  pubescent  when  they  first  appear  soon  glabrous  with  the  exception  of 
tufts  of  rusty  brown  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins  below,  thick  and  firm,  dark  dull 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6' 
long  and  3'-4'  wide;  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender, 
H'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  \'  long,  opening  early  in  July  on  slender  slightly  angled  pubes- 
cent pedicels,  in  few-flowered  slender-branched  glabrous  cymes;  peduncle  slender,  gla- 
brous, the  free  portion  3^'-4'  long,  its  bract  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  4 '-5'  long,  l'-lf 
wide,  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  or  to  within  \'-V  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  densely  hairy  on  the  inner  surface  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  outer 


734  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

surface,  a  third  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate,  bluntly 
pointed  at  apex,  a  third  shorter  than  the  petals;  ovary  villose;  style  covered  with  rufous  to- 
mentum.  Fruit  short-oblong  to  oblong-obovoid,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  £'— |'  Jong, 
and  covered  with  short  thick  rufous  tomentum. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°,  or  sometimes  120°-130°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
small  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  slender  smooth  gla- 


Fig,  659 


brous  light  gray  or  light  brown  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  oblong  dark  lenticels,  be- 
coming darker  in  their  second  and  dark  gray  or  brown  and  conspicuously  rugose  in  their 
third  year.  Winter-buds  dark  red,  ovoid,  about  \'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  1'  thick, 
deeply  furrowed,  the  light  brown  surface  broken  into  small  thin  scales.  Wood  light  brown 
faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood  of  55-65  layers  of  annual 
growth;  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp,  and  under  the  name  of  white  wood 
largely  used  in  wooden  ware,  cheap  furniture,  the  panels  of  carriages,  and  for  the  inner 
soles  of  shoes. 

Distribution.  Rich  often  moist  soil,  formerly  often  in  nearly  pure  forests;  northern  New 
Brunswick  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Winnipeg 
and  the  valley  of  the  Assiniboine  River,  and  southward  to  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  eastern 
Kentucky,  southern  Michigan,  Indiana  and  Illinois,  eastern  Nebraska  and  northern  Mis- 
souri. 

Often  cultivated  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  and  occa- 
sionally in  Europe. 

2.  Tilia  nuda  Sarg. 

Leaves  thin,  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  apex,  obliquely  truncate  or  unsymmetrically 
cordate  at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  with  long  slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  conspic- 
uously glandular  teeth,  as  they  unfold,  dark  red  and  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  midrib 
and  veins,  glabrous  at  the  end  of  a  few  days,  without  or  rarely  with  small  axillary  tufts, 
dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  or  glaucous  (var.  glaucescens  Sarg.) 
on  the  lower  surface,  4'-4f  long  and  2^'-3^'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  2'-2|'  in 
length.  Flowers  opening  early  in  June,  about  f '  long,  on  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in 
broad  usually  10  or  12,  sometimes  30  or  40-flowered  long-branched  glabrous  cymes; 
peduncle  glabrous,  the  free  portion  ^'-1  \'  in  length,  its  bract  oblong,  often  slightly  falcate, 
cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  3'— 4'  long,  a'-li'  wide,  decurrent 
nearly  to  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  acute,  rusty-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  gla- 
brous on  the  inner  surface;  petals  oblong-ovate,  narrowed  at  the  rounded  apex;  staminodia 


TILIACEiE 


735 


oblong-obovate  rounded  at  the  broad  apex;  style  glabrous.  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
subglobose  to  depressed-globose,  covered  with  rusty  tomentum,  \'-\'  in  diameter. 

Usually  a  small  tree  with  pale  furrowed  or  sometimes  checkered  bark,  small  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  orange  or  red-brown 
branchlets.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtusely  pointed,  dull  red,  glabrous,  -*-'-• 5'  long. 

Distribution.  Central  and  southwestern  Mississippi  (Hinds  and  Adams  Counties); 
Dallas  County,  Alabama;  West  Feliciana  and  Calcasieu  Parishes,  Louisiana,  to  the  valley  of 
the  Brazos  River,  eastern  Texas,  and  to  Hempstead  County  (Fulton  and  McNab),  southern 
Arkansas;  the  var.  glaucescens  with  the  type,  and  near  Page,  Le  Flore  County,  Oklahoma; 
in  wet  woods  subject  to  overflow  at  San  Augustine,  San  Augustine  County,  Texas,  a  va- 


Fig.  660 


riety  (var.  brevipedunculata  Sarg.),  differs  from  the  type  in  the  Jess  coarsely  serrate  smaller 
leaves  glaucescent  below,  in  the  shorter  free  portion  of  the  peduncle  of  the  inflorescence  and 
its  broader  bract.  A  tree  25°-30°  high,  with  slender  glabrous  dark  red-brown  branchlets. 

3.  Tilia  venulosa  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  cordate  or  unsymmetrically  cordate 
or  obliquely  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  with  gland-tipped  teeth  pointing 
forward,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  pale  tomentum,  soon  becoming  pubescent,  and 
glabrous  before  the  flowers  open,  dark  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  4'-4f '  long  and  broad,  with  a  prominent  pale  yellow  midrib  slightly  villose  on  the 
upper  side  near  the  base,  and  9  or  10  pairs  of  remote  primary  veins  without  axillary  tufts 
and  connected  by  conspicuous  cross  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  If '--2'  in  length. 
Flowers  opening  early  in  Julv,  £'  long,  on  slightly  pubescent  pedicels,  in  broad  slender- 
branched  nearly  glabrous  cymes;  peduncle  stout,  glabrous,  red,  the  free  portion  I'-l?'  in 
length,  its  bract  oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base, 
rounded  at  apex,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  below  on  the  midrib  and  veins, 
3|'-6'  long  and  \\'-\%'  wide,  longer  than  the  peduncle  and  decurrent  nearly  to  its  base  or 
to  within  I'-l?'  of  its  base;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  pale  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface, 
villose  and  furnished  at  base  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  tuft  of  long  white  hairs,  a  third 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at 
apex,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  stigma  slightly  villose  at  base.  Fruit  ripening  the  end 
of  September,  subglobose,  £'-$'  in  diameter,  covered  with  loose  light  brown  pubescence. 

A  tree,  60°-75°  high,  with  stout  red  glabrous  branchlets.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  cylindric, 
obtusely  pointed,  dark  red,  ?'— |'  in  length. 

Distribution.     North  Carolina,  rocky  "coves"  in  rich  soil,  Hickory  Nut  Gap,  in  the 


736 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Blue  Ridge,  and  near  Saluda,  Polk  County,  passing  into  var.  muliinervis  Sarg.,  differing 
from  the  type  in  its  obliquely  truncate,  not  cordate,  leaves  with  12  or  13  pairs  of  more 


Fig.  661 

crowded  primary  veins,  ellipsoid  fruit,  slender  branchlets,  and  smaller  winter-buds;  a  single 
tree  near  Saluda,  Polk  County. 

4.  Tilia  littoralis  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed  and  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  unsymmetric  and 
rounded  on  one  side  and  cuneate  on  the  other,  or  symmetric  and  cuneate  or  oblique  and 
truncate  at  base,  and  finely  serrate  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  covered 
above  when  they  unfold  with  scattered  fascicled  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  soon  glabrous, 


Fig.  662 

and  when  the  flowers  open,  thin,  yellow-green,  paler,  rarely  glaucous  (var.  discolor  Sarg.) 
on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  lf-2'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib 


TILIACE.E  737 

and  primary  veins  and  small  conspicuous  tufts  of  rusty  brown  axillary  hairs;  petioles 
slender,  glabrous,  l'-l|'  in  length;  leaves  on  young  vigorous  shoots  broad-ovate,  truncate 
or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  more  coarsely  serrate,  pubescent  with  fascicled  hairs  especially 
on  the  midrib  and  veins,  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  wide;  petioles  densely  pubescent.  Flow- 
ers opening  the  middle  of  June,  \'  long,  on  pale  tomentose  pedicels,  in  small,  compact, 
mostly  9-15-flowered,  pubescent  cymes;  peduncle  covered  with  scattered  fascicled  hairs, 
the  free  portion  -f'-l'  long,  its  bract  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  rounded 
at  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  pubescent  on  the  midrib,  otherwise  glabrous,  2'-7'  long, 
|'-f  wide,  longer  or  shorter  than  and  decurrent  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
peduncle;  sepals  acuminate,  pale  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face along  the  margins  and  at  the  base  with  long  white  hairs;  petals  acuminate;  stamino- 
dia  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex.  Fruit  ellipsoid  to  depressed-globose,  apiculate, 
covered  with  pale  brown  tomentum,  \'-\'  in  diameter. 

A  tree  with  slender  glabrous  branchlets  densely  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale 
pubescence,  soon  glabrous,  light  reddish  brown  during  their  first  summer,  often  bright  red 
during  their  first  winter,  becoming  purple  the  following  year  and  ultimately  light  gray- 
brown.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  bright  red,  about  £'  long  and  TV-£' 
in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Georgia,  shore  of  Colonel's  Island  near  the  mouths  of  the  North  New- 
port and  Medway  Rivers,  near  Durham,  Liberty  County;  the  var.  discolor  with  the  type 

5.  Tilia  crenoserrata  Sarg. 
Tilia  floridana  Sarg.,  not  Small. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  usually  oblique  and  unsym- 
metrically  cordate  or  truncate  or  occasionally  symmetrical  and  cordate  at  base,  crenately 
serrate,  the  teeth  tipped  with  minute  glands,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  pale  caducous 
tomentum,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  glaucescent  below,  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  minute  axillary  tufts  of  rusty  hairs,  mostly  3f '-5|'  long  and  2f '-3' 
wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  about  1  \'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  the  middle  of  June, 
•  -}'  long,  on  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  compact  mostly  10-18-flowered  tomentose  cymes; 
peduncle  glabrous,  the  free  portion  l'-l|'  in  length,  its  bract  oblong-obovate,  cuneate  at 
base,  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  3'-5'  long,  usually  about  f '  wide,  decurrent  nearly  to  the 
base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  acute,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  coated  with  pale 
tomentum  mixed  with  long  white  hairs  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  narrow-acuminate; 
staminodia  oblong-obovate,  notched  at  apex.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end 
of  August,  ellipsoid,  conspicuously  apiculate  at  apex,  rusty-tomentose,  \'-%'  long  and  ?f-\' 
in  diameter. 

A  tree,  25°-30°,  rarely  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  rarely  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and  slen- 
der glabrous  red-brown  branchlets.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  dark  dull  red,  glabrous, 
i'-i'  Jong. 

Distribution.  Near  Albany,  Dougherty  County,  Georgia,  to  central  Florida  (Levy. 
Columbia,  Alachua,  Putnam,  Seminole  and  Orange  Counties). 

6.  Tilia  floridana  Ashe. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  cordate  or  obliquely 
truncate  at  base  and  coarsely  serrate  with  apiculate  teeth,  tinged  with  red  and  tomentose 
helow  when  they  unfold,  fully  grown  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  when  the  flowers  open 
late  in  May  or  in  early  June,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  on.  the 
upper  surface,  pale  or  rarely  covered  below  with  a  silvery  white  bloom  (var.  hypoleuca 
Sarg.),  3^'-5'  long  and  2|'-3|'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins;  in  the  east 
usually  without  axillary  tufts,  often  present  and  sometimes  conspicuous  westward;  petioles 
slender,  glabrous,  f'-l'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  early  summer  £'-|'  long,  on  hoary- 
tomentose  rarely  puberulous  (var.  australis  Sarg.)  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  rather  compact 


738 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


pubescent  corymbs;  peduncle  pubescent,  the  free  portion  1|'-2|'  in  length,  its  bract  ob- 
long-obovate  to  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  often  falcate,  glabrous,  3'-6'  long,  A'-f'  wide, 
decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  narrow,  ovate,  acuminate,  hoary - 
tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  sparingly  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  lanceolate  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals;  style 
glabrous.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  rusty- tomen- 
tose,  f '  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  and  slender  glabrous  red-brown 
or  yellow  branchlets.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  dark  red-brown,  glabrous,  about  ^'  long. 

Distribution.  North  Carolina  (Polk  County)  to  western  Florida  and  westward  through 
northern  and  central  Alabama,  central  Mississippi,  northern  and  western  Louisiana,  east- 
ern and  over  the  Edwards  Plateau  to  Kerr,  Bandera  and  TTvalde  Counties,  Texas,  and  through 


Fig.  663 

southern  and  western  Arkansas  to  eastern  Oklahoma,  Missouri  and  eastern  Kentucky;  in 
northeastern  Mexico;  the  var.  australis  in  Blount  County,  Alabama.  A  variety  (var. 
oblongifolia  Sarg.)  with  narrower  more  elongated  leaves  with  more  prominent  tufts  of  axil- 
lary hairs  occurs  in  Putnam,  Leon  and  Gadsden  Counties,  Florida,  on  the  bluffs  of  the 
Alabama  River  near  Berlin,  Dallas  County,  Alabama,  in  Hinds,  Rankin  and  Adams  Coun- 
ties, Mississippi,  in  West  Feliciana,  Iberia  (A very  Island)  and  Natchitoches  Parishes, 
Louisiana,  in  Hempstead  and  Salina  Counties,  Arkansas,  and  in  Harris,  Anderson  and  Liv- 
ingston Counties,  Texas. 

7.  Tilia  Cocksii  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  very  oblique  at  the  truncate  or  rounded  base, 
dentate  with  small  remote  glandular  apiculate  teeth,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  loose 
floccose  pubescence,  nearly  glabrous  when  fully  grown  early  in  April,  when  the  flowers  open 
the  middle  of  May  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  blue-green  and  lus- 
trous below,  and  at  mid-summer  when  the  fruit  ripens,  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  slender  primary  veins  without 
or  occasionally  with  minute  axillary  tufts,  and  connected  by  conspicuous  straight  or 
curved  veinlets,  3£'-4'  long  and  2|'-3'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  •}'-!'  in  length: 


TILIACEyE 

leaves  on  leading  summer  branchlets  sometimes  obliquely  cordate,  more  coarsely  serrate, 
covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  fascicled  hairs,  and  floccose-pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  4>'-5'  long  and  4'-4j'  wide,  their  petioles  puberulous.  Flowers  opening  the  middle 
of  May,  i'  long,  on  tomentose  pedicels,  in  compact  pubescent  many-flowered  cymes;  pedun- 
cle slender,  glabrous,  the  free  portion  only  f -f '  in  length,  its  bract  oblong,  occasionally 


Fig.  664 

slightly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  ends,  hoary -tomentose  on  the  under  surface  and  pubescent 
on  the  upper  surface  wrhen  it  first  appears,  and  when  the  flowers  open  puberulous  below  and 
glabrous  above,  3^'-6'  long,  £'-f '  wide  and  shorter  than  and  decurrent  to  the  base  of  the 
peduncle;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  pale  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  at  the  base 
on  the  inner  surface,  a  third  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  petals;  staminodia  ob- 
long-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals;  style  glabrous.  Fruit 
ripening  the  middle  of  July,  globose  to  depressed-globose,  covered  with  loose  brown  to- 
mentum,  \'  in  diameter. 

A  small  tree  with  slender  dull  red  glabrous  branchlets,  the  leading  branchlets  in  summer 
more  or  less  pubescent.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  dull  red,  glabrous  or  pubescent  on 
leading  shoots,  i'-|'  long. 

Distribution.  Louisiana,  river  banks  and  low  woods,  Lake  Charles  and  West  Lake 
Charles,  Calcasieu  Parish. 

8.  Tilia  neglecta  Spach. 
Tilia  Michauxii  Sarg.,  not  Nutt. 

Leaves  thick  and  firm,  acute  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  obliquely 
concave  or  unsymmetrically,cordate  at  base,  coarsely  serrate  with  straight  apiculate  teeth 
pointing  forward,  dark  green,  smooth,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  covered  below  except 
on  the  midrib  and  veins  more  or  less  thickly  with  short  gray  pubescence  often  slightly 
tinged  with  brown,  and  furnished  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  axillary  hairs,  usually  4'-5j' 
long  and  2£'-4-J'  wide;  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  lj'-2£'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in 
June  and  July  about  f '  long,  on  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  pedicels,  in  long-branched 
slender  glabrous  mostly  5-15-flowered  cymes;  peduncle  slender,  glabrous,  the  free  portion 
li'-H'  in  length,  its  bract  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  unsymmetrically  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  %l'-4t\'  long,  f '-!'  wide  and  longer  than 
and  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  or  to  within  |'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals 
broad-ovate,  acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  covered  on  the 
inner  surface  with  long  white  hairs,  about  half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  petals  rounded  and 
notched  at  apex  and  rather  longer  than  the  spatulate  staminodia;  stamens  included;  stvle 


740 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


villose  toward  the  base.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  ellipsoid,  ovoid,  obovoid,  or  de- 
pressed-globose, rounded  or  acute  or  rarely  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex, 
rarely  5-angled,  covered  writh  rusty  or  pale  pubescence,  usually  about  %'  in  diameter. 


Fig.  665 


A  tree,  75°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  smooth  often  pendulous 
branches  forming  a  broad  round  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets.  Winter-buds 
ovoid,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  about  i'  long,  with  glabrous  red-brown  or  light 
brown  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  1'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  pale  reddish  brown  and 
covered  with  small  thin  scales. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil,  Province  of  Quebec,  near  Montreal,  to  the  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  York,  through  the  middle  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Potomac  River  and 
along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  those  of  North  Carolina,  and  to  luka,  Tishomingo 
County,  Mississippi,  and  from  central  and  western  New  York  to  northern  Missouri. 

.  Tilia  caroliniana  Mill. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblique  and  truncate  or  cordate  at  base,  abruptly  long-pointed  at  apex, 
coarsely  dentate  with  broad  apiculate  glandular  teeth  pointing  forward,  and  coated  below 


Fig.  666 


TILIACE^E  741 

with  a  rusty  or  pale  easily  detached  pubescence  of  fascicled  hairs,  coated  when  they  unfold 
with  hoary  tomentum,  soon  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow- 
green  and  lustrous  above,  2|'-4^/  long  and  2^-5'  wide;  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  I'-l^'  in 
length.  Flowers  opening  the  middle  of  June,  \f  long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in 
small  stout-branched  pubescent  mostly  8-15-flowered  cymes;  peduncle  slender,  pubes- 
cent, the  free  portion  f'-lj'  long,  its  bract  oblong-obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  rounded  or 
acute  at  apex,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  when  it  first  appears,  pubescent  be- 
coming glabrous  or  almost  glabrous  below,  4'-5/  long  and  f  wide,  longer  or  shorter  than  and 
decurrent  to  the  base  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  cili- 
ate  on  the  margins,  brown  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence  on  the  outer  surface,  coated  on 
the  inner  surface  with  long  white  hairs;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  third  longer  than  the 
sepals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals;  style 
tomentose  at  base  or  glabrous.  Fruit  subglobose,  ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  f '  in  diameter. 

A  large  tree  with  slender  red-brown  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  branchlets.  Winter- 
buds  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous  or  rarely  pubescent,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  North  Carolina  (Wrightsville  Beach  and  the  neighborhood  of 
Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County),  southward  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the 
coast  to  Liberty  County,  Georgia;  western  Louisiana  to  southern  Arkansas  (Hempstead 
and  Clark  Counties)  common,  and  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  Edwards  Plateau  (near 
Boerne,  Kendall  County) ;  in  Orizaba.  Passing  into 

Tilia  caroliniana  var.  rhoophila  Sarg. 

Differing  from  the  type  in  its  pubescent  branchlets  and  winter-buds,  its  usually  larger 
leaves,  and  in  its  tomentose  corymbs  of  more  numerous  flowers.  Leaves  broad-ovate, 
abruptly  short-pointed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  oblique  and  truncate  or  cordate  at  base, 


Fig.  667 

coarsely  serrate  with  broad  apiculate  teeth  pointing  forward,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  pale  and  thickly  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  persistent  white  or 
brownish  pubescence,  4 '-5'  long  and  2|'-5'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins 
pubescent  on  the  lower  side,  and  small  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs;  petioles 
stout,  thickly  coated  with  pubescence,  I'-lf  in  length;  leaves  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
6'  long,  and  5^'  wide,  and  occasionally  10'  long  and  9'  wide.  Flowers  \'  long,  on  short 


742 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  wide  thin-branched  pubescent  many-flowered  (sometimes 
50)  cymes;  peduncle  thickly  covered  with  fascicled  hairs,  the  free  portion  \f  long,  its  bract 
oblong,  unequally  rounded  at  base,  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  surface,  4 '-6'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  usually  shorter  than  and  decurrent  nearly 
to  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  acuminate,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  or 
slightly  rusty  pubescence,  villose  and  furnished  at  base  on  the  inner  surface  with  tufts  of 
long  hairs;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  ciliate  at  apex,  about  a  third  longer  than  the 
sepals;  staminodia  spatulate,  acute,  about  half  the  length  of  the  petals;  style  coated  at 
base  with  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  subglobose,  covered  with  rusty  tomentum,  about  $'  in 
diameter. 

A  tree  with  slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  during  their  first  year  w7ith  pale  pubes- 
cence, dark  red-brown  or  gray  and  puberulous  during  their  second  season.  Winter-buds 
covered  with  pale  pubescence. 

Distribution.  Western  Louisiana.  (Calcasieu  and  Jefferson  Davis  Parishes)  to  Hemp- 
stead  County,  Arkansas,  and  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Guadalupe 
River,  Kerr  County. 

10.  Tilia  texana  Sarg. 

Leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  slender  acuminate  point,  cor- 
date or  obliquely  cordate  at  base,  finely  dentate  with  broad  apiculate  teeth,  early  in  the 


Fig.  668 

season  pubescent  above  with  scattered  fascicled  hairs  and  covered  below  with  brownish 
slightly  attached  pubescence,  and  in  the  autumn  light  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  nearly 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-5|'  long  and 
3j'-5'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins  sparingly  villose  on  the  upper  side  and 
nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower  side,  and  small  axillary  tufts  of  brownish  hairs;  petioles 
slender,  pubescent  W7ith  fascicled  hairs,  l'-l|'  in  length;  leaves  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
furnished  with  one  or  two  large  lateral  acuminate  serrate  lobes,  more  coarsely  dentate 
and  more  thickly  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  pubescence,  often  5^'-6'  long  and  3|'-6' 
wide.  Flowers  opening  the  middle  of  June,  \'  long,  on  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  small 
villose-pubescent  mostly  7-1 0-fl  owe  red  cymes;  peduncle  slender,  slightly  villose-pubescent, 
the  free  portion  \\'-\\'  in  length,  its  bract  oblong-ovate  to  slightly  obovate,  unsymmetri- 
cally  cuneate  at  base,  rounded  and  occasionally  lobed  at  apex,  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 


TILIACE^E 


743 


face,  densely  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  later  becoming  nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower 
surface,  3'-6'  long  and  f'-lj'  wide,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  peduncle  and  decurrent 
to  its  base  or  to  within  1|'  of  its  base;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  pale  pubescent  on  the  outer 
surface,  covered  on  the  inner  surface  with  white  hairs  longer  and  more  abundant  near  the 
base;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals;  staminodia  linear-lance- 
olate, acuminate;  style  hoary-tomentose  at  base.  Fruit  ellipsoid,  covered  with  rusty  brown 
tomentum,  5'  long  and  |'  broad. 

A  small  tree  writh  slender  branchlets  thickly  covered  during  their  first  season  with  close 
pale  pubescence,  and  pale  and  puberulous  or  glabrous  in  their  second  year;  on  vigorous 
terminal  branchlets  often  with  thicker,  light  rusty  brown  pubescence.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
obtusely  pointed,  thickly  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  |'  long. 

Distribution.  Texas,  Brazos  and  Cherokee  Counties,  on  Spring  Creek  near  Boerne, 
Kendall  County,  and  on  the  rocky  banks  of  the  Guadalupe  River  at  Kerrville,  Kerr 
County. 

11.  Tilia  phanera  Sarg. 

Leaves  semiorbicular  to  broad-ovate,  deeply  and  usually  symmetrically  cordate  at  base, 
abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  finely  dentate  with  straight  or  incurved  apiculate  teeth, 
glabrous  above  when  they  unfold  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  veins, 
and  thickly  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thin,  blue-green,  smooth 
and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  often  brownish  and  coated  with  a  floccose 
easily  detached  pubescence  of  fascicled  hairs  or  scabrate  (var.  scabrida  Sarg.)  on  the  lower 
surface,  2'-4'  wide  and  usually  rather  broader  than  long,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary 
veins  pubescent  on  the  lower  side,  and  small  axillary  clusters  of  rusty  brown  hairs;  petioles 
slender,  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent 
in  the  autumn,  I'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  the  middle  of  June,  \'  long,  on  tomen- 
tose  pedicels,  in  compact  villose  mostly  16-20-flowered  cymes;  peduncle  villose,  the  free 
portion  \\'  in  length,  its  bract  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  broad  and  rounded  at  apex,  fleccose- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  3'-3%'  long  and 


Fig.  669 

?'-!'  wide,  longer  than  the  peduncle  and  decurrent  to  its  base  or  to  within  \'  of  its  base;  se- 
pals acuminate,  pale  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  margins  and  furnished 
at  base  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  tuft  of  long  white  hairs,  broader  and  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate  acuminate  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  style  glabrous 
except  at  the  base.  Fruit  ripening  the  end  of  September,  ellipsoid,  covered  with  rusty 
tomentum,  i'-f  long  and  \'  wide,  on  a  stout,  densely  floccose-pubescent  pedicel. 


744 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree  with  slender  light  gray-brown  often  zigzag  branchlets  covered  when  they  first 
appear  with  fascicled  hairs  and  deciduous  during  their  first  summer.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
obtusely  pointed,  terete,  reddish  brown,  glabrous,  \'-\f  long. 

Distribution.  Texas,  banks  of  Spring  Creek,  near  Boerne,  Kendall  County;  the  var. 
scabrida  on  a  low  limestone  bluff  of  the  Blanco  River,  near  Blanco,  Blanco  County,  near 
College  Station,  Brazos  County,  and  at  Velasco,  Brazoria  County. 

12.  Tilia  lasioclada  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  acuminate  point,  oblique  and 
truncate  or  on  weak  branchlets,  often  nearly  symmetric  and  deeply  cordate  at  base,  and 
finely  serrate  with  straight  apiculate  teeth,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  soft  cadu- 


Fig.  670 


cous  hairs  and  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thick,  bright  green,  smooth  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  a  thick  floccose  easily 
detached  pubescence  of  fascicled  hairs,  pale  on  those  of  lower  leaves  and  often  rufous  on 
those  of  up*per  branches,  4'-6'  long  and  3j'-5'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  veins  cov- 
ered below  with  straight  hairs  mixed  with  fascicled  hairs,  and  small  conspicuous  axillary 
tufts;  petioles  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  straight  hairs  mixed  with  fascicled  hairs, 
soon  glabrous,  usually  \\'-\\'  in  length,  those  of  the  leaves  of  weak  branchlets  very  slen- 
der and  often  2'-2|'  long.  Flowers  in  May,  £'-$'  long,  on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in  long- 
branched  mostly  10-15-flowered  cymes  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  straight  white  hairs ; 
peduncle  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  the  free  portion  l'-l  j'  in  length,  its  bract  rounded 
and  unsymmetric  or  acute  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  the  midrib  more  or  less  thickly 
covered  on  the  lower  side  with  straight  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous,  3^'-5'  long  and  1'  wide, 
decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  or  to  within  1'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  narrow, 
acute,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  about  one-third  as  long 
as  the  lanceolate  acuminate  petals;  staminodia  spatulate,  rounded  and  often  lobed  at  apex, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  style  slightly  villose  at  base.  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
globose  or  depressed-globose,  covered  with  rusty  tomentum,  about  f '  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-24'  in  diameter,  heavy  branches  forming  a 
broad  round-topped  head,  and  stout  red-brown  branchlets  sometimes  glabrous  in  early 
summer  and  sometimes  covered  more  or  less  thickly  during  their  first  and  second  seasons 
with  long  straight  hairs. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  near  Abbeville,  South  Carolina,  to  Shell 
Bluff,  Burke  County,  Georgia;  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Florida. 


TILIACE.E 


745 


13.  Tilia  heterophylla  Vent. 

Leaves  ovate,  obliquely  truncate  or  rarely  slightly  cordate  at  base,  gradually  narrowed 
and  acuminate  at  apex,  finely  dentate  with  apiculate  gland-tipped  teeth,  pubescent  above 
when  they  unfold  with  caducous  fascicled  hairs,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  glabrous 


Fig.  671 

on  the  upper  surface,  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick,  firmly  attached,  white  or  on 
upper  branches  often  brownish  tomentum,  and  usually  furnished  with  small  axillary  tufts 
of  rusty  brown  hairs,  3£'-5£'  long  and  2£'-2f  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  l|'-lf  in 
length.  Flowers  \'  long,  opening  in  early  summer,  on  pedicels  pubescent  with  fascicled 
hairs,  in  wide  mostly  10-20-flowered  pubescent  corymbs;  peduncle  glabrous,  the  free  por- 
tion iV~&'  m  length,  its  bract  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  unsymmetrically  cuneate  at 
base,  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface  when  it  first  appears, 
becoming  glabrous,  4'-6'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  nearly  sessile  or  decurrent  to  within  1|'  of 
the  base  of  the  peduncle:  sepals  acuminate,  pale-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on 
the  inner  surface  and  furnished  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  long  white  hairs;  petals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals;  staminodia  oblong-ovate,  acute,  sometimes 
notched  at  apex;  style  villose  at  base  with  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ellipsoid,  apiculate  at 
apex,  covered  with  rusty  brown  tomentum,  about  £'  long. 

A  large  tree  with  slender,  glabrous,  reddish  or  yellowish  brown  branchlets  and  oblong- 
ovate  slightly  flattened  glabrous  winter-buds  %'-%'  in  length,  the  outer  scales  slightly  cili- 
ate  at  apex.  ' 

Distribution.  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Greenbrier  County,  West  Virginia;  Piedmont 
region  of  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  near  Tallahassee,  Leon  County,  River 
Junction,  Gadsden  County,  and  Rock  Cave,  Jackson  County,  Florida;  near  Selma  and 
Berlin,  Dallas  County,  Alabama;  Vevay,  Switzerland  County,  and  near  the  Ohio  River, 
Jefferson  County,  Indiana;  not  common.  Passing  into  the  var.  amphiloba  Sarg.,  differing 
from  the  type  in  the  fascicled  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  young  leaves  and  in  the  often 
pubescent  branchlets;  woods  in  sandy  soil  near  River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  Florida, 
and  Valley  Head,  DeKalb  County,  Alabama;  and  into  var.  nivca  Sarg.,  differing  from  the 
type  in  the  white  tomentum  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  the  glabrous  styles,  in  the 
tomentum  on  the  lower  side  of  the  floral  bract  when  the  flowers  open,  the  pubescent  gray  or 
pale  reddish  brown  branchlets  and  in  the  puberulous  winter-buds:  deep  woods,  River  Junc- 
tion, Gadsden  County,  Florida.  More  important  is 


746 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Tilia  heterophylla  var.  Michauxii  Sarg. 
Tilia  Michauxii  Nutt. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  abruptly  short-pointed  at  the  broad  apex,  cor- 
date, obliquely  cordate,  or  rarely  obliquely  truncate  at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  with 
apiculate  teeth,  pubescent  above  when  they  unfold  with  caducous  fascicled  hairs,  and 
hoary-tomentose  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  coated  below  with  short  white  or  grayish  white  tomentum,  3^'-6'  long  and  3^'-5' 
wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins  usually  without  axillary  tufts; 
petioles  slender,  sparingly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  \%'-%\'  in  length. 
Flowers  |'  long,  opening  about  the  1st  of  July,  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels  |'  in  length, 
in  wide  long-stemmed  puberulous  cymes;  peduncle  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous,  the  free 
portion  If '-2'  in  length,  its  bract  obovoid,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  3£'-5'  long  and 
\'-\'  ,wide,  decurrent  to  within  |'— f'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, ciliate  on  the  margins,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, \'  long,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovoid, 
rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex;  style  glabrous.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  subglobose, 
rusty-tomentose,  \'-\'  in  diameter. 

A  large  tree  with  slender  glabrous  light  red-brown  branchlets.  Winter-buds  ovoid, 
acute,  slightly  flattened,  red,  about  \'  in  length.  Bark  of  the  trunk  1'  thick,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, reddish  or  grayish  brown  and  covered  with  small  thin  scales. 

Distribution.    Pennsylvania,  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  River  (Lancaster  County)  to 


Fig.  672 

southern  and  western  New  York  and  through  southern  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  to 
northeastern  Missouri  (near  Ilasco,  Rails  County),  and  southward  through  eastern  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee  to  northeastern  Mississippi,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
to  northern  Georgia;  southern  Georgia  (Dougherty  and  Decatur  Counties),  Dallas  County, 
Alabama;  southwestern  Missouri  (Eagle  Rock,  Barry  County),  and  northwestern  Arkansas 
(Eureka  Springs,  Carroll  County,  and  Cotter,  Marion  County). 


TILIACE^E 


747 


14.  Tilia  monticola  Sarg. 
Tilia  heterophylla  Sarg.,  in  part,  not  Vent. 

Leaves  thin,  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  very 
oblique  and  truncate  or  obliquely  cordate  at  base,  finely  serrate  with  straight  or  incurved 
apiculate  teeth,  smooth,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  thickly  coated  on 
the  lower  surface  with  hoary  tomentum,  4 '-7'  long  and  3'-5'  wide;  petioles  slender,  glabrous, 


Fig.  673 

l|'-3'  in  length.  Flowers  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  July,  f '-|'  long,  on  stout  sparingly 
pubescent  pedicels,  in  mostly  7-10-flowered  thin-branched  glabrous  cymes;  peduncle 
slender,  glabrous,  the  free  portion  l$'-lf  in  length,  its  bract  gradually  narrowed  and  cu- 
neate  or  rounded  at  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  glabrous,  4'-5|'  long  and  £'-!' 
wide,  decurrent  to  within  •%?'-%'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  short  pale  pubescence  and  with  silky 
white  hairs  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals; 
staminodia  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as 
the  petals;  style  clothed  at  the  base  with  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  covered  with  pale  rusty  tomentum,  \'-\'  long  and  about  |'  in  diameter. 

A  tree  rarely  exceeding  60°  in  height  with  a  trunk  3°-4j°  in  diameter,  slender  branches 
forming  a  narrow  rather  pyramidal  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  usually  bright  red 
during  their  first  year,  becoming  brown  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds  compressed, 
ovoid,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  light  red,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  \'-\'  long. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  f '  in  thickness,  deeply  furrowed,  the  surface  broken  into  small  thin  light 
brown  scales. 

Distribution.  Appalachian  Mountains  at  altitudes  usually  from  2500°-3000°,  Farmer 
Mountain,  on  New  River,  Connell  County,  Virginia,  to  Johnson  City,  Washington  County. 
Tennessee,  and  to  Highlands,  Macon  County,  North  Carolina. 

15.  Tilia  georgiana  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  short-pointed  at  apex,  slightly  unsymmetric  and  usually  cordate 
on  lateral  branches  and  often  oblique  or  truncate  on  leading  branches  at  base,  and  finely 
dentate  with  glandular  teeth  pointing  forward,  when  they  unfold  deeply  tinged  with  red, 
covered  above  by  fascicled  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of 
June  dark  yellow-green,  dull  and  scabrate  above  and  covered  below  with  a  thick  coat  of 
tomentum,  pale  on  those  of  lower  branches  and  tinged  with  brown  on  those  from  the  top 


748 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


of  the  tree,  and  conspicuously  reticulate- venulose,  and  at  maturity  thick,  dull  yellow- 
green,  pubescent  or  glabrous  above,  rusty  or  pale  tomentose  below,  sometimes  becoming 


Fig.  674 

nearly  glabrous  in  the  autumn,  2|'-4'  long  and  2'-3'  wide;  petioles  slender,  tomentose, 
l'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  |'-f '  long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  compact  slender- 
branched  pubescent  mostly  10-15-flowered  corymbs;  peduncle  slender,  densely  pubes- 
cent, the  free  portion  l'-l£'  in  length,  its  bract  oblong  to  obovate,  rounded  at  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  2|'-4'  long  and 
2'~H'  wide,  decurrent  to  the  base  or  to  within  1'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  pubescence  and  on  the  inner 
surface  with  pale  hairs  longest  and  most  abundant  at  the  base,  not  more  than  one-half  the 
length  of  the  lanceolate  acuminate  narrow  petals;  staminodia  oblong-obovate  to  spatu- 
late,  acute,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  petals;  style  glabrous  or  furnished  with  a  few 
hairs  at  the  very  base.  Fruit  ripens  early  in  September  on  pubescent  pedicels,  depressed- 
globose,  occasionally  slightly  grooved  and  ridged,  covered  w7ith  thick  rusty  tomentum,  \'- 
|'  in  diameter. 

A  small  tree,  with  slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  during  their  first  season  with  pale 
tomentum,  and  dark  red-brown  or  brown  and  puberulous  in  their  second  year.  Winter- 
buds  covered  with  rusty  brown  pubescence,  ¥~¥  long- 
Distribution.  Coast  of  South  Carolina,  near  Charleston;  Colonel's  Island  near  the  mouths 
of  the  North  Newport  and  Medway  Rivers,  near  Dunham,  Liberty  County,  and  at  Bruns- 
wick, Glynn  County,  Georgia,  to  central  and  western  Florida. 

Tilia  georgiana  var.  crinita  Sarg. 
Tilia  pubescens  Sarg.,  in  part,  not  Vent. 

Differing  in  the  longer  and  more  matted  usually  rusty  brown  hairs  of  the  pubescence, 
usually  less  closely  attached  to  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  and  often  conspicuous  on  the 
young  branches. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  15'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets 
densely  rusty  pubescent  during  their  first  season,  and  during  their  third  year  becoming 
glabrous,  red-brown,  rugose  and  marked  by  occasional  small  lenticels.  Winter-buds  acu- 
minate, dark  reddish  brown  and  covered  with  short  reddish  pubescence.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  !'-• f '  thick,  furrowed  and  divided  into  parallel  ridges,  the  red-brown  surface  broken 
into  short  thick  scales. 

Distribution.     Sandy  wroods  near  Bluffton,  Beaufort  County,  and  in  the  neighborhood 


STERCULIACE.E  749 


Fig.  675 

of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  on  Colonel's  Island  near  the  mouth  of  the  North  New- 
port and  Medway  Rivers,  near  Dunham,  Liberty  County,  Georgia. 

XL.  STERCULIACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  astringent  juice,  mucilaginous  bark,  and  alternate  simple 
leaves,  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular;  calyx  of  5  sepals,  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
corolla  0  (in  Fremontia)',  anthers  extorse;  pistil  of  5  united  carpels;  ovary  5-celled;  styles 
united;  ovules  anatropous. 

A  family  of  about  fifty  genera  mostly  confined  to  the  tropics.  Its  most  important  species, 
Theobroma  Cacao  L.,  of  the  West  Indies,  produces  chocolate  from  the  cotyledons.  Firmi- 
ana  simplex  F.  N.  Meyer,  of  this  family  and  a  native  of  southern  China,  is  often  planted  as 
an  ornamental  tree  in  the  southern  states,  where  it  has  sometimes  become  naturalized, 
and  in  California. 

1.  FREMONTIA  Torr. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  stellate  pubescence  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  lobed, 
thick,  prominently  veined,  usually  rufous  on  the  lower  surface,  persistent;  stipules  minute, 
deciduous.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  pedicellate,  subtended  by 
3  or  rarely  5  minute  caducous  bracts;  calyx  subcampanulate,  hypogynous,  deeply  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  petaloid,  yellow,  spreading,  obovate,  often  mucronate, 
1'  long,  the  3  outer  a  little  smaller  than  the  others,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  a 
hairy  cavity  at  the  base  of  tjie  inner  surface;  corolla  0;  stamens  5;  filaments  alternate  with 
the  sepals,  united  to  the  middle  into  a  column;  anthers  oblong-linear,  incurved  at  the  ends, 
2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals;  style 
filiform,  elongated,  terminated  by  an  acute  undivided  stigmatic  point;  ovules  numerous  in 
each  cell,  horizontal.  Fruit  an  ovoid  acuminate  4  or  5-valved  loculicidally  dehiscent  cap- 
sule densely  coated  with  long  matted  hairs,  the  inner  surface  of  the  cells  villose-pubescent. 
Seeds  oval;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  puberulous,  writh  a  small  fleshy  marginal  deciduous 
ariloid  appendage  on  the  chalaza;  embryo  straight,  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons 
oblong,  foliaceous,  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  short  radicle. 

Fremontia,  named  in  honor  of  John  C.  Fremont,  the  distinguished  explorer  of  west- 
ern North  America,  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 


750  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

1.  Fremontia  californica  Torr.     Slippery  Elm. 
Fremontodendron  calif ornicum  Cov.. 

Leaves  usually  3-lobed,  rarely  entire  or  sometimes  5-7-lobed,  1^'  in  diameter;  petioles 
stout,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  July  in  great  profusion  on  short  spur-like 
lateral  branchlets.  Fruit  1'  long;  seeds  very  dark  red-brown,  about  TV  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  stout  rigid  branches  spread- 
ing almost  at  right  angles,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  thickly  coated  when  they  first  appear 
with  rufous  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  red-brown;  more  often  a  low  intri- 


Fig.  676 

cately  branched  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  £'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  the 
dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into  numerous  short  thick  scales.  Wood  hard,  heavy, 
close-grained,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  mu- 
cilaginous inner  bark  is  sometimes  used  domestically  in  poultices. 

Distribution.  Lower  slopes  of  the  California  mountains;  western  base  of  Mt.  Shasta 
to  the  San  Pedro  Martir  Mountains,  Lower  California;  nowhere  common  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  but  of  its  largest  size  on  their  western  foothills;  most  abundant  east  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  in  the  region  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  growing  as  a  low  shrub  and  sometimes  forming 
thickets  several  acres  in  extent. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

XLI.  THEACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
hypogynous;  sepals  and  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  numerous;  anthers  2- 
celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  pistil  of  3-5  united  carpels;  ovary  3-5-celled;  styles 
as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  partly  united.  Fruit  capsular;  embryo  with  large  coty- 
ledons. 

The  Camellia  family  with  eighteen  genera  is  principally  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the 
New  World  and  to  southern  and  eastern  Asia.  Two  genera  are  represented  in  the  flora  of 
the  southern  United  States,  and  of  these  Gordonia  is  arborescent.  Its  most  important 
genus,  Camellia  of  eastern  Asia,  contains  the  Tea  plant,  Camellia  Thea  Link,  and  several 
species  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

1.  GORDONIA  Ell. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  writh  an  acuminate  terminal  bud,  slender  acumi- 
nate naked  axillary  buds,  and  watery  juice.  Leaves  pinnately  veined,  entire  or  crenate, 


THEACE^E  751 

subcoriaceous  and  persistent,  or  thin  and  deciduous.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  long- 
stalked  or  subsessile;  calyx  subtended  by  2-5  caducous  bracts;  sepals  unequal,  rounded, 
concave,  coriaceous,  persistent;  petals  free  or  slightly  united,  obovate,  concave,  white, 
deciduous;  stamens  numerous,  filaments  short,  united  at  base  into  a  fleshy  cup  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them,  or  long  and  inserted  directly  on  the  petals; 
anthers  introrse,  yellow;  ovary  sessile;  style  elongated,  erect,  5-lobed  at  the  stigmatic  apex; 
ovules  4-8  in  each  cell,  pendulous  in  2  series  from  its  inner  angle,  collateral,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  woody  oblong  or  subglobose  5-celled  capsule  loculicidally  5-valved,  with  a  per- 
sistent axis  angled  by  the  projecting  placentas.  Seeds  2-8  in  each  cell  pendulous,  flat, 
without  albumen;  seed-coat  woody,  usually  produced  upward  into  an  oblong  wing;  embryo 
mostly  straight  or  oblique,  with  oblong  flat  or  oblique  cotyledons;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Gordonia  with  sixteen  species  is  confined  to  the  south  Atlantic  states  of  North  America 
and  to  tropical  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  James  Gordon  (1728-1791),  a  well-known  London 
nurseryman. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  long-pedicellate;  filaments  united  into  a  cup;  capsule  ovoid,  the  valves  not  split- 
ting from  the  base;  seeds  winged;  leaves  persistent.  1.  G.  Lasianthus  (C), 

Flowers  subsessile;  filaments  distinct;  capsule  globose,  the  valves  septicidally  splitting  from 
the  base;  seeds  without  wings;  leaves  deciduous.  2.  G.  alatamaha  (C). 

1.  Gordonia  Lasianthus  Ell.    Bay.    Loblolly  Bay. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate 
base,  finely  or  remotely  crenately  serrate,  usually  above  the  middle  only,  dark  green, 
smooth  and  lustrous,  4 '-5'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide,  persistent;  finally  turning  scarlet  and 


Fig.  677 

dropping  irregularly  through  the  year;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  toward  the  apex, 
channeled,  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers  pungently  fragrant,  about  2^'  in  diameter,  expand- 
ing in  July  and  continuing  to  open  successively  during  two  or  three  months,  on  stout  red 
pedicels  thickening  from  below  upward,  2£'-3'  long,  and  usually  furnished  with  3  or  4 
ovate  minute  subfloral  bractlets;  sepals  ovate  to  oval,  ^'long,ciliate  on  the  margins  with 
long  white  hairs,  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  dense  velvety  pale  lustrous  pubes- 
cence; petals  rounded  at  apex,  gradually  contracted  at  base,  silky-puberulent  on  the 
back,  white,  incurved,  \\'-\\'  long  and  1'  broad,  stamens  united  into  a  shallow  fleshy 
deeply  5-lobed  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals; 


752  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ovary  ovoid,  pubescent,  gradually  contracted  into  the  stout  style  persistent  on  the 
fruit.  Fruit  ovoid,  acute,  pubescent,  £'  long,  and  \'  in  diameter,  splitting  to  below  the 
middle;  seeds  winged,  nearly  square,  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  surface  and  rounded 
on  the  outer  surface,  rugose,  dotted  with  small  pale  brown  excrescences,  nearly  Ty  long 
and  half  the  length  of  •  the  thin  membranaceous  oblique  pale  brown  wing  pointed  or  rounded 
at  apex;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed,  nearly  straight;  cotyledons  subcordate, 
foliaceous. 

A  short-lived  tree,  60°-75°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  small 
branches  growing  upward  at  first  and  ultimately  spreading  into  a  narrow  compact  head, 
and  dark  brown  rugose  branchlets  marked  during  several  years  by  the  horizontal  slightly 
obcordate  leaf-scars;  or  rarely  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  \'-\'  long,  and  covered  wTith  pale 
silky  lustrous  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  nearly  1'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  regular 
parallel  rounded  ridges,  their  dark  red-brown  scaly  surface  broken  into  many  irregular 
shallow  furrows.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  durable,  light  red,  with  lighter  col- 
ored sap  wood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  Shallow  swamps  and  moist  depressions  in  Pine-barrens;  southeastern 
Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  and  to 
Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  ranging  to  the  interior  of  the  peninsula  from 
Lake  to  De  Soto  Counties,  and  westward  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  southern  Mississippi; 
most  abundant  in  Georgia  and  east  Florida;  gradually  becoming  less  abundant  westward. 

2.  Gordonia  alatamaha  Sarg.    Franklinia. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  long 
cuneate  base,  remotely  serrate,  usually  above  the  middle  only,  with  small  glandular  teeth, 
bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  5' -6'  long  and 


Fig.  678 

lf-2'  wide;  turning  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  wing-margined 
above,  £'-£'  in  length.  Flowers  3'-3^'  in  diameter,  appearing  about  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember, on  short  stout  pedicels  at  first  pubescent,  finally  glabrous,  from  the  axils  of  crowded 
upper  leaves,  and  marked  by  the  broad  conspicuous  scars  of  2  minute  lateral  subfloral 
pubescent  bractlets;  sepals  nearly  circular,  f '  in  diameter,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  cov- 
ered on  the  outer  surface  with  short  lustrous  silky  pale  hairs;  petals  obovate,  crenulate. 
white,  membranaceous,  I'-lf  long  and  1'  broad,  and  densely  coated  on  the  outer  surface 
with  fine  pubescence;  filaments  distinct,  inserted  on  the  petals;  ovary  conspicuously 


CANELLACE^E  753 

ridged,  pubescent,  truncate,  and  crowned  with  a  slender  deciduous  style  nearly  as  long  as 
the  stamens.  Fruit  globose,  slightly  pubescent,  f '  in  diameter,  the  valves  splitting  nearly 
to  the  middle  and  septicidally  from  the  base  to  the  middle;  seeds  6-8,  or  by  abortion 
fewer  in  each  cell,  closely  packed  together  on  the  whole  length  of  the  thick  axile  pla- 
centa, nearly  \'  long,  angled  by  mutual  pressure,  without  wings. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  stout  slightly  angled  dark  red-brown  branchlets  covered  with 
small  pale  oblong  horizontal  lenticels,  and  conspicuously  marked  by  large  prominent 
obcordate  leaf-scars,  with  a  marginal  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds 
compressed,  reddish  brown,  puberulous,  |'— |'  long.  Bark  of  cultivated  plants  smooth, 
thin,  dark  brown. 

Distribution.  Near  Fort  Barrington  on  the  Altamaha  River,  Georgia;  not  seen  in  a  wild 
state  since  1790,  and  now  only  known  by  cultivated  plants. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  New  York  and 
occasionally  in  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  rarely  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

XLH.  CANELLACE^). 

Trees,  with  pungent  aromatic  bark,  and  alternate  pellucid-punctate  entire  penniveined 
persistent  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  cymose;  sepals  and  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  numerous,  hypogynous,  with  filaments  united  into  a  tube 
inclosing  the  pistil,  and  narrow  extrorse  anthers  adnate  to  the  tube  and  longitudinally 
2-celled;  pistil  of  2-3  united  carpels;  ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  2-5  parietal  placentas;  styles 
thick;  stigmas  2-5-lobed;  ovules  2  or  many.  Fruit  a  berry;  seeds  2  or  several;  seed-coat 
thick,  crustaceous;  embryo  small  in  fleshy  oily  albumen. 

The  Wild  Cinnamon  family  with  five  genera  and  a  few  species  is  confined  to  tropical 
America,  south  Africa  and  Madagascar,  one  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 

1.  CANELLAP.Br. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  bark,  stout  ashy  gray  branchlets  conspicuously  marked  by  large  orbicu- 
lar leaf-scars,  and  minute  buds.  Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  base,  petiolate,  coriaceous.  Flowers  small,  in  many- 
flowered  subcorymbose  terminal  or  subterminal  panicles  of  several  dichotomously  branched 
cymes  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  from  minute  caducous  bracts;  sepals  3,  suborbicular, 
concave,  coriaceous,  erect,  their  margins  ciliate,  persistent;  petals  5,  hypogynous,  in  a  single 
row  on  the  slightly  convex  receptacle,  oblong,  concave,  rounded  at  apex,  fleshy,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  white  or  rose  color;  stamens  about  20,  staminal  tube  crenulate  at  the 
summit  and  slightly  extended  above  the  anthers;  ovary  cylindric  or  oblong-conic,  1- 
celled,  with  2  parietal  placentas;  style  short,  fleshy,  terminating  in  a  2  or  3-lobed  stigma, 
ovules  numerous,  arcuate,  horizontal  or  descending,  attached  by  a  short  funicle,  imper- 
fectly anatropous;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  globose  or  slightly  ovoid,  fleshy,  minutely 
pointed  with  the  base  of  the  persistent  style,  2-4-seeded.  Seeds  reniform,  suspended: 
seed-coat  black  and  shining;  embryo  curved  in  the  copious  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong: 
radicle  next  the  hilum.  ' 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  West  Indian  species,  extending  into  southern  Florida  and 
to  Venezuela. 

The  generic  name  is  from  canefla,  the  diminutive  of  the  Latin  cana  or  canna,  a  cane  or 
reed,  first  applied  to  the  bark  of  some  Old  World  tree  from  the  form  of  a  roll  or  quill  which 
it  assumed  in  drying. 

1.  Canella  Winterana  Gsertn.    Cinnamon  Bark.    White  Wood.    Wild  Cinnamon. 

Leaves  contracted  into  a  short  stout  grooved  petiole,  3^'-5'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide,  bright 
green  and  lustrous.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  opening  in  the  autumn.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing in  March  and  April,  bright  crimson,  soft  and  fleshy,  \'  in  diameter;  seeds  about  fV 
long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  25°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  8 '-10'  in  diameter,  and  slender 


754  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

horizontal  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-headed  top.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
•J'  thick,  light  gray,  broken  on  the  surface  into  numerous  short  thick  scales  rarely  more 
than  2'-3'  long  and  about  twice  as  thick  as  the  pale  yellow  aromatic  inner  bark.  Wood 


Fig.  679 

very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  red-brown,  with  thick  light 
brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bitter  acrid  inner  bark 
is  the  wild  cinnamon  bark  of  commerce.  It  has  a  pleasant  cinnamon-like  odor  and  is  an 
aromatic  stimulant  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  Florida,  region  of  Cape  Sable,  Munroe  County  (Flamingo  [A.  A.  Eaton], 
East  Cape,  Madeira  Hammock),  and  widely  distributed  on  the  southern  keys,  usually 
growing  in  the  shade  of  other  trees;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  many  of  the  Antilles. 

XLIH.  KCEBERLINIACEJE. 

An  intricately  branched  almost  leafless  tree  or  shrub,  with  thin  red-brown  scaly  bark, 
stout  alternate  glabrous  branchlets  covered  with  pale  green  bark  and  terminating  in  a  sharp 
rigid  straight  or  slightly  curved  spine.  Leaves  minute,  early  deciduous,  alternate,  narrow- 
obovate,  rounded  at  apex.  Flowers  perfect,  on  slender  club-shaped  puberulous  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious  deciduous  bracts,  in  short  umbel-like  racemes  below  the 
end  of  the  branches;  calyx  of  3  or  5  minute  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous;  petals 
4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  obovate  or  oblong,  subunguiculate,  white,  much 
longer  than  the  sepals;  disk  0;  stamens  8,  free,  hypogynous,  as  long  as  the  petals;  filaments 
thickened  in  the  middle,  subulate  at  the  ends;  anthers  oval,  attached  on  the  back  near  the 
base,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  ovoid,  2-celled,  contracted  at  base 
into  a  short  stalk  and  above  into  a  simple  subulate  style;  stigma  terminal,  obtuse,  slightly 
emarginate;  ovules  numerous,  adnate  in  several  series  to  the  fleshy  placenta,  horizontal  or 
dependent,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  2-celled  berry,  black  at  maturity,  subglobose,  tipped  with 
the  remnants  of  the  pointed  style;  flesh  thin  and  succulent,  the  cells  1  or  2-seeded  by  abor- 
tion. Seed  vertical,  circinate-cochleate;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  slightly  rugose,  striate: 
albumen  thin;  embryo  annular;  cotyledons  semiterete;  the  radicle  ascending. 

The  family  is  represented  by  a  single  genus. 

1.  KCEBERLINIA  Zucc. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Kreberlinia  with  one  species  is  North  American. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  L.  Koeberlin,  a  German  botanist. 

1.  Kosberlinia  spinosa  Zucc. 

Leaves  not  more  than  £'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  and  June,  about  |'  in  diam- 
eter. Fruit  iV-i'  in  diameter. 


CARICACEvE  755 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  20°-25°high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  sometimes 6°-8°  long  and  afoot 
in  diameter;  more  often  a  low  branching  shrub  forming  impenetrable  thickets  often  of  con- 
siderable extent.  Wood  very  hard,  heavy,  close-grained,  dark  brown  somewhat  streaked 
with  orange,  becoming  almost  black  on  exposure,  with  thin  yellow  or  nearly  white  sapwood 
of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.     Dry  gravelly  mesas  and  foothills;  valleys  of  the  upper  Colorado  River 


Fig.  680 

(Big  Springs,  Howard  County),  and  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  westward  through 
southern  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  through  northern 
Mexico,  and  in  Lower  California  (San  Jorge). 

XLIV.  CARICACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  milky  juice,  and  alternate  long-petiolate  persistent  simple  or 
digitately  compound  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  unisexual  or  perfect,  the  perianth 
of  the  male  and  female  flowers  dissimilar;  stamens  in  two  series,  inserted  on  the  corolla; 
filaments  free;  anthers  introrse.  Fruit  baccate. 

The  Pawpaw  family  with  two  genera  is  tropical  American  and  Mexican,  a  single  repre- 
sentative of  the  family  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 

1.  CARICA  L. 

Short-lived  trees,  with  erect  simple  or  rarely  branched  stems  composed  of  a  thin  shell 
of  soft  fibrous  wood  surrounding  a  large  central  cavity  divided  by  thin  soft  cross  partitions 
at  the  nodes,  and  covered  wijh  thin  green  or  gray  bark  marked  by  the  ring-like  scars  of 
fallen  leaf-stalks,  and  stout  soft  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  simple,  palmately  lobed  or  digitate, 
crowded  toward  the  top  of  the  stem  and  branches,  large,  flaccid,  subpeltately  palmately 
nerved,  and  usually  deeply  and  often  compoundly  lobed.  Flowers  regular,  monoecious 
or  polygamo-dicecious,  white,  yellow,  or  greenish  white,  in  axillary  cymose  panicles,  the 
staminate  elongated,  pedunculate,  and  many-flowered,  the  pistillate  abbreviated  and  few 
or  usually  3-flowered,  generally  unisexual  and  direcious,  occasionally  polygamo-dioscious, 
each  flower  in  the  axil  of  a  minute  ovate  acute  bract;  calyx  minute,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  alter- 
nate with  the  petals;  corolla  of  the  staminate  flower  salverform,  gamopetalous,  the  tube 
elongated,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong  or  linear,  contorted  in  the  bud;  stamens  10;  filaments 
free,  those  of  the  outer  row  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  elongated,  the  others 
alternate  with  them  and  abbreviated;  anthers  2-celled,  erect,  opening  longitudinally,  often 
surmounted  by  their  slightly  elongated  connective;  ovary  rudimentary,  subulate;  pistillate 


756 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


flower,  calyx  minute,  5-lobed,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  polypetalous,  petals  5, 
linear-oblong,  erect,  ultimately  spreading  above  the  middle,  deciduous;  ovary  free,  sessile, 
1-celled  or  more  or  less  spuriously  5-celled;  style  0  or  abbreviated;  stigmas  5,  linear,  radiat- 
ing, dilated  and  subpalmately  lobed  at  apex;  ovules  indefinite,  inserted  in  two  rows  on  the 
placenta,  anatropous,  long-stalked;  micropyle  superior;  raphe  ventral;  hermaphrodite 
flower,  corolla  gamopetalous,  tubular-campanulate,  the  lobes  erect  and  spreading  or  sub- 
reflexed;  stamens  10,  in  2  ranks,  or  5;  ovary  obo void-oblong,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  more  or  less  spuriously  5-celled  below.  Fruit  slightly  5-lobed,'  1-celled  or  more  or 
less  completely  5-celled,  filled  with  soft  pulp,  many-seeded,  that  produced  from  the  herma- 
phrodite flower  long-stalked,  pendulous,  usually  unsymmetric,  gibbous,  and  smaller  than 
that  from  the  pistillate  flower.  Seeds  ovoid,  inclosed  in  membranaceous  silvery  white  sac- 
like  arils,  occasionally  germinating  within  the  fruit;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  closely  invest- 
ing the  membranaceous  inner  coat,  the  outer  coat  becoming  thick,  rugose,  succulent,  and 
ultimately  dry  and  leathery;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate, 
foliaceous,  compressed,  longer  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  pale 
subbasilar  hilum. 

Carica  with  aljput  twenty  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  through  the  West 
Indies  to  southern  Brazil  and  Argentina,  and  from  southern  Mexico  to  Chili.  One  species 
grows  probably  indigenously  in  Florida.  The  milky  juice  of  Carica  contains  papain,  which 
has  the  power  of  digesting  albuminous  substances,  and  the  leaves  are  often  used  in  tropical 
countries  to  make  meat  tender. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  the  Carib  name  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Carica  Papaya  L.    Pawpaw. 

Leaves  ovate  or  orbicular,  deeply  parted  into  5-7  lobes  divided  more  or  less  deeply  into 
acute  lateral  lobes,  these  secondary  divisions  entire  or  rarely  lobed,  the  lowest  lobes  form- 


Fig.  681 

ing  a  deep  basal  sinus,  thin,  flaccid,  yellow-green,  15'-24'  in  diameter,  with  broad  flat 
yellow  or  orange-colored  primary  veins  radiating  from  the  end  of  the  petiole  through  the 
lobes,  and  small  secondary  veins  extending  to  the  point  of  the  lateral  lobes  and  connected 
by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  yellow,  hollow,  enlarged  and  cordate  at 
base,  sometimes  becoming  3°-4°  in  length  before  the  leaves  fall.  Flowers  often  begin- 
ning to  appear  on  plants  only  3°  or  4°  high  and  a  few  months  old,  produced  continuously 
throughout  the  year,  the  staminate  in  clusters  on  slender  spreading  or  pendulous  peduncles 
4'-12'  long,  the  pistillate  in  1-3-flowered  short-stalked  cymes;  staminate  flowers  fragrant, 
filled  with  nectar,  their  corolla  f '-1|'  long,  with  a  slender  tube  and  acute  lobes;  anthers 


CACTACE.E  757 

oblong,  orange-colored,  surmounted  by  the  rounded  thickened  end  of  the  connective,  those 
of  the  inner  row  almost  sessile  and  one  third  larger  than  those  of  the  outer  row,  shorter  than 
their  flattened  filaments  covered,  like  the  connectives,  with  long  slender  white  hairs;  pistil- 
late flowers  about  1'  long,  with  erect  petals,  without  staminodia;  ovary  ovoid,  ivory-white, 
slightly  and  obtusely  5-angled,  1-celled,  and  narrowred  into  a  short  slender  style  crowned 
by  a  pale  green  stigma  divided  to  the  base  into  5  radiating  lobes  dilated  and  3-nerved  at 
apex.  Fruits  hanging  close  together  against  the  stem  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  ob- 
ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  and  obtusely  short-pointed,  yellowish  green  to  bright  orange  color;  in 
southern  Florida  not  more  than  4'  long  and  3'  thick,  and  usually  smaller,  with  a  thick  skin 
closely  adherent  to  the  sweet  insipid  flesh  forming  a  thin  layer  outside  the  central  cavity; 
seeds  full  and  rounded,  about  TV  long;  outer  portion  of  the  seed-coat  rugose  at  first  when 
the  fruit  is  fully  grown  but  still  green,  ivory-white,  very  succulent,  and  usually  separable 
from  the  smooth  paler  chestnut-brown  lustrous  interior  portion,  the  outer  part  turning 
black  as  the  fruit  ripens  and  becoming  adherent  to  the  inner  portion  closely  investing  the 
thin  lustrous  light  red-brown  inner  coat. 

A  short-lived  tree,  in  Florida  attaining  a  height  of  12°-15°,  with  a  trunk  seldom  more 
than  6'  in  diameter;  in  the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  countries  often  twice  as  large, 
with  a  trunk  occasionally  dividing  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches.  Bark  thin, 
light  green,  becoming  gray  toward  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Distribution.  Florida  from  the  southern  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  on  the  west  coast  and 
of  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  to  the  southern  keys,  growing  sparingly  in  rich  hum- 
mocks; common  in  all  the  West  Indian  islands,  in  southern  Mexico,  and  in  the  tropical 
countries  of  South  America;  now  naturalized  in  most  of  the  warm  regions  of  the  world, 
where  it  is  universally  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  most  whole- 
some of  all  tropical  fruits,  and  has  been  much  improved  by  selection. 

XLV.    CACTACEJE. 

Succulent  trees  or  shrubs,  with  copious  watery  juice,  numerous  spines  springing  from 
cushions  of  small  bristles  (areolce),  and  minute  caducous  alternate  leaves,  or  leafless. 
Flowers  large  and  showy,  perfect,  usually  solitary;  calyx  of  numerous  spirally  imbricated 
sepals  forming  a  tube,  those  of  the  inner  series  petal-like;  corolla  of  numerous  imbricated 
petals,  in  many  series;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  very  numerous,  in  several 
series,  with  slender  filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  oblong  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally; pistil  of  several  united  carpels;  ovary  1-celled,  with  several  parietal  placentas; 
styles  united,  terminal;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  placentas;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  numerous,  with  albumen;  cotyledons  foliaceous; 
radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

The  Cactus  family  with  twenty  genera  and  a  very  large  number  of  species  is  most  abun- 
dant in  the  dry  region  adjacent  to  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  with  a 
few  species  ranging  northward  to  the  northern  United  States  and  southward  to  the  West 
Indian  islands,  Brazil,  Peru,  Chili  and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Two  of  the  genera  have 
aiborescent  representatives  in*the  flora  of  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branches  and  stems  columnar,  ribbed,  continuous;  leaves  0;  flower-bearing  and  spine- 
bearing  areolse  distinct;  flowers  close  above  spine-bearing  areolse;  tube  of  the  flower 
elongated;  seeds  dark-colored.  1.  Cereus. 

Branches  jointed,  tuberculate;  leaves  scale-like;  flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areolae 
not  distinct;  tube  of  the  flower  short  and  cup-shaped;  seeds  pale.  2.  Opuntia. 

1.  CEREUS  Haw. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  columnar  ribbed  stems,  and  buds  on  the  back  of  the  ridges  from 
the  axils  of  latent  leaves,  geminate,  superposed,  the  upper  producing  a  branch  or  flower,  the 


758 


TREES  OF    NORTH  AMERICA 


lower  arrested  and  developed  into  a  cluster  of  spines  surrounded  by  an  elevated  cushion  or 
areola  of  chaffy  tomentose  scales.  Flowers  lateral,  elongated,  the  calyx-lobes  forming  an 
elongated  tube,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  adnate  to  the  ovary,  scale-like,  only  their  tips  free, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  free,  elongated;  petals  cohering  by  their  base  with  the  top  of  the 
calyx-tube,  larger  than  its  interior  lobes,  spreading,  recurved;  stamens  numerous;  filaments 
adnate  by  their  base  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  interior  ranks  free,  the  exterior 
united  into  a  tube;  style  filiform,  divided  into  numerous  radiating  linear  branches  stigmatic 
on  the  inner  face;  stalks  of  the  ovules  long  and  slender,  becoming  thick  and  juicy  in  the 
fruit.  Seeds  with  very  thin  albumen;  embryo  straight:  cotyledons  abbreviated,  hooked  at 
apex;  radicle  conic. 

Cereus  with  at  least  two  hundred  species  inhabits  the  dry  southwestern  region  of  North 
America,  the  West  Indies,  tropical  South  America,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Of  the  nu- 
merous species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  only  one  assumes  the  habit 
and  size  of  a  tree.  The  fruit  of  several  species  is  edible,  and  the  ribs  of  the  durable  woody 
frames  of  the  stems  of  the  large  arborescent  species  are  used  for  the  rafters  of  houses  and 
for  fuel.  Many  of  the  species  are  planted  in  warm  dry  countries  in  hedges  to  protect  cul- 
tivated fields,  and  others  are  popular  garden  plants  valued  for  their  beautiful  flowers, 
which  are  sometimes  nocturnal  and  exceedingly  fragrant. 

The  generic  name  relates  to  the  candle-like  form  of  the  stem  of  some  of  the  species. 

1.  Cereus  giganteus  Engelm.    Suwarro. 

Leaves  0.  Flowers  4'-4£'  long  and  2|'  wide,  opening  from  May  to  July  in  great  numbers 
near  the  top  of  the  stem,  each  surrounded  on  the  lower  side  by  the  radial  spines  of  the  cluster 
below  it;  ovary  ovoid,  1'  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  stout  tube  of  the  flower,  and  covered, 


Fig.  682 

like  the  base  of  the  tube,  by  tne  thick  imbricated  green  outer  scale-like  sepals,  with  small 
free  triangular  acute  scarious  mucronate  tips,  furnished  in  their  axils  with  short  tufts  of 
rufous  hairs  and  occasionally  with  clusters  of  chartaceous  spines,  gradually  passing  into  thin 
oblong-ovate  or  obovate  larger  sepals,  mucronate  or  rounded  at  apex  and  closely  imbricated 
in  many  ranks;  petals  25-35,  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  thick  and  fleshy,  creamy 
white,  f  long  and  much  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens,  with  linear  anthers  emarginate 
at  the  ends,  and  filaments  united  for  half  their  length  to  the  walls  of  the  calyx-tube,  those 
of  the  exterior  rows  joined  below  into  a  long  tube,  surrounding  the  stout  columnar  style 
glandular  at  base  and  divided  at  apex  into  12-15  green  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  in  August, 
ovoid  or  slightly  obovoid,  2^'  long  and  l£'  wide,  truncate  and  covered  at  apex  by  the  de- 
pressed pale  scar  left  by  the  falling  of  the  flower,  light  red  at  maturity,  separating  into  3  or  4 


CACTACEJB  759 

fleshy  valves  bright  red  on  their  inner  surface  and  inclosing  the  bright  scarlet  juicy  mass 
of  the  enlarged  funiculi  and  innumerable  seeds;  seeds  obovoid,  rounded,  -£'  long,  lustrous, 
dark  chestnut-brown. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  thickest  below  the  middle 
and  tapering  gradually  toward  the  ends,  marked  by  transverse  superficial  lines  into  rings 
4'-8'  long,  representing  the  amount  of  annual  longitudinal  growth,  8-12-ribbed  at  base 
with  obtuse  ribs  4 '-5'  broad,  and  at  summit  18-20-ribbed  with  obtuse  deep  compressed  ribs, 
branchless  or  furnished  above  the  middle  with  a  few,  usually  2  or  3,  stout  alternate  or  some- 
times opposite  upright  branches  shorter  but  otherwise  resembling  the  principal  stem  com- 
posed of  a  thick  tough  green  epidermis,  a  fleshy  covering  3' -6'  thick  saturated  with  bitter 
juice,  and  a  circle  of  bundles  of  woody  fibres  making,  with  annual  layers  of  exogenous 
growth,  dense  tough  elastic  columns  placed  opposite  the  depressions  between  the  ribs, 
£'-3'  in  diameter  and  frequently  united  by  branches  growing  at  irregular  intervals  between 
them,  the  woody  frame  remaining  standing  after  the  death  of  the  plant  and  the  decomposi- 
tion of  its  fleshy  covering.  Areolae  pale,  elevated,  about  |'  in  diameter,  bearing  clusters  of 
stout  straight  spines  with  a  large  dark  fulvous  base,  sulcate  or  angled,  tinged  with  red,  with 
thick  stout  spines  in  the  centre  of  each  cluster,  the  4  basal  horizontal  or  slightly  inclined 
downward,  the  lowest  being  the  longest  and  stoutest  and  sometimes  1  \'  long  and  -£$'  thick, 
the  upper  shorter,  more  slender  and  slightly  turned  upward,  with  a  row  of  shorter  and 
thinner  radial  spines  12-16  in  number  surrounding  the  central  group.  Wood  of  the  columns 
strong,  very  light,  rather  coarse-grained,  with  numerous  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and 
light  brown  tinged  with  yellow;  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  ground,  little 
affected  by  the  atmosphere  and  largely  used  for  the  ratters  of  houses,  for  fences,  and  by  In- 
dians for  lances,  bows,  etc.  The  fruit  is  consumed  in  large  quantities  by  Indians. 

Distribution.  Low  rocky  hills  and  dry  mesas  of  the  desert;  valley  of  Bill  Williams  River 
through  central  and  southern  Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro  River  and  to  the 
eastern  border  of  the  Colorado  Desert  between  the  Needles  and  Yuma,  Yuma  County, 
Arizona,  and  southward  in  Sonora. 

2.  OPUNTIA  Adans. 

Trees  or  usually  shrubs,  in  the  arborescent  species  of  the  United  States  with  subcylindric 
or  clavate  articulate  tuberculate  branches,  covered  with  small  sunken  stomata,  and 
containing  tubular  reticulated  woody  skeletons,  and  thick  fleshy  or  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
scale-like,  terete,  subulate,  caducous,  bearing  in  their  axils  oblong  or  circular  cushion-like 
areolae  of  chaffy  or  woolly  scales  terminal  on  the  branches  and  furnished  above  the  middle 
with  many  short  slender  slightly  attached  sharp  barbed  bristles  and  toward  the  base  with 
numerous  stout  barbed  spines  surrounded  in  some  species,  except  at  apex,  by  loose  papery 
sheaths.  Flowers  diurnal,  lateral,  produced  from  areolse  on  branches  of  the  previous  year 
between  the  bristles  and  spines,  sessile,  cup-shaped;  sepals  flat,  erect,  deciduous;  corolla 
rotate;  petals  obovate,  united  at  base,  spreading;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments 
free  or  slightly  united  below;  anthers  oblong;  style  cylindric,  longer  than  the  stamens, 
obclavate  below,  divided  at  apex  into  3-8  elongated  or  lobulate  lobes  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  face.  Fruit  sometimes  proliferous,  covered  by  a  thick  skin,  succulent  and  often  edi- 
ble, or  dry,  pyriform,  globose  or  ellipsoid,  concave  at  apex,  surmounted  by  the  marcescent 
tube  of  the  flower,  tuberculate,  areolate,  or  rarely  glabrous,  truncate  at  base,  with  a  broad 
umbilicus  at  apex.  Seeds  immersed  in  the  pulpy  placentas,  compressed,  discoid,  often 
margined  with  a  bony  raphe;  testa  pale,  bony,  sometimes  marked  by  a  narrow  darker  mar- 
ginal commissure;  embryo  coiled  around  the  copious  or  scanty  albumen;  cotyledons  large; 
radicle  thin,  obtuse. 

Opuntia  with  many  species  is  distributed  from  southern  New  England  southward  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  West  Indies,  and  through  western  North  America  to  Chili, 
Brazil,  and  Argentina,  the  largest  number  of  species  occurring  near  the  boundary  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico.  Of  the  species  of  the  United  States  at  least  three  attain  the 
size  and  habit  of  small  trees.  Cochineal  is  derived  from  a  scale-insect  which  feeds  on  the 


760  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

juices  of  some  of  the  Mexican  species,  and  the  fruit  of  several  species  is  refreshing  and  is  con- 
sumed in  considerable  quantities  in  semitropical  countries.  The  large-growing  species  with 
flat  branches  are  employed  in  many  countries  to  form  hedges  for  the  protection  of  gardens 
and  fields;  and  the  branches  saturated  with  watery  juice  are  sometimes  stripped  of  their 
spines  and  bristles  and  fed  to  cattle. 

Opuntia  is  the  classical  name  of  some  plant  which  grew  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  city 
of  Opus  in  Bceotia. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Tubercles  of  the  branches  full  and  rounded  below  the  areolse. 

Joints  pale  olive  color, easily  separable,  their  tubercles  broad,  mammillate;  spines  yellow; 
flowers  pink;  fruit  proliferous,  usually  spineless,  often  sterile.         1.  O.  fulgida  (H). 
Joints  green  or  purple,  their  tubercles  narrow,  ovoid;  spines  white  to  reddish  brown; 
flowers  purple;  fruit  yellow,  sparingly  spinescent,  rarely  proliferous. 

2.  O.  spinosior  (H). 

Tubercles  of  the  branches  not  full  and  rounded  below  the  areolae;  joints  elongated,  dark 
green  or  purple,  their  tubercles  elongated;  spines  brown  or  reddish  brown;  flowers  green, 
tinted  with  red  or  yellow;  fruit  green,  spinescent,  rarely  proliferous. 

3.  O.  versicolor  (H). 

1.  Opuntia  fulgida  Engelm.    Cholla. 

Leaves  light  green,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acuminate  apex,  |'-1'  long.  Flowers 
appearing  from  June  to  September,  the  earliest  from  tubercles  at  the  end  of  the  branches 
of  the  previous  year  the  others  from  the  terminal  tubercles  of  the  immature  fruit  devel- 
oped from  the  earliest  flowers  of  the  season,  1'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded,  with  ovaries 
nearly  1'  long,  8-10  obtuse  crenulate  sepals,  5  erect  stigmas,  and  8  light  pink  petals,  those 
of  the  outer  ranks  cuneate,  retuse,  crenulate  on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
acute  petals  of  the  inner  ranks,  the  whole  strongly  reflexed  at  maturity.  Fruit  proliferous, 


Fig.  683 

oval,  rounded,  l'-lj'  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  more  or  less  tuberculate,  conspicuously 
marked  by  large  pale  tomentose  areolse  bearing  numerous  small  bristles,  usually  spineless  or 
occasionally  armed  with  small  weak  spines,  hanging  in  pendulous  clusters  usually  of  6  or  7 
and  occasionally  of  40-50  fruits  in  a  cluster,  one  growing  from  the  other  in  continuous  suc- 
cession, the  first  the  largest  and  containing  perfect  seeds,  the  others  frequently  sterile,  dull 
green  when  fully  ripe,  with  dry  flesh,  falling  usually  during  the  first  winter  or  occasionally 
persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  second  season,  and  then  developing  flowers  from  the 
tubercles;  seeds  compressed,  thin,  very  angular,  yV~£'  m  diameter. 


CACTACE^E  761 

A  tree,  with  a  more  or  less  flexuous  trunk  occasionally  12°  in  height  and  sometimes  a  foot 
in  diameter,  a  symmetric  head  of  stout  wide-spreading  branches  and  thick  pendulous  joints 
sometimes  almost  hidden  by  the  long  conspicuous  spines  and  beginning  to  develop  their 
woody  skeletons  during  their  second  or  occasionally  during  their  third  season,  the  terminal 
or  ultimate  joints  ovoid  or  ovoid-cylindric,  tumid,  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  limbs,  pale 
olive  color,  3'-8'  long,  often  2'  in  diameter,  with  broad  ovoid-oblong  tubercles,  f'-f  in 
length.  Areolae  of  pale  straw-colored  tomentum  and  short  slender  pale  bristles,  each  areola 
bearing  at  first  5-15  stout  stellate-spreading  light  yellow  spines  of  nearly  equal  length,  f '- 
1'  long  and  inclosed  in  loose  lustrous  sheaths,  additional  spines  developing  in  succeeding 
years  at  the  upper  margin  of  the  areolae,  the  tubercles  of  old  branches  being  sometimes  fur- 
nished with  from  40-60  spines  persistent  on  the  branches  for  4-6  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
and  of  the  large  limbs  about  J'  thick,  separating  freely  on  the  surface  into  large  thin  loosely 
attached  scales  varying  in  color  from  brown  to  nearly  black  on  the  largest  stems,  and  un- 
armed, the  spines  mostly  falling  with  the  outer  layers  from  branches  3'-4'  thick.  Wood 
of  old  trunks  light,  hard,  pale  yellow,  with  broad  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  well  marked 
layers  of  annual  growth,  and  a  thick  pith. 

Distribution.  Plains  of  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  in  the  adjacent 
region  of  Sonora;  not  rare;  apparently  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  United 
States  on  the  mesas  near  Tucson,  Pima  County,  at  altitudes  between  2000°  and  3000°. 

2.  Opuntia  spinosior  Tourney.    Tassajo. 

Leaves  terete,  tapering  gradually  to  the  setulose  apex,  about  \'  long,  remaining  on  the 
branches  from  four  to  six  weeks.  Flowers  opening  in  April  and  May  and  remaining  open 


Fig.  684 

> 

for  two  or  three  days,  2'-2£'  in. diameter,  with  ovaries  about  1'  long,  obovate  sepals,  broad- 
obovate  dark  purple  petals,  sensitive  red  stamens,  and  a  6-9-parted  stigma.  Fruits 
clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year,  persistent  during  the  winter  and 
occasionally  during  the  following  summer  and  then  sometimes  proliferous,  oval  or  rarely 
globose  or  hemispheric,  frequently  2'  long  and  If  thick,  with  yellow  acrid  flesh  and  20-30 
tubercles  very  prominent  during  the  summer,  nearly  disappearing  as  the  fruit  ripens  and 
enlarges,  leaving  it  marked  only  by  the  small  oval  areolae  covered  with  short  bristles,  and 
bearing  numerous  slender  spines  deciduous  in  December  as  the  fruit  begins  to  turn  yellow; 
seeds  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  or  not  at  all  beaked,  £'-£'  in  diameter,  and  marked  by  linear 
conspicuous  commissures. 

A  tree,  with  an  erect  trunk  occasionally  10°  high  and  5'-10'  in  diameter,  numerous  stout 
spreading  limbs  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  branches  with  joints  4'-12'  long  and^ 


762  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

}'-!'  thick,  covered  with  a  thick  epidermis  varying  from  green  to  purple,  and  usually 
developing  woody  skeletons  during  their  second  season,  their  tubercles  prominent,  com- 
pressed, ovoid,  \'-\'  long.  Areolae  oval,  clothed  with  pale  tomentum  and  short  light  brown 
bristles,  their  spines  5-15  on  the  tubercles  of  young  joints  and  30-50  on  those  of  older 
branches,  and  slender,  white  to  light  reddish  brown,  closely  invested  in  white  glistening 
sheaths,  stellate-spreading,  \'-\'  long,  those  in  the  interior  sometimes  considerably  longer 
than  the  radial  spines.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  of  the  larger  limbs  about  {'  thick,  spineless, 
nearly  black,  broken  into  elongated  ridges,  and  finally  much  roughened  by  numerous 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  pale  reddish  brown,  and  conspicuously  reticu- 
late, with  conspicuous  medullary  rays  and  well  defined  layers  of  annual  growth;  sometimes 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  light  furniture,  canes,  picture-frames,  and  other  small  articles. 
Distribution.  Widely  scattered  over  the  mesas  of  southern  Arizona  south  of  the  Colo- 
rado plateau  and  of  the  adjacent  regions  of  Sonora. 

3.  Opuntia  versicolor  Coult. 

Leaves  terete,  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  spinescent  apex,  \'-\'  long,  persistent  on  the 
branches  from  four  to  six  weeks.  Flowers  opening  in  May,  about  \\'  in  diameter,  with 
ovaries  f  long,  broad-ovate  acute  sepals,  and  narrow  obovate  petals  rounded  above  and 
green  tinged  with  red  or  with  yellow.  Fruit  usually  clavate,  2'-2£'  long,  nearly  l£'  in  di- 
ameter, with  areolae  generally  only  above  the  middle  and  usually  furnished  with  1-3  slender 
reflexed  persistent  spines  about  |'  long,  or  occasionally  spineless,  rarely  nearly  spherical 
and  only  about  £'  in  diameter,  ripening  from  December  to  February,  and  at  maturity  the 
same  color  as  the  joint  on  which  it  grows,  usually  withering,  drying,  and  splitting  open 
on  the  tree,  or  remaining  fleshy  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  the  follow- 
ing s.ummer,  and  sometimes  through  a  second  winter,  or  often  becoming  imbedded  in  the 
end  of  a  more  or  less  elongated  joint;  seeds  irregularly  angled,  with  narrow  commissures. 

A  tree,  with  an  erect  trunk  occasionally  6°-8°  high  and  8'  in  diameter,  numerous  stout 
irregularly  spreading  or  often  upright  branches,  and  cylindric  terminal  joints  generally 


Fig.  685 

6'-12'  but  sometimes  2°  in  length,  |'-1'  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  a  thick  dark  green 
or  purple  epidermis,  marked  by  linear  flattened  tubercles,  their  woody  skeletons  usually 
formed  during  their  second  season.  Areolae  large,  oval,  clothed  with  gray  wool,  generally 
bearing  a  cluster  of  small  bristles,  and  slender  stellate-spreading  brown  or  reddish  brown 
spines,  with  dose  early  deciduous  straw-colored  sheaths,  4-14-  and  on  old  tubercles  20-25  in 
number,  the  inner  1-4  in  number,  usually  deflexed  and  unequal  in  length,  the  longest  about 


RHIZOPHORACE.E  763 

¥  long  and  longer  than  the  radial  spines.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  of  the  large  branches 
smooth,  light  brown  or  purple,  usually  unarmed,  3 '-4'  thick,  finally  separating  into  small 
closely  appressed  black  scales.  Wood  reticulate,  hard,  compact,  light  reddish  brown  and 
rather  lustrous,  with  thin  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  well-defined  layers  of  annual  growth, 
and  thick  pale  or  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Foothills  and  low  mountain  slopes  of  southern  Arizona  and  northern 
Sonora;  very  abundant. 

XLVI.  RHIZOPHORACEJE. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  and  usually  opposite  coriaceous  entire 
persistent  leaves,  with  interpetiolar  stipules.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  calyx-lobes 
valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and  as  many  as  its 
lobes;  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  a  conspicuous  disk;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  open- 
ing longitudinally;  pistil  of  2-5  united  carpels;  ovary  2-5-celled;  ovules  usually  2  in  each 
cell,  suspended  from  its  apex,  collateral,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  usually  indehiscent,  1-celled  and  1 -seeded. 

The  Mangrove  family  is  tropical,  with  most  of  its  seventeen  genera  confined  to  the  Old 
World. 

1.  RHIZOPHORAL.    Mangrove. 

Trees,  with  pithy  branchlets,  thick  astringent  bark,  and  adventitious  fleshy  roots. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  glabrous,  petiolate;  stipules  elongated,  acuminate, .infolding  the 
bud,  caducous.  Flowers  perfect,  yellow  or  creamy  white,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  bibracteo- 
late,  the  bractlets  united  into  an  involucral  cup,  in  pedunculate  dichotomously  or.  trichoto- 
mously  branched  clusters,  the  base  of  their  branches  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  2  ovate 
.'J-lobed  persistent  bracts,  or  1-flowered ;  calyx  4-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  coriaceous,  ribbed  on 
the  inner  surface  and  thickened  on  the  margins,  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  turbi- 
nate  globose  tube,  reflexed  at  maturity,  persistent;  petals  4,  induplicate  in  the  bud,  alter- 
nate with  and  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk-like  ring  in  the  mouth  of 
the  calyx-tube,  involute  on  the  margins,  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long  pale  hairs,  or 
flat  and  naked,  caducous;  stamens  8-12;  filaments  shorter  0;  anthers  attached  at  the  base, 
introrse,  elongated,  connivent,  areolate;  ovary  partly  inferior,  conic,  2-celled,  contracted 
into  two  subulate  spreading  styles  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  a  conic  coriaceous  berry  sur- 
rounded by  the  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  germinating  embryo. 
Seed  germinating  in  the  fruit  before  falling,  the  apex  surrounded  by  a  thin  albuminous  cup- 
like  aril;  seed-coat  thick  and  fleshy;  embryo  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  albumen;  coty- 
ledons dark  purple;  radicle  elongated,  clavate,  and  when  fully  grown  separating  from  the 
narrow  exserted  woody  tube  inclosing  the  plumule  and  developed  from  the  cotyledons 
after  the  ripening  of  the  fruit. 

Rhizophora  with  three  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  on  the  shores  of  tidal 
marshes  in  the  tropical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  one  specie  reaching  those  of 
southern  Florida.  It  possesses  astringent  properties;  the  bark  has  been  used  in  tan- 
ning leather,  in  dyeing,  and  as  a  febrifuge.  The  wood  is  hard,  durable,  and  dark-col- 
ored. By  means  of  the  aerial  germination  of  its  seeds  and  in  its  power  to  develop  roots 
from  trunks  and  branches,  Rhizophora  is  especially  adapted  to  maintain  itself  on  low  tidal 
shores  and  is  an  important  factor  in  protecting  and  extending  them  into  the  ocean.  Roots 
springing  from  the  stems  at  a  considerable  distance  above  the  ground  and  arching  out  ward 
descend  into  the  water  and  fix  themselves  in  the  mud  beneath,  while  roots  growing  down 
from  the  branches  enter  the  ground  and  gradually  thicken  into  stems.  The  fully  grown 
radicle  ready  to  put  forth  roots  and  leaves,  and  often  10'-12'  long,  is  thicker  and  heavier 
at  the  root  end  than  at  the  other,  and  in  detaching  itself  from  the  cotyledons  and  in  falling 
the  heavy  end  sticks  in  the  mud,  while  the  plumule  at  the  other  end,  held  above  the  shal- 
low surface  of  the  water,  soon  unfolds  its  leaves. 

The  generic  name,  from  /Mfa  and  <}>tpeiv,  was  used  by  early  authors  to  designate  various 
climbing  plants  with  thickened  roots. 


764  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

1.  Rhizophora  Mangle  L. 

Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  dark  green 
and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  3|'-5'  long  and  1'- 
2'  wide,  with  slightly  thickened  margins,  a  broad  midrib,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  persistent 
for  one  or  two  years;  petioles  %f-l%f  in  length;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  1|'  long,  deciduous 
as  the  leaf  unfolds.  Flowers  produced  through  the  year,  1'  in  diameter,  pedicellate,  in 


Fig.  686 


2  or  3-flowered  clusters  on  peduncles  1|'  long  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves;  petals  pale 
yellow,  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long  pale  hairs;  stamens  8  with  villose  filaments. 
Fruit  1'  long,  rusty  brown,  slightly  roughened  by  minute  bosses,  the  hard  woody  thick- 
walled  tube  developed  from  the  cotyledons  protruding  \'-\'  from  its  apex  after  the  germi- 
nation of  the  seed,  covering  the  plumule,  and  holding  the  dark  brown  radicle  marked  with 
occasional  orange-colored  lenticels  and  when  fully  grown  10'-12'  long  and  \'-\'  thick  near 
the  apex. 

A  round-topped  bushy  tree,  with  spreading  branches  usually  15°-20°  high,  forming 
almost  impenetrable  thickets  writh  its  numerous  aerial  roots,  or  occasionally  70°-80°  high, 
with  a  tall  straight  trunk  clear  of  branches  for  more  than  half  its  length,  a  narrow  head,  and 
stout  glabrous  dark  red-brown  branchlets,  becoming  lighter  colored  in  their  second  year 
and  then  conspicuously  marked  by  large  oval  slightly  elevated  leaf -scars.  Bark  of  young 
stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth,  light  reddish  brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  %'-%'  thick, 
and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  the  surface  irregularly  fissured  and  broken  into  thin 
appressed  scales.  Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  strong,  dark  reddish 
brown  streaked  with  lighter  brown,  with  pale  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth ; 
used  for  fuel  and  wharf-piles. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Florida  from  Mosquito  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  and  Cedar  Keys 
on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  keys;  most  abundant  south  of  latitude  29°,  following 
the  coast  with  wide  thickets  and  ascending  the  rivers  for  many  miles;  on  Cape  Sable  and 
the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  sometimes  growing  at  a  little  distance  from  the  coast  on  ground 
not  submerged  by  the  tide,  and  here  attaining  its  largest  size,  with  tall  straight  trunks 
and  few  aerial  roots;  on  Bermuda,  the  Bahamas,  the  Antilles,  the  west  coast  of  Mexico, 
lower  California,  the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  from  Central  America  along  the  northeast 
coast  of  South  America  to  the  limits  of  the  tropics. 

XLVH.  COMBRETACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  juice,  naked  buds,  and  alternate  or  opposite  simple  en- 
tire coriaceous  persistent  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  or  polyg- 


COMBRET  ACE^E  765 

amous;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud;  petals  5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  0;  disk  epigynous;  stamens  5-10,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the 
calyx;  filaments  slender,  filiform,  distinct,  exserted;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  1-celled;  style  slender,  subulate;  stigma  minute,  terminal, 
entire;  ovules  usually  2,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  collateral,  anatropous;  raphe 
ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  often  crowned  with  the  accrescent  calyx. 
Seed  solitary;  albumen  0;  embryo  straight,  with  convolute  cotyledons;  radicle  minute, 
turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Of  the  fifteen  genera  of  this  family,  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  three  have 
arborescent  representatives  in  southern  Florida. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Corolla  0;  leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  persistent;  flowers  in  spikes;  seeds  without  wings.  1.  Bucida. 

Calyx  deciduous;  flowers  in  capitate  heads;  seeds  winged.  2.  Conocarpus. 

Corolla  of  5  petals;  calyx  persistent;  leaves  opposite.  3.  Laguncularia. 

1.  BUCIDA  L. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  terete  often  spinescent  branchlets.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of 
spur-like  lateral  branchlets  much  thickened  and  roughened  by  the  large  elevated  crowded 
leaf-scars,  alternate,  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  slightly  emarginate  or 
minutely  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  coriaceous,  bluish 
green  on  the  upper  surface  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  pubescent  while  young, 
especially  beneath,  and  glabrous  at  maturity  with  the  exception  of  rufous  hairs  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  stout  midrib,  and  on  the  short  stout  petiole.  Flowers  perfect,  green- 
ish white,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  in  lax  elongated 
axillary  clustered  rufous-pubescent  spikes;  calyx-tube  ovoid,  constricted  above  the  ovary, 
the  limb  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  0;  stamens 
10,  in  two  ranks,  inflexed  in  the  bud,  unequal,  5  longer  than  the  others  and  inserted  oppo- 
site the  calyx-lobes  under  the  hairy  5-lobed  disk,  the  others  shorter,  alternate  with  them 
and  inserted  higher  on  the  calyx-tube;  filaments  incurved  near  the  apex;  anthers  minute, 
sagittate;  ovary  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  style  thickened  and  villose  at  the  base; 
ovules  suspended  on  an  elongated  slender  funiculus.  Fruit  ovoid,  conic,  oblique,  and 
more  or  less  falcate,  irregularly  5-angled,  coriaceous,  light  brown,  puberulous  on  the  outer 
surface,  with  thin  membranaceous  flesh  inseparable  from  the  crustaceous  stone  porous 
toward  the  interior.  Seed  ovoid,  acute;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons 
fleshy;  radicle  superior. 

Bucida  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  where  it  is  distributed  from 
southern  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands  through  the  West  Indies  to  Guiana  and  Central 
America. 

The  generic  name  is  from  /Sous,  in  allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  the 
horns  of  an  ox. 

1.  Bucida  Buceras  L.    Black  Olive-tree. 

Leaves  2'-3'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  their  petioles  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in 
Florida  in  April,  \'  long,  on  spikes  l^'-S'  in  length.  Fruit  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  with  a  single  straight  trunk,  or  often  with  a  short  prostrate  stem  2°-3°  in  diame- 
ter, producing  several  straight  upright  secondary  stems  40°-50°  high  and  12'-18'  in  di- 
ameter, stout  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  trunk  and  forming  a 
broad  head,  and  branchlets  clothed  when  they  first  appear  with  short  pale  rufous  pubes- 
cence mostly  persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  and  covered 
with  bark  separating  into  thin  narrow  shreds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  of  the  large  branches 
thick,  gray  tinged  with  orange-brown,  and  broken  into  short  appressed  scales.  Wood 
exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  yellow-brown  sometimes  slightly  streaked 


766  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fig.  687 


with  orange,  with  thick  clear  pale  yellow  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth.     The 
bark  has  been  used  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Florida,  only  on  Elliott's  Key;  widely  distributed  in  brackish  marshes 
through  the  West  Indies  to  the  shores  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Bay  of  Panama. 

2.  CONOCARPUS  L. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  short-petiolate,  narrow- 
ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  gradually  contracted  and  biglandular  at  base,  glabrous  or  seri- 
ceous. Flowers  perfect,  minute,  in  dense  capitate  heads  in  narrow  leafy  terminal  panicles, 
with  acute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  coated  with  pale  hairs,  on  stout  hoary-tomentose 
peduncles  bibracteolate  near  the  middle;  calyx-tube  truncate,  obliquely  compressed  at 
base,  clothed  with  pale  hairs,  the  limb  campanulate,  parted  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  erect,  pubescent  on  the  outer  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous;  petals 
0;  disk  5-lobed,  hairy;  stamens  usually  5,  inserted  in  1  rank,  or  rarely  7  or  8  in  2  ranks; 
anthers  cordate,  minute;  style  thickened  and  villose  at  base.  Fruits  scale-like,  broad- 
obovoid,  pointed,  recurved,  and  covered  at  apex  with  short  pale  hairs,  densely  imbricated 
in  ovoid  reddish  heads;  flesh  coriaceous,  corky,  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings;  stone 
thin-walled,  crustaceous,  inseparable  from  the  flesh.  Seed  irregularly  ovoid;  seed-coat 
membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species  of  tropical  America  and  Africa. 

The  generic  name,  from  X^POS  and  Kapwbs,  is  in  allusion  to  the  cone-like  shape  of  the 
heads  of  fruits. 

1.  Conocarpus  erecta  L.    Buttonwood. 

Leaves  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  when  they  first  appear  or  coated  with 
pale  silky  persistent  pubescence  (var.  sericea,  DC.),  2'-4'  long,  ^'-1|'  wide,  lustrous,  dark 
green  or  pale  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  a  broad  orange-colored 
midrib,  obscure  primary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  broad,  |'  in  length. 
Flowers  produced  throughout  the  year,  in  heads  i'  in  diameter  on  peduncles  \'-\\'  in 
length,  in  panicles  6'-12'  long.  Cone  of  fruit  about  1'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  40°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  20'-30'  in  diameter,  small  branches  forming  a  narrow 
regular  head,  and  slender  branchlets  conspicuously  winged,  light  red-brown,  usually  gla- 
brous, or  silky  pubescent  (var.  sericea,  DC.),  becoming  terete  and  marked  by  large  orbicu- 
lar leaf-scars  in  their  second  year;  or  sometimes  a  low  shrub,  with  semiprostrate  stems. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  divided  by  irregular  reticulating  fissures  into  broad  flat 
ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard, 


COMBRETACE.E 


767 


strong,  close-grained,  dark  yellow-brown,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  about  10 
layers  of  annual  growth;  burning  slowly  like  charcoal  and  highly  valued  for  fuel.     The 


Fig.  688 


bark  is  bitter  and  astringent,  and  has  been  used  in  tanning  leather,  and  in  medicine  as  an 
astringent  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  Low  muddy  tide-water  shores  of  lagoons  and  bays;  Florida,  Cape  Ca- 
naveral and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern  keys;  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Lost  Man's 
River  near  Cape  Sable;  at  its  northern  limits  a  low  shrub;  common  on  the  Bahama 
Islands,  in  the  Antilles,  on  the  shores  of  Central  America  and  tropical  South  America,  on 
the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

3.  LAGUNCULARIA  Gartn. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  pithy  branchlets,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  opposite, 
glabrous,  thick  and  coriaceous,  oblong  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  apex,  marked 
toward  the  margin  with  minute  tubercles;  their  petioles  conspicuously  biglandular.  Flow- 
ers usually  perfect  or  polygamo-moncecious,  minute,  flattened,  greenish  white,  sessile,  in 
simple  terminal  axillary  tomentose  spikes  generally  collected  in  leafy  panicles,  with  ovate 
acute  hoary-tomentose  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  with  5  prominent  ridges 
opposite  the  lobes  of  the  limb  and  5  intermediate  lesser  ridges,  furnished  near  the  middle 
with  2  minute  appendages,  and  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum,  the  limb  urceolate, 
5-parted  to  the  middle,  the  divisions  triangular,  obtuse  or  acute,  erect,  persistent;  disk 
epigynous,  flat,  10-lobed,  the  5  lobes  opposite  the  petals  broader  than  those  opposite  the 
calyx-lobes,  hairy;  petals  5,  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  into  a  short  claw  inserted  on  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx-limb,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  caducous;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  2  ranks; 
anthers  cordate,  apiculate;  ovary  1-celled;  style  short,  crowned  with  a  slightly  2-lobed 
capitate  stigma.  Fruit  10-ribbed,  coriaceous,  hoary-pubescent,  elongated,  obovoid,  flat- 
tened, crowned  with  the  calyx-limb,  unequally  10-ribbed,  the  2  lateral  ribs  produced  into 
narrow  wings,  1-seeded;  flesh  coriaceous,  corky  toward  the  interior,  inseparable  from  the 
thin-walled  crustaceous  stone  dark  red  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface.  Seed  suspended, 
obovoid  or  oblong;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  dark  red;  radicle  elongated,  slightly  longer 
and  nearly  inclosed  by  the  green  cotyledons. 

Laguncularia  consists  of  a  single  species  of  tropical  America  and  Africa. 

The  generic  name  is  from  laguncula,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of  the  fruit 
to  a  flask. 

1.  Laguncularia  racemosa  Gaertn.    Buttonwood.    White  Mangrove. 
Leaves  slightly  tinged  with  red  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  on  the 
upper  and  lighter  green  or  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  li'-2t'  long  and  l'-H'  wide;  petioles 


768 


TREES  OF  XORTH  AMERICA 


red,  \'  in  length.     Flowers  i'  long,  in  hoary-tomentose  spikes  produced  throughout  the 
year  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves  and  l^'-2'  long.     Fruit  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming 
a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  somewhat  angled  at  first, 
often  marked  with  minute  pale  spots  and  dark  red-brown,  becoming  in  their  second  year 
terete,  light  reddish  brown  or  orange  color,  thickened  at  the  nodes,  and  marked  by  con- 
spicuous ovate  leaf-scars;  or  northward  in  Florida  a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  "  thick, 


Fig.  689 


brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  surface  broken  into  long  ridge-like  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  yellowT-brown,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  10- 
12  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  contains  a  large  amount  of  tannic  acid  and  is  some- 
times used  in  tanning  leather,  and  is  astringent  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  Muddy  tidal  shores  of  bays  and  lagoons;  southern  Florida  from  Cape 
Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern  keys;  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida 
on  the  shores  of  Shark  River,  Monroe  County;  common  in  Bermuda,  the  Bahamas,  the  An- 
tilles, tropical  Mexico  and  Central  America,  tropical  South  America  and  western  Africa. 

XLVIII.  MYRTACEJ2. 

Trees  or  shrubs  abounding  in  pungent  aromatic  volatile  oil,  with  minute  scaly  buds. 
Leaves  opposite,  simple,  mostly  entire,  pellucid-punctate,  penniveined,  persistent,  the 
slender  obscure  veins  arcuate  and  united  within  the  thickened  revolute  margins;  stipules 
0.  Flowers  perfect,  regular;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  lid-like 
and  deciduous;  petals  2-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  or  0; 
stamens  very  numerous,  inserted  in  many  ranks  with  the  petals;  filaments  slender,  inflexed 
in  the  bud,  exserted;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  2-4- 
celled;  style  simple,  filiform,  crowned  with  a  minute  stigma;  ovules  numerous  or  2  or  3  in 
each  cell,  attached  on  a  central  placenta,  anatropous  or  semianatropous;  raphe  ventral: 
micropyle  superior.  Fruit  baccate,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  1-4-seeded. 
Seeds  without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous. 

The  Myrtle  family  with  seventy-four  genera  is  chiefly  tropical  and  Australasian,  with 
representatives  in  southern  Europe,  extratropical  Africa,  and  extratropical  South  America. 
Two  genera  are  represented  by  small  trees  in  the  flora  of  southern  Florida.  To  this  fam- 
ily, beside  the  Myrtle,  belong  the  Australian  Eucalypti,  large  and  important  timber-trees 
largely  planted  in  California,  and  the  Guava,  cultivated  in  Florida  for  its  fruit. 


MYRTACE^E 


769 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Calyx  closed  in  the  bud  by  a  lid-like  deciduous  limb;  petals  0.  1.  Calyptranth.es. 

Calyx  4  or  5-lobed  with  persistent  lobes;  petals  4  or  5.  2.  Eugenia. 

1.  CALYPTRANTHES  Sw. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  complanate  in  the 
bud,  penniveined,  petiolate.  Flowers  minute,  in  subterminal  and  axillary  pedunculate 
many-flowered  panicles,  their  primary  and  secondary  branches  often  racemose,  the  ultimate 
branches  cymose ;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  produced  above  the  ovary,  closed  in  the  bud  by  a 
slightly  4  or  5-lobed  lid-like  orbicular  limb,  opening  in  anthesis  by  a  circumscissile  line,  the 
limb  at  first  attached  laterally,  finally  deciduous;  disk  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  petals 
2-5,  minute,  or  0;  ovary  2  or  3-celled;  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell,  collateral,  ascending,  anat- 
ropous.  Fruit  2-4-seeded.  Seed  subglobose  or  short-oblong;  seed-coat  shining;  coty- 
ledons foliaceous,  contortuplicate;  radicle  elongated,  incurved. 

Calyptranthes  with  eighty  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  with  two  species 
reaching  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  from  xaX^Trrpa  and  &v6t),  in  reference  to  the  peculiar  lid-like  limb 
which  closes  the  calyx  before  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  acuminate,  pubescent  below;  petioles  up  to  \'  in  length;  inflorescence  and  young 
branchlets  covered  with  silky  rufous  tomentum.  1.  C.  pallens  (D). 

Leaves  abruptly  pointed  or  obtuse  at  apex,  glabrous;  petioles  not  more  than  \'  in 
length;  inflorescence  and  young  branchlets  glabrous.  2.  C.  Zuzygium  (D). 

1.  Calyptranthes  pallens  Griseb. 
Ckytraculia  Chytraculia  Sudw. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  pellucid-punctate  above,  marked  with  dark  glands  below,  when  they  unfold  pink  or 
light  red  and  covered  with  pale  silky  hairs,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  with  pale  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3'  long 
and  ^'-f'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  orange-colored  beneath;  petioles  stout,  £'— |'  in  length. 


Flowers  sessile,  |'  long,  in  long-stalked  many-flowered  clusters  2^'-3'  long  and  wide,  cov- 
ered like  their  bracts  and  the  flower-buds  with  silky  rufous  pubescence,  with  slender  divari- 


770 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


cate  branches,  the  ultimate  divisions  3-flowered;  petals  0.  Fruit  short-oblong  or  nearly 
globose,  dark  reddish  brown  and  puberulous,  with  thin  dry  flesh;  seeds  short-oblong, 
rounded  at  the  ends. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  3'-4'  in  diameter,  small  branches  forming 
a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  wing-angled  between  the  nodes  and  coated 
with  short  rufous  silky  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  second  or  third  year  terete,  thickened 
at  the  nodes,  light  gray  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  small  thin  scales.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  about  f '  thick,  with  a  generally  smooth  light  gray  or  almost  white  surface  occasion- 
ally separating  into  irregular  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Lake  Worth,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne, 
Dade  County,  and  on  Big  Pine  Key,  Elliott's  Key,  Key  Largo  and  Key  West;  on  the  Ba- 
hama Islands,  on  many  of  the  Antilles  and  in  southern  Mexico. 

2.  Calyptranthes  Zuzygium  Sw. 

Leaves  elliptic,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  into  a  blunt  point  or  obtuse  at  apex, 
cuneate  at  base,  entire,  covered  with  minute  pellucid  dots,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green 


and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  1|'-2|'  long  and  f'-lf 
wide,  with  a  broad  low  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins  arcuate  and  connected  within  the 
slightly  revolute  somewhat  undulate  margins;  petioles  deeply  grooved,  $'-£'  in  length. 
Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  * '--£-'  long,  in  axillary  1-3-branched  few-flowered  axillary 
cymes  f '  long  and  %'  wide,  on  slender  peduncles  I'-l  \'  in  length,  the  ultimate  divisions  of 
the  inflorescence  1-3-flowered;  petals  wanting;  style  rather  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Fruit  about  \r  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'  or  5'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
smooth  pale  gray  bark,  small  branches  and  slender  terete  ascending  ashy  gray  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Paradise  and  Long  Keys  in  the  Everglades,  Dade  County;  on 
the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba,  Jamaica  and  Hayti. 

2.  EUGENIA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  durable  wood  and  scaly  bark.  Flowers  often  large  and  con- 
spicuous, on  short  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  axillary  racemes  or  fascicles  or  dichotomously 
branched  cymes,  with  minute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate,  scarcely 


MYRTACE.E  771 

produced  above  the  ovary,  the  liinb  4  or  rarely  o-lobed;  petals  usually  4,  free  and  spread- 
ing; ovary  2  or  rarely  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  semianatropous.  Fruit  1- 
4-seeded.  Seeds  globose  or  flattened;  seed-coat  membranaceous  or  cartilaginous;  embryo 
thick  and  fleshy;  cotyledons  thick,  more  or  less  conferruminate  into  a  homogeneous  mass; 
radicle  very  short,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Eugenia  with  some  five  hundred  species  is  common  in  all  tropical  regions,  with  eight 
species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  of  these  6  are  small  trees.  Several  species 
are  valued  for  their  stimulant  and  digestive  properties;  some  produce  useful  timber  or 
edible  fruit,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Cloves  are  the 
flower-buds  of  Eugenia  aromatica  Baill.,  a  native  of  the  Molucca  Islands;  and  Eugenia 
Jambos  L.,  the  Rose  Apple,  of  southeastern  Asia,  is  cultivated  in  all  tropical  countries 
as  a  shade-tree  and  for  its  delicately  fragrant  fruit. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  interest  in  botany  and  gardening  taken  by  Prince 
Eugene  of  Savoy,  who  built  the  Belvidere  Palace  near  Vienna  in  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  made  a  collection  of  rare  plants  in  its  gardens. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  fascicles. 

Flowers  in  short  solitary  or  clustered  axillary  racemes. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  short-petiolate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  black,  £'  in  diameter.  1.  E.  buxifolia  (C,  D). 
Leaves  ovate,  contracted  at  apex  into  a  broad  point,  distinctly  petiolate;  fruit  glo- 
bose, black,  \'  in  diameter.  2.  E.  axillaris  (C,  D). 
Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles. 

Leaves  usually  broad-ovate,  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  short  point,  subcoriaceous; 

fruit  subglobose,  rather  broader  than  high,  f'-l'  in  diameter,  becoming  black  at 

maturity.  3.  E.  rhombea  (D). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  long  point,  coriaceous;  fruit  subglobose 

to  obovoid,  \'-\'  long,  bright  scarlet.  4.  E.  confusa  (D). 

Flowers  in  dichotomously  branched  cymes.     (Anamomis.) 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate;  cymes  usually  3-flowered;  flowers  not  more  than  \'  in  diameter; 

fruit  black.  5.  E.  dicrana  (D). 

Leaves  oblong  or  broad-elliptic;  cymes  3-15-flowered;  flowers  up  to  \'  in  diameter;  fruit 

red.  6.  E.  Simpsonii  (D). 

1.  Eugenia  buxifolia  Willd.    Gurgeon  Stopper.    Spanish  Stopper. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  sessile  or  narrowed  into  a  short  thick  petiole, 
occasionally  slightly  and  remotely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  yellow-green  and  marked  with  minute  black  dots  on  the 
lower  surface,  \'-\\'  long  and  about  1'  wide,  with  a  narrow  conspicuous  midrib;  usually 
unfolding  in  November  and  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  their  second  winter, 
and  often  turning  red  or  partly  red  before  falling.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  from  mid- 
summer until  early  autumn,  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  thick  pedicels,  in  short  rufous-pubes- 
cent racemes  clustered  in  the  axils  of  old  or  fallen  leaves,  with  minute  lanceolate  acute  per- 
sistent bracts,  and  broad-ovate  acute  bractlets  immediately  below  the  flowers;  calyx 
glandular-punctate,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  4  ovate  rounded  lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  4  ovate  white  petals  rounded  at  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  glandular- 
punctate.  Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  black,  glandular-roughened,  crowned  with 
the  large  calyx-lobes,  usually  1-seeded,  and  about  \'  in  diameter,  with  thin  aromatic  flesh; 
seeds  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  pale  brown  lustrous  cartilaginous  coat  and  a  pale  olive- 
green  embryo. 

A  shrubby  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in 
diameter,  small  mostly  erect  branches,  and  terete  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
rufous  pubescence,  becoming  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  ashy  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red, 


772  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

and  often  more  or  less  twisted  or  contorted.     Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  |'  thick, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  into  small  thick  square  scales.     Wood  very  heavy, 


Fig.  692 

exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  brown  shaded  with  red,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual  growth;  sometimes  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west  coast 
from  the  banks  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  to  Cape  Sable;  one  of  the  commonest  plants 
on  the  keys,  forming  on  coral  rock  a  large  part  of  the  shrubby  second  growth  now  occupying 
ground  from  which  the  original  forest  has  been  removed;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on 
several  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  Eugenia  axillaris  Willd.    Stopper.    White  Stopper. 

Leaves  ovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  short  wide  point,  rounded 
at  the  narrowed  base,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and 


Fig.  693 

covered  with  minute  black  dots  on  the  lower  surface,  lf-2^'  long  and  \f  wide,  with  a 
broad  midrib  deeply  impressed  above;  petioles  stout,  slightly  winged,  about  %'  in  length. 


MYRTACE^E  773 

Flowers  appearing  at  midsummer,  about  £'  in  diameter,  in  short  axillary  racemes,  on  stout 
pedicels  ^ '-%'  long,  covered  with  pale  white  hairs,  and  furnished  near  the  middle  or  toward 
the  apex  with  2  acute  minute  persistent  bractlets;  calyx  glandular-punctate,  covered  on 
the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  4-lobed,  with  ovate  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  4  ovate 
glandular  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  succession  from  November  to  April,  globose, 
black,  glandular-punctate,  usually  1-seeded,  \'  in  diameter,  edible,  rather  juicy,  with  a 
sweet  agreeable  flavor;  seeds  subglobose,  |'  in  diameter,  with  a  pale  brown  chartaceous 
coat,  and  light  olive-green  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  branches,  and 
terete  stout  rigid  ashy  gray  branchlets  often  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with 
small  wart-like  excrescences;  or  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  a  low  shrub.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick  and  divided  by  irregular  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  finally 
separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  light  brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
very  close-grained,  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  5-6 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  the  St.  John's  River  to  the  southern  keys;  nowhere 
common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

3.  Eugenia  rhombea  Kr.  &  Urb.    Stopper. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  narrowed  into  a  broad  point  rounded  at  apex,  and  abruptly  or  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  when  they  unfold  thin  and  light  red,  and  at  maturity 


subcoriaceous,  conspicuously^  marked  with  black  dots,  olive-green  on  the  upper  surface  and 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-2f  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  a  narrow  midrib;  unfolding  in 
Florida  in  May;  petioles  narrow-winged,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  appear- 
ing in  Florida  in  April  or  May  on  slender  glandular  pedicels  \'-\'  long  and  furnished  at 
apex  with  2  lanceolate  acute  persistent  bractlets  ciliate  on  the  margins,  in  sessile  axillary 
many-flowered  clusters;  calyx-tube  much  shorter  than  the  limb  divided  into  4  glandular 
narrow  lobes  rounded  at  apex  and  one  half  the  length  of  the  broad-ovate  rounded  glandular 
white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  from  September  to  November,  f'-l'  in  diameter, 
slightly  glandular-roughened,  orange  color,  with  a  bright  red  cheek  when  fully  grown,  be- 
coming black  at  maturity;  flesh  thin  and  dry;  seeds  almost  globose,  nearly  \'  in  diameter, 
with  a  thick  pale  chestnut-brown  lustrous  coat  and  olive-green  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  branches,  and  slender 
terete  branchlets  at  first  light  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  ashy 
gray  or  almost  white.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  j1^'  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  gray  sur- 


774 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


face  slightly  tinged  with  red.     Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  hardly 
distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Key  West  and  Umbrella  Key;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on 
many  of  the  Antilles. 

4.  Eugenia  confusa  DC.    Red  Stopper. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  abruptly  or  gradually  contracted  into  a  long  narrow  point  rounded 
or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  base,  thin  and  light  red  when  they 
unfold,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and 
marked  with  minute  black  dots  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long  and  5  '— f '  wide,  with  a  thick 
orange-colored  midrib  barely  impressed  above  and  prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles 
stout,  about  \f  in  length.  Flowers  barely  $'  in  diameter,  appearing  in  September  on  slen- 
der pedicels  i'-f  long  and  furnished  near  the  apex  with  2  minute  acute  bractlets,  in  many- 
flowered  axillary  clusters;  calyx  glandular-punctate,  with  4  ovate  acute  lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  4  broad-ovate  rounded  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  March  and  April,  sub- 
globose  to  obovoid,  bright  scarlet,  \'-\'  long,  glandular-roughened,  usually  solitary  and 


Fig.  695 


1-seeded,  with  thin  dry  flesh;  seed  nearly  globose,  about  \r  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  crus- 
taceous  light  brown  lustrous  coat  and  an  olive-green  embryo. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  upright  branches 
forming  a  narrow  compact  head,  and  slender  terete  ashy  gray  branchlets.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  about  |'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  separating  freely  into  small  thin  scales.  Wood 
very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  bright  red-brown,  with  thick  dark- 
colored  sapwood  of  50-60  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  rich  hummocks  near  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne,  Dade  County, 
and  on  Old  Rhodes  and  Elliotts  Keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the 
Antilles. 

5.  Eugenia  dicrana  Berg.    Naked  Wood. 
Anamomis  dichotoma  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  at  apex,  cuneate 
at  base,  chartaceous  when  they  unfold,  becoming  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  covered  with 
minute  black  dots,  l'-lj'  long  and  \'-\'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib;  petioles  stout,  en- 
larged at  base,  coated  at  first  with  silky  hairs,  finally  glabrous.  Flowers  appearing 
in  Florida  in  May,  j'  in  diameter,  in  cymes  produced  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  in  the 
axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  on  slender  peduncles  coated  with  pale  silky  hairs,  sometimes  1- 


MYRTACE^E 


775 


flowered  and  not  longer  than  the  leaves,  more  often  longer  than  the  leaves,  dichotomously 
branched  and  3-flowered,  with  1  flower  at  the  end  of  the  principal  division  in  the  fork  of  its 


branches,  or  occasionally  5-7-flowered  by  the  development  of  peduncles  from  the  axils  of 
the  bracts  of  the  secondary  divisions  of  the  inflorescence,  each  branch  of  the  inflorescence 
furnished  immediately  beneath  the  flower  with  2  lanceolate  acute  bractlets  nearly  as 
long  as  the  calyx-tube;  calyx  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  ovate,  rounded  at  apex  and  much 
shorter  than  the  ovate  acute  glandular-punctate  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  Florida 
in  August,  reddish  brown,  \r  long,  obliquely  oblong,  obovate  or  subglobose,  roughened 
by  minute  glands;  flesh  thin,  rather  dry  and  aromatic;  seeds  reniform,  light  brown, 
exceedingly  fragrant. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  light 
red  and  coated  with  pale  silky  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  in  their 
second  year  and  covered  with  light  or  dark  brown  bark  separating  into  small  thin  scales;  or 
often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  iV~s'  thick,  with  a  smooth 
light  red  or  red-brown  surface  separating  into  minute  thin  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  rocky  woods,  Mosquito  Inlet  to  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  east 
coast,  and  from  the  banks  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  to  the  shores  of  Cape  Romano  on 
the  west  coast,  on  Key  West,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Dade  County; 
on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

6.  Eugenia  Simpsonii  Sarg. 
Anamomis  Simpsonii  Small. 

Leaves  oblong,  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  or  occasionally  emarginate  at  apex, 
cuneate  at  base,  or  broad-elliptic,  silky  pubescent  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  when  they  un- 
fold, soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  paler  and  dull  on  the  lower  surface,  \\'-%  long  and  £'-!'  wide,  with  a  prominent 
midrib  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  obscure  spreading  primary  veins  united  before 
reaching  the  thickened  re  volute  entire  margins  of  the  leaf;  petioles  covered  at  first  with 
snowy  white  tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  slender,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  fragrant,  about 
\'  in  diameter,  sessile  in  lateral  3-15-flowered  cymes  on  slender  finely  appressed-pubescent 
peduncles  longer  or  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves,  their  bractlets  acuminate  and  \' 
long;  calyx-tube  short-obconic,  thickly  covered  with  silky  white  hairs,  the  lobes  rounded  at 
apex,  green,  punctate,  two  of  them  orbicular-reniform,  the  others  orbicular-ovate,  shorter 


776  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

than  the  white  concave,  obovate  to  suborbicular  erose  cilia te  sparingly  punctate  petals. 
Fruit  ellipsoid,  red,  mostly  |'-|'  long;  seed  reniform,  usually  solitary. 


Fig.  697  '; 


A  tree,  occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  15'-16'  in  diameter,  small  erect  and 
spreading  smooth  gray-brown  or  reddish  brown  branches  forming  a  narrowT  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  snowy  white  tomentum, 
soon  glabrous,  and  bright  or  dull  reddish  brown,  and  marked  in  their  second  year  with  the 
nearly  orbicular  elevated  conspicuous  scars  of  fallen  leaves.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin, 
smooth,  reddish,  marked  by  pale  blotches. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Arch  Creek  Hummock  north  of  Little  River,  and  on  Paradise 
and  Long  Keys  in  the  Everglades,  Dade  County. 

XLDL  MELASTOMACE.E. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  with  watery  juice.  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  verticellate,  3-9- 
nerved,  usually  petiolate;  stipules  0.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  usually  showy,  rarely  fra- 
grant, in  terminal  clusters;  calyx  usually  4  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  inserted  on  its  throat,  imbricated  or  convolute 
in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  in  1  series  with  them, 
often  inclined  or  declinate;  anthers  2-celled,  attached  at  the  base,  opening  by  a  terminal 
pore;  ovary  2  or  many-celled;  style  terminal,  simple,  straight  or  declinate;  stigma  capitate, 
simple  or  lobed;  ovules  numerous,  minute,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  in- 
closed in  the  calyx-tube;  seeds  minute;  testa  coriaceous  or  crustaceous;  hilum  lateral  or 
basal;  embryo  without  albumen. 

This  family  with  164  genera  and  a  large  number  of  species  is  chiefly  confined  to  the 
tropics,  and  is  most  abundant  in  those  of  South  America. 

1.  TETRAZYGIA  A.  Rich. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  brancljlets.  Leaves  opposite,  petiolate,  oblong-ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  3-o-nerved,  persistent,  scurfy,  like  the  young 
branchlets,  peduncles  and  calyx-tube.  Flowers  perfect  in  many-flowered  terminal  panicles 
or  corymbs;  calyx-tube  urceolate  or  globose,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  constricted 
above  the  ovary  and  dilated  below  the  apex,  the  lobes  short  or  elongated;  petals  obovate, 
obtuse,  convolute  in  the  bud;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  filaments  subulate; 
anthers  linear-subulate,  erect  or  slightly  recurved,  'attached  at  base,  2-celled,  opening  by 
a  minute  pore  at  apex,  their  connective  not  extended  below  the  cells:  ovary  3-6-celled; 
style  filiform,  curved,  exserted,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  short  sheath  8-10- toothed  at  apex; 
ovules  indefinite,  minute,  sessile  on  an  axile  placenta.  Fruit  a  3  or  4-celled  berry,  crowned 
by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  obpyramidal,  thickened  and 


ARALIACE^E 


777 


incurved  at  apex;  testa  coriaceous,  slightly  pitted;  hilum  basal;  cotyledons  thick;  radicle 
short,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Tetrazygia  with  14  species  is  confined  to  the  West  Indies  and  southern  Florida  where 
one  species  has  been  discovered,  the  only  tree  of  the  great  family  of  the  Melastomacese 
found  in  the  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  from  r^rpa  and  £vyov  in  allusion  to  the  often  4-parted  flowers. 

1.  Tetrazygia  bicolor  Cogn. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  3-nerved, 
entire,  undulate  and  slightly  thickened  on  the  revolute  margins,  dark  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4f  long  and  l'-lf  wide;  petioles  stout,  f'-l'  in 


Fig.  698 


length.  Flowers  appearing  from  March  to  May,  $'  in  diameter,  short-stalked,  in  open 
cymose  panicles;  calyx  urceolate,  4  or  5-lobed*  the  lobes  nearly  obsolete;  petals  4  or  5, 
oblong-obovate,  reflexed  after  anthesis,  white;  ovary  3-celled,  style  surrounded  at  base 
by  a  short  sheath  10-toothed  at  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  late  autumn  or  early  winter, 
oblong  to  ovoid,  conspicuously  constricted  at  apex,  ?'-• |'  in  length  and  \'-^r  in  diameter. 

In  Florida  a  shrub,  or  in  the  dense  woods  of  the  keys  of  the  Everglades  a  slender  tree, 
often  30°  high,  with  an  erect  trunk  3'  o_  4'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  light  gray-brown 
slightly  fissured  bark,  small  spreading  branches  becoming  erect  toward  their  apex  and 
gracefully  drooping  leaves;  or  in  the  sandy  soil  of  open  Pine- woods  often  less  than  3°  in 
height. 

Distribution.  Florida,  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County;  on  the  Bahama  Islands 
and  in  Cuba. 

L.  ARALIACEE. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  watery  juice  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alternate,  compound 
or  simple,  petiolate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  in  racemose  or  panicled  umbels;  parts  of  the 
flower  in  5's:  disk  epigynous;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous; 
raphe  ventral,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  baccate.  Seeds,  with  albumen. 

The  Aralia  family  with  fifty-four  genera  is  chiefly  tropical,  writh  a  few  genera  extending 
beyond  the  tropics  into  the  northern  hemisphere,  especially  into  North  America  and  east- 
ern Asia.  The  widely  distributed  and  largely  extratropical  genus  Aralia  is  represented  by 


778  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

one  arborescent  species  in  the  flora  of  the  United  States.  Hedera,  the  Ivy,  of  this  family, 
is  commonly  cultivated  in  the  temperate  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  some  species  of 
Panax  and  Acanthopanax  from  eastern  Asia  are  found  in  gardens  in  the  northeastern  states. 

1.  ARALIA  L. 

Aromatic  spiny  trees  and  shrubs,  with  stout  pithy  branchlets,  and  thick  fleshy  roots,  or 
bristly  or  glabrous  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  digitate  or  once  or  twice  pinnate,  the  pinnre 
serrulate;  stipules  produced  on  the  expanded  and  clasping  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers 
perfect,  polygamo-monoecious  or  polygamo-dioecious,  on  slender  jointed  pedicels,  small, 
greenish  white;  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  limb  truncate,  repand  or  minutely 
toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  by  their  broad 
base  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute  and  slightly  inflexed  at  apex;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ob- 
long or  rarely  ovoid,  attached  on  the  back,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally; ovary  2-5-celled;  styles  2-5,  in  the  fertile  flower  distinct  and  erect  or  slightly  united 
at  base,  spreading  and  incurved  above  the  middle,  or  incurved  from  the  base  and  some- 
times inflexed  at  apex,  crowned  with  large  capitate  stigmas,  in  the  sterile  flower  short  and 
united.  Fruit  fleshy,  laterally  compressed  or  3-5-angled,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of 
the  style;  nutlets  2-5,  orbicular,  ovoid  or  oblong,  compressed,  crustaceous,  light  reddish 
brown,  1-seeded.  Seed  compressed;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  adnate  to  the  thin  fleshx 
albumen;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong,  as  long  as  the  straight  radicle. 

Aralia  with  forty  species  is  confined  to  North  America  and  Asia. 

The  name  is  of  obscure  meaning. 

1 .  Aralia  spinosa  L.    Hercules'  Club. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  twice  pinnate,  3°-4°  long  and  2^°  wide, 
with  a  stout  light  brown  petiole  18'-20'  in  length,  clasping  the  stem  with  an  enlarged  base 
and  armed  with  slender  prickles,  or  occasionally  unarmed ;  pinna3  unequally  pinnate,  usually 
with  5  or  6  pairs  of  lateral  leaflets  and  a  long-stalked  terminal  leaflet,  and  often  furnished 
at  base  with  a  pinnate  or  simple  leaflet;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  dentate  or  crenate,  cuneate 
or  more  or  less  rounded  at  base,  short-petiolulate,  when  they  unfold  lustrous,  bronze-green, 
and  slightly  pilose  on  the  midrib  and  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green 
above,  pale  beneath,  2'-3'  long  and  1|'  wide,  with  a  thin  midrib  occasionally  furnished  with, 
small  prickles  and  slender  primary  veins  nearly  parallel  with  their  margins;  in  the  autumn 
turning  light  yellow  before  falling;  stipules  acute,  about  1'  long,  at  first  puberulous  on  the 
back  and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Flowers  TV  long,  appearing  at  midsummer  on  long 
slender  pubescent  straw-colored  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  umbels  arranged  in  compound 
panicles,  with  light  brown  puberulous  branches  becoming  purple  in  the  autumn,  forming 
a  terminal  racemose  cluster  3°-4°  long,  and  rising  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  above  the 
spreading  leaves;  bracts  and  bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious,  persistent;  petals  white, 
acute,  inflexed  at  apex:  ovary  often  abortive;  styles  connivent.  Fruit  ripening  in  autumn, 
black,  I'  in  diameter,  globose,  3-5-angled,  crowned  with  the  blackened  styles,  with  thin 
purple  very  juicy  flesh;  seeds  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  iV  long. 

A  tree,  30°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  and 
branchlets  |'-f '  in  diameter,  armed  like  the  branches  and  young  trunks  with  stout  straight 
of  slightly  incurved  orange-colored  scattered  prickles,  and  nearly  encircled  by  the  conspicu- 
ous narrow  leaf-scars  marked  by  a  row  of  prominent  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  light 
orange-colored  in  their  first  season,  lustrous  and  marked  irregularly  with  oblong  pale  lenti- 
cels,  becoming  light  brown  in  their  second  year,  with  bright  green  inner  bark;  more  often 
a  shrub,  with  a  cluster  of  unbranched  stems  6°-20°  tall.  Winter-buds:  terminal  conic, 
blunt  at  apex,  |'-f'  long,  with  thin  chestnut-brown  scales;  axillary  triangular,  flattened, 
about  I'  long  and  broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  about  f '  thick,  and  divided  by 
broad  shallow  fissures  irito  wide  rounded  ridges  irregularly  broken  on  the  surface.  Wood 
close-grained,  light,  soft,  brittle,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood 


NYSSACE.E 


779 


Fig.  699 


of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  of  the  roots  and  the  berries  are  stimulant  and 
diaphoretic,  and  are  sometimes  used  in  medicine  and  in  domestic  practice. 

Distribution.  Deep  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  southern  Pennsylvania 
to  southern  Indiana,  southeastern  Iowa  and  southeastern  Missouri,  and  southward  to 
northern  Florida,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas;  probably  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  foot-hills  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  western 
Europe;  hardy  in  eastern  Massachusetts. 

LI.  NYSSACE.E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  alternate  entire  dentate  or  serrate 
deciduous  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  dioscious,  polygamo-dioecious  or  perfect;  stam- 
inate,  calyx  minute,  5-toothed  or  lobed;  petals  5  or  more,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  0; 
stamens  as  many,  twice  as  many,  or  fewer  than  the  petals,  usually  in  2  series;  filaments 
sometimes  of  2  lengths,  elongated  filiform  or  subulate;  disk  fleshy,  depressed  at  apex;  pistil- 
late flowers,  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  petals  5  or  more,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  ovary 
l-celled  or  6-10-celled;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous; 
micropyle  superior;  disk  epigynous,  pulvinate,  the  apex  depressed  or  convex,  or  0;  style 
subulate,  curved  or  spirally  involute  at  apex,  or  2-parted,  or  conic  and  divided  into  as  many 
stigmatic  lobes  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  subsamaroid,  crowned  with 
the  remnants  of  the  calyx,  l-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  3-5-celled,  the  cells  thin,  4-seeded;  seed 
pendent,  testa  membranaceous  or  thin,  albumen  fleshy;  cotyledons  foliaceous  or  thin;  radi- 
cle cylindric. 

Nyssacese  with  3  genera,  Nyssa  L.,  Camptotheca  Decne.  and  Davidia  Baill.  and  8 
species  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  western  China,  Thibet,  the  Himalayas  and 
the  Mala/  Archipelago. 

1.  NYSSA  L. 

Trees,  with  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  sometimes  remotely  angulate  or 
toothed,  mostly  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  minute, 
greenish  white;  stamina te  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  in 
simple  or  compound  clusters  on  long  axillary  peduncles  bibracteolate  near  the  middle  or  at 
the  apex  or  sometimes  without  bractlets;  calyx  disciform  or  cup-shaped,  the  limb  5-toothed; 
petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  equal  or  unequal,  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  thick,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  the  conspicuous  pulvinate  entire  or  lobed  disk,  erect;  stamens  5-12,  exserted; 


780 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong;  ovary  0;  pistillate  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  2 
or  few-flowered  clusters,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  the  axils  of  conspicuous  bracts  and  furnished 
with  1  or  2  small  lateral  bractlets,  or  solitary  and  surrounded  by  2-4  bractlets;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  sometimes  slightly  urceolate,  the  limb  5-toothed;  petals  small,  thick,  and 
spreading;  stamens  5-10;  filaments  short;  anthers  fertile  or  sterile;  disk  less  developed  than 
in  the  staminate  flower,  depressed  in  the  centre;  ovary  1  or  2-celled;  style  terete,  elongated, 
recurved,  stigmatic  toward  the  apex  or  the  inner  face;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
short-oblong,  fleshy,  urceolate  at  apex;  flesh  thin,  oily,  acidulous;  stone  thick- walled,  bony, 
terete  or  compressed,  ribbed  or  winged,  1  or  rarely  2-celled,  usually  1-seeded.  Seed  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  stone;  seed-coat  pale;  embryo  straight. 

Nyssa  with  six  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States  and  to  southern  and 
eastern  Asia,  where  one  species  is  distributed  from  the  eastern  Himalayas  to  the  island  of 
Java  and  another  occurs  in  central  and  western  China.  The  American  species  produce 
tough  wood,  with  intricately  contorted  and  twisted  grain. 

Nyssa,  the  name  of  a  nymph,  was  given  to  this  genus  from  the  fact  that  one  of  the  species 
grows  in  water. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  2  or  few-flowered  clusters,  their  calyx  disciform;  fruit  blue,  not  more 

than  f '  long;  stone  with  broad  rounded  ribs. 
Stone  indistinctly  ribbed;  leaves  linear-oblong  to  oval  or  obovate. 

1.  N.  sylvatica  (A,  C). 
Stone  prominently  ribbed;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong  or  elliptic. 

2.  N.biflora(C). 
Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  their  calyx  cup-shaped;  fruit  1'  or  more  long. 

Fruit  red;  stone  with  prominent  wings;  leaves  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  usually  obtuse  at 

apex.  3.  N.  ogeche  (C). 

Fruit  purple;  stone  with  acute  ridges;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex. 

4.  N.  aquatica  (A,  C). 

1.  Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.    Tupelo.    Pepperidge.    Sour  Gum. 

Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  lateral  branchlets  or  remote  on  vigorous  shoots,  linear- 
oblong,  lanceolate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  sometimes  contracted  into  a 


Fig.  700 


short  broad  point  at  apex,  cuneate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  base,  entire,  with  slightly 
thickened  margins,  or  rarely  coarsely  dentate,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  rufous  tomen- 
tum,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  or  pubescent  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  and  at 


NYSSACE.E  781 

maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  often  villose  below,  prin- 
cipally along  the  broad  midrib  and  on  the  primary  veins,  2'-o'  long  and  -|'-3'  wide;  turning 
early  in  autumn  bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface  only;  petioles  slender  or  stout,  terete  or 
wing-margined,  ciliate,  i'-l^'  in  length,  and  often  bright  red.  Flowers  appearing  in  early 
spring  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown  on  slender  pubescent  or  tomentose  pedun- 
cles |'-1|'  long,  staminate  in  many-flowered  dense  or  lax  compound  heads,  pistillate  in 
2  to  several-flowered  clusters,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  conspicuous  often  foliaceous  bracts, 
and  furnished  with  2  smaller  acute  hairy  bractlets;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  disciform; 
petals  thick,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  rounded  at  apex,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  early  decidu- 
ous; stamens  exserted  in  the  staminate  flower,  shorter  than  the  petals  in  the  pistillate 
flower;  stigma  stout,  exserted,  reflexed  above  the  middle,  0  in  the  staminate  flower. 
Fruit  ripening  in  October,  1-3  from  each  flower-cluster,  ovoid,  £'-§'  long,  dark  blue,  W7ith 
thin  acrid  flesh;  stone  light  brown,  ovoid,  rounded  at  base,  pointed  at  apex,  terete  or  more 
or  less  flattened,  and  10-12-ribbed,  with  narrow  indistinct  pale  ribs  rounded  on  the  back. 

A  tree,  with  thick  hard  roots  and  few  rootlets,  often  surrounded  by  root-sprouts,  occa- 
sionally 100°  or  rarely  125°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  5°  in  diameter,  numerous  slender 
pendulous  tough  flexible  branches  forming  a  head  sometimes  short,  cylindric  and  flat-topped, 
sometimes  low  and  broad,  or  on  trees  crowded  in  the  forest  narrow,  pyramidal  or  conic, 
and  sometimes  inversely  conic  and  broad  and  flat  at  the  top,  and  branchlets  when  they 
first  appear  light  green  to  orange  color,  and  in  their  first  winter  nearly  glabrous  or  pale  or 
rufous-pubescent,  light  red-brown  marked  by  minute  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  small 
lunate  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  groups  of  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
later  becoming  darker  and  developing  short  stout  spur-like  lateral  branchlets;  generally  in 
the  northern  and  extreme  southern  states  much  smaller,  and  rarely  more  than  50°-60°  tall. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  \'  long,  with  ovate  acute  apiculate  dark  red  puberulous  imbricated 
scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent,  bright-colored  at  maturity,  and  marking  the 
base  of  the  branchlet  with  obscure  ring-like  scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-H'  thick,  light 
brown  often  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  fissured,  the  surface  of  the  ridges  covered  with 
small  irregularly  shaped  scales.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  very  tough,  not  durable,  light 
yellow  or  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  80-100  layers  of  annual 
growrth;  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  rollers  in  glass  factories,  ox-yokes,  wharf -piles,  and 
sometimes  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  in  wet  imperfectly  drained  soil,  and  often  especially 
southward  on  high  wooded  mountain  slopes;  valley  of  the  Kennebec  River,  Maine,  to 
southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan,  southeastern  Missouri  and  eastern  Oklahoma,  and 
southward  to  northern  Florida,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  but  difficult  to  trans- 
plant except  when  very  young.  The  first  tree  in  the  eastern  states  to  assume  autumn 
colors  of  the  leaves. 

»      2.  Nyssa  biflora  Walt. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  oblong,  elliptic  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  occasionally 
rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  gradually  narrowed  base,  and  entire, 
when  they  unfold  silky-villose  above  and  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous, dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  sometimes  glaucous  on 
the  lower  surface,  2'-4'  long  and  f '-!'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  numerous  slender 
veins;  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully 
grown;  staminate  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  loose  clusters  on  slender 
hairy  peduncles  \'-\\'  in  length;  pistillate  in  pairs  on  rather  stouter  peduncles  usually 
about  1'  long;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  disciform;  petals  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at 
apex,  white,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  early  deciduous.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on 
peduncles  V-\\'  in  length,  oval  or  ellipsoid,  dark  blue,  lustrous,  about  \'  long,  with 
acrid  pulp;  stone  oval,  compressed,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  and  prominently  ribbed. 


782 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Fig 


A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  gradually  tapering  upward  from 
a  swollen  and  much  enlarged  base,  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal 
or  round-topped  head,  branchlets  slightly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous, 
bright  reddish  brown  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  the  following  year,  and  nu- 
merous erect  thick  roots  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Winter-buds  acute,  dark 
red-brown,  puberulous,  and  about  |'  long,  the  inner  scales  hoary-tomentose.  Bark  about 
1'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  gray  to  very  dark  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Small  Pine-barren  ponds  of  the  coastal  plain  from  North  Carolina  to 
central  and  eastern  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  western  Louisiana 
(near  Lake  Charles,  Calcasieu  Parish). 

3.  Nyssa  ogeche  Marsh.    Ogeechee  Lime.    Sour  Tupelo. 

Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  rounded  or  rarely  obtuse,  and  apiculate  at  apex, 
gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  or  sometimes  rounded  at  base,  and  entire,  covered  on  the 
lower  surface  when  they  unfold  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  and  on  the  upper  surface  with 
short  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and 
slightly  pilose  above,  pale  below,  4 '-6'  long  and  2'-2^'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib,  9  or  10 
pairs  of  primary  veins  covered  on  the  lowrer  side  with  rufous  pubescence  or  often  nearly 
glabrous,  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  ^'-1'  in  length.  Flowers 
appearing  in  March  and  April;  staminate  in  capitate  clusters  on  slender  hairy  peduncles 
%'  long,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  and  developed  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  scales  of 
the  terminal  bud,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  short  obscurely 
5-toothed  cup-shaped  calyx  and  on  the  oblong  petals  rounded  at  apex;  filaments  longer 
than  the  petals;  anthers  oval  and  conspicuously  tuberculate-roughened;  pistillate  solitary, 
^'  long,  on  short  stout  woolly  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  bud-scales,  and  furnished  at  apex 
with  2  acute  hairy  bractlets;  calyx  coated,  like  the  minute  rounded  spreading  petals,  with 
hoary  tomentum;  stamens  included,  with  short  filaments,  and  small  mostly  fertile  anthers; 
style  stout,  exserted,  reflexed  from  near  the  base.  Fruit  bright  or  dull  red,  on  slender 
tomentose  stems  enlarged  at  apex  and  \'-\'  long,  ripening  in  July  and  August,  and  some- 
times persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves,  oblong  or  obovoid, 
I'-l^r'  in  length,  tipped  with  the  thickened  and  pointed  remnants  of  the  style;  flesh  thick, 
juicy,  very  acid;  stone  oblong,  compressed,  'narrowed  at  the  ends,  rounded  at  base,  acute 
at  apex,  with  walls  produced  into  10  or  12  broad  thin  papery  white  wings,  about  1'  long, 
and  1  or  rarely  2-seeded. 

A  tree,  rarely  60°-70°  high,  with  1  or  several  stems  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they 


NYSSACE^E 


783 


first  appear  with  rufous  tomentum,  light  reddish  brown  or  green  tinged  with  red  and  pu- 
berulous  during  their  first  summer,  turning  gray  or  reddish  brown  in  their  first  winter,  and 
marked  by  large  lunate  or  nearly  triangular  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  groups  of 
fibro- vascular  bundles;  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  clustered  diverging  stems. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  f '  long,  with  ovate  apiculate  imbricated  scales  rounded  on  the  back 
and  clothed  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  at  maturity 


Fig.  702 


ovate-oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  bright  red,  and  ^'-f '  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  I'  thick,  irregularly  fissured,  with  a  dark  brown  surface  broken  into  thick  appressed 
persistent  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  tough,  not  strong,  white,  with  thin  hardly 
distinguishable  sapwood  of  about  10  layers  of  annual  growth.  A  preserve  with  an  agree- 
able subacid  flavor,  known  as  Ogeechee  limes,  is  sometimes  made  from  the  fruit  in  Georgia 
and  South  Carolina.  The  flowers  abound  in  nectar,  and  are  much  visited  by  bees. 

Distribution.  Deep  often  inundated  river  swamps  or  their  borders;  South  Carolina  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  through  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ogeechee  River,  Georgia;  in 
northern  and  in  western  Florida  to  the  mouth  of  the  Choctawhatchee  River  (R.  H.  Harper), 
and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River;  rare  and  local. 

4.  Nyssa  aquatica  Marsh.    Cotton  Gum.    Tupelo  Gum. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate, 
rounded,  or  subcordate  at  base,  entire  or  remotely  and  irregularly  angulate-toothed,  the 
teeth  often  tipped  with  a  long  slender  mucro,  when  they  unfold  light  red  and  coated  below 
and  on  the  petioles  with  pale  tgrnentum  and  pubescent  above,  especially  on  the  broad  thick 
midrib,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  more  or  less  downy-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-7'  long  and  2'-4'  wide,  with 
10-12  pairs  of  primary  veins  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  cross 
veins;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  hairy,  enlarged  at  base,  l|'-2£'  in  length.  Flowers  appear- 
ing in  March  and  April  on  a  long  slender  hairy  peduncle  from  the  axil  of  an  inner  scale  of  the 
terminal  bud;  staminate  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  their  peduncle  furnished  near  the  mid- 
dle and  occasionally  at  apex  with  long  linear  ciliate  bractlets;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  ob- 
scurely 5-toothed,  one  third  as  long  as  the  oblong  erect  petals  rounded  at  apex  and  much 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  solitary,  surrounded  by  2-4  strap-shaped  scarious  cili- 
ate bractlets  often  V  long  and  more  or  less  united  below  into  an  involucral  cup;  calyx-tube 
oblong  and  much  longer  than  the  ovate  minute  spreading  petals;  stamens  included,  with 
small  mostly  fertile  anthers;  style  stout,  tapering,  reflexed  above  the  middle,  and  re  volute 
into  a  close  coil.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  the  autumn,  on  slender  drooping  stalks  3'-4'  in 


784 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


length,  oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  crowned  with  the  pointed  remnants  of  the  style,  dark 
purple,  marked  by  conspicuous  scattered  pale  dots,  and  1'  long,  with  thick  tough  skin  and 
thin  acid  flesh;  stone  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  pointed  at  base,  flattened,  light 


Fig.  703 


brown  or  nearly  white,  and  about  10-ridged,  the  ridges  acute  and  wing-like,  with  thin 
separable  margins,  and  sometimes  united  by  short  intermediate  ridges. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter  above  the  greatly  enlarged  tapering 
base,  comparatively  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or  pyramidal  head, 
stout  pithy  branchlets  dark  red  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum  when  they  first  appear, 
soon  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  in  their  first  winter  light  or  bright  red-brown  and 
marked  by  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  conspicuous  elevated  nearly  orbicular 
leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  large  fibro- vascular  bundles,  and  thick  corky  roots. 
Winter-buds;  terminal  nearly  globose,  with  broad  ovate  light  chestnut-brown  scales 
keeled  on  the  back  and  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent 
and  at  maturity  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  1'  or  more  long,  and 
bright  yellow;  axillary  minute,  obtuse,  nearly  imbedded  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  I'  thick,  dark  brown,  longitudinally  furrowed,  and  roughened  on  the  surface  by 
small  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  light  brown  or 
often  nearly  white,  with  thick  sapwood  sometimes  composed  of  more  than  100  layers  of 
annual  growth;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden-ware,  broom-handles,  and  wooden 
shoes,  and  largely  for  fruit  and  vegetable  boxes.  The  wood  of  the  roots  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed instead  of  cork  for  the  floats  of  nets. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps  inundated  during  a  part  of  every  year;  coast  region  of  the 
Atlantic  states  from  southeastern  Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to 
the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern  and  southeast- 
ern Missouri  to  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash 
River,  Illinois;  of  its  greatest  size  in  the  Cypress-swamps  of  western  Louisiana  and  eastern 
Texas. 

!  LH.  CORNACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  or  opposite  deciduous 
leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious;  calyx  4  or  5-toothed, 
petals  4  or  5;  stamens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  epigynous  disk;  anthers  oblong; 
introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  1  or  2-celled;  ovule  solitary, 
suspended  from  the  interior  angle  of  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous;  micropyle  supe- 
rior. Fruit  drupaceous,  l^or  2-seeded.  Seed  oblong-ovoid;  seed-coat  membranaceous; 


CORNACE.E  785 

embryo  in  copious  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  radicle  terete,  turned  toward  the 
hilum. 

The  widely  distributed  Cornel  family  with  ten  genera,  more  numerous  in  temperate  than 
in  tropical  regions,  has  arborescent  representatives  of  the  genus  Cornus  in  North  America. 

1.  CORNUS  L.    Dogwood. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  astringent  bark,  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  deciduous  leaves  con- 
duplicate  or  involute  in  the  bud.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  white,  greenish  white  or  yellow; 
calyx-tube  minutely  4-toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  disk  pulvinate,  depressed  in 
the  centre,  or  obsolete;  petals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong-ovate,  inserted  on  the  margin 
of  the  disk;  stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  slender,  exserted;  ovary  2- 
celled;  style  exserted,  simple,  columnar,  crowned  writh  a  single  capitate  or  truncate  stigma; 
raphe  dorsal.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong;  flesh  thin  and  succulent;  nut  bony  or  crustaceous, 
2-celled,  2  or  sometimes  1-seeded.  Seed  compressed;  embryo  straight  or  slightly  incurved. 

Cornus  with  nearly  fifty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  three  continents  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  south  of  the  equator  is  represented  in  Peru  by  a  single  species. 
Of  the  sixteen  or  seventeen  species  of  the  United  States  four  are  arborescent.  Cornus  is 
rich  in  tannic  acid,  and  the  bark  and  occasionally  the  leaves  and  unripe  fruit  are  used  as 
tonics,  astringents,  and  febrifuges.  Of  exotic  species,  Cornus  mas,  L.,  is  often  planted  in 
the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  its  edible  fruit  is  used  in  Europe  in  preserves 
and  cordials.  The  wood  of  Cornus  is  hard,  close-grained,  and  durable,  and  is  used  in 
turnery  and  for  charcoal. 

The  generic  name,  from  cornu,  relates  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood  produced  by  plants  of 
this  genus. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  greenish,  in  a  dense  cymose  head  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  corolla-like  invo- 
lucre of  4-6  white  or  rarely  red  scales,  from  terminal  buds  formed  the  previous  sum- 
mer; fruit  ovoid,  bright  red,  rarely  yellow. 

Heads  of  flower-buds  inclosed  by  the  involucre  during  the  winter;  involucral  scales  4, 

obcordate  or  notched  at  apex;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptic.  1.  C.  florida  (A,  C). 

Heads  of  flower-buds  inclosed  only  at  base  by  the  involucre  during  the  winter;  involucral 

scales  4-6,  oblong  to  obovate,  usually  acute  at  apex;  leaves  ovate  or  rarely  obovate. 

2.  C.  NuttalUi  (B,  G). 
Flowers  cream  color,  in  a  flat  cymose  head,  without  involucral  scales,  terminal  on  shoots 

of  the  year;  fruit  subglobose,  white  or  dark  blue. 

Leaves  opposite,  scabrous  above;  fruit  white.  3.  C.  asperifolia  (A,  C). 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  smooth  above;  fruit 

dark  blue  or  rarely  yellow.  4.  C.  alternifolia  (A,  C). 

1.  Cornus  florida  L.    Flowering  Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  dt  rarely  slightly  obovate,  acute  and  often  contracted  into  a 
slender  point  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  remotely  and  obscurely  crenulate- 
toothed  on  the  somewhat  thickened  margins,  and  mostly  clustered  at  the  end  of  the 
branches,  when  they  unfold  pale  and  pubescent  below  and  puberulous  above,  and  at  ma- 
turity thick  and  firm,  bright  green  and  covered  with  minute  appressed  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  or  sometimes  almost  white  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  3'- 
6'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  prominent  light-colored  midrib  deeply  impressed  above,  and 
5  or  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  connected  by  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  in  the  autumn  turning 
bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface,  remaining  pale  on  the  lower  surface;  petioles  grooved, 
\'~y  in  length.  Flowers:  head  of  flower-buds  appearing  during  the  summer  between  the 
upper  pair  of  lateral  leaf-buds,  inclosed  by  4  involucral  scales  remaining  light  brown  and 
more  or  less  covered  with  pale  hairs  during  the  winter,  and  borne  on  a  stout  club-shaped 
puberulous  peduncle  \f  long  or  less  during  the  winter  and  becoming  I'-l^'  in  length;  in- 


786 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


volucral  scales  beginning  to  unfold,  enlarge  and  grow  white  in  early  spring  and  when  the 
flowers  open  in  March  at  the  south  to  May  at  the  north,  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully 
grown,  forming  a  flat  corolla-like  cup  3'-4'  in  diameter,  becoming  at  maturity  obovoid,  1'- 


Fig.  704 

l|'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  below  the  middle  and  notched  at  the  rounded  apex,  reticu- 
late-veined, pure  white,  pink,  or  rarely  bright  red,  deciduous  after  the  fading  of  the  flowers; 
flowers  in  dense  many-flowered  cymose  heads,  in  the  axils  of  broad-ovate  nearly  triangular 
minutely  apiculate  glabrous  light  green  deciduous  bracts,  i'  in  diameter;  calyx  terete, 
slightly  urceolate,  puberulous,  obtusely  4-lobed,  light  green;  corolla-lobes  strap-shaped, 
rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margins,  puberulous  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, reflexed  after  anthesis,  green  tipped  with  yellow;  disk  large  and  orange-colored;  style 
crowned  with  a  truncate  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  ovoid,  crowned  with  the  rem 
nants  of  the  narrow  persistent  calyx  and  with  the  style,  bright  scarlet  or  rarely  yellow  (f . 
xanthocarpa  Rehd.),  lustrous,  \'  long  and  \'  broad,  with  thin  mealy  flesh,  and  a  smooth 
thick-walled  slightly  grooved  stone  acute  at  the  ends,  and  1  or  2-seeded;  seeds  oblong,  pale 
brown. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading 
or  upright  branches,  and  divergent  branchlets  turning  upward  near  the  end,  pale  green  or 
green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  bright  red  or 
yellow-green  during  their  first  winter  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  narrow  ring-like  leaf- 
scars,  later  becoming  light  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red;  frequently  toward  the  northern 
limits  of  its  range  a  much-branched  shrub.  Winter-buds  formed  in  midsummer;  the  ter- 
minal covered  by  2  opposite  acute  pointed  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  joined  below  for 
half  their  length,  and  accompanied  by  2  pairs  of  lateral  buds,  each  covered  by  a  single  scale, 
those  of  the  lower  pair  shedding  their  scales  in  the  autumn  and  remaining  undeveloped. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-j'  thick,  with  a  dark  red-brown  surface  divided  into  quadrangular  or 
many-sided  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  brown  sometimes 
changing  to  shades  of  green  and  red,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual 
growth;  largely  used  in  turnery,  for  the  bearings  of  machinery,  the  hubs  of  small  wheels, 
barrel-hoops,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  occasionally  for  engravers'  blocks. 

Distribution.  Usually  under  the  shade  of  taller  trees  in  rich  well-drained  soil;  southern 
Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan,  southeastern  Kansas  and  eastern  Okla- 
homa, and  southward  to  central  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  on  the 
mountains  of  northern  Mexico;  comparatively  rare  at  the  north;  one  of  the  commonest 
and  most  generally  distributed  inhabitants  of  the  deciduous-leaved  forests  of  the  middle 
and  southern  states,  ranging  from  the  coast  nearly  to  the  summits  of  the  high  Alleghany 


CORNACE^}  787 

Mountains.  Trees  with  rose-colored  or  with  pink  involucral  scales  occasionally  occur  (var. 
rubra  Andre).  A  variety  with  pendulous  branches  is  known  in  gardens  (var.  pendula 
Dipp.);  the  var.  xanthocarpa  near  Oyster  Bay,  Nassau  County,  Long  Island,  New  York, 
and  at  Saluda,  Polk  County,  North  Carolina. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states. 

2.  Cornus  Nuttallii  Aud.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute  and  often  contracted  into  a  short  point  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  at  base,  faintly  crenulate-serrate,  and  generally  clustered  toward  the  end 
of  the  branches,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum  and  puberulous 
above,  and  at  maturity  thin,  bright  green  and  slightly  puberulous,  with  short  appressed 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  and  woolly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  4 '-5'  long  and  If 
-3'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  impressed  above,  and  about  5  pairs  of  slender  primary 
veins  connected  by  remote  reticulate  veinlets;  in  the  autumn  turning  bright  orange  and 
scarlet  before  falling;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  pubescent,  £'-§'  in  length,  with  a  large  clasp- 
ing base.  Flowers:  head  of  flower-buds  appearing  during  the  summer  between  the  upper 
pair  of  lateral  leaf-buds,  surrounded  at  base  but  not  inclosed  by  the  involucral  scales  dur- 
ing the  winter,  hemispheric,  \'  in  diameter,  usually  nodding  on  a  stout  hairy  peduncle  f '-!' 
long;  involucral  scales  becoming  when  the  flowers  open  If -3'  long  and  If -2'  wide,  white 
or  white  tinged  with  pink,  oblong  to  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  and  acute,  acuminate. 


Fig.  705 

or  obtuse,  entire  and  thickened  at  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  gradually  nar- 
rowed below  the  middle  and  conspicuously  8-ribbed,  the  spreading  ribs  united  by  reticulate 
veinlets;  flowers  in  dense  cymose  heads  from  the  axils  of  minute  acuminate  scarious  de- 
ciduous bracts;  calyx  terete,  slightly  urceolate,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  yellow- 
green,  or  light  purple,  with  dark  red-purple  lobes;  petals  strap-shaped,  rounded  at  apex, 
spreading,  somewhat  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  with  thickened  slightly  inflexed  mar- 
gins, yellow-green;  style  crowned  with  a  truncate  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  hi 
dense  spherical  heads  of  30-40  drupes  surrounded  at  base  by  a  ring  of  abortive  pendulous 
ovaries,  f  long,  ovoid,  much  flattened,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  calyx,  bright  red 
or  orange-colored,  with  thin  mealy  flesh,  and  a  thick-walled  1  or  2-seeded  stone  obtuse  at  the 
ends  and  scarcely  grooved;  seeds  oblong,  compressed,  with  a  very  thin  pale  papery  coat. 
A  tree,  40°-60°,  or  exceptionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  small  spread- 
ing branches  forming  an  oblong  conic  or  ultimately  round-topped  head,  and  slender  light 
green  branchlets  coated  while  young  with  pale  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  dark 


788 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


reddish  purple  or  sometimes  green  during  their  first  winter  and  conspicuously  marked  by 
the  elevated  lunate  leaf-scars,  ultimately  becoming  light  brown  or  brown  tinged  with  red. 
Winter-buds  formed  in  July;  the  terminal  acute,  £'  long,  covered  by  2  narrow-ovate  acute 
long-pointed  puberulous  light  green  opposite  scales,  accompanied  by  2  pairs  of  lateral  buds, 
each  covered  by  a  single  scale,  those  of  the  lower  pair  shedding  their  scales  in  the  autumn 
and  remaining  undeveloped,  those  of  the  upper  pair  clothed  with  pale  hairs,  especially 
toward  the  apex,  their  scales  thickening,  turning  dark  purple,  lengthening  in  the  spring  with 
the  inclosed  shoot,  finally  becoming  scarious  and  developing  into  small  leaves,  and  in  fall- 
ing marking  the  base  of  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ab'out  \' 
thick,  brown  tinged  writh  red,  and  divided  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  in  cabinet-making,  for 
mauls  and  the  handles  of  tools. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  well-drained  soil  under  the  shade  of  coniferous  forests; 
valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River  and  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia,  southward 
through  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  coast  ranges  of  California  to  the  San 
Bernardino  Mountains,  and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  southward  up  to 
altitudes  of  4000°-5000°,  of  its  largest  size  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  in  the  Red- 
wood-forests of  northern  California. 

3.  Cornus  asperifolia  Michx.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  slender 
point,  gradually  narrowed  or  rounded  and  cuneate  at  base,  and  slightly  thickened  on  the 


Fig.  706 

undulate  margins,  coated  writh  lustrous  silvery  tomentum  when  they  unfold,  and  nearly 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  May  in  Texas  to  the  middle  of  July 
at  the  north,  and  then  dark  green  and  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs,  and  pale, 
often  glaucous  or  rough-pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  scabrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  with 
a  thin  midrib,  and  4-6  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  parallel  with  their  sides;  petioles 
stout,  grooved,  pubescent,  usually  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers  cream  color,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  loose  broad  or  narrow  often  panicled  pubescent  cymes,  on  peduncles  frequently 
1'  in  length;  calyx  oblong,  cup-shaped,  obscurely  toothed,  covered  with  fine  silky  white 
hairs;  corolla-lobes  narrow-oblong,  acute,  about  \'  long,  and  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open; 
style  thickened  at  apex  into  a  prominent  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  end  of  August 


CORNACE.E 


789 


until  the  end  of  October,  in  loose  spreading  red-stemmed  clusters,  subglobose,  white,  tipped 
with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  about  |'  in  diameter,  with  thin  dry,  bitter  flesh,  and  a  full 
and  rounded  stone  broader  than  high,  somewhat  oblique,  slightly  grooved  on  the  edge,  and 
1  or  2-seeded;  seeds  nearly  3'  long,  with  a  pale  brown  coat. 

A  tree,  sometimes  nearly  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  thin  erect  wand- 
like  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  rather  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked 
by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  light  green  and  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  pale 
red,  lustrous,  and  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  light  reddish  brown  in  their  second 
year,  and  ultimately  light  gray-brown  or  gray;  usually  shrubby.  Winter-buds  acute,  com- 
pressed, pubescent,  sessile,  or  stalked,  about  |'  long,  with  2  pairs  of  opposite  scales,  the 
terminal  bud  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  compressed  lateral  buds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about 
\r  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  interrupted  ridges  broken  into  small 
closely  appressed  dark  red-brown  scales  Wood  close-grained,  hard,  pale  brown,  with 
thick  cream-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Ontario  (Point  Pelee  and  Pelee  Island),  southward 
through  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  to  western  Florida  (Gadsden  and 
Levy  Counties)  and  westward  to  southeastern  South  Dakota,  southeastern  Nebraska, 
central  Kansas,  northwestern  Oklahoma  (near  Alva,  Woods  County)  and  western  Texas 
(Kerr,  Menard  and  Brown  Counties);  probably  only  arborescent  on  the  rich  bottom- 
lands of  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

4.  Cornus  altemifolia  L.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  rarely  opposite,  oval  or 
ovate,  gradually  contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  slender  point,  cuneate  or  occasionally  some- 


what rounded  at  base,  obscurely  crenulate-toothed  on  the  slightly  thickened  and  incurved 
margins,  coated  when  they  unfold  on  the  lower  surface  with  dense  silvery  white  tomentum, 
and  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  thin,  bright  yellow-green,  gla- 
brous or  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  sometimes  nearly  white  and  cov- 
ered with  appressed  hairs  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  2^'-3|'  wide,  with  a  broad 
orange-colored  midrib  slightly  impressed  above,  and  about  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  parallel 
with  their  sides;  in  the  autumn  turning  yellow  or  yellow  and  scarlet;  petioles  slender,  pubes- 
cent, grooved,  1 1'-2'  in  length,  with  an  enlarged  clasping  base.  Flowers  cream  color,  open- 
ing from  the  beginning  of  May  to  the  end  of  June  on  slender  jointed  pedicels  f '-j'  long,  in 
terminal  flat  puberulous  many-flowered  cymes  \\'-2\'  wide,  mostly  on  lateral  branchlets; 
calyx  cup-shaped,  obscurely  toothed;  corolla-lobes  narrow,  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  |'  long, 
reflexed  after  anthesis;  style  enlarged  into  a  prominent  stigma.  Fruit  in  loose  spreading 


790  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

red-stemmed  clusters,  ripening  in  October,  subglobose,  dark  blue-black,  or  rarely  yellow 
(f.  ochrocarpa  Rehd.),  £'  in  diameter,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style  rising  from  the 
bottom  of  a  small  depression,  with  thin  and  bitter  flesh;  and  an  obovoid  nutlet,  pointed  at 
base,  gradually  longitudinally  many-grooved,  thick-walled,  and  1  or  2-seeded ;  seeds  lunate, 
I'  long,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  pale  coat. 

A  flat-topped  tree,  rarely  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  long  slen- 
der alternate  diverging  horizontal  branches,  and  numerous  short  upright  slender  branchlets 
pale  orange-green  or  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  mostly  light  green  or  sometimes 
brown  tinged  with  green  during  their  first  winter,  later  turning  darker  green  and  marked  by 
pale  lunate  leaf-scars  and  small  scattered  pale  lenticels;  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f '  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  smooth  or  divided  by  shallow 
longitudinal  fissures  into  narrow  ridges  irregularly  broken  transversely.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  20-30 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  woodlands,  the  margins  of  the  forest,  and  the  borders  of  streams 
and  swamps,  in  moist  well-drained  soil,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  westward  along 
the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  to  Minne- 
sota, and  southward  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  up  to  altitudes  of  3500°-4000°,  in  northern  Alabama,  southwestern  Geor- 
gia, and  western  Florida  (River  Junction,  Gadsden  County,  T.  G.  Hat  bison). 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states. 

Section  2.  Gamopetalae.    Corolla  of  united  petals  (divided  in  Elliottia  in 
Ericaceae  0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus  In  Oleacece). 

A.  Ovary  superior  (inferior  in  Vaccinium  in  Ericaceae,  partly  inferior  in 
Symplocaceos,  partly  superior  in  Styraceoe) 

LIE.  ERICACEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  simple  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
perfect,  regular;  calyx  4-5-lobed;  corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed  (of  4  petals  in  Elliottia), 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  hypogynous,  mostly  free  from  the  corolla,  as 
many,  or  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores, 
often  a'ppendaged;  ovary  4-10-celled  (inferior  in  Vaccinium);  styles  terminal,  simple, 
stigma  terminal;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle 
superior.  Fruit  capsular,  drupaceous,  or  baccate.  Seeds  with  fleshy  or  horny  albumen, 
embryo  small;  cotyledons  small  and  short. 

The  Heath  family  with  seventy-one  genera  is  widely  distributed  over  the  temperate  and 
tropical  parts  of  the  earth's  surface.  Of  the  twenty-one  genera  found  in  the  United  States 
seven  have  arborescent  representatives. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Ovary  superior. 

Corolla  of  4  petals;  flowers  in  erect  racemose  panicles;  leaves  deciduous.       1.  Elliottia. 
Corolla  gamopetalous,  5-lobed. 
Fruit  capsular. 

Capsule  septicidal,  the  valves  in  opening  separating  from  the  persistent  placentifer- 
ous  axis;  calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  leaves  persistent  (sometimes  decidu- 
ous). 

Flowers  in  terminal  clusters;  corolla  5-lobed;  inflorescence-buds  conic,  covered 
with  closely  imbricated  scales;  leaves  re  volute  on  the  margins. 

2.  Rhododendron. 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  corolla  saucer-shaped,  with  a  short  narrow  tube  and 
10  pouches  below  the  short  limb,  the  anthers  in  the  pouches  in  the  bud:  inflo- 
rescence-buds elongated,  covered  with  loosely  imbricated  scales;  leaves  flat. 

3.  Kalmia. 


ERICACEAE  791 

Capsule  loculicidal,  the  valves  in  opening  bearing  the  partitions  and  separating 
from  the  persistent  placentiferous  axis;  calyx-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Capsule  ovoid-pyramidal;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  of  secund  racemes;  anther- 
cells  opening  longitudinally  from  the  apex  to  the  middle;  leaves  deciduous. 

4.  Oxydendrum. 

Capsule  oblong;  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles;  anthers  opening  below  the  apex  by 
2  oblong  pores;  leaves  persistent.  5.  Lyonia. 

Fruit  drupaceous;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  anthers  bearing  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns 
on  the  back,  each  cell  opening  at  apex  anteriorally  by  a  terminal  pore;  leaves  per- 
sistent. 6.  Arbutus. 
Ovary  inferior;  fruit  baccate;  flowers  axillary,  racemose  or  solitary ;  anther-cells  terminating 
in  tubular  appendages  and  opening  by  terminal  pores.                             7.  Vaccinium. 

1.  ELLIOTTIA  Ell. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  petiolate,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  acute  at  the  ends  or  occasionally  rounded  at 
apex,  entire,  thin,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  villose  below,  particularly  on 
the  thin  yellow  midrib  and  obscure  forked  veins;  deciduous;  petioles  slender  and  flattened, 
with  an  abruptly  enlarged  base  nearly  covering  the  small  axillary  buds.  Flowers  perfect, 
on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  erect  terminal  elongated  racemose  panicles,  with  minute 
acute  scarious  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  short,  tubular,  puberulous,  dark  red- 
brown,  4-toothed,  the  broad  apiculate  teeth  erose  on  the  margins  and  imbricated  in  the 
bud;  petals  4,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  spatulate-linear,  sessile;  stamens  8,  hypogynous,  shorter 
than  the  petals,  filaments  broad,  flattened;  anthers  oblong-ovoid,  the  cells  callous-mu- 
cronate,  free  at  the  apex  of  the  spreading  lobes,  opening  from  above  downward;  disk  much 
thickened,  fleshy;  ovary  sessile,  subglobose,  4-lobed,  4-celled,  concave  at  apex;  style  elon- 
gated, slender,  gradually  enlarged  and  club-shaped  above  and  incurved  at  apex;  stigma 
3-5-lobed,  smaller  than  the  thickened  end  of  the  style;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  at- 
tached on  the  inner  angle  of  a  tumid  piacenta,  ascending,  anatropous.  Fruit  unknown. 

Elliottia  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  the  southern  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  Elliott  (1771-1830),  the  distinguished  botanist 
of  South  Carolina. 

1 .  Elliottia  racemosa  Ell. 

Leaves  3'-4'  long,  l'~H'  wide;  petioles  £'-£'  in  length.  Flowers  about  \'  long,  opening 
from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  June,  in  clusters  7 '-10'  in  length. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  short  ascending  branches  forming 


Fig.  708 


792  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

a  pyramidal  head,  and  erect  branchlets  light  red-brown  and  pilose  when  they  first  appear, 
bright  orange-brown,  lustrous,  and  nearly  glabrous  during  their  first  winter,  and  rough- 
ened by  slightly  raised  oblong-obovate  leaf-scars  with  conspicuous  central  fibro-vascular 
bundle-scars,  becoming  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  during  their  second  season  and 
dark  gray-brown  the  following  year;  or  more  frequently  shrubby.  Winter-buds:  terminal 
broad-ovoid,  acute,  about  f '  long,  with  much  thickened  bright  chestnut-brown  shining 
scales  conspicuously  white-pubescent  near  the  margins  toward  the  apex;  lateral  buds 
smaller,  ovoid,  compressed,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  apex.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  pale 
gray. 

Distribution.  Sandy  woods  in  a  few  isolated  stations  in  the  valley  of  the  Savannah 
River,  near  Augusta,  Richmond  County,  and  in  Burke  and  Bullock  Counties,  Georgia. 

2.  RHODODENDRON  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  branchlets,  terminal  buds  formed  in  summer,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  usually  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  revolute  and  entire  on 
the  margin,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbellate  corymbs  from  buds 
with  numerous  caducous  scales;  calyx  5-parted  or  toothed,  persistent  under  the  fruit, 
corolla  5-10-lobed,  deciduous;  stamens  5  or  10,  rarely  more,  more  or  less  unequal,  ulti- 
mately spreading;  filaments  subulate-filiform,  pilose  at  the  base;  disk  thick  and  fleshy, 
crenately  lobed;  ovary  5-10-celled;  style  slender,  crowned  with  a  capitate  stigma  and  per- 
sistent on  the  fruit;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attached  in  many  series  to  an  axile  2- 
lipped  placenta  projected  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  woody 
many-seeded  capsule.  Seed  scobiform;  seed-coat  loose,  reticulate,  produced  at  the  ends 
beyond  the  nucleus  into  a  short  often  laciniate  appendage;  embryo  minute,  cylindric,  axile 
in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  shorter  than  the  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Rhododendron  with  some  four  or  five  hundred  species  occurs  in  eastern  Thibet,  on  the 
Himalayas,  in  southwestern  China,  the  Malay  peninsula  and  Archipelago,  New  Guinea, 
northern  China  and  Corea,  Japan,  the  mountains  of  central  Europe,  on  the  Caucasus, 
and  in  eastern  and  western  North  America,  the  largest  number  of  species  being  found  in 
southwestern  China  and  on  the  Himalayas.  Of  the  twenty-three  or  twenty-four  North 
American  species  one  only  is  arborescent. 

Rhododendron  possesses  astringent  narcotic  properties.  It  produces  hard  close-grained 
compact  wood  sometimes  used  in  turnery  and  for  fuel.  Many  of  the  species  are  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  large  and  conspicuous  flowers. 

The  generic  name  is  from  pbdov  and  dtvdpov,  the  Rose-tree. 

1.  Rhododendron  maximum  L.     Great  Laurel.    Rose  Bay. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  short- 
pointed  at  apex,  and  narrowed,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  when  they  unfold  covered 
with  a  thick  pale  or  ferrugineous  tomentum  of  gland-tipped  hairs,  and  at  maturity  gla- 
brous, thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  usually  pale  or 
whitish  on  the  lower  surface,  4 '-12'  long  and  1|'-2|''  wide,  with  a  broad  pale  midrib  and 
obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  persistent  for  two  or  three  years;  petioles  stout,  ridged  above, 
rounded  below,  I'-ll'  in  length.  Flowers:  inflorescence-buds  surrounded  at  first  by  sev- 
eral loose  narrow  leaf-like  scales,  and  when  fully  grown  in  September  cone-shaped,  1|' 
long  and  \'  broad,  writh  many  imbricated  ovate  scales  rounded  and  contracted  at  apex  into 
a  long  slender  point,  opening  late  in  June  after  the  shoots  of  the  year  from  buds  in  the 
axils  of  upper  leaves  have  reached  their  full  length;  flowers  on  slender  pink  pedicels  cov- 
ered with  glandular  white  hairs  and  furnished  at  base  with  two  linear  scarious  bractlets, 
from  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  inner  ranks  of  the  inflorescence-bud,  in  16-24-flowered 
umbellate  clusters  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  with  accrescent  scarious  resinous  puberulous  bracts, 
those  of  the  outer  ranks  becoming  1'  long  and  \'  wide,  and  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
bracts  of  the  inner  ranks  contracted  into  a  long  slender  point;  calyx  light  green  and  puber- 
ulous, with  rounded  remote  lobes;  corolla  prominently  5-angled  or  ridged  in  the  bud,  cam- 


ERICACEAE  793 

panulate,  gibbous  on  the  posterior  side,  puberulous  in  the  throat,  light  rose  color,  purplish, 
or  white,  1'  long,  cleft  to  the  middle  into  5  oval  rounded  lobes,  with  conspicuous  central 
veins,  the  upper  lobe  marked  on  the  inner  face  by  a  cluster  of  yellow-green  spots,  and 


Fig.  709 


furnished  on  the  outer  surface  at  the  bottom  of  each  sinus  with  a  conspicuous  dark  red 
gland;  stamens  8-12,  white,  inserted  on  the  bright  green  disk;  filaments  enlarged  and  flat- 
tened at  base,  slightly  bent  inward  above  the  middle,  and  bearded  with  stiff  white  hairs, 
the  4  or  5  short  ones  at  the  back  of  the  flower  for  more  than  half  their  length  and  the  others 
only  near  the  base;  ovary  ovoid,  green,  coated  with  short  glandular  pale  hairs,  crowned 
with  a  long  slender  glabrous  white  declining  style  club-shaped  and  inflexed  at  apex,  and 
terminating  in  a  5-rayed  scarlet  stigma.  Fruit  dark  red-brown,  ovoid,  £'  long,  glandular- 
hispid,  ripening  and  shedding  its  seeds  in  the  autumn,  the  clusters  of  open  capsules  re- 
maining on  the  branches  until  the  following  summer;  seeds  oblong,  flattened,  the  coat 
prolonged  at  the  ends  into  scarious  fringed  appendages. 

A  bushy  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  often  prostrate  trunk  occasionally 
10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  contorted  branches  forming  a  round  head,  and  branchlets  green 
tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  dark  red  or  slightly  ferrugineous  glandular-hispid  hairs 
when  they  first  appear,  dark  green  and  glabrous  in  their  first  winter,  gradually  turning- 
bright  red-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  gray  tinged  with  red,  the  thin  bark 
separating  on  branches  four  or  five  years  old  into  persistent  scales;  more  often  a  broad 
shrub,  with  many  divergent  twisted  steins  10°-12°  high.  Winter-buds:  leaf-buds  conic, 
dark  green,  axillary,  or  terminal  on  barren  shoots,  with  many  closely  imbricated  scales,  those 
of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent,  increasing  in  length  from  the  outer  to  the  inner,  and  at  matu- 
rity \\'  long,  \'  wide,  gradually'narrowed  at  base,  and  terminating  at  apex  in  a  long  slender 
point,  light  green,  glabrous,  closely  held  against  the  shoot  by  a  resinous  exudation  from 
the  glandular  hairs,  and  in  falling  marking  the  branchlet  with  numerous  conspicuous  nar- 
row remote  scars  persistent  for  three  or  four  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  TV  thick,  light 
red-brown,  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained,  light  clear  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood; 
occasionally  made  into  the  handles  of  tools  and  used  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood  in  engrav- 
ing. A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occasionally  employed  in  domestic  practice  in  the  treat- 
ment of  rheumatism. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia,  Mt.  Chocorua,  New  Hampshire,  and  southward  in  New 
England  and  eastern  New  York  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia 
and  westward  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  to  southeastern  Ohio  (Hocking 
and  Fairfield  Counties) ;  rare  at  the  north  and  an  inhabitant  of  deep  cold  swamps  in  a  few 


794  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

isolated  stations;  more  abundant  on  the  mountains  of  western  Pennsylvania,  becoming 
exceedingly  common  farther  south  and  occupying  the  steep  banks  of  streams  up  to  al- 
titudes of  3000°;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high  mountains  of  eastern  Tennessee  and  the 
Carolinas,  and  here  often  forming  thickets  hundreds  of  acres  in  extent. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  United  States,  and  in 
Europe,  and  one  of  the  parents  of  a  number  of  distinct  and  beautiful  hybrids. 

3.  KALMIA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  branchlets  without  a  terminal  bud,  minute  axil- 
lary leaf-buds,  elongated  axillary  inflorescence-buds  covered  by  imbricated  scales,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  linear,  short-petiolate,  with  flat  entire  margins, 
coriaceous,  persistent  or  deciduous  in  one  species.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  bibracteo- 
late  at  the  base,  from  the  axils  of  foliaceous  coriaceous  ovate  or  acute  persistent  bracts, 
in  axillary  umbels;  calyx  5,  rarely  6-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent 
under  the  fruit;  corolla  5,  rarely  6-lobed,  rose-colored,  purple,  or  white,  saucer-shaped, 
with  a  short  tube  and  10  pouches  just  belowT  the  5  or  6-parted  limb,  the  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  before  anthesis  prominently  10  or  12-ribbed  from  the  pouches  to  the  acute  apex  of 
the  bud,  the  salient  keel  of  the  ribs  running  to  the  point  of  the  lobes  and  to  the  sinuses; 
stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  each  cell  opening 
by  a  short  apical  oblong  longitudinal  pore,  at  first  free  in  the  bud,  the  filaments  then  erect, 
later  received  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  becoming  bent  back  by  its 
enlargement  and  expansion,  straightening  elastically  and  incurving  on  the  release  of  the 
anthers,  and  in  straightening  discharging  the  pollen-grains;  disk  prominently  10-lobed, 
ovary  subglobose,  5-celled;  style  filiform,  exserted,  crowned  W7ith  a  capitate  stigma;  ovules 
numerous  in  each  cell,  inserted  on  a  2-lipped  placenta,  pendulous  or  spreading  from  near 
the  top  of  the  thin  columella,  few-ranked,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  woody  many-seeded  glo- 
bose slightly  5-lobed  5-celled  capsule,  tardily  septicidally  5-valved,  the  valves  crustaceous. 
ultimately  opening  down  the  middle  by  a  narrow  slit  and  separating  from  the  persistent 
placenta-bearing  axis.  Seeds  oblong  or  subglobose,  minute;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or 
membranaceous;  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  terete,  near  the  hilum;  radicle  erect,  rather 
shorter  than  the  oblong  cotyledons. 

Kalmia  with  six  species  is  North  American  and  Cuban,  one  species  occasionally  becom- 
ing under  favorable  conditions  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  Swedish  traveler  and  botanist,  Peter  Kalm  (1715- 
1779). 

1.  Kalmia  latifolia  L.    Laurel.    Mountain  Laurel. 

Leaves  sometimes  in  pairs  or  in  3's,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  each  leaf  in  the  bud  in- 
closed by  the  one  immediately  below  it,  oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  and 
tipped  at  apex  with  a  callous  point,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  rarely  oval  to  oblong- 
obovate  and  rounded  at  ends  (f .  obtusata  Rehd.),  when  they  unfold  slightly  tinged  with  pink 
and  covered  with  glandular  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  rigid,  dark  rather  dull 
green  above,  light  yellow-green  below,  3'-4'  long  and  l'-l|'  wide,  with  a  broad  yellow  mid- 
rib and  obscure  immersed  veins;  beginning  to  fall  during  their  second  summer;  petioles  stout, 
terete  or  slightly  flattened,  about  f '  in  length.  Flowers  opening  from  early  in  April  in 
southern  Mississippi  to  the  20th  of  June  at  the  north ;  inflorescence-buds  appearing  in  the 
autumn  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  beginning  to  lengthen  with  the  first  warm  days  of 
spring  and  usually  developing  2  or  several  lateral  branches,  the  whole  forming  a  compound 
many-flowered  corymb  of  numerous  crowded  fascicles  more  or  less  covered  with  dark 
scurfy  scales,  4 '-5'  in  diameter,  and  overtopped  at  the  flowering  time  by  the  Jeafy  branches 
of  the  year;  flowers  nearly  1'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  red  or  green  pedicels  covered 
with  glandular  hairs,  and  furnished  at  base  with  2  minute  acute  bractlets,  developed 
from  the  axils  of  acute  persistent  bracts  sometimes  %'  long;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the 
base  into  narrow  acute  thin  green  lobes;  corolla  white  (f.  alba  Rehd.),  rose-color,  or  deep 


ERICACEAE  795 

pink  (f.  rubra  Rehd.)  viscid-pubescent,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  waving  dark 
rose-colored  line  and  with  delicate  purple  penciling  above  the  sacs,  rarely  with  a  broad 
purple  or  chocolate-colored  band  (f.  fuscata  Rehd.).  Fruit  ripening  in  September, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  style,  T%'  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  viscid  hairs,  remaining 
on  the  branches  until  the  following  year;  seeds  oblong,  light  brown,  scattered  by  the 
opening  of  the  valves. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  and  contorted  trunk  sometimes  18'- 
20'  in  diameter,  stout  forked  divergent  branches  forming  a  round- topped  compact  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  light  green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  soft  white  glandular- 
viscid  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  in  their  first  winter  green 
tinged  with  red  and  very  lustrous,  turning  bright  red-brown  during  their  second  year  and 
paler  the  following  season,  the  bark  then  separating  into  large  thin  papery  scales  exposing 
the  cinnamon-red  inner  bark,  and  marked  with  large  deeply  impressed  leaf-scars  showing 
near  the  centre  a  crowded  cluster  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  more  often  a  dense  broad 
shrub  6°-10°  high,  with  numerous  crooked  stems.  Winter-buds  formed  before  midsummer 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  just  below  those  producing  the  inflorescence-buds,  their  inner  scales 


Fig.  710 

accrescent,  and  at  maturity  often  1'  long  and  |'  wide,  ovate,  acute,  light  green,  covered 
with  glandular  white  hairs,  and  in  falling  marking  the  base  of  the  shoots  with  conspicuous 
broad  scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  hardly  more  than  y1^'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
and  divided  by  longitudinal  furrows  into  narrow  ridges  separating  into  long  narrow  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  slightly 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  New  Brunswick  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  southward  in  the 
Atlantic  coast  region  to  Virginia  and  to  southern  Ohio,  Martin  and  Crawford  Counties, 
Indiana  and  central  Tennessee,  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  their  foot-hills  to 
Georgia,  and  from  western  Florida  through  Alabama  to  eastern  and  southern  Mississippi 
and  the  valley  of  the  Boguc  Lusa  River,  Washington  Parish,  Louisiana;  often  growing  in 
low  moist  ground  near  the  margins  of  swamps  or  on  dry  slopes  under  the  shade  of  de- 
ciduous-leaved trees,  or  on  rich  rocky  hillsides;  most  abundant  and  often  forming  dense 
impenetrable  thickets  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  3000°- 
4000°;  usually  shrubby,  and  only  arborescent  in  a  few  secluded  valleys  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  North  and  South  Carolina;  abundant  and  of  large 
size  along  small  streams  in  Liberty  County,  western  Florida.  The  var.  myrtifolia  K.  Koch 
with  small  lance-oblong  leaves,  and  small  compact  clusters  of  small  flowers,  a  compact 


796  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

dwarf  shrub,  and  an  old  inhabitant  of  European  gardens,  is  occasionally  wild  in  Massa- 
chusetts; in  an  abnormal  form  (f.  polypetala  Rehd.)  found  in  western  Massachusetts 
the  corolla  is  divided  into  5  narrow  petals. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in 
Europe. 

4.  OXYDENDRUM  DC. 

A  tree,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  glabrous  light  red  or  brown 
branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  marked  by  elevated  nearly  triangular  leaf-scars  display- 
ing a  lunate  row  of  crowded  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  numerous  elevated  oblong 
dark  lenticels,  acid  foliage,  and  fibrous  roots.  Winter-buds  axillary,  minute,  partly  im- 
mersed in  the  bark,  obtuse,  covered  with  opposite  broad-ovate  dark  red  scales  rounded  at 
apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent.  Leaves  alternate,  revolute  in  the  bud,  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  acute,  gradually  contracted  at  base  into  a  long  slender  petiole,  serrate  with 
minute  incurved  callous  teeth,  penniveined,  with  a  conspicuous  bright  yellow  midrib  and 
reticulate  veinlets,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous  or  at  first  slightly  puberulous,  deciduous.  Flow- 
ers on  erect  clavate  pedicels  coated  with  hoary  pubescence  and  bibracteolate  above  the 
middle,  with  linear  acute  caducous  bractlets,  in  puberulous  panicles  of  secund  racemes 
appearing  in  summer  and  terminal  on  axillary  leading  shoots  of  the  year,  the  lower  ra- 
cemes in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx  free,  divided  nearly  to  the  base,  the  divisions 
valvate  in  the  bud,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  hypogynous,  cylindric  to  ovate-cylindric,  white, 
puberulous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  minute,  ovate,  acute,  re  flexed;  stamens  10,  included;  fila- 
ments subulate,  broad,  pilose,  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  narrower  than  the  filaments,  the  cells  opening  from  the  apex  to  the  middle;  disk 
thin,  obscurely  10-lobed;  ovary  broad-ovoid,  pubescent,  5-celled;  style  columnar,  thick, 
exserted,  crowned  with  a  simple  stigma;  ovules  attached  to  an  axile  placenta  rising  from 
the  base  of  the  cell,  ascending,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  5-celled  ovoid-pyramidal  many- 
seeded  capsule  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  5-lobed,  puberulous, 
loculicidally  5-valved,  the  valves  woody,  separating  from  the  central  persistent  placentif- 
erous  axis,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascending,  elongated;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  loose, 
reticulated,  produced  at  the  ends  into  long  slender  points;  embryo  minute,  axile  in  fleshy 
albumen,  cylindric;  radicle  terete,  next  the  hilum. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  from  6£fo  and  Stvdpov,  in  allusion  to  the  acid  foliage. 

1.  Oxydendrum  arboreum  DC.    Sorrel-tree.    Sour  Wood. 

Leaves  when  they  unfold  bronze-green,  very  lustrous  and  glabrous  with  the  exception 
of  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  and  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  under 
side  of  the  midrib  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  5'-7'  long  and  1|'-2|'  wide;  turn- 
ing bright  scarlet  in  the  autumn;  petioles  f  in  length.  Flowers  opening  late  in  July  or 
early  in  August,  £'  long,  in  panicles  7'-8'  in  length.  Fruit  |'-|'  long,  hanging  in  drooping 
clusters  sometimes  a  foot  in  length,  ripening  in  September,  the  empty  capsules  often  per- 
sistent on  the  branches  until  late  in  the  autumn;  seeds  about  f'  long,  pale  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with"  a  tall  straight  trunk  12'-20'  in  diameter,  slender 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  round-topped  head,  and  glabrous  branchlets 
yellow-green  and  marked  by  orange-colored  lenticels  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in 
their  first  winter  orange-colored  to  reddish  brown.  Whiter-buds  about  T%'  long,  their  inner 
scales  at  maturity  1'  in  length,  %'  wide,  spatulate,  acute  at  apex,  and  slightly  puberulous  on 
the  inner  surface  and  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-!'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red 
and  divided  by  longitudinal  furrows  into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  thick 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
lighter  colored  sapwood  of  80-90  layers  of  annual  growth;  sometimes  used  locally  for  the 


ERICACEAE 


797 


handles  of  tools  and  the  bearings  of  machinery.  The  leaves  have  a  pleasant  acidulous 
taste,  and  are  reputed  to  be  tonic,  refrigerant,  and  diuretic,  and  are  occasionally  used  in 
domestic  practice  in  the  treatment  of  fevers. 

Distribution.     Well-drained  gravelly  soil  on  ridges  rising  above  the  banks  of  streams; 
coast  of  Virginia  (Norfolk  County)  to  that  of  North  Carolina  (near  Newbern,  Craven 


Fig.  711 

County),  southwestern  Pennsylvania  to  southern  Ohio  and  Indiana  (Perry  County),  and  to 
western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and  their  foothills, 
and  southward  to  western  Florida,  the  shores  of  Mobile  Bay,  the  coast  region  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  West  Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana;  up  to  altitudes  of  3500°  on  the  southern  moun- 
tains; of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains,  Tennessee. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as  far  north  as 
eastern  Massachusetts,  and  occasionally  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

5.  LYONIA  Nutt. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  petiolate, 
thin  or  coriaceous".  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  bracts,  in  axil- 
lary and  terminal  umbellate  fascicles  or  panicled  racemes;  calyx  persistent,  4-5-toothed  or 
parted,  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  globular,  4  or  5-toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  8-10,  included;  filaments  flat,  incurved,  usually  slightly 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  dilated  and  bearded  at  base,  geniculate;  anthers  oblong,  the 
cells  opening  below  the  apex  by  large  oblong  pores;  disk  10-lobed;  ovary  5-celled,  depressed 
in  the  centre;  style  columnar,  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  attached  to  a  placenta  borne  near 
the  summit  of  the  axis,  anatropous.  Fruit  ovoid,  many-seeded,  loculicidally  5-valved,  the 
valves  septiferous  and  separating  from  the  placentiferous  axis,  5-ribbed  by  the  thickening 
of  the  valves  at  the  dorsal  sutures,  the  ribs  more  or  less  separable  in  dehiscence.  Seeds 
minute,  pendulous,  narrow-oblong;  seed-coat  loose,  thin,  reticulate,  produced  at  the  ends 
beyond  the  nucleus  into  short  fringe-like  wings;  embryo  axile  in  fleshy  albumen,  cylindric, 
elongated:  cotyledons  much  shorter  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Lyonia  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  and 
Mexico.  Of  the  four  or  five  species  which  occur  in  the  United  States  one  is  occasionally 
a  small  tree. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  John  Lyon,  an  English  gardener  who  made  important 
collections  of  plants  in  the  United  States  early  in  the  nineteenth  century. 


798 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1 .  Lyonia  ferruginea  Nutt. 
Xolisma  ferruginea  Hell. 

Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  rhombic-obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex, 
usually  tipped  with  a  cartilaginous  mucro,  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  and  entire,  with 
thickened  revolute  margins,  scurfy  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  pale 
green,  smooth  and  shining  or  sometimes  obscurely  lepidote  above,  covered  below  with 
ferrugineous  or  pale  scales,  l'-3'  long  and  i'-l|'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  primary 
veins;  appearing  in  early  spring  and  pecsistent  until  the  summer  or  autumn  of  their  second 
year;  petioles  short,  thick,  much  enlarged  at  base.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  chiefly  pro- 
duced on  branches  of  the  year  or  occasionally  on  those  of  the  previous  year,  opening  from 
February  until  April  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  on  slender  recurved  pedicels  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  in  crowded  axillary  short-stemmed  or  sessile  ferrugineous-lepidote 
fascicles,  with  minute  acute  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  5-lobed,  with  acute  lobes, 
covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  ferrugineous  scales,  and  about  one  third  as  long  as  the 
white  pubescent  corolla,  with  short  reflexed  acute  teeth  slightly  thickened  and  ciliate  on 


Fig.  712 

the  margins;  filaments  shortened  by  a  conspicuous  geniculate  fold  in  the  middle;  ovary 
coated  with  thick  white  tomentum;  style  stout,  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  corolla. 
Fruit  on  a  stout  erect  stem,  oblong,  5-angled,  \'  long;  seed  pale  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  crooked  or  often  prostrate  trunk  some- 
times 10'  in  diameter,  thin  rigid  divergent  branches  forming  a  tall  oblong  irregular  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  minute  ferrugineous  scales  and 
covered  in  their  second  year  with  glabrous  or  pubescent  light  or  dark  red-brown  bark 
smooth  or  exfoliating  in  small  thin  scales.  Winter-buds  minute,  acute,  and  covered  with 
ferrugineous  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  %'-\'  thick,  divided  into  long  narrow  ridges  by 
shallow  longitudinal  furrows,  reddish  brown  and  separating  into  short  thick  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained  although  not  strong,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Hummocks  and  sandy  woods;  coast  region  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia,  northern  Florida  to  the  centre  of  the  peninsula,  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  and  to 
the  neighborhood  of  Apalachicola  (Franklin  County) ;  in  the  United  States  arborescent  in 
the  rich  soil  of  the  woody  hummocks  rising  in  the  sandy  Pine-covered  coast  plain,  and  as  a 
low  shrub  in  the  dry  sandy  sterile  soil  of  Pine-barrens;  in  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico. 


ERICACEAE  799 

6.  ARBUTUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  bark  exfoliating  from  young  stems  in  large  thin  scales, 
smooth  terete  red  branches,  and  thick  hard  roots.  Leaves  petiolate,  entire  or  dentate, 
obscurely  penniveined,  persistent.  Flowers  on  clavate  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  base  from 
the  axils  of  ovate  bracts,  in  simple  terminal  compound  racemes  or  panicles,  with  scarious 
scaly  persistent  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted  nearly  to  the  base, 
the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute,  scarious,  persistent;  corolla  ovoid-urceo- 
late,  white,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  obtuse  and  recurved;  stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla; 
filaments  subulate,  dilated  and  pilose  at  base,  free,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  corolla; 
anthers  short,  compressed  laterally,  dorsally  2-awned,  the  cells  opening  at  the  top  inter- 
nally by  a  terminal  pore;  ovary  glandular-roughened,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  sessile  or 
slightly  immersed  in  the  glandular  10-lobed  disk,  5  or  rarely  4-celled;  style  columnar,  sim- 
ple, exserted;  stigma  obscurely  5-lobed;  ovules  attached  to  a  central  placenta  developed 
from  the  inner  angle  of  each  cell,  amphitropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  globose,  smooth  or 
glandular-coated,  5-celled,  many-seeded;  flesh  dry  and  mealy;  stone  cartilaginous,  often 
incompletely  developed.  Seeds  small,  compressed  or  angled,  narrowed  and  often  apiculate 
at  apex;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dark  red-brown,  slightly  pilose;  embryo  axile  in  copious 
horny  albumen,  clavate;  radicle  terete,  erect,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Arbutus  with  ten  or  twelve  species  inhabits  southern  and  western  North  America,  Central 
America,  western,  southern  and  eastern  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  northern  Africa,  and  the 
Canary  Islands.  Three  species  occur  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States.  Arbutus 
produces  hard  close-grained  valuable  wood  often  made  into  charcoal,  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder.  The  fruit  possesses  narcotic  properties,  and  the  bark  and  leaves 
are  astringent. 

Arbutus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  species  of  southern  Europe. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bark  of  old  trunks  dark  red-brown. 

Ovary  glabrous;  leaves  oval  or  oblong.  1.  A.  Menziesii  (B,  G). 

Ovary  pubescent;  leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate.  2.  A.  texana  (C). 

Bark  of  old  trunks  ashy  gray;  ovary  glabrous,  conspicuously  porulose;  leaves  lanceolate  or 

rarely  narrow-oblong.  3.  A.  arizonica  (H). 

1.  Arbutus  Menziesii  Pursh.    Madrona. 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  or  contracted  into  a  short  point  at  apex,  and  rounded, 
subcordate  or  cuneate  at  base,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  entire  or  occasionally  on 
young  plants  sharply  serrate  margins,  when  they  unfold  light  green  or  often  pink,  especially 
on  the  lower  surface,  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  or  often  nearly  white  below,  3 '-5'  long  and  1|'- 
3'  wide,  with  a  thick  pale*  midrib  and  conspicuously  reticulated  veinlets;  persistent  until 
the  early  summer  of  their  second  year  and  then  turning,  orange  and  scarlet  and  falling 
gradually  and  irregularly;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  $'-!'  in  length,  often  slightly  wing- 
margined  toward  the  apex;  often  producing  late  in  summer  a  second  crop  of  smaller  leaves. 
Flowers  about  -J-'  long,  with  a  glabrous  ovary,  appearing  from  March  to  May  on  short  slen- 
der puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  acute  scarious  bracts  ciliate  on  the  margins,  in 
spicate  pubescent  racemes  forming  a  cluster  5'-6'  long  and  broad.  Fruit  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  subglobose  or  occasionally  obovoid  or  oval,  |'  long,  bright  orange-red,  with  thin 
glandular  flesh  and  a  5-celled  more  or  less  perfectly  developed  thin-walled  cartilaginous 
stone;  seeds  several  in  each  cell,  tightly  pressed  together  and  angled,  dark  brown  and  pilose. 

A  tree,  80°-125°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  stout  upright  or 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or  broad  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  light  red,  pea-green,  or  orange-colored  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  or 
on  vigorous  young  plants  sometimes  covered  with  pale  scattered  deciduous  hairs,  becoming 


800  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

in  their  first  winter  bright  reddish  brown.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  -£'  long,  with  numerous 
imbricated  broadly-ovate  bright  brown  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  apiculate  at  apex,  and 
slightly  ciliate.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth,  bright  red,  separating 


Fig.  713 

into  large  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  '$'-%'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  covered 
with  small  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown 
shaded  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  8-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  used 
for  furniture  and  largely  for  charcoal.  The  bark  is  sometimes  employed  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  High  well-drained  slopes  usually  in  rich  soil  or  ocasionally  in  gravelly 
valleys;  islands  at  Seymore  Narrows,  and  southward  through  the  coast  region  of  British 
Columbia,  Washington  and  Oregon;  over  the  coast  ranges  of  northern  California,  extend- 
ing east  to  Mt.  Shasta  and  south  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from 
altitudes  of  2500°-  4000°  to  Placer  County ;  on  many  of  the  coast  ranges  south  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay  to  the  mountains  of  southern  California;  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the 
Redwood-forests  of  northwestern  California;  much  smaller  north  of  California;  rare  on  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  southward  except  on  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  and  often  shrubby  in 
habit. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  and  southern  Europe. 

2.  Arbutus  texana  Buckl.    Madrona. 
Arbutus  xalapensis  S.  Watson,  not  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  rounded,  acute  and  often  apiculate  at  apex,  and 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  with  slightly  thickened  usually  entire  or  remotely  crenulate- 
toothed  or  coarsely  serrate  margins,  often  tinged  with  red  when  they  unfold  and  pubescent 
below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  and  usually  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-3'  long  and  f '~H'  wide,  with  a 
thick  midrib  often  villose-pubescent  below;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  sometimes  becoming 
nearly  glabrous,  l'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  j'  long,  with  ciliate  calyx-lobes  and  a  pubescent 
ovary,  appearing  in  March  on  stout  recurved  hoary-tomentose  club-shaped  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  ovate  acute  hoary-tomentose  often  persistent  bracts,  in  compact  conic  hoary- 
tomentose  panicles  2^'  long.  Fruit  pubescent  until  half  grown,  becoming  glabrous,  usu- 
ally produced  very  sparingly,  ripening  in  summer,  dark  red,  f '  in  diameter,  with  thin  granu- 
lar flesh  and  a  rather  thick  more  or  less  completely  formed  stone;  seeds  numerous  in  each 
cell,  compressed,  puberulous. 

A  tree,  in  Texas  rarely  more  than  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk  8'~10'  in 


ERICACEAE 


801 


diameter,  separating  a  foot  or  two  above  the  ground  into  several  stout  spreading  branches, 
and  branchlets  light  red  and  thickly  coated  with  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  be- 
coming dark  red-brown  and  covered  with  small  plate-like  scales;  often  a  broad  irregularly 
shaped  bush,  with  numerous  contorted  stems.  Winter-buds  about  |'  long,  with  hoary 
tomentose  scales,  the  outer  ovate,  acute,  the  inner  obovate  and  rounded  at  apex.  Bark 
of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  tinged  with  red,  separating  into  large  papery 
scales  exposing  the  light  red  or  flesh-colored  inner  bark,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old 
trunks  sometimes  j'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  broken  into  thick 
square  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  a  lighter 


colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  sometimes  used  in  Texas  for  the  han- 
dles of  small  tools  and  in  the  manufacture  of  mathematical  instruments. 

Distribution.  Texas,  dry  limestone  hills,  Travis,  Comal,  Blanco,  Kendall  and  Banders 
Counties,  on  the  Guadaloupe  and  Eagle  Mountains,  Culberson  and  El  Paso  Counties; 
southeastern  New  Mexico  (Eddy  County);  on  the  mountains  of  Nuevo  Leon  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Monterey. 

3.  Arbutus  arizonica  Sarg.    Madrona. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  rarely  oblong,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  and  cuneate 
or  occasionally  rounded  at  base,  with  thickened  entire  or  rarely  denticulate  margins,  when 


802  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

they  unfold,  tinged  with  red,  and  slightly  puberulous,  especially  on  the  petiole  and  mar- 
gins, and  at  maturity  thin,  firm  and  rigid,  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale. on  the 
lower  surface,  l|'-3'  long  and  %'-l'  wide,  with  a  slender  yellow  midrib  and  obscure  reti- 
culate veinlets;  appearing  in  May  and  after  the  summer  rains  in  September,  and  per- 
sistent for  at  least  a  year;  petioles  slender,  often  1'  in  length.  Flowers  ¥  long,  with  a 
corolla  much  contracted  in  the  middle,  and  a  glabrous  porulose  ovary,  opening  in  May  on 
short  stout  hairy  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  conspicuous  ovate  rounded  scarious  bracts,  in 
rather  loose  clusters  %'-%%'  long  and  broad,  their  lower  branches  from  the  axils  of  upper 
leaves.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  and  November,  globose  or  short-oblong,  dark  orange- 
red,  granulate,  $'  in  diameter,  with  thin  sweetish  flesh,  and  a  papery  usually  incompletely 
developed  stone;  seeds  compressed,  puberulous. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  18'-24'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  rather  compact  round-topped  head,  and  thick  tortuous  divergent 
branchlets  reddish  brown  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  light  purple,  pilose,  and  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  red  at  the  end  of  their  first 
season,  their  bark  thin,  separating  freely  into  thin  more  or  less  persistent  scales.  Winter- 
buds  $'  long,  red,  the  two  outer  scales  linear,  acuminate  a  third  longer  than  those  of 
the  next  rank,  acute  and  apiculate  and  ridged  on  the  back.  Bark  of  young  stems  and 
of  the  branches  thin,  smooth,  dark  red,  exfoliating  in  large  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old 
trunks  f '-£'  thick,  irregularly  broken  by  longitudinal  furrows  and  divided  into  square 
appressed  plate-like  light  gray  or  nearly  white  scales  faintly  tinged  with  red  on  the  sur- 
face. Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  soft  and  brittle,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  benches  at  altitude  of  6000°-8000°  on  the  Santa  Catalina 
and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  southern  Arizona,  and  on  the  San  Luis  and  Animas  Moun- 
tains of  southwestern  New  Mexico  (Grant  County);  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Chihuahua. 

7.  VACCINIUM  L. 

Shrubs  or  rarely  small  trees,  with  slender  branchlets,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  thin  or 
coriaceous,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  small,  on  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  many- 
branched  axillary  racemes,  or  solitary,  their  bracts  small  or  foliaceous;  calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent;  corolla  epigynous,  4  or 
5-toothed,  the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud,  urceolate-campanulate;  stamens  8-10,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla  under  the  thick  obscurely  lobed  epigynous  disk;  filaments  filiform, 
free,  usually  hirsute;  anthers  awned  on  the  back,  the  cells  produced  upward  into  erect 
spreading  tubes  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore;  ovary  inferior,  4  or  5-celled,  the  cells  some- 
times imperfectly  divided  by  the  development  from  the  back  of  a  false  partition;  style  fili- 
form, erect;  stigma  minute;  ovules  attached  to  the  interior  angle  of  the  cell  by  a  2-lipped 
placenta,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry  crowned  with  the  calyx-limb,  4  or  5  or  imperfectly 
8  or  10-celled,  the  cells  many-seeded.  Seed  minute,  compressed,  ovoid  or  reniform;  seed- 
coat  crustaceous;  embryo  clavate,  minute,  surrounded  by  fleshy  albumen,  axile,  erect; 
cotyledons  ovate;  radicle  terete,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Vaccinium  with  about  one  hundred  species  is  distributed  through  the  boreal  and  temper- 
ate regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  occurs  within  the  tropics  at  high  altitudes 
north  and  south  of  the  equator.  Of  the  twenty-five  or  thirty  species  which  occur  in  North 
America  one  is  small  trees.  The  fruits  of  many  of  the  species  are  edible,  the  most  valu- 
able being  the  North  American  Vaccinium  macrocarpum  L.,  the  Cranberry. 

Vaccim'um  is  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  Old  World  species. 

1.  Vaccinium  arboreum  Marsh.    Farkleberry.    Sparkleberry. 

Leaves  obovate,  oblong-oval  or  occasionally  orbicular,  acute,  or  rounded  and  apiculate 
at  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  obscurely  glandular-dentate  or  entire,  with 
thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  light  red  and  more  or  less  pilose  or  puberulous  when 
they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  gla- 


ERICACEAE  803 


brous  or  often  puberulous  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  reticulate-  venulose,  %'-&¥  long,  %'-!' 
wide,  and  sessile  or  short-petiolate;  southward  persistent  for  a  year,  northward  deciduous 
during  the  winter.  Flowers  appearing  from  March  to  May  on  slender  drooping  pedicels 


I'  long,  bibracteolate  near  the  -middle,  with  2  minute  acute  scarious  caducous  bractlets, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  arranged  in  terminal  puberulous  racemes  2'-3' 
long  from  the  axils  of  leafy  or  minute  acute  scarious  bracts;  corolla  white,  open-campanu- 
late,  slightly  5-lobed,  with  acute  reflexed  lobes,  longer  than  the  10  stamens;  filaments  hir- 
sute; anther-cells  opening  by  oblique  elongated  pores.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  some- 
times persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  winter,  globose,  \'  in  diameter,  black  and 
lustrous,  with  dry  glandular  slightly  astringent  flesh  of  a  pleasant  flavor. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in  diameter, 
slender  more  or  less  contorted  branches  forming  an  irregular  round-topped  head,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  light  red  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous 
or  puberulous  and  bright  red-brown  in  their  first  winter,  later  becoming  dark  red  and 
marked  by  minute  elevated  nearly  orbicular  leaf -scars;  or  northward  generally  reduced  to 
a  low  shrub,  with  numerous  divergent  stems.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  nearly  ^'  long,  with 
imbricated  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  scales  often  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet 
throughout  the  season.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  sometimes  used  for  the  handles  of  tools 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  other  small  articles.  Decoctions  of  the  astringent  bark  of  the 
root  and  of  the  leaves  are  sometimes  employed  domestically  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea. 
The  bark  has  been  used  by  tanners. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  sandy  soil  along  the  banks  of  ponds  and  streams;  south- 
eastern Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  from  the  coast  to  the  valleys  of  the  high  Appalachian 
Mountains,  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River,  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  and  through  eastern  Oklahoma,  Arkan- 
sas, and  Missouri  to  southern  Illinois,  and  the  bluffs  of  White  River,  near  Shoals,  Martin 
County,  and  near  Elizabeth,  Harrison  County,  Indiana;  common  in  the  maritime  Pine- 
belt  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  and  of  its  largest  size  near  the  coast  of  eastern 
Texas;  in  the  interior  less  abundant  and  usually  of  small  size.  Passing  into 

Vaccinium  arboreum  var.  glaucescens  Sarg. 
Batodendron  glaucescens  Greene 

Differing  in  its  glaucescent,  pubescent  or  glabrous  leaves,  in  its  usually  larger  leaf-like 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  and  often  in  its  globose-campanulate  corolla. 


804 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


A  tree,  10°-20°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk,  pubescent  or  glabrous  gray  branch- 
lets,  and  winter-buds  and  bark  like  those  of  Vaccinium  arbor f urn  with  which  it  often  grows. 


Fig.  717 

Distribution.  Tunnel  Hill,  Johnson  County,  Illinois,  southern  Missouri  to  eastern 
Oklahoma  (Sapulpa,  Creek  County)  and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Louisiana  (near 
Shreveport,  Rapides  Parish)  and  eastern  Texas  to  Milam  County. 

LIV.  THEOPHRASTACE^E.   ' 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  entire  coriaceous  persistent  leaves.  Flowers 
perfect,  regular;  calyx  campanulate,  with  5  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  5  staminodia  attached  below  the  sinuses;  stamens  5, 
attached  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube,  opposite  the  lobes;  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  simple 
style  and  a  slightly  5-lobed  stigma;  ovules  peltate,  numerous,  attached  to  a  central  fleshy 
placenta,  amphitropous.  Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  immersed  in  the  thickened 
placenta  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  embryo  surrounded  by 
thick  cartilaginous  albumen. 

A  tropical  American  family  of  four  genera  with  one  species  reaching  the  shores  of  south- 
ern Florida. 

1.  JACQUINIA  Jacq. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  slightly  many-angled  branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  often  punctate  with  pellucid  dark  glands.  Flowers  on  slender 
ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  acute  persistent  bracts,  in  terminal  or 
axillary  clusters;  calyx  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  rounded  at  apex,  persistent  under  the 
fruit;  corolla  hypogynous,  the  lobes  obtuse  and  spreading,  furnished  with  5  petal-like  ovate 
obtuse  spreading  staminodia;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes  near  the 
base  of  the  short  tube;  filaments  flattened,  broad  at  base;  anthers  oblong  or  ovoid,  attached 
on  the  back  above  the  base,  extrorse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  ovoid. 
Fruit  ovoid  or  subglobose,  crowned  by  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  with  a  thin 
crustaceous  outer  coat,  inclosing  the  thick  enlarged  mucilaginous  placenta.  Seeds  oblong; 
seed-coat  punctate;  embryo  eccentric;  cotyledons  ovate,  shorter  than  the  elongated  inferior 
radicle  turned  toward  the  broad  ventral  hilum. 

Jacquinia  with  five  or  six  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  with  one  species  reach- 
ing southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Nicholas  Joseph  Jacquin  (1728-1818)  the  distinguished 
Austrian  botanist. 

1.  Jacquinia  keyensis  Metz.    Joe  Wood.    Sea  Myrtle. 

Leaves  subverticillate,  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  crowded  near  the  end  of  the 
branches,  cuneate-spatulate  or  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate  or  often  apiculate 


MYRSINACE.E 


805 


at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  entire,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  thick 
and  coriaceous,  yellow-green,  nearly  veinless,  with  a  very  obscure  midrib,  covered  on  the 
lower  surface  with  pale  dots,  l'-S'  long  and  |'-T  wide;  persistent  on  the  branches  until 
the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  the  following  year;  petioles  short,  stout,  abruptly  en- 
larged at  base.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  from  November  until  June,  f '  in  diameter, 
pale  yellow,  fragrant,  on  slender  club-shaped  pedicels  %'  long  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate 
coriaceous,  reddish  bracts  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  in  terminal  and  axillary  many- 
flowered  glabrous  racemes  2'-3'  long;  sepals  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse;  corolla  salverform,  f 
broad,  the  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter  than  the  staminodia.  Fruit  ripening 
in  the  autumn,  \'  in  diameter,  orange-red  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  light  brown. 

A  tree,  12°-15°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-7'  in  diameter,  stout  rigid  spreading 
branches  forming  a  compact  regular  round-topped  head,  and  slightly  many-angled  branch- 
lets  yellow-green  or  light  orange-colored  and  coated  with  short  soft  pale  ferrugineous  pu- 
bescence when  they  first  appear,  terete,  darker  and  sometimes  reddish  brown  and  marked 
in  their  second  year  by  orbicular  depressed  conspicuous  leaf-scars  and  by  many  scat- 
tered pale  lenticels,  becoming  glabrous  and  red-brown  or  ashy  gray  the  following  season. 
Winter-buds  axillary,  minute,  nearly  globose,  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk 


Fig.  718 


thin,  smooth,  blue-gray,  and  usually  more  or  less  marked  by  pale  or  nearly  white  blotches. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  brown,  beautifully  marked  by  darker  medullary 
fays. 

Distribution.  Florida,  dry  coral  soil  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  shore,  Gas- 
parilla  Island,  on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  keys,  and  to  the  borders  of  the  Ever- 
glades; rare  but  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  the  Marquesas  Keys; 
on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba  and  Jamaica. 

LV.  MYRSINACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  entire  coriaceous  punctate  leaves,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  dimorphous;  calyx  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla, 
without  staminodia,  glandular-punctate;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and 
opposite  its  lobes;  ovary  1-celled,  with  an  undivided  style  and  a  minute  terminal  stigma; 
ovules  peltate,  immersed  in  the  fleshy  central  placenta,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  drupe. 
Seed  solitary,  globose,  with  copious  cartilaginous  or  corneous  albumen;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous. 

A  tropical  family  of  thirty  genera,  with  two  arborescent  species  reaching  the  shores  of 
southern  Florida. 


806 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  perfect  in  terminal  panicles;  anthers  on  short  broad  filaments;  style  elongated. 

1.  Ardisia. 

Flowers  dimorphous  in  small  axillary  clusters;  anthers  sessile;  stigma  sessile  or  in  one  form 
of  the  staminate  flower  terminal  on  a  slender  style.  2.  Rapanea. 

1.  ARDISIA  Sw. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  leaves  punctate  below  with  immersed  resinous  dots. 
Flowers  resinous-punctate,  pedicellate,  the  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  base  or  ebracteolate, 
in  terminal  or  rarely  axillary  branched  panicles,  with  minute  scarious  deciduous  or  caducous 
bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  free,  5  or  rarely  4-lobed  or  parted,  the  divisions  contorted  or 
imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  5  or  rarely  4-6-parted,  the  divisions  extrorsely  or  sinistrorsely 
contorted  in  the  bud,  short  or  elongated,  white  or  rose  color;  stamens  exserted;  filaments 
short  or  nearly  obsolete,  free,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  usually  sagit- 
tate-lanceolate, attached  on  the  back  just  above  the  base,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  open- 
ing longitudinally  sometimes  nearly  to  the  base;  ovary  globose;  ovules  numerous,  immersed 
in  the  globose  resinous-punctate  placenta.  Fruit  globose,  with  thin  usually  dry  flesh  and 
a  1-seeded  stone  with  a  usually  crustaceous  or  bony  shell.  Seed  concave  or  more  or  less 
lobed  at  base,  resinous-punctate;  hilum  basilar,  concave,  conspicuous;  embryo  cylindric, 
transverse;  cotyledons  flat  on  the  inner  face,  rounded  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  slemder 
radicle. 

Ardisia  with  about  two  hundred  species  inhabits  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the 
two  hemispheres.  The  genus  has  few  useful  properties,  but  a  number  of  species  are  culti- 
vated for  the  beauty  of  their  handsome  evergreen  foliage  and  bright-colored  fruits. 

The  generic  name  is  from  apdis,  in  reference  to  the  pointed  anthers. 

1.  Ardisia  paniculata  Nutt.    Marlberry.    Cherry. 
Icacorea  paniculata  Sudw. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrow 
apex,  cuneate  and  gradually  contracted  at  base,  entire,  with  thickened  and  slightly  revo- 


Fig.  719 


lute  margins,  thick  and  coriaceous,  glabrous,  marked  by  minute  scattered  dark  dots,  dark 
yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3' -6'  long  and  l'-l|'  wide, 
with  a  broad  midrib  yellow  and  conspicuous  on  the  under  side,  slender  primary  veins  and 
reticulate  veinlets;  appearing  in  the  summer  or  early  autumn  and  falling  before  the  appear- 


MYBSINACE^E  807 

ance  of  the  flowers  the  following  year;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  fra- 
grant, usually  opening  in  November  or  occasionally  as  early  as  July,  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
elongated  pedicels  without  bractlets,  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  caducous  bracts,  in  ter- 
minal rusty  brown  puberulous  panicles  3'-4'  long  and  broad,  their  lower  branches  often  from 
the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx  ovoid,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  ovate  acute  lobes  sca- 
rious  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  marked  on  the  back  with  dark  lines;  corolla  5-parted, 
with  oblong  rounded  divisions  sinistrorsely  overlapping,  or  with  1  lobe  wholly  outside  and  1 
inside  in  the  bud,  conspicuously  marked  with  red  spots  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base, 
becoming  reflexed;  stamens,  with  short  broad  filaments,  contracted  by  a  geniculate  fold  in 
the  middle,  and  large  orange-colored  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments,  their  cells  opening 
almost  to  the  base;  ovary  globose,  glandular,  gradually  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style 
ending  in  a  simple  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  spring,  globose,  \'  in  diameter,  tipped 
with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  and  roughened  by  resinous  glands,  dark  brown  at  first  when 
fully  grown,  ultimately  becoming  black  and  lustrous;  stone  brown,  thin-walled,  crustaceous; 
seed  conspicuously  lobed  at  base,  bright  red-brown,  about  f '  in  diameter. 

A  slender  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4 '-5'  in  diameter, 
numerous  thin  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  stout  terete  often  contorted 
branchlets,  rusty  brown  or  dark  orange- colored  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked  by  many  mi- 
nute circular  lenticels  and  by  thin  nearly  orbicular  flat  leaf-scars  displaying  in  the  centre  a 
group  of  fibre- vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  rusty  brown;  terminal  slender,  acumi- 
nate, \'-\'  long;  axillary  globose,  minute,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  £'  thick,  light  gray  or  nearly  white,  roughened  by  minute  lenticels,  and  separating 
into  large  thin  papery  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  brown  beauti- 
fully marked  by  darker  medullary  rays,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys  on  the  east  coast,  and 
from  the  shores  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River  to  Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coast;  usually  a 
shrub,  occasionally  arborescent  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  on  some  of  the  southern 
keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  in  Cuba,  and  southern  Mexico. 

2.  RAPANEA  Aubl. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juices  and  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or 
rarely  dentate,  usually  distinctly  lepidote,  persistent,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or 
unisexual  by  abortion,  minute,  4  or  5,  or  rarely  6  or  7-merous,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  in 
small  axillary  sessile  or  pedunculate  fascicles,  their  bracts  deciduous;  calyx  free,  persistent, 
the  sepals  imbricate- valvate  in  the  bud,  ciliate,  usually  glandular-punctate;  corolla  hypogy- 
nous,  the  lobes  more  or  less  connate  at  base,  ovate  or  elliptic,  spreading  or  recurved,  glandu- 
lar-punctate, papillate  on  the  margins,  imbricate  or  rarely  convolute  in  the  bud;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes;  filaments  0;  anthers  short,  connate  to 
the  corolla,  acuminate  and  papillate  at  apex,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally; ovary  globose  or  ellipsoidal,  1-celled;  stigma  capitate,  irregularly  lobed;  ovules  few, 
peltate,  immersed  in  one  serfes  near  the  middle  of  the  free  fleshy  globose  placenta.  Fruit 
dry  or  fleshy,  seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit,  globose,  intruded  at  base;  testa  thin;  al- 
bumen copious,  corneous,  rarely  slightly  ruminate;  embryo  cylindric,  elongated,  trans- 
verse, usually  curved;  cotyledons  small,  radicle  elongated. 

Rapanea,  with  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty  species,  is  widely  distributed  through  the 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  one  species  reaching  southern 
Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  the  native  name  of  Rapanea  guianensis  in  British 
Guiana. 

1.  Rapanea  guianensis  Aubl. 

Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  contracted  at  base,  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the 


808 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2f'-3^'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  thickened 
revolute  margins,  a  thick  midrib  and  obscure  veins;  petioles  stout,  narrowly  wing-margined, 
?'-• s'  in  length.  Flowers  in  November,  minute,  short-pedicellate  in  short  pedunculate  clus- 


Fig.  720 

ters  usually  5,  rarely  4-merous,  white  more  or  less  marked  with  purple,  about  £'  in  diameter; 
calyx  divided  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  broad-ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  ciliate, 
persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  lobes  spreading, 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins;  staminate  flowers  dimor- 
phous; anthers  sagittate-apiculate,  inserted  below  the  middle  of  the  petals;  ovary  in  one  form 
crowned  by  a  minute  discoid  sessile  stigma  and  probably  abortive,  in  the  other  form  gradu- 
ally narrowed  into  a  slender  style,  terminating  in  an  oblique  stigma  and  fertile;  pistillate 
flowers,  anthers  smaller  and  rudimentary;  ovary  crowned  by  a  large  nearly  sessile  irregu- 
larly lobed  papillate  stigma  deciduous  from  the  fruit.  Fruit  in  clusters  crowded  on  the 
elongated  somewhat  thickened  spur-like  peduncle  of  the  flower-cluster  covered  with  imbri- 
cated persistent  bracts,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  tipped  with  the  persistent  style,  £'— j-'  in 
diameter;  exocarp  thin  and  fleshy;  endocarp  crustaceous,  white. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  usually  more  or  less  crooked 
trunk  2'-3'  in  diameter,  small  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and 
slender  gray  or  light  red-brown  branchlets  roughened  for  a  year  or  two  by  the  persistent 
spur-like  peduncles  of  the  fallen  fruit  and  later  marked  by  circular  scars  in  the  axils  of  the 
small  transverse  leaf-scars;  more  often  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  close,  pale  gray. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  and  Palmetto,  Mana- 
tee County,  on  the  west  coast,  southward  to  the  southern  keys;  common;  on  the  Bahama 
Islands,  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Jamaica  and  Trinidad,  to  southern  Brazil,  and  to  Mexico  and 
Bolivia. 

LVI.  SAPOTACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  pinnately  veined, 
mostly  coriaceous,  petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  small,  in  axillary 
clusters;  calyx  of  5-8  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  hy- 
pogynous,  5-8-cleft,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  often  with  as  many  or  twice  as 


SAPOTACE^E  809 

many  internal  appendages  borne  on  its  throat;  disk  0;  fertile  stamens  as  many  as  and  oppo- 
site the  divisions  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  short  tube,  often  with  sterile  filaments 
(staminodia)  alternate  with  them;  anthers  generally  extrorse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally;  pistil  of  united  carpels;  ovary  sessile,  usually  5-celled;  style  simple;  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cell,  attached  to  an  axile  placenta,  ascending,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  baccate,  bearing  at  apex  the  remnant  of  the  style,  usually  1- 
celled  and  1-seeded.  Seed  with  or  without  albumen;  embryo  large;  radicle  terete,  inferior. 
This  family  with  fifty  genera  is  chiefly  tropical  and  subtropical,  with  only  Bumelia  ex- 
tending in  North  America  into  temperate  regions.  Some  of  the  species  produce  valuable 
timber  or  edible  and  agreeable  fruits.  From  Palaquium  gutta  Burkh.,  of  the  Malay  Penin- 
sula, gutta-percha  is  obtained.  Five  genera  are  represented  by  trees  in  the  flora  of  the 
United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  in  a  single  series. 

Staminodia  1  in  each  sinus  of  the  corolla. 

Appendages  of  the  corolla  0;  staminodia  slender,  scale-like.  1.  Sideroxylum. 

Appendages  of  the  corolla  present;  staminodia  petaloid. 

Staminodia  linear,  fimbriate;  seeds,  with  copious  albumen.  2.  Dipholis. 

Staminodia  petaloid,  entire  or  denticulate;  seeds,  without  albumen.      3.  Bumelia. 
Staminodia  and  appendages  of  the  corolla  0;  leaves  covered  below  with  lustrous  copper- 
colored  or  golden  pubescence.  4.  Chrysophyllum. 
Calyx  of  6-8  sepals  in  2  series;  corolla  6-8-lobed,  with  2  appendages  in  each  sinus  inside  of  a 
scale-like  or  petaloid  staminodia.  5.  Mimusops. 

1.  SIDEROXYLUM  L. 

Trees,  with  terete  branchlets,  naked  buds,  and  long-petiolate  persistent  leaves,  the  veins 
remote  and  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  minute,  on  ebracteolate  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  crowded  many-flowered  axillary  fascicles; 
calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  in  one  series,  nearly  equal,  corolla  furnished  with  5  or  6  stam- 
inodia, and  5  or  rarely  6-lobed;  filaments  slender,  elongated,  bent  outward  at  the  apex; 
anthers  oblong,  the  cells  at  first  extrorse,  sometimes  becoming  sublateral;  staminodia  linear, 
scale-like;  ovary  contracted  into  a  subulate  style  tipped  with  a  minute  slightly  5-lobed 
stigma.  Fruit  dry,  1-seeded,  oblong,  with  thin  coriaceous  flesh.  Seed  obovoid  or  oblong; 
seed-coat  lustrous,  light  brown,  folded  on  the  inner  face  into  2  obscure  lobes  rounded  at 
apex;  hilum  elevated,  subbasilar  or  lateral,  oblong  or  linear;  embryo  erect  in  thick  fleshy 
albumen;  radicle  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  fleshy  cotyledons. 

Sideroxylum  with  a  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics  of  the  two 
hemispheres,  and  occurs  also  with  a  few  species  in  Australia,  Madeira,  southern  Africa, 
New  Zealand,  and  Norfolk  Island,  a  single  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 
Some  of  the  species  are  largfe  and  valuable  timber-trees,  producing  hard  handsome  durable 
wood. 

The  generic  name,  from  o-tdypos  and  %v\ov,  is  in  reference  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 

1.  Sideroxylum  fcetidissimum  Jacq.    Mastic. 

Sideroxylum  Mastichodendron  Jacq. 

Leaves  mostly  clustered  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  appearing  irregularly  from  early 
spring  until  autumn,  oval,  acute  or  rounded  and  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  and  gradually 
narrowed  at  base,  with  thickened  cartilaginous  slightly  involute  margins,  silky-canescent 
beneath  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  lustrous  and  yellow-green  below,  3'-5'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  broad  pale 
conspicuous  midrib  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  inconspicuous  primary  veins 
arcuate  near  the  margins;  petioles  slender,  I'-lf '  in  length.  Flowers  usually  appearing  in 
Florida  in  the  autumn  and  also  in  early  spring  and  during  the  summer  on  stout  orange- 


810 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


colored  puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute  scarious  bracts  usually  deciduous 
before  the  opening  of  the  flower-buds,  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves  or  on  the  branches  of 
the  previous  year  from  leafless  nodes;  calyx  yellow-green,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface 
and  deeply  divided  into  broad-ovate  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong-ovate 
rounded  divisions  of  the  light  yellow  corolla;  staminodia  lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  tipped 
with  a  subulate  point  and  much  shorter  than  the  stamens:  ovary  oblong-ovoid,  glabrous, 
gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  March 
and  April  on  a  much  thickened  woody  stem  erect  or  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  branch,  1' 


Fig.  721 


long,  separating  from  the  calyx  in  falling,  with  tough  yellow  skin,  and  thick  juicy  flesh  of  a 
pleasant  subacid  flavor;  seed  obovoid,  rounded  above,  narrowed  at  base,  %'  long  and  $' 
wide. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  60°-70°  high,  with  a  massive  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  stout 
upright  branches  forming  a  dense  irregular  head,  and  thick  terete  branchlets  orange-colored 
and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous,  brown  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red,  and  marked  by  the  conspicuous  nearly  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  3 
large  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  conspicuously  roughened  by  the  thickened  persistent 
bases  of  the  fruit  stalks.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  dark  gray  to  light  brown  tinged 
with  red  and  broken  into  thick  plate-like  scales  separating  into  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  bright  orange-colored,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual 
growth;  in  Florida  used  in  boat-building. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cape  Romano  to  the  southern  keys;  on  the 
Bahama  Islands  and  many  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  DIPHOLIS  A.  DC. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds,  and  persistent  leaves,  the  slender  veins  arcuate  and 
united  near  the  margins.  Flowers  minute,  on  clavate  ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils 
of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  existing  leaves  or  from  the  leafless  nodes  of  previ- 
ous years;  calyx  ovoid,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  ovate,  rounded  at  apex; 
corolla  campanulate,  white,  5-lobed,  the  spreading  lobes  furnished  on  each  side  at  the  base 
with  a  linear  or  subulate  appendage;  stamens  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong- 
sagittate,  extrorse;  staminodia  5,  petaloid,  ovate,  acute,  fimbriately  cut  on  the  margins, 
oblique,  keeled  on  the  back,  inserted  in  the  same  rank  and  alternate  with  the  stamens; 
ovary  oblong  or  narrow-ovoid,  gradually  contracted  into  a  slender  style  shorter  than  the 
corolla  and  stigmatic  at  the  apiculate  apex.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid,  with  thin  dry  flesh. 


SAPOTACE^E 


811 


Seed  ovoid;  seed-coat  thick,  coriaceous  and  lustrous;  hilum  oblong,  basilar  or  slightly  lat- 
eral; embryo  erect  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate,  flat,  much  longer  than  the 
short  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Dipholis  with  three  species  is  confined  to  the  West  Indies  and  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  8 is  and  <f>o\ls,  relates  to  the  appendages  of  the  corolla. 

1.  Dipholis  salicifolia  A.  DC.    Bustic.    Cassada. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrow-obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  apex, 
gradually  contracted  at  base,  with  slightly  thickened  cartilaginous  wavy  margins,  thickly 
coated  when  they  unfold  with  lustrous  rufous  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  3 '-5'  long,  |'-1|'  wide,  and  gla- 
brous, or  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower  side  of  the  narrow  pale  midrib,  with  inconspicuous 
veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  appearing  in  Florida  in  the  spring  and  remaining  on  the 
branches  between  one  and  two  years;  petioles  slender,  |'-1'  in  length.  Flowers  opening 
during  March  and  April,  f '  long,  on  thick  pedicels  j'  in  length  from  the  axils  of  minute 
ovate  acute  scarious  bracts,  and  coated  with  rufous  pubescence,  in  dense  many-flowered 
fascicles  crowded  on  branchlets  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous  year  for  a  distance  of  8'-12'; 
calyx  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  silky  pubescence; 
appendages  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the  oval  acute  irregularly  toothed  staminodia;  ovary 
narrow-ovoid,  glabrous,  gradually  contracted  into  a  slender  style  shorter  than  the  corolla 
and  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  solitary  or  rarely  clustered,  ripening  in  the  autumn,  short- 
oblong  to  subglobose,  black,  f '  in  length;  seed  pale  brown,  about  -j^'  in  length. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter, 
small  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  graceful  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  with 


Fig.  722 


rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown  tinged  with 
red  and  marked  by  numerous  circular  pale  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  orbicular  leaf- 
scars  displaying  near  the  centre  a  compact  cluster  of  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  about  £'  thick  and  broken  into  thick  square  plate-like  brown  scales  tinged  with 
red.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  brown  or  red,  with 
thin  sap  wood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  rich  hummock  soil,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  on  the  Ever- 
glade Keys,  Dade  County,  and  on  several  of  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and 
on  many  of  the  Antilles. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

3.  BUMELIA  Sw. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  usually  spinescent  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
coriaceous  or  thin,  short-petiolate,  obovate  and  obtuse  or  elliptic,  silky-pubescent  or  to- 
mentose  below,  or  nearly  glabrous,  with  rather  inconspicuous  veins  arcuate  near  the  en- 
tire margins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  minute, 
on  slender  clavate  ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  scarious- decidu- 
ous bracts,  in  many-flowered  crowded  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  existing  leaves  or  from  the 
leafless  nodes  of  previous  years;  calyx  ovoid  to  subcampanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  in  one 
series,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  nearly  equal;  corolla  cam- 
panulate,  white,  with  5  spreading  broad-ovate  lobes  rounded  at  apex  and  furnished  on  each 
side  at  base  with  a  minute  acute  ovate  or  lanceolate  appendage;  stamens  5;  filaments  fili- 
form; anthers  ovoid-sagittate,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by 
subextrorse  slits;  staminodia  petal-like,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely 
denticulate,  flattened  or  keeled  on  the  back,  sometimes  furnished  at  base  with  a  pair  of 
minute  scales;  ovary  hirsute,  ovoid  to  ovoid-conic,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
slender  short  or  elongated  simple  style  stigmatic  at  the  acute  apex.  Fruit  oblong-obovoid 
or  globose,  black,  solitary  or  in  2  or  3-fruited  clusters;  flesh  thin  and  dry  or  succulent.  Seed 
ovoid  or  oblong,  apiculate  or  rounded  at  apex,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  thick,  crusta- 
ceous,  light  brown,  smooth  and  shining,  folded  more  or  less  conspicuously  on  the  back  into 
2  lobes  rounded  at  apex;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy, 
hemispheric,  usually  consolidated;  radicle  short,  turned  toward  the  basilar  or  subbasilar 
orbicular  or  elliptic  hilum. 

Bumelia,  with  about  twenty-five  species  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  where  it  is  dis- 
tributed from  the  southern  United  States  through  the  West  Indies  to  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  Brazil.  Of  the  twelve  species  in  the  United  States  which  have  been  dis- 
tinguished five  are  small  trees. 

Bumelia  produces  hard  heavy  strong  wood,  that  of  the  North  American  species  contain- 
ing bands  of  numerous  large  open  ducts  defining  the  layers  of  annual  growth  and  connected 
by  conspicuous  branched  groups  of  similar  ducts,  presenting  in  cross-section  a  reticulate 
appearance. 

The  generic  name  is  from  /Sou/ieXia,  a  classical  name  of  the  Ash-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent  or  lanuginose. 

Leaves  short-obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  elliptic,  covered  below  with  pale  or  ferrugineous 
silky  pubescence.  1.  B.  tenax  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  lanuginose  below  with  ferrugineous  or  silvery  white  hairs. 

2.  B.  lanuginosa  (A,  C,  H). 
Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  thick.  3.  B.  monticola. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  usually  acute  or  acuminate,  thin.  4.  B.  lycioides  (A,  C). 

Leaves  persistent,  obovate;  fruit  oblong.  5.  B.  angustifolia  (C,  D). 

1.  Bumelia  tenax  Willd.    Ironwood.    Black  Haw. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  elliptic,  rarely  oval  or  ovate  on  leading  shoots, 
rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  thin,  dark  dull  green,  and  finally  reticulate- 
venulose  on  the  upper  surface,  thickly  covered  below  with  soft  silky  pale  or  gold-colored 
pubescence,  usually  becoming  dark  rusty  brown  by  midsummer,  l'-3'  long  and  1|'-1|' 
wide,  with  slightly  thickened  and  re  volute  margins  and  a  prominent  midrib;  turning 
yellow  and  falling  irregularly  during  the  winter;  petioles  slender,  hairy,  grooved,  |'-1'  in 
length.  Flowers  appearing  from  May  in  Florida  to  July  in  South  Carolina,  f  long,  on 


SAPOTACE.E  813 

pedicels  £'-!'  in  length  and  coated  like  the  calyx  with  rufous  silky  pubescence,  in  many- 
flowered  crowded  fascicles;  calyx  ovoid,  with  oblong  lobes;  appendages  of  the  corolla  large, 
ovate,  acute,  crenate,  shorter  than  the  ovate  staminodia  about  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the 


corolla;  ovary  narrow-ovoid,  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style.  Fruit  ripening 
and  falling  in  the  autumn,  short -oblong  to  ellipsoid,  i'-f '  in  length;  flesh  sweet  and  edible; 
seed  oblong,  short-pointed  at  apex,  \'-\'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  straight  spreading  flexi- 
ble tough  branches  unarmed  or  armed  with  straight  stout  rigid  spines  sometimes  1'  in 
length,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  silky  pale  pubescence 
often  tinged  with  red  and  soon  rusty  brown,  becoming  glabrous  before  winter,  and  then 
dark  red  and  slightly  roughened  by  occasional  minute  dark  lenticels;  or  often  a  shrub  only 
a  few  feet  high.  Winter-buds  minute,  subglobose,  with  imbricated  ovate  scales  rounded 
at  apex  and  clothed  with  rusty  brown  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  and  divided  irregularly  by  deep  fissures  into  narrow  flat  reticulate  ridges  covered 
with  minute  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  streaked 
with  white,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil;  South  Carolina  (Saint  Helena  Island  and  Bluffton,  Beau- 
fort County),  southward  in  the  coast  region  of  Georgia  and  east  Florida  to  Cape  Canaveral 
and  through  the  interior  of  the  peninsular  to  Cedar  Keys  on  the  west  coast;  near  Bain- 
bridge,  Decatur  County,  southwestern  Georgia. 

2.  Bumelia  lanuginosa  Pers.    Gum  Elastic.    Chittam  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  apex  and  gradually  narrowed  at 
base,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  pale  ferrugineous  tomentum  dense  on  the  lower  and 
loose  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
more  or  less  lanuginose  below  with  rusty  brown  or  silvery  white  (var.  albicans  Sarg.)  hairs, 
l'-2|'  long  and  5'— f'  wide;  falling  irregularly  during  the  winter;  petioles  slender,  rusty 
brown  or  pale  pubescent,  |'-f'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  summer  on  hairy  pedicels  |' 
in  length,  in  16-18-flowered  fascicles;  calyx  ovoid,  with  ovate  rounded  lobes  coated  on  the 
outer  surface  with  ferrugineous  or  pale  tomentum  and  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  appendages  of  the  corolla  small,  ovate  and  acute;  staminodia  ovate,  acute,  re- 
motely and  slightly  denticulate,  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  slender  elongated  style.  Fruit  on  a  slender  drooping  stalk  ripening  and  falling  in 
the  autumn,  oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  \'  long,  with  thick  flesh;  seed  short-oblong, 
rounded  at  apex,  about  \'  in  length. 

A  tree,  often  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  short  thick  rigid 


814 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


branches  forming  a  narrow-oblong  round-topped  head,  unarmed,  or  armed  with  stout  rigid 
straight  or  slightly  curved  spines  frequently  developing  into  spinescent  leafy  lateral 
branchlets,  and  slender  often  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets  coated  with  thick  rufous  or  pale 
tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  red-browrn  to  ashy  gray 
and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  marked  by  occasional  minute  lenticels  and  by  small  semi- 
orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  2  clusters  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  of  its  largest  size  in 
the  Texas  coast  region;  much  smaller  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  there  rarely  more 
than  20°  tall.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  |'  long,  covered  with  broad-obovate  rusty-tomentose 
scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  dark  gray-brown  and  usually  divided  into  narrow  ridges 


Fig.  724 

broken  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  producing  in  Texas  considerable 
quantities  of  clear  viscid  gum  from  the  freshly  cut  wood. 

Distribution.  Southern  and  southeastern  Georgia,  western  Florida  southward  to  th«j 
neighborhood  of  Lake  City,  Columbia  County  and  to  Cedar  Key,  coast  of  Alabama  and 
inland  to  Dallas  County,  southern  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the 
San  Antonio  River  and  over  the  Edwards  Plateau  (Kendall,  Kerr  and  Brown  Counties)  to 
the  valley  of  the  upper  Brazos  River  (Palo  Pinto  County),  and  northward  through  western 
Louisiana  and  western  Arkansas  to  western  Oklahoma  (Seiling,  Dewey  County),  and  to 
southeastern  Kansas  (Cherokee  County)  and  southern  Missouri  as  far  north  as  the  valley 
of  the  Meramec  River  (near  Allenton,  St.  Louis  County),  and  southern  Illinois  (near 
Mound  City,  Pulaski  County) ;  at  Calcasieu  Pass,  on  the  sandy  beaches  of  the  Louisiana 
coast  forming  thickets  of  plants  6°-8°  high,  and  uninjured  by  salt  spray;  the  var.  albicans 
in  eastern  Texas  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos  to  that  of  the  San  Antonio  River  and 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Monterey,  Nuevo  Leon;  most  distinct  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
bottoms  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  near  Victoria,  Victoria  County,  and  here  occasionally 
70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter. 

Passing  into  the  var.  rigida  A.  Gray,  with  smaller  rather  narrower  leaves  and  often 
more  spinescent  branches.  Brown  and  Uvalde  Counties,  Texas;  in  Coahua  and  Nuevo 
Leon,  and  in  the  canons  of  the  mountains  of  southern  Arizona  up  to  altitudes  of  at  least 
4000°-5000°;  in  Texas  shrubby  in  habit;  in  Arizona  forming  dense  thickets  of  slender 
stems  often  20°-25°  tall  and  only  2'-3'  in  diameter. 

3.  Bumelia  monticola  Buckl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  narrowed  and  acute  or  rounded  and  rarely  slightly  emarginate 
at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  covered  above  with  matted  pale  hairs  and  densely  below 


SAPOTACE.E 


815 


with  snow  white  pubescence  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  yellow- 
(?reen,  lustrous  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l|'-3'  long 
and  ^'-l  £'  wide,  with  slightly  revolute  margins,  a  slender  yellow  midrib  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent  below  toward  the  base  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  deciduous;  petioles 
slender  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous.  Flowers  opening  from  the  mid- 
dle of  June  to  the  middle  of  July,  on  villose  pedicels,  becoming  sometimes  nearly  glabrous 
in  the  autumn,  |-'-j'  in  length;  calyx  pale  green,  villose-pubescent,  its  lobes  ovate,  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  their  appendages  lanceolate;  staminodia 
rounded  at  apex,  longer  than  the  corolla-lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  subglobose 
to  oblong-obovoid,  \'-\'  long  and  £'-$'  in  diameter;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends, 
about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  in  favorable  positions  20°-25°  high,  with  spinose  branches  forming  an  irregular 
open  head,  and  slender  often  zigzag  red-brown  lustrous  branchlets,  the  lateral  branchlets 


Fig.  725 

often  ending  in  stout  spines;  more  often  an  irregularly  branched  shrub  10°-15°  high,  spread- 
ing on  the  banks  of  streams  into  great  thickets.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick,  pale  and  dark 
gray,  rough  and  scaly,  exfoliating  in  large  scales. 

Distribution.  Texas,  dry  limestone  cliffs  and  canon  bottoms  and  by  streams  dry  during 
a  large  part  of  the  year,  valley  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  River  (Comal,  Kendall  and  Kerr 
Counties)  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  (Uvalde  County),  and  northward  to  the  valley  of 
the  upper  Brazos  River  (Palo  Pinto  County);  in  Cohahuila  (near  Saltillo). 

4.  Bumelia  lycioides  Gaertn.  f.    Ironwood.    Buckthorn. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  at  base,  covered  when  they  unfold  especially  below  with  silky  villose  pubescence, 
soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  light  green 
and  sometimes  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  pubescence,  thin  and  rather  firm, 
finely  reticulate-venulose,  3'-6'  long  and  ^'-2'  wide,  with  a  pale  thin  conspicuous  midrib 
sometimes  slightly  pubescent  below  near  the  base,  deciduous  in  the  autumn;  petioles  slen- 
der, slightly  grooved,  mostly  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  usually  becoming  glabrous,  \'- 
1'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  at  midsummer  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  \'  long,  in 
crowded  many-flowered  fascicles;  calyx  glabrous,  ovoid-campanulate,  with  rounded  lobes 
rather  shorter  than  the  corolla;  staminodia  broad-ovate,  denticulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
narrow  appendages;  ovary  ovoid,  slightly  hairy  toward  the  base  only,  gradually  contracted 
into  a  short  thick  style.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  the  autumn,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  about 


816  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

f  in  length;  flesh  thick;  seed  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  rounded  at  apex,  nearly  £'  long, 
with  a  pale  conspicuous  hilum. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  6'  in  diameter,  stout  flexible 
branches  usually  unarmed  or  furnished  with  short  stout  slightly  curved  spines  occasionally 


Fig.  726 

developing  into  leafy  spinescent  branches,  and  short  thick  spur-like  lateral  branchlets 
slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  light  red-brown,  rather 
lustrous,  and  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  year  dark  or  light 
brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  nearly  immersed  in  the 
bark,  with  pale  dark  brown  glabrous  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  light  red-brown,  the 
generally  smooth  surface  broken  into  small  thin  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not 
strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  low  moist  soil  on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  streams;  rocky 
bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River  near  Cannelton,  Perry  County,  southern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois 
(Hardin,  Pope  and  Pulaski  Counties),  to  southeastern  Missouri  (Butler  County)  and  to 
western  Kentucky,  western  and  central  Tennessee,  central  Mississippi  and  northern  Louisi- 
ana (West  Feliciana  Parish) ;  and  through  western  Arkansas  to  the  coast  region  of  eastern 
Texas  (Beaumont,  Jefferson  County,  and  Columbia,  Brazoria  County);  central  Alabama; 
Florida  southward  to  St.  Mark's,  Wakulla  County,  and  to  Taylor,  Alachua  and  Volusia 
Counties,  and  to  northwestern  Georgia  (Catoosa  County),  and  the  valley  of  the  Savan- 
nah River  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  and  northward  through  eastern  North  Caro- 
lina to  southeastern  Virginia  (Norfolk  County). 

5.  Bumelia  angustifolia  Nutt.    Ants'  Wood.    Downward  Plum. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  at  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  with 
slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  glabrous,  thick  and  coriaceous,  pale  blue-green  on  the 
upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l^'  long  and  j'-lj'  wide,  with  a  pale  slender 
midrib,  and  very  obscure  veins  and  veinlets;  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  end 
of  their  second  winter;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  rarely  j'  in  length.  Flowers  generally  ap- 
pearing in  October  and  November,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  seldom  more  than  \'  in 
length,  in  few  or  many-flowered  crowded  fascicles;  calyx  glabrous,  divided  nearly  to  the 
base  into  narrow-ovate  lobes  rounded  at  apex  and  half  as  long  as  the  divisions  of  the  corolla 
furnished  with  linear-lanceolate  appendages  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  denticulate  stami- 
nodia;  ovary  narrow-ovoid,  slightly  hairy  at  base  only,  gradually  contracted  into  an  elon- 
gated style.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring,  on  slender  drooping  stems,  usually  1  fruit  only 


SAPOTACE.E  817 

being  developed  from  a  fascicle  of  flowers,  oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  ends, 
|'-f '  long  and  j'  in  diameter,  with  thick  sweet  flesh;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  \'  long. 
A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  6'-8'  in  diameter,  grace- 
ful pendulous  branches  forming  a  compact  round  head,  and  rigid  spinescent  divergent  lat- 
eral branchlets  often  armed  with  acute  slender  spines  sometimes  1'  in  length,  and  when 
they  first  appear  thickly  coated  with  loose  pale  or  dark  brown  deciduous  tomentum,  be- 
coming light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  and  covered 
with  rufous  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply 


divided  by  longitudinal  and  cross  fissures  into  oblong  or  nearly  square  plates.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  although  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  or  orange-colored,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Indian  River  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west 
coast  from  Cedar  Keys  to  East  Cape,  and  here  less  abundant  and  usually  on  rocky  shores 
and  in  the  interior  of  low  barren  islands;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 

4.  CHRYSOPHYLLUM  L. 

Trees,  with  terete  branchlets  usually  coated  while  young  with  dense  tomentum,  and 
naked  buds.  Leaves  short-petiolate,  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and 
coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  brilliant  silky  pubescence  or  tomentum,  persistent.  Flow- 
ers on  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute  bracts,  in  dense  many-flowered  fascicles; 
calyx  usually  5-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  obtuse;  corolla  5  or  rarely  6  or  7-lobed, 
tubular,  campanulate  or  subrotate,  white  or  greenish  white;  filaments  short,  subulate  or 
filiform,  enlarged  into  broad* connectives;  anthers  ovoid  or  triangular,  extrorse  or  rarely 
partly  introrse,  the  cells  spreading  below;  ovary  usually  5-celled,  style  crowned  by  a  5- 
lobed  stigma.  Fruit  short-oblong,  ovoid  or  globose.  Seed  ovoid;  seed-coat  coriaceous, 
dull  or  lustrous;  hilum  subbasilar,  elongated,  conspicuous;  embryo  erect,  surrounded  by 
more  or  less  pungent  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  foliaceous. 

Chrysophyllum  is  tropical,  with  fifty  or  sixty  species  most  abundant  in  the  New  World, 
with  a  small  number  of  species  in  western  and  southern  tropical  Africa,  southern  Asia, 
Australia,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  with  one  species  in  southern  Florida.  The  most 
valuable  species,  Chrysophyllum  Cainito  L.,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies  and  now  cultivated 
in  all  tropical  countries  and  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  Central  and  South  America,  pro- 
duces the  so-called  star-apple,  a  succulent  edible  blue  or  purple  and  green  fruit  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  small  apple. 

The  generic  name,  from  xpvo-6s  and  <t>t\\ov  is  in  allusion  to  the  golden  covering  of  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaves. 


818  •  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1 .  Chiysophyllum  olivif orme  Lam.    Satin-leaf. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  oval,  acute  or  contracted  into  a  short  broad  point  or  some- 
times rounded  at  apex,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  blue-green 
on  the  upper  surface  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  petiole  with  brilliant 
copper-colored  pubescence,  2'-3'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  with  a  broad  prominent  midrib  deeply 
impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  numerous  straight  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins;  petioles 
stout,  |'-f '  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  irregularly  throughout  the  year  and 
often  found  on  a  branch  with  ripe  or  half-grown  fruits,  on  stout  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  covered  like  the  calyx  with  rufous  tomentum,  in  few  or  many-flowered  fascicles  in 
the  axils  of  leaves  or  at  the  base  of  lateral  branchlets  in  those  of  earlier  years;  calyx  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  broad  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  subrotate 
white  corolla  with  short  spreading  rounded  lobes;  ovary  5-celled,  pubescent,  gradually 
contracted  into  a  short  style  crowrned  by  a  broad  5-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  usually  1-seeded 
by  abortion,  on  stems  1'  long,  usually  only  a  single  fruit  being  produced  from  a  flower- 
cluster,  ovoid  or  sometimes  nearly  globose,  dark  purple,  roughened  by  occasional  excres- 
cences, with  a  thick  tough  skin  inclosing  the  juicy  sweet  mawkish  flesh  light  purple  on  the 
exterior,  lighter  toward  the  interior,  and  quite  white  in  the  centre;  seed  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  \'  long,  covered  with  a  thin  light  brown  coat  closely  invested  with  a  white  glutinous 
aril-like  pulpy  mass. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  upright 
branches  forming  a  compact  oblong  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  coated 
when  they  first  appear  with  ferrugineous  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  second  year  light 


Fig.  728 

red-brown  or  ashy  gray  and  covered  with  small  pale  elevated  circular  lenticels;  in  sandy 
soil  under  the  shade  of  Pine-trees  in  the  Everglade  Keys  a  shrub  6°  high  or  less.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  $'  thick,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  by  shallow  fissures  into 
large  irregularly  shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  scales.  Wood 
very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  shaded  with  red,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  rich  tummocks,  from  Mosquito  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  to  the 
Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County  and  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west  coast  from  the 
shores  of  the  Caloosahatchie  River  to  the  neighborhood  of  Cape  Sable;  local  and  nowhere 
common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico  and  Jamaica. 


SAPOTACE^E  819 

5.  MIMUSOPS  L. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  branchlets,  small  naked  buds,  and  sweet  juice. 
Leaves  usually  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  with  slender  inconspicuous  transverse 
veins  and  minute  reticulate  veinlets,  persistent.  Flowers  on  clavate  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts;  calyx  6-8-parted,  the  divisions  in  2  series,  those  of  the 
exterior  series  almost  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  white,  barely  longer  than  the  calyx,  sub- 
rotate,  usually  dilated  at  the  throat,  6-8-lobed,  the  lobes  furnished  at  base  with  a  pair  of 
petal-like  appendages:  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  dilated; 
anthers  lanceolate,  their  connectives  excurrent,  acute,  or  sometimes  aristate  at  apex;  stam- 
inodia  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  scale-like  or  petaloid,  entire,  2-lobed  or  lacini- 
ate;  ovary  ovoid,  hirsute  or  puberulous,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  style  stigmatic 
at  apex.  Fruit  globose,  1  or  2-seeded,  tipped  with  the  much  thickened  elongated  style; 
skin  crustaceous,  indurate;  flesh  thick  and  dry.  Seed  oblong-ovoid,  slightly  compressed; 
seed-coat  crustaceous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  hilum  elongated,  lateral  or  minute, 
basilar;  embryo  surrounded  by  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  flat,  thick  and  fleshy, 
much  longer  than  the  short  erect  radicle. 

Mimusops  with  thirty  or  forty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics  of  the 
two  hemispheres,  a  single  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida.  Several  species 
produce  hard  heavy  timber,  edible  fruits,  or  valuable  milky  juices. 

The  significance  of  the  generic  name,  from  nipt!)  and  6^t$  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the 
corolla,  is  not  apparent. 

1.  Mimusops  emarginata  Britt.    Wild  Dilly. 
Mimusops  Sieberi  Chap.,  not  A.  DC. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  involute  in  the  bud  oblong-elliptic,  or  occa- 
sionally slightly  obovate,  rounded  or  retuse  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  with 
slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  bright  red  when  they  unfold,  and  slightly  puberulous 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  midrib,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  green  and 


Fig.  729 

lustrous,  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom,  conspicuously  reticu- 
late-venulose,  3'-4'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  a  stout  midrib  glabrous,  or  puberulous  with 
rusty  hairs  below,  and  deeply  impressed  above;  appearing  in  Florida  in  April  and  May  and 
deciduous  during  their  second  year;  petioles  slender,  grooved,  rusty-pubescent,  especially 
while  young,  •I'-l'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  the  spring  on  slender  pedicels  near  the 


820  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

end  of  the  branches,  coated  with  rusty  tomentum  and  1'  or  more  long,  from  the  axils  of 
leaves  of  the  year  or  from  those  of  fallen  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx  narrow-ovoid, 
divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  6  lobes,  those  of  the  outer  row  lanceolate,  acute,  covered  on 
the  outer  surface  with  rusty  brown  tomentum  and  on  the  inner  surface  with  pale  pubes- 
cence, thickened  and  usually  marked  at  the  base  on  the  outer  surface  by  black  spots,  those 
of  the  inner  row  ovate,  acute,  keeled  toward  the  base,  light  greenish  yellow  and  pale-pubes- 
cent; corolla  light  yellow  tinged  with  green,  f '  in  diameter,  with  8  spreading  lanceolate 
acute  divisions  entire  or  erosely  toothed  toward  the  apex,  their  appendage  slender,  acute 
and  from  one  hah*  to  two  thirds  their  length;  staminodia  minute,  nearly  triangular,  entire; 
ovary  narrow-ovoid,  dark  red,  puberulous  toward  the  base  with  pale  hairs,  and  gradually 
narrowed  into  an  elongated  exserted  style  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of 
a  year,  in  the  spring  or  in  early  autumn,  on  a  stout  erect  stem  about  1'  long,  and  per- 
sistent until  after  the  tree  flowers  the  following  year,  subglobose  to  slightly  obovoid,  flat- 
tened and  compressed  at  apex,  l'-l£'  in  diameter,  usually  1-seeded  by  abortion,  with  a 
thick  dry  outer  coat  roughened  by  minute  rusty  brown  scales,  and  thick  spongy  flesh  filled 
with  milky  juice;  seed  \'  long,  with  an  elongated  lateral  hilum. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  short  gnarled  trunk  12'-15'  in  diame- 
ter and  usually  hollow  and  defective,  thick  branches  forming  a  compact  round  head,  and 
stout  branchlets  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year,  coated  when  they 
first  appear  with  dark  rufous  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  orange-brown  at  the 
end  of  a  few  weeks,  and  in  their  second  year  covered  with  thick  ashy  gray  or  light  red- 
brown  scaly  bark  and  marked  by  elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  3  large  dark  con- 
spicuous fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  rusty-tomentose.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick  and  irregularly  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  ridges  rounded  on 
the  back  and  broken  into  small  nearly  square  plates.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
close-grained,  rich  very  dark  brown,  with  light-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  only  on  the  southern  keys;  not  common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands 
and  in  Cuba. 

LVH.  EBENACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  alternate  simple  entire  leaves,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  regular,  axillary,  articulate  with  the  bibracteolate  pedi- 
cels; calyx  persistent;  corolla  hypogynous,  regular;  disk  0;  stamens  more  numerous  than 
the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  its  base,  fewer  and  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  pistillate 
flower;  filaments  short;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled;  ovary  several-celled;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell,  suspended  from  its  apex,  anatropous;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  1  or 
several-seeded  berry.  Seeds  with  copious  albumen;  embryo  axile. 

The  Ebony  family  with  seven  genera  and  a  large  number  of  species  is  widely  distributed 
in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  with  two  representatives  of  its  most  important  genus, 
Diospyros,  in  the  flora  of  the  United  States. 

1.  DIOSPYROS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  scaly  axillary  buds, 
coriaceous  leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  from 
the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous  year;  staminate  smaller  than  the  pistillate 
and  usually  in  short  few-flowered  bracted  cymes;  pistillate  generally  solitary;  calyx  4- 
lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  accrescent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  4-lobed,  the  lobes 
sinistrorsely  contorted  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  spreading 
or  recurved;  stamens  usually  16,  inserted  on  the  bottom  of  the  corolla  in  two  rows  and  in 
pairs,  those  of  the  outer  row  rather  longer  than  and  opposite  those  of  the  inner  rowr;  fila- 
ments free,  slender;  anthers  oblong,  apiculate,  the  cells  opening  laterally  by  longitudinal 
slits;  stamens  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  usually  4-celled,  each  cell 
more  or  less  completely  divided  by  the  development  of  a  false  longitudinal  partition  from 
its  anterior  face,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  4,  spreading,  2-lobed  at 


EBENACE^E  821 

apex;  stigmas  2-parted  or  lobed;  ovule  solitary  in  each  of  the  divisions  of  the  cells.  Fruit 
globose,  oblong  or  conic,  1-10-seeded,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  persistent  calyx. 
Seeds  pendulous,  oblong,  compressed;  seed-coat  thick  and  bony,  dark,  more  or  less  lus- 
trous; embryo  axile,  straight  or  somewhat  curved;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late; radicle  superior,  cylindric,  turned  toward  the  small  hilum. 

Diospyros,  which  is  chiefly  tropical,  is  widely  distributed  with  more  than  two  hundred 
species  in  the  two  hemispheres,  with  a  few  species  extending  beyond  the  tropics  into  eastern 
North  America,  eastern  Asia,  southwestern  Asia,  and  the  Mediterranean  region. 

Diospyros  produces  hard  close-grained  valuable  wood,  with  dark  or  black  heartwood  and 
thick  soft  yellow  sap  wood.  The  ebony  of  commerce  is  partly  produced  by  different  tropi- 
cal species.  The  fruit  is  often  edible,  and  some  of  the  species  are  important  fruit- trees  in 
China  and  Japan. 

The  generic  name,  from  Ai6s  and  7rv/>6s,  is  in  allusion  to  the  life-giving  properties  of  the 
fruit. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  on  branchlets  of  the  year;  anthers  opening  longitudinally  nearly  throughout  their 
entire  length;  filaments  pubescent;  pistillate  fl  owners  with  8  rudimentary  stamens; 
ovary  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  oval;  fruit  green,  yellow,  orange  color  or  rarely  black. 

1.  D.  virginiana  (A,  C), 

Flowers  on  branchlets  of  the  previous  year;  anthers  opening  only  near  the  apex;  filaments 
glabrous;  pistillate  flowers  without  rudimentary  stamens;  ovary  pubescent;  leaves 
cuneate-oblong  or  obovate;  fruit  black.  2.  D.  texana  (C). 

1.  Diospyros  virginiana  L.    Persimmon. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oval  or  elliptic,  acuminate  ur  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  or  rounded  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  base,  coriaceous,  glabrous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lowrer  surface,  4 '-6'  long  and  2'-3' 


Fig.  730 

wide,  with  a  broad  flat  midrib,  about  six  pairs  of  conspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate  near 
the  margins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  falling  in  the  autumn  usually  without  much  change  of 
color;  petioles  stout,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose-pubescent,  \'-V  in  length.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing when  the  leaves  are  more  than  half  grown  on  branchlets  of  the  year,  from  March  in 
the  extreme  south  to  June  in  the  north;  the  staminate  in  2-3-flowered  pubescent  peduncu- 
late cymes,  on  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  lanceolate  acute  caducous  bracts  and  fur- 


82%  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

nished  near  the  middle  with  two  minute  caducous  bractlets;  the  pistillate  solitary,  on  short 
recurved  pedicels,  bibracteolate  with  conspicuous  acute  bractlets  ciliate  on  the  margins  and 
often  j'  in  length;  corolla  of  the  staminate  flower  tubular,  \'  long,  slightly  contracted  be- 
low the  short  acute  reflexed  lobes  forming  before  expansion  a  pointed  4-angled  bud  rather 
longer  than  the  broad-ovate  acute  foliaceous  ciliate  calyx-lobes  inflexed  on  the  margins; 
stamens  with  short  slightly  hairy  filaments  and  linear-lanceolate  anthers  opening  through- 
out their  length;  pistillate  flower  f  long,  with  a  greenish  yellow  or  creamy  white  corolla 
nearly  \'  broad;  stamens  8,  inserted  in  one  row  below  the  middle  of  the  corolla,  with  short 
filaments  and  sagittate  abortive  or  sometimes  fertile  anthers;  ovary  conic,  pilose  toward 
the  apex,  ultimately  8-celled,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  the  four  slender  styles  hairy  at 
the  base.  Fruit  on  a  short  thick  stem,  ripening  at  the  north  late  in  autumn  or  earlier 
southward,  often  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  depressed-globose  to  ovoid  or 
slightly  obovoid,  rounded  or  pointed  at  apex,  f -2'  in  diameter,  yellow  or  pale  orange  color, 
often  with  a  bright  cheek,  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  turning  yellowish  brown 
when  partly  decayed  by  freezing,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  spreading  calyx  \'-\\'  in  di- 
ameter, with  broad  ovate  pointed  lobes  recurved  on  the  margins;  flesh  austere  while  green, 
yellowish  brown,  sweet  and  luscious  when  fully  ripened  by  the  action  of  frost,  or  in  some 
forms  remaining  hard  and  green  during  the  winter;  seeds  oblong,  rounded  on  the  dorsal 
edge,  nearly  straight  on  the  ventral  edge,  rounded  at  the  ends,  much  flattened,  \'  long  and 
\'  wide,  with  a  thick  hard  pale  brown  rugose  testa,  a  narrow  pale  hilum  and  a  slender  raphe. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  16'-20'  in  diameter,  spreading  often 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  or  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  slightly 
zigzag  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  branchlets  with  a  thick  pith-cavity,  light  brown 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  during  their  first  winter  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  and 
marked  by  occasional  small  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf- 
scars,  with  deep  horizontal  lunate  depressions;  or  in  the  primeval  forest,  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions,  sometimes  100°-130°  high,  w7ith  a  long  slender  trunk  free  of  branches 
for  70°-80°  and  rarely  exceeding  2°  in  diameter;  frequently  not  more  than  15°  or  20°  high 
and  sometimes  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter-buds:  axillary,  broad-ovoid,  acute,  I'  long,  with 
thick  imbricated  dark  red-brown  or  purple  lustrous  scales  often  persistent  at  the  base  of 
young  branchlets  during  the  season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-l'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged 
with  red,  or  dark  gray,  and  deeply  divided  into  thick  square  plates  broken  into  thin  per- 
sistent scales,  with  heavy  strong  dark  brown  sometimes  nearly  black  heartwood  often  un- 
developed until  the  tree  is  over  one  hundred  years  old;  used  in  turnery,  for  shoe-lasts, 
plane-stocks,  and  preferred  for  shuttles  to  other  American  woods.  The  fruit  contains 
tannin,  to  which  it  owes  its  astringent  qualities,  and  is  eaten  in  great  quantities  in  the 
southern  states.  The  inner  bark  is  astringent  and  bitter. 

Distribution.  Light  sandy  well  drained  soil,  or  in  the  Mississippi  basin  sometimes  on 
the  deep  rich  bottom-lands  of  river  valleys;  Lighthouse  Point,  New  Haven,  New  Haven 
County,  Connecticut,  and  Long  Island,  New  York,  through  southern  Pennsylvania,  south- 
ern Ohio,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  to  southeastern  Iowa,  eastern  Kansas,  central 
Oklahoma,  and  southward  to  De  Soto  County,  Florida,  southern  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River  (Burnett  County) ;  very  common 
in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  often  covering  with  shrubby  growth  by  means  of 
the  stoloniferous  roots  abandoned  fields  and  springing  up  by  the  side  of  roads  and  fences; 
ascending  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  3500°;  rare  toward  the  western 
limits  of  its  range  in  Texas.  In  Missouri  and  Arkansas  passing  into  the  var.  platycarpa 
Sarg.  with  larger  broad-ovate  leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base  or  rarely  elliptic,  more  or 
less  densely  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  midrib  and  petiole,  often 
%,\'-k'  long  and  2'-2|'  wide,  and  at  the  end  of  vigorous  shoots  up  to  6'  in  length,  and  de- 
pressed-globose, yellow,  rarely  nearly  black  (f.  air  a  Sarg.),  fruit  much  depressed  at  top  and 
bottom,  If '-3'  wide  and  about  1'  high,  wTith  sweet  succulent  flesh,  ripening  in  September  or 
early  October,  and  seeds  conspicuously  rounded  on  the  dorsal  edge,  much  compressed, 
dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  only  slightly  rugose,  f  long  and  \'  wide.  A  tree  usually 


EBENACE^E  823 

not  more  than  12°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  16'-30'  in  diameter  and  rather  stouter  branchlets 
densely  villose-pubescent  sometimes  for  two  or  three  years,  or  becoming  glabrate  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season.  Hills  near  Allenton,  St.  Louis  County,  and  on  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Ozark  Mountains  and  the  adjacent  prairies  of  southeastern  Missouri  and  prairies  of 
northwestern  Arkansas,  eastern  Kansas  and  Oklahoma.  In  Dade  County,  Florida,  Dio- 
spyros  virginiana  is  replaced  by  the  var.  Mosieri  Sarg.  with  smaller  staminate  flowers,  nearly 
globose  fruit  with  rather  less  compressed  dark  chestnut-brown  lustrous  only  slightly  rugose 
seeds.  A  small  tree  with  slightly  fissured  light  gray  bark. 

Several  named  varieties  of  Diospyros  virginiana  are  distinguished  and  cultivated  by 
pomologists. 

2.  Diospyros  texana  Scheele.    Black  Persimmon.    Chapote. 

Leaves  oblong-cuneate  to  obovate,  rounded  and  often  retuse  at  apex  and  cuneate  at 
base,  covered  below  when  they  unfold  with  thick  -pale  tomentum  and  above  with 
scattered  long  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous, 


Fig.  731 

glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
f'-lj'  long  and  nearly  1'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  and  about  4  pairs  of  arcuate  pri- 
mary veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  unfolding  in  February  and  March,. and  falling  during 
the  following  winter  without  change  of  color;  petioles  short,  thick,  and  hairy.  Flowers  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  on  branches  of  the  previ- 
ous year;  staminate  on  slender  drooping  pedicels  furnished  near  the  middle  with  minute 
caducous  bractlets,  in  1-3-flowered  crowded  pubescent  fascicles;  pistillate  on  stouter 
club-shaped  pedicels,  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  f '  long  and 
deeply  divided  into  5  ovate  or  lanceolate  silky-tomentose  lobes  recurved  after  the  opening 
of  the  flower,  and  much  shorter  than  the  corolla  f '  long,  creamy  white,  and  slightly  con- 
tracted below  the  5  short  spreading  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamens,  with 
glabrous  filaments  shorter  than  the  corolla,  and  linear-lanceolate  anthers  opening  at  apex 
only  by  short  slits;  pistillate  flowers  without  rudimentary  stamens,  f  long,  with  oblong 
acute  silky-tomentose  calyx-lobes  half  the  length  of  the  pubescent  corolla  nearly  \' .  across 
the  short  spreading  lobes;  ovary  ovoid,  pubescent  like  the  young  fruit,  ultimately  8-celled. 
Fruit  ripening  in  August,  subglobose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  and  3-8-seeded,  surrounded  at  base 
by  the  large  thickened  leathery  calyx  sometimes  1'  in  diameter,  with  oblong  pubescent 
reflexed  lobes,  the  thick  tough  black  skin  inclosing  thin  sweet  insipid  juicy  dark  flesh; 
seeds  triangular,  rounded  on  the  back,  narrowed  and  flattened  at  the  pointed  apex,  \ '  long, 
about  $-'  thick,  with  a  bony  lustrous  light  red  pitted  coat. 


824  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter, 
dividing  at  some  distance  above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches  form- 
ing a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branchlets,  coated  at 
first  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  ashy  gray,  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first 
winter,  later  becoming  browrn  and  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated 
semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate  row  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  often  much 
smaller,  and  toward  the  northern  and  western  limits  of  its  range  a  low  many-stemmed 
shrub.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  barely  more  than  -fa'  long,  with  broad-ovate  scales  rounded  on 
the  back  and  coated  with  rufous  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  smooth,  light  gray  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  the  outer  layer  falling  away  in  large  irregularly  shaped  patches  displaying 
the  smooth  gray  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  with  black  heartwood  often  streaked  with 
yellow  and  clear  bright  yellow  sap  wood;  used  in  turnery  and  for  the  handles  of  tools.  The 
fruit,  which  is  exceedingly  austere  until  it  is  fully  ripe,  stains  black,  and  is  sometimes  used 
by  Mexicans  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  dye  sheepskins 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Texas,  Matagorda  County  (neighborhood  of  Matagorda 
and  Bay  City)  to  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and  northward  to  San  Saba,  Lampasas  and  Bexar 
Counties;  in  Coahuila,  Nuevo  Leon,  and  Tamaulipas;  possibly  in  southern  Lower  California; 
abundant  in  western  and  southern  Texas;  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  on  the  borders 
of  prairies  in  rich  moist  soil;  westward  on  dry  rocky  mesas  and  in  isolated  canons;  very 
common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  region  between  the  Sierra  Madre  and  the  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  in  Nuevo  Leon  and  Tamaulipas. 

LVIII.  STYRACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stellate  pubescence  or  lepidote,  watery  juice,  and  scaly  buds. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  penniveined,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect;  calyx 
more  or  less  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  disk  0;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  superior  or  partly  superior,  crowned  with  a  simple  style; 
ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  thin  dry  flesh,  and  a  thick-walled  1-seeded 
bony  stone.  Seeds,  with  albumen. 

The  Storax  family  is  confined  to  North  and  South  America,  the  Mediterranean  region, 
eastern  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago.  Of  the  six  genera  of  this  family  two  are  repre- 
sented in  the  flora  of  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary;  corolla  4-lobed.  Fruit  oblong-obovoid, 
2  or  4-celled  and  2  or  4-winged.  1.  Halesia. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  only  of  the  ovary;  corolla  usually  5-parted.  Fruit  subglobose, 
1-celled.  2.  Styrax. 

i.  HALESIA  L.   SILVER  BELL  TREE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stellate  pubescence,  slender  terete  pithy  branchlets,  without  a  ter- 
minal bud,  axillary  buds  with  imbricated  accrescent  scales,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  in- 
volute in  the  bud,  thin,  elliptic,  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-ovoid,  denticulate,  deciduous. 
Flowers  opening  in  early  spring,  on  slender  elongated  drooping  ebracteolate  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  foliaceous  acuminate  or  acute  caducous  bracts,  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes 
from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx- tube  obconic,  adherent  to  the  whole 
surface  of  the  ovary,  the  limb  short,  4-toothed,  with  minute  triangular  teeth,  open  in  the 
bud;  corolla  epigynous,  campanulate,  4-lobed,  or  divided  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lobes  con- 
volute or  imbricated  in  the  bud,  thin  and  white  or  rarely  tinged  with  rose;  stamens  8-16; 
filaments  elongated,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  slightly  attached  at  base,  or  sometimes  free, 
flattened  below;  anthers  oblong,  adnate  or  free  at  the  very  base;  ovary  2  or  4-celled,  gradu- 
ally contracted  into  an  elongate  glabrous  or  tomentose  style  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  4  in 
each  cell,  attached  by  elongated  funiculi  at  the  middle  of  the  axis,  the  2  upper  ascending, 


STYRACE.E  825 

the  2  lower  pendulous;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior  and  superior.  Fruit  ripening  in 
the  autumn,  elongated,  oblong  or  obovoid  and  gradually  narrowed  at  base;  skin  tough, 
separable,  light  green  and  lustrous,  turning  reddish  brown  late  in  the  autumn;  exocarp 
indehiscent,  thick,  becoming  dry  and  corky  at  maturity,  produced  into  2  or  4  broad  thin 
wings  cuneate  at  base  and  rounded  at  apex;  stone  bony,  cylindric,  obovoid  or  ellipsoid, 
gradually  narrowed  at  base  into  a  slender  stipe  inclosed  in  the  wings,  narrowed  above 
and  terminating  in  the  enlarged  style  protruding  above  the  wings,  usually  obscurely 
and  irregularly  8-angled  or  sulcate,  1-4-celled.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  elongated, 
cylindric;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  lustrous,  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  stone,  the 
delicate  inner  coat  attached  to  the  copious  fleshy  albumen;  embryo  terete,  axile,  erect; 
cotyledons  oblong,  as  long  as  the  elongated  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

Halesia  is  confined  to  the  southeastern  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Stephen  Hales  (1677-1761),  an  English  clergyman,  au- 
thor of  "Vegetable  Staticks." 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  4-winged;  flowers  fascicled;  corolla  slightly  lobed. 
Fruit  oblong  to  slightly  obovoid. 

Flowyers  hardly  more  than  |'  long;  fruit  1|'  in  length.  1.  H.  Carolina  (A,  C). 

Flowers  2'  long;  fruit  up  to  2'  in  length.  2.  H.  monticola  (A). 

Fruit  clavate;  flowers  usually  not  more  than  |'  long.  3.  H.  parviflora  (C). 

Fruit  2-winged;  flowers  often  racemose;  corolla  divided  nearly  to  the  base. 

4.  H.  diptera  (C). 

1.  Halesia  Carolina  L. 
Mohrodendron  carolinum  Britt. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  abruptly  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  and  dentate  with  small  remote  callous  teeth, 
slightly  pubescent  or  covered  below  when  they  unfold  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  and 


Fig.  732 

densely  stellate-pubescent  above  (var.  mollis  Perkins),  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green 
and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  below  on  the  slender 
yellow  midrib  and  primary  veins,  3'-4'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  and  on  leading  shoots  up  to 
6'-7'  in  length;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  glabrous, 
pubescent  or  tomentose,  early  in  the  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  \'-\'  in  length. 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Flowers  about  \'  long,  on  glabrous  or  densely  or  slightly  villose  pedicels  £'-f  in  length, 
from  the  axils  of  ovate  caducous  serrate  glabrous  or  pubescent  bracts  rounded  at  apex,  in 
crowded  fascicles ;  calyx  obconic,  glabrous,  slightly  pubescent  or  hoary-tomentose  (var.  mollis 
Lange),  the  lobes  ciliate;  corolla  narrowed  below  into  a  short  tube,  f  across,  sometimes 
faintly  tinged  with  rose,  rarely  divided  nearly  to  the  base  (var.  dialypetala  Schn.);  sta- 
mens 10-16;  filaments  villose  with  occasional  white  hairs;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  oblong  to 
oblong-obovate,  4-winged,  1^'  long,  -I'-f  in  diameter;  stone  ellipsoid  to  slightly  obovoid, 
narrowed  below  into  a  short  stipe  and  above  into  the  slender  apex  terminating  in  the 
elongated  persistent  style,  slightly  angled,  \'-\'  long,  usually  1-setded  by  abortion;  seed 
rounded  at  the  narrow  ends,  \'-\'  long. 

A  round-headed  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  often  divided  near  the  ground 
into  several  spreading  stems,  and  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  branches,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  glabrous  or  densely  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming  slightly  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous  and  orange-brown,  and  marked  by  large  obcordate  leaf-scars  during  their 
first  winter  and  dark  red-brown  the  following  year;  more  often  a  shrub  with  wide-spreading 
stems.  Winter-buds  ellipsoid  to  ovoid,  f '  long,  with  thick  broad-ovate  dark  red  acute 
puberulous  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  those  of  the  inner  rows  beco:  ling  strap-shaped, 
bright  yellow  and  sometimes  \'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  slightly  ridged,  reddish 
brown,  separating  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light.,  soft,  close-grained,  light 
brown  with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Wooded  slopes  and  the  banks  of  streams,  southern  West  Virginia  (Fay- 
ette  and  Summers  Counties) ;  Piedmont  region  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  ascending  to 
altitudes  of  2000',  through  central  Georgia  to  western  Florida,  and  through  Alabama 
south  to  Dallas  and  Mount  Vernon  Counties;  the  var.  mollis  with  the  type  and  the  more 
common  form  in  western  Florida  southward  to  Suwanee  County.  A  seedling  shrubby 
Halesia  (var.  Meehanii  PerLins)  with  thicker  smaller  darker  green  rugose  leaves,  smaller 
cup-shaped  flowers  on  shorter  pedicels,  appeared  many  years  ago  in  the  Meehan  Nurseries 
at  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  and  is  possibly  a  hybrid  but  of  obscure  origin. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States,  in  California  and  in  western  and  central 
Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

2.  Halesia  monticola  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  cuneate  or  occasionally 
rounded  at  base,  remotely  dentate  with  minute  blunt  teeth,  covered  above  when  they  un- 
fold with  short  white  hairs  and  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  half-grown  and  pubes- 
cent on  the  midrib  below  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous  writh  the  exception 
of  a  few  hairs  on  the  lower  side  of  the  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins,  8'-ll'  long  and 
1|'-2|'  wide ;  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  petioles  slender,  viilose-pubescent 
when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  ^'-f '  in  length.  Flowers  2'  long  on  pedicels  !'-!'  in 
length,  from  the  axils  of  obovate  or  elliptic  acute  pubescent  bracts  i'-f  long  and  \'  wide; 
calyx  obconic,  glabrous  or  slightly  viilose-pubescent;  corolla  1'  in  diameter,  contracted  be- 
low into  a  short  limb;  stamens  10-16;  filaments  slightly  villose  toward  the  base,  ovary 
4-celled.  Fruit  oblong-obovoid,  cuneate  at  base,  4-vinged,  If '-2'  long,  1'  in  diameter; 
stone  ovoid-ellipsoid,  abruptly  narrowed  oelcw  into  a  short  stipe,  gradually  narrowed  above 
into  the  long  apex,  prominently  angled  about  li'-T"  in  length. 

A  tree,  often  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter  and  free  of  branches  for  50°-60°, 
comparatively  small  spreading  and  erect  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head  and  slen- 
der branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  lustrous,  light 
red-brown  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  winter  and  dark  red-brown  in  their  second 
year.  Winter-buds  ovoid  to  ellipsoid,  acuminate,  much  compressed,  gibbous  on  the  back, 
the  outer  scales  thick,  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  lustrous,  bright  red,  f '  long.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  thick,  separating  freely  into  long  broad  loosely  attached  red-brown  plates  |'-f ' 
thick. 


STYRACE.E 


827 


Distribution.     Mountain  slopes  at  altitudes  from  3000°-4000°,  western  North  Caro- 
lina, eastern  Tennessee  and  western  Georgia;  passing  into  the  var.  vestita  Sarg.,  with 


Fig.  733 

leaves  often  rounded  at  base,  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  when  they  unfold  with 
snow-  white  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  pubescent  over  the  lower  surface,  especially  on 
the  midrib  and  veins,  and  occasionally  pale  rose-colored  flowers  (f .  rosea  Sarg.) ;  banks 
of  streams,  near  Marion,  McDowell  County,  North  Carolina;  Heber  Springs,  Carroll 
County,  Arkansas;  occasionally  cultivated  with  the  var.  vestita  and  hardy  in  the  Arnold 
Arboretum  and  in  Rochester,  New  York. 

Halesia  monticola  in  cultivation  grows  rapidly  with  a  single  trunk;  and  is  hardy  in  east- 
ern Massachusetts. 

3  Halesia  parviflora  Michx. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  slightly  obovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  long-pointed  or  acuminate 
at  apex,  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  finely  serrate  with  minute  glandular 


Fig.  734 

teeth,  densely  covered  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  pubescent  or 
glabrous,  2f'-3i*  long  and  l'-lj'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib  and  primary  veins  villose- 


828 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


pubescent  below;  petioles  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous, 
£'-£'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  the  end  of  March  or  early  in  April,  \'-\'  long,  on  pedicels 
more  or  less  densely  villose-pubescent  with  white  hairs,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  f '— f '  in 
length;  calyx  densely  hoary-tomentose  or  rarely  villose-pubescent;  corolla  f'-|'  in  diame- 
ter; stamens  10-16,  filaments  slightly  villose.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September, 
clavate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  stipitate  base,  f'-l^'  long,  4-winged,  the  wings 
narrow,  of  equal  width  or  occasionally  with  the  alternate  wings  narrower  than  the  others; 
stone  ovoid,  abruptly  narrowed  below  into  a  short  stipe,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex, 
obscurely  angled,  f'-lj'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  long  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  light  brown 
slightly  ridged  branches  and  slender  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  by  the  end  of  their  first  season  and  light  gray-brown 
in  their  second  year;  or  a  shrub  only  a  few  feet  tall.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  slightly 
compressed,  villose,  about  f '  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black, 
and  divided  by  deep  longitudinal  furrows  into  narrow  rounded  rough  ridges. 

Distribution.  Northern  Florida,  in  sandy  uplands  (St.  John,  Clay,  Jackson,  Gadsden 
and  Lafayette  Counties) ;  not  common;  Alabama  (Lee  County) ;  eastern  Mississippi  (Laurel, 
Jones  County),  and  eastern  Oklahoma  (near  Page,  Le  Flore  County). 

4.  Halesia  diptera  Ellis. 
Mohrodendron  dipterum  Britt. 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  abruptly  long-pointed  or  rarely  rounded  at 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  undulate-serrate  with  remote 
minute  callous  teeth,  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum  and  pubescent  above  when  they 
unfold,  and  at  maturity  thin,  light  green  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  slender  midrib 
on  the  upper  surface  and  paler  and  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and 
2'-2£'  wide,  and  at  the  end  of  vigorous  branches  up  to  8'  long  and  3'  wide,  with  pale  con- 


spicuous arcuate  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  f'-f '  in  length. 
Flowers  opening  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  end  of  April,  usually  nearly  1 '  long,  on 
slender  tomentose  pedicels  H'-2'  in  length,  from  the  axils  of  obovate  puberulous  bracts 
rounded  or  acute  at  apex  and  £'-f '  long,  in  few-flowered  fascicles  or  in  4-6-flowered  ra- 
cemes; calyx  thickly  covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  the  short  lobes  nearly  glabrous  on  the 
inner  surface;  corolla  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
slightly  obovate  or  oval  spreading  lobes;  stamens  8-16,  usually  8,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  filaments  covered  with  pale  hairs,  and  sometimes  free  from  the  corolla;  ovary  usu- 
ally 2,  rarely  4-celled  and  covered,  like  the  style,  with  pale  pubescence.  Fruit  oblong  to 


STYRACE^E      . 

slightly  obovoid,  compressed,  !%'-%'  long,  often  nearly  1'  wide,  with  two  broad  wings  and 
often  with  2  or  rarely  3  narrow  wings  between  them;  stone  ellipsoid,  l|'-lf  long,  conspicu- 
ously ridged,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  the  short  slender  stipe  and  above  into  the 
thickened  pubescent  style;  seed  acuminate  at  the  ends,  about  f  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  short  or  rarely  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  wide  head  and  slender  branchlets  light  green  and  more  or  less 
thickly  covered  with  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  usually  becoming  glabrous, 
orange  color,  or  reddish  brown,  lustrous  and  marked  by  the  large  elevated  obcordate 
leaf-scars  during  their  first  winter,  dark  red-brown  in  their  second  season  and  dividing  the 
following  year  into  irregular  pale  longitudinal  fissures;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous 
stout  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  obtuse,  ^'  long,  with  broad-ovate  acute  light 
red  pubescent  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  strap-shaped,  scarious  and  |'  long 
Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  irregular  longitudinal 
often  broad  fissures,  and  separating  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales  Wood  light, 
soft,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  and  the  borders  of  swamps  and  streams;  near  Savannah 
(Elliott)  and  in  southwestern  Georgia,  western  Florida  (Leon  and  Gadsden  Counties), 
southern  Alabama,  Mississippi  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Neches  River, 
Texas,  and  to  southwestern  Arkansas  (Miller  County). 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  the  eastern  United  States  and  western  Europe. 
Doubtfully  hardy  in  Massachusetts  and  western  New  York. 

2.  STYRAX  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  lepidote  or  stellate-tomentose  except  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves, 
with  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  axillary  buds,  with 
imbricated  scales,  and  fibrous  roots  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  entire  or  slightly  serrate. 
Flowers  usually  white  on  short  ebracteolate  drooping  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  small  bracts, 
in  simple  or  branched  usually  drooping  axillary  racemes;  calyx  cup-shaped,  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary  or  nearly  free,  the  margin  truncate,  obscurely  or  conspicuously  5-toothed 
or  rarely  2  or  5-parted;  corolla  epigynous,  campanulate,  5  or  rarely  6  or  7-parted,  with  a 
short  tube  usually  longer  than  the  lanceolate  oblong  or  spatulate  erect  and  spreading  or 
revolute  lobes  valvate  or  imbricated  in  the  bud,  stamens  8-13,  usually  10,  longer  than  the 
corolla  slightly  united  below  into  a  ring  or  short  tube;  filaments  flattened  above;  cells  of  the 
anthers  linear  parallel,  erect;  ovary  broad-conic,  subglobose  or  depressed,  densely  villose 
or  rarely  glabrous,  at  first  3-celled,  becoming  1-celled  or  nearly  1-celled  after  anthesis, 
crowned  by  a  subulate  or  thickened  style  terminating  in  a  small  indistinctly  3-lobed  or 
capitate  stigma',  ovules  few  or  rarely  solitary  ascending;  raphe  dorsal,  micropyle  inferior. 
Fruit  globose  or  slightly  obovoid,  drupaceous ;  pericarp  hard  and  indehiscent  or  irregularly 
3-valved  or  fleshy  and  irregularly  dehiscent;  endocarp  glabrous,  crustaceous  or  indurate; 
seed  1  by  abortion  or  very  rarely  2,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  stone,  erectj  testa  membrana- 
ceous.  mostly  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  stone;  albumen  fleshy  or  rarely  horny;  cotyledons 
usually  broad,  the  elongated  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  broad  basal  hilum. 

Styrax  is  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  countries  except  in  tropical  and  south 
Africa  and  in  Australasia,  extending  northward  into  the  southeastern  United  States  and  to 
California,  southern  Europes  central  and  western  China  and  central  Japan.  Of  nearly  one 
hundred  species  which  are  now  distinguished  five  are  found  within  the  territory  of  the 
United  States;  one  of  these  occasionally  becomes  a  small  tree. 

Storax  and  benzoin,  aromatic  resinous  balsams,  are  obtained  from  Styrax  officinale  L. 
of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  and  from  Styrax  Benzoin  Dryand.  of  Malaysia. 

The  generic  name  is  that  of  the  Greek  name  of  Styrax  officinale. 

1.  Styrax  grandiflora  Ait. 

Leaves  thin,  deciduous,  obovate,  rounded  and  abruptly  pointed  or  acute  or  acuminate  or 
rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  entire  or  remotely  serrate 


830 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


with  small  apiculate  teeth,  when  they  unfold  ciliate  on  the  margins,  slightly  stellate-pubes- 
cent on  the  midrib  and  veins  above,  and  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  ma- 
turity pale  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  above,  pale  tomentose  and  villose  on  the 


Fig.  736 

midrib  and  veins  below,  2^'-5'  long  and  l'-3'  wide;  petioles  j'  in  length,  hoary-tomentose 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  pubescent.  Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  after  the  leaves 
are  more  than  half  grown,  f'-l'  long,  on  slender  pubescent  or  tomentose  pedicels  |'  in 
length,  in  tomentose  leafy  erect  or  spreading  axillary  racemes  5'  or  6'  long,  their  bracts  and 
bractlets  linear,  minute,  tomentose,  caducous;  calyx  more  or  less  coarsely  5-toothed,  mem- 
branaceous,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  5-parted,  the  lobes  longer  than  the 
tube,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  membranaceous,  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex, 
stellate-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;  stamens  10,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  vil- 
lose-pubescent  below  the  middle,  united  below  into  a  short  ring;  ovary  slightly  inferior, 
obovoid,  tomentose,  3-celled;  style  filiform,  glabrous,  exserted;  ovules  3  or  4  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  hoary-tomentose,  slightly  obovoid,  rounded  and  tipped  at  apex  with  the  remnants  of 
the  style,  gradually  narrowred  and  surrounded  below  by  the  calyx,  |'  long,  and  \'  in  diam- 
eter, the  outer  coat  crustaceous,  indehiscent;  seed  obovoid,  dark  orange-brown,  filling  the 
cavity  of  the  fruit. 

A  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  short 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  thickly 
coated  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  stellate  pubescence  more  or  less  persistent  during 
three  seasons,  ultimately  glabrous  and  light  or  dark  chestnut-brown;  more  often  a  broad 
shrub  6°-20°  high.  Bark  of  the  trunk  %'-%'  thick,  close,  smooth  and  dark  red-brown. 
Winter-buds:  axillary,  often  3,  superposed,  acute,  covered  with  hoary  ultimately  rusty 
tomentum,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  and  the  borders  of  swamps;  southeastern  Virginia,  south- 
ward usually  near  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Apalachicola  River,  Florida,  and  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana,  ranging  inland  to  northern  Georgia,  northeastern 
Mississippi,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  at  Natchitoches,  Louisiana;  of  its  largest 
size  and  perhaps  only  arborescent  near  Laurel  Hill,  West  Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana. 

LIX.  SYMPLOCACE^. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  pubescence,  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  simple,  alternate,  coriaceous  or  thin,  pinnately  veined,  usually  becoming  yellow 


SYMPLOCACE^E 


831 


in  drying,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  or  polyganio-dioacious,  on  ebrac- 
teolate  pedicels,  in  dense  or  lax  axillary  spikes  or  racemes,  with  small  caducous  bracts; 
calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  open  in  the  bud,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  enlarged  after 
anthesis;  corolla  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  3-11  usually  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
disk  0;  stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  in  many  series  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  or 
rarely  4  in  one  series;  filaments  filiform  or  flattened,  more  or  less  united  below  into  clusters; 
anthers  ovoid-globose,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  lateral,  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  in- 
ferior or  partly  inferior,  2-5-celled,  contracted  into  a  simple  style,  with  an  entire  or  slightly 
lobed  terminal  stigma;  ovules  2  or  rarely  4  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  its  inner  angle, 
anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe  (in.  the  North  American 
species),  crowned  with  the  persistent  lobes  of  the  calyx,  with  thin  dry  flesh  and  a  bony 
1-seeded  stone.  Seed  oblong,  suspended;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  embryo  terete,  erect 
in  copious  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  much  shorter  than  the  long  slender  radicle  turned 
toward  the  broad  conspicuous  hilum. 

The  family  consists  of  the  genus  Symplocos. 

1.  SYMPLOCOS  L'Her. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Symplocos  with  nearly  three  hundred  species  inhabits  chiefly  the  warmer  parts  of  Amer- 
ica, Asia,  and  Australia,  one  species  occurring  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Symplocos  contains  a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  the  bark  and  leaves  of  some  species 
have  medical  properties. 

The  generic  name,  from  Stf/«rXoKos,  relates  to  the  union  of  the  filaments  of  some  of  the 
species. 

1.  Symplocos  tinctoria  L'Her.    Sweet  Leaf.    Horse  Sugar. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at 
base,  obscurely  crenulate-serrate  with  remote  teeth,  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  coated 
below  when  they  unfold  with  pale  tomentum,  glabrous  or  tomentose  above,  and  furnished 
on  the  margins  with  minute  dark  caducous  glands,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark 


Fig.  737 

green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6' 
long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  rounded  and  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  upper 
side,  inconspicuous  arcuate  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  northward  and  at  high  altitudes 
falling  in  the  autumn,  and  southward  remaining  on  the  branches  until  after  the  opening  of 


832  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

the  flowers  the  following  spring;  petioles  stout,  slightly  winged,  |'-£'  in  length.  Flowers; 
flower-clusters  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  ovate  acute  orange-colored  scales  brown  and  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  each  of  the  flow7er-buds  surrounded  by  3  imbricated  oblong  bracts  rounded 
or  pointed  at  apex  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  longest  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  one  third 
longer  than  the  2  lateral  bracts;  flowers  fragrant,  opening  from  the  1st  of  March  at  the 
south  to  the  middle  of  May  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains,  on  short  pedicels  en- 
larged into  thick  hemispheric  receptacles  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  in  nearly  sessile 
many-flowered  clusters  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx  oblong,  cup-shaped, 
dark  green  and  puberulous,  with  minute  ovate  scarious  lobes  rounded  at  apex;  corolla 
creamy  white,  \'  long,  with  rounded  lobes;  stamens  exserted,  with  slender  filaments  united 
at  base  into  5  clusters,  and  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  3-celled,  furnished  on  the  top 
with  5  dark  nectariferous  glands  placed  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  style  gradually  thickened  toward  the  apex  and  longer  than  the  corolla. 
Fruit  ripening  in  the  summer  or  early  autumn,  ovoid,  \'  long,  dark  orange-colored  or  brown; 
seed  ovoid,  pointed,  with  a  thin  papery  chestnut-brown  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-35°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  barely  exceeding  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
slender  upright  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  stout  terete  pithy  branchlets  light 
green  and  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  or  sometimes  gla- 
brous, and  covered  with  scattered  white  hairs,  reddish  brown  to  ashy  gray,  tinged  with  red 
and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  or  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  during  their 
first  and  second  years,  later  growing  darker,  roughened  by  occasional  small  elevated  lenti- 
cels  and  marked  by  the  low  horizontal  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  cluster  of 
large  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  or  more  often  a  shrub.  Whiter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  cov- 
ered with  broad-ovate  nearly  triangular  acute  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  on 
the  young  branchlets,  and  at  maturity  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at 
apex,  light  green,  glabrous  or  pilose,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  often  \'  in  length.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  ashy  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  divided  by  occasional  narrow  fis- 
sures and  roughened  by  wart-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  red 
or  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood  of  18-20  layers  of  annual 
growth.  The  leaves  are  sweet  to  the  taste  and  are  devoured  in  the  autumn  by  cattle  and 
horses,  and,  like  the  bark,  yield  a  yellow  dye  occasionally  used  domestically.  The  bitter 
aromatic  roots  have  been  used  as  a  tonic. 

Distribution.  Moist  rich  soil,  often  in  the  shade  of  dense  forests;  peninsula  of  Delaware 
to  northern  Florida  and  from  the  coast  to  altitudes  of  nearly  4000°  on  the  Blue  Ridge  in 
North  and  South  Carolina,  and  to  eastern  Texas  and  southern  Arkansas;  in  the  Gulf  states 
usually  along  the  borders  of  Cypress-swamps. 

LX.  OLEACE^l. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  their  inner  scales  accrescent,  opposite 
leaves,  without  stipules,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  perfect,  dioecious  or  polygamous, 
regular;  calyx  4-lobed,  or  0;  corolla  of  2-4  petals,  or  0;  disk  0;  stamens  2-4,  rudimentary  or 
0  in  unisexual  pistillate  flowers;  anthers  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  often  apicu- 
late by  the  prolongation  of  the  connective,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally usually  by  lateral  slits:  ovary  free,  2  or  rarely  3-celled,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  stami- 
nate  flower;  style  simple;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  anatropous;  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  genera)  a  samara  or  berry.  Seed  pendulous; 
seed-coat  membranaceous;  embryo  straight  in  copious  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  flat, 
much  longer  than  the  short  terete  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

The  Olive  family  with  twenty-five  genera  is  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical 
regions  chiefly  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the  five  genera  indigenous  to  the  United 
States  four  are  arborescent.  To  this  family  belong  Olea  europcea  L.,  the  Olive-tree  of  the 
Mediterranean  basin,  now  largely  cultivated  in  California  for  its  fruit,  and  the  Lilacs,  For- 
sythias,  Privets,  and  Jasmines,  favorite  garden  plants  in  all  countries  with  temperate  cli- 
mates. 


OLEACE^E  833 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  winged  samara;  leaves  usually  compound.  1.  Fraxinus. 

Fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  simple. 

Flowers  usually  without  petals.  2.  Forestiera. 

Flowers  with  petals. 

Corolla  of  4  long  linear  petals  united  only  at  base;  leaves  deciduous. 

3.  Chionanthus. 
Corolla  tubular;  leaves  persistent.  4.  Osmanthus. 

1.  FRAXINUS  L.    Ash. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thick  furrowed  or  rarely  thin  and  scaly  bark,  usually  ash-colored 
branchlets,  with  thick  pith,  and  compressed  obtuse  terminal  buds  much  larger  than  the 
lateral  buds.  Leaves  petiolate,  unequally  pinnate  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet,  de- 
ciduous; leaflets  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  usually  serrate,  petiolulate  or  sessile.  Flowers 
dioecious  or  polygamous,  produced  in  early  spring  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  without 
bractlets,  in  open  or  compact  slender-branched  panicles,  with  obovate  linear  or  lanceolate 
caducous  bracts,  terminal  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  year,  developed  from  the  axils  of  new  leaves, 
or  from  separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  or  at  the  base  of  young 
branchlets,  and  covered  by  2  ovate  scales;  calyx  campanulate,  deciduous  or  persistent  under 
the  fruit,  or  0;  corolla  2-4-parted,  the  divisions  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  united  at  base,  or 
0;  stamens  usually  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  or  hypogynous;  fila- 
ments terete,  short  or  rarely  elongated;  anthers  ovoid  or  linear-oblong,  the  cells  opening  by 
lateral  slits;  ovary  2  or  rarely  3-celled,  contracted  into  a  short  or  elongated  style  terminat- 
ing in  a  2-lobed  stigma;  ovules  suspended  in  pairs  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell;  raphe 
dorsal.  Fruit  a  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-seeded  winged  samara;  body  terete  or  slightly  flattened 
contrary  to  the  septum,  with  a  dry  or  woody  pericarp  produced  into  an  elongated  more  or 
less  decurrent  wing,  usually  1-celled  by  abortion  or  sometimes  2  or  3-celled  and  winged. 
Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  oblong,  compressed,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit;  seed-coat  chestnut-brown. 

Fraxinus  with  thirty  to  forty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  within  the  tropics  occurs  on  the  islands  of  Cuba  and  Java.  Of 
the  eighteen  North  American  species  here  recognized  all,  with  the  exception  of  Fraxinus 
dipetala  Hook.,  of  California,  are  large  or  small  trees. 

Fraxinus  produces  tough  straight-grained  valuable  wood,  and  some  of  the  species  are 
large  and  important  timber- trees.  The  waxy  exudations  from  the  trunk  and  leaves  of 
Fraxinus  Ornus  L.,  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor  furnish  the  manna  of  commerce 
used  in  medicine  as  a  gentle  laxative;  and  the  Chinese  white  wax  is  obtained  from  the 
branches  of  Fraxinus  chinensis  Roxb. 

Fraxinus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Ash-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE*  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  with  a  corolla,  in  terminal  panicles  on  lateral  leafy  branchlets  of  the  year;  leaflets 
3-7,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  (ORNUS).  1.  F.  cuspidate  (E,  H). 

Flowers  without  a  corolla,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  axillary  panicles,  from  separate  buds, 
in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  (FRAXINASTRUM)  . 
Flowers  with  a  calyx. 

Leaflets  with  obscure  veins,  not  more  than  f '  long;  fruit  narrow-spatulate  to  oblong- 
obovate;  rachis  slightly  winged.  2.  F.  Greggii  (E). 

Leaflets  with  distinct  veins,  more  than  f '  long;  rachis  without  a  wing. 
Body  of  the  fruit  compressed,  its  wing  extending  to  the  base. 
Branchlets  4-sided. 

Leaves  usually  5-foliolate,  with  ovate  acute  leaflets;  flowers  unknown. 

3.  F.  Lowellii  (F). 


834  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Leaves  usually  reduced  to  a  single  ovate  or  orbicular  leaflet;  flowers  polyga- 
mous. 4.  F.  anomala  (F). 
Branchlets  terete. 

Leaflets  5-7,  oblong-ovate;  fruit  oblong-elliptic  to  spatulate,  often  3-winged, 

long-stipitate.  5   F.  caroliniana  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  3-5,  oblong;  fruit  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  the  body  extending  to  the 

base  of  the  fruit.  6.  F.  pauciflora  (C). 

Body  of  the  fruit  nearly  terete. 

Wing  of  the  fruit  terminal  or  slightly  decurrent  on  the  body. 
Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous  (tomentose  in  one  form  of  7). 

Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  5-7  rarely  5,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  rarely 
elliptic,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  glaucescent  below. 

7.  F.  Standleyi  (H). 
Leaflets  stalked. 

Leaflets  5-7,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  abruptly  pointed  or  acuminate,  usually 
pale  below.  8.  F.  americana  (A,  C) 

Leaflets  usually  5,  ovate  to  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex. 

9.  F.  texensis  (C). 

Leaves  and  branches  pubescent;  leaflets  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  pale  below; 
fruit  linear-oblong.  10.  F.  biltmoreana  (A,  C). 

Wing  of  the  fruit  decurrent  to  below  the  middle  of  the  body. 

Leaflets  7-9,  usually  7 ;  leaves  and  branches  pubescent  (glabrous  in  one  form  of 12) . 
Fruit  2'-3'  in  length.  11.  F.  profunda  (A,  C). 

Fruit  l'-2|'  in  length.  12.  F.  pennsylvanica  (A,  E). 

Leaflets  3-5. 

Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous;  fruit  up  to  1^'  in  length. 

13.  F.  Berlandieriana  (C,  E). 

Leaves  and  branchlets  pubescent  or  glabrous;  fruit  not  more  than  \'  in 
length.  14.  F.  velutina  (F,  H) 

Leaflets  5-7 v usually  7,  the  lateral  generally  sessile;  leaves  and  branchlets  pilose- 
pubescent,  rarely  glabrous-  15.  F.  oregona  (B,  G). 
Flowers  without  a  calyx;  leaflets  5-11 ;  wing  of  the  fruit  decurrent  to  the  base  of  the  body. 
Branchlets  quadrangular;  lateral  leaflets  short-stalked.    1C.  F.  quadrangulata  (A,  C). 
Branchlets  terete;  lateral  leaflets  sessile.  17.  F.  nigra  (A,  C). 

1.  Fraxinus  cuspidata  Torr. 

Leaves  5'-7'  long,  with  a  slender  pale  petiole  sometimes  slightly  wing-margined,  and  3-7 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  long-stalked  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  long 
slender  point,  cuneate  at  base  nearly  entire  or  coarsely  and  remotely  serrate  above  the  mid- 
dle with  recurved  teeth  (var.  serrata  Rehd.),  or  with  3-5,  rarely  7-foliolate  leaves,  with 
broader  often  ovate  entire  leaflets  occasionally  with  simple  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  branch- 
lets  (var.  macropetala  Rehd.);  slightly  puberulous  when  they  unfold  on  the  lower  surface, 
and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  1|'HH'  long  and  i'-f  wide,  with  a 
pale  midrib  and  obscure  veins;  petiolules  slender,  sometimes  nearly  1'  in  length.  Flowers 
perfect,  extremely  fragrant,  appearing  in  April,  in  open  glabrous  panicles  3'-4'  long  and 
broad,  terminal  on  lateral  leafy  branchlets  developed  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous 
year,  calyx  cup-shaped,  tV  long,  with  acute  apiculate  attenuate  teeth  of  unequal  length, 
deciduous,  corolla  f  long,  thin  and  white,  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  4  linear-oblong 
lobes  pointed  at  apex,  and  much  longer  than  the  nearly  sessile  oblong  long-pointed  anthers 
ovary  2-ceIled,  with  a  thick  2-lobed  nearly  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate, 
1'  long  and  \'  wide,  the  wing  round  and  slightly  emarginate  at  apex,  and  decurrent  nearly 
to  the  base  of  the  flat  nerveless  longer  body. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8;  in  diameter,  and  slender  terete  branch- 
lets  light  red-brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  darker  and  marked  by  scattered 


OLEACE^ 


835 


pale  lenticels,  and  ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  the  dark  elevated  lunate  leaf-scars  iu  their 
second  year;  more  often  a  shrub  or  small  shrubby  tree,  with  numerous  slender  spreading 


Fig-  738 


stems  6°-8°  tall.    Winter-buds:  terminal  acute,  nearly  \'  long,  with  dark  reddish  brown 
glutinous  scales. 

Distribution.  Rocky  slopes  and  dry  ridges;  Western  Texas,  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
(mouth  of  Devil's  River,  Valverde  County)  to  the  Chisos  Mountains,  and  in  southern 
New  Mexico;  in  Coahuila,  Nuevo  Leon  and  Chihuahua;  the  var.  macropetala  in  canons 
of  northern  Arizona;  the  var.  serrata  (fig.  738)  in  Coahuila. 

2.  Fraxinus  Greggii  A.  Gray. 

Leaves  l|'-3'  long,  with  a  winged  petiole  and  rachis,  and  3-7  narrow  spatulate  to  oblong- 
obovate  leaflets  entire  or  crenately  serrate  above  the  middle  with  remote  teeth,  a  slender 


Fig.  739 

midrib,  and  obscure  reticulate  veins,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface 
rather  paler  and  covered  with  small  black  dots  on  the  lower  surface,  £'— f '  long,  |'-j'  wide, 
and  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  on  slender  pedicels  i'-|'  long,  from  the 


836 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


axils  of  ovate  acuminate  rusty-pubescent  bracts,  in  pubescent  panicles  J'-f '  in  length;  calyx 
campanulate,  scarious;  stamens  1  or#,  filaments  longer  than  the  calyx,  anthers  declinate, 
nearly  £'  long;  ovary  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  short  style 
terminating  in  large  reflexed  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  narrow-spathulate  to  oblong-obovate, 
\'-\ '  long  and  about  \'  wide,  the  thin  wing  decurrent  on  the  short  terete  body,  rounded 
and  emarginate  at  apex  and  tipped  with  the  elongated  persistent  conspicuous  style. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8°-10°  long  and  occasionally  8'  in  diameter,  and 
slender  terete  branchlets  dark  green  and  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming 
ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  numerous  minute  pale  elevated  lenticels,  gradually  turning 
dark  gray,  or  brown  in  their  second  and  third  years;  more  otten  a  shrub,  with  numerous 
slender  erect  stems  4°-12°  tall.  Winter-buds:  terminal,  about  \'  long,  obtuse,  with  thick 
ovate  light  brown  pubescent  scales  rounded  on  the  back.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  gray  or 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  separating  on  the  surface  into  large  papery  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Western  Texas,  along  rocky  beds  of  streams  and  deep  ravines,  Valverde 
County  (near  Devil's  River,  Del  Rio  and  Comstock);  on  the  mountains  of  northeastern 
Mexico;  apparently  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Nuevo 
Leon. 

3.  Fraxinus  Lowellii  Sarg. 

Leaves  3|'-6'  long,  with  a  stout  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  petiole,  and  5  or  rarely  3  ovate 
stalked  leaflets,  acuminate  and  long-pointed,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  at 
base,  serrate,  often  only  above  the  middle,  with  small  remote  teeth,  yellow-green,  glabrous, 


Fig.  740 

or  puberulous  along  the  midrib  above,  glabrous  or  rarely  sparingly  viilose  near  the  base  of 
the  slender  pale  midrib  below,  2|'-3'  long  and  \'-\\'  wide,  with  thin  primary  veins  arching 
and  united  near  the  slightly  thickened  and  revolute  margins;  on  vigorous  shoots  occasion- 
ally 1-foliolate  with  a  broad-ovate  or  semi-orbicular  leaflet.  Flowers  unknown.  Fruit 
ripening  in  July,  in  long  glabrous  panicles,  oblong-obovate  to  oblong-elliptic,  surrounded 
at  base  by  the  minute  slightly  dentate  calyx,  l'-lf  long,  \'-\'  wide,  the  wing  broad  or 
gradually  narrowed  and  rounded,  and  often  emarginate  at  apex  and  extending  to  the  base 
of  the  thin  compressed  many-rayed  body  about  three-quarters  the  length  of  the  fruit. 

TA.  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  dark  deeply  furrowed  bark,  stout  quadrangular  otten  winged 
branchlets  orange-brown  in  their  first  season  and  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year. 


OLEACE^E 


837 


Distribution.  Arizona,  rocky  slopes  of  Oak  Creek  Canon  about  twenty  miles  south  of 
Flagstaff,  Coconino  County,  and  in  Copper  Canon,  west  of  Camp  Verde,  Yavapai  County. 

4.  Fraxinus  anomala  S.  Wats. 

Leaves  mostly  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet  but  occasionally  2  or  3-foiiolate,  the  leaflets 
broad-ovate  or  orbicular,  rounded  or  acute  or  rarely  obcordate  at  apex,  cuneate  or  cordate 
at  base,  and  entire,  or  sparingly  crenately  serrate  above  the  middle,  covered  above  when 
they  unfold  with  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  rather 
coriaceous,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  l£'-2'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  or  when  more  than 
one  much  smaller,  with  a  broad  rather  conspicuous  midrib  and  obscure  veins,  and  when 
solitary  raised  on  a  stout  grooved  petiole  rusty-pubescent  early  in  the  season,  becoming 


Fig,  741 

glabrous,  and  often  1  \'  long,  or  short-petiolulate  in  the  compound  leaves.  Flowers  appear- 
ing when  the  leaves  are  about  two  thirds  grown,  in  short  compact  pubescent  panicles,  with 
strap-shaped  or  lanceolate  acute  bracts  |'  long  and  covered  with  thick  brown  villose  tomen- 
tum,  perfect  or  unisexual  by  the  abortion  of  the  stamens,  the  2  forms  occurring  in  the  same 
panicle;  calyx  cup-shaped,  minutely  4-toothed;  anthers  linear-oblong,  orange  colored,  raised 
on  slender  filaments  nearly  as  long  as  the  stout  columnar  style.  Fruit  obovate,  \'  long, 
the  wing  rounded  and  often  deeply  emarginate  at  apex,  surrounding  the  short  flattened 
striately  nerved  body,  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-7'  in  diameter,  stout  contorted  branches 
forming  a  round-topped  headend  branchlets  at  first  quadrangular,  dark  green  tinged  with 
red  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  orange  colored  and  puberulous  in  their  first  winter 
and  marked  by  elevated  pale  lenticels  and  narrow  lunate  leaf-scars,  and  in  their  second  or 
third  year  terete  and  ashy  gray;  often  a  low  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Win- 
ter-buds: terminal  broad-ovoid,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  covered  with  thick  orange-colored 
tomentum,  and  \'-\'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  \'  thick 
and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  ridges  separating  into  small  thin  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood 
of  30-50  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  In  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  valley  of  the  McElmo  River,  southwest- 
ern Colorado;  Carriso  Mountains,  San  Juan  County,  northwestern  New  Mexico;  north- 
eastern (Apache  County),  and  the  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado  River,  Coconino  County* 
Arizona;  southern  Utah  to  the  Charleston  Mountains,  southwestern  Nevada  and  adjacent 
California  (Inyo  County). 


838  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

5.  Fraxinus  caroliniana  Mill.    Water  Ash.    Swamp  Ash. 

Leaves  7 '-12'  long,  with  an  elongated  stout  terete  pale  petiole,  and  5-7  long-stalked 
ovate  to  oblong  acute  or  acuminate  leaflets  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  cuneate  or  sometimes 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  with  acute  incurved  teeth,  or  entire, 
pilose  above  and  more  or  less  hoary-tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity 
thick  and  firm,  3'-6'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  or  sometimes  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  (var.  Rehderiana  Sarg.)  beneath,  particularly  along  the 
conspicuous  midrib  and  the  numerous  arcuate  veins  connected  by  obscure  reticulate  vein- 
lets.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  February  and  March  in  short  or  ultimately  elongated 
panicles  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales;  staminate  flower  with  a 
minute  or  nearly  obsolete  calyx,  and  2  or  sometimes  4  stamens,  with  slender  filaments  and 
linear  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  deeply  divided  and  lacini- 
ate,  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  slender  style.  Fruit  elliptic 
to  oblong-obovate,  frequently  3-winged,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  2'  long, 
s'-f  wide,  often  marked  on  the  2  faces  by  a  conspicuous  impressed  midvein,  the  body 
short,  compressed,  and  surrounded  by  the  broad  thin  many-nerved  sometimes  bright  vio- 
let-colored wing,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex  and  usually  nar- 
rowed below  into  a  stalk-like  base. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12'  in  diameter,  small  branches 
forming  a  narrow  often  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  light  green  and 
glabrous  or  tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  light  browrn  tinged  with  red  and  sometimes 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  or  rarely  pubescent  or  tomentose  (var.  Rehderiana  Sarg.) 
in  their  first  winter,  becoming  in  their  second  year  light  gray  or  yellow,  occasionally  marked 


Fig.  742 

by  large  pale  lenticels,  and  by  the  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  row 
of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal,  f '  long,  with  3  pairs 
of  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales,  those  of  the  outer  rank  thickened  at  base, 
rounded  on  the  back,  and  shorter  than  the  others.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rV-l'  thick,  light 
gray,  more  or  less  marked  by  large  irregularly  shaped  round  patches,  and  separating  on  the 
surface  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained, 
nearly  white  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Deep  river  swamps  inundated  during  several  months  of  the  year,  usually 
under  the  shade  of  larger  trees,  or  rarely  in  drier  ground;  coast  region  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states,  valley  of  the  Potomac  River,  Virginia,  near  Washington,  D.C.,  to  Florida 
southward  to  Lake  County  and  on  the  west  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola 


OLEACE.E 


839 


River,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River  (Beaumont,  Jefferson  County),  Texas,  and 
northward  through  western  Louisiana  to  southwestern  (Malvern,  Hot  Springs  County) 
Arkansas;  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  occasionally  appearing  in  isolated  stations  remote 
from  the  coast  (Anson  County,  North  Carolina,  C.  L.  Boynton,  Pike  County,  Georgia, 
R.  H.  Harper,  Forest  County,  Mississippi,  T.  G.  Harbison);  in  Cuba. 

6.  Fraxinus  pauciflora  Nutt.    Water  Ash. 
Fraxinus  floridana  Sarg. 

Leaves  5 '-9'  long,  with  an  elongated  stout  terete  petiole,  and  3-7,  usually  5,  elliptic  to 
oblong-obovate  or  ovate  leaflets,  acuminate  oij  rarely  abruptly  pointed  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  often  unsymmetric  base,  finely  or  coarsely  serrate,  scurfy- 
pubescent  above  and  hoary-tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 


Fig.  743 

firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface  and  more  or  less  tomen- 
tose  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  l'-l  \'  wide,  with  a  slender  midrib,  and  thin  pri- 
mary veins  arcuate  and  united  within  the  thickened  revolute  margins;  petiolules  of  the  lat- 
eral leaflets  \'-\'  long,  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  terminal  leaflet.  Flowers  dioecious, 
appearing  late  in  February  or  early  in  March,  in  elongated  panicles  inclosed  in  the  bud  by 
chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales;  staminate  flower  composed  of  an  annular  disk  and  2  or  3 
stamens,  with  short  filaments  and  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup- 
shaped,  slightly  lobed,  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  style. 
Fruit  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  l'-2' 
long,  \'-\'  wide,  marked  on  eafch  of  the  2  faces  by  a  broad  impressed  midvein,  the  body  near 
the  base  of  the  many-nerved  wing  narrowed,  rounded,  and  emarginate  at  apex. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  terete  branchlets  light  orange-brown  and  occasionally  marked  by  large  pale 
lenticels  during  their  first  season,  ashy  gray  and  roughened  the  following  year  by  the  large 
horizontal  obcordate  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  ring  of  fibro- vascular  bundle- 
scars.  Winter-buds  terminal,  broad-ovoid,  acute,  rusty-pubescent,  about  \'  long.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  iV-|'  thick,  light  gray,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps;  valleys  of  the  St.  Mary's  a"nd  Flint  Rivers  (Albany),  south- 
ern Georgia;  Florida,  near  Jacksonville,  Duval  County,  valley  of  the  Caloosahatchee  River, 
and  Bonita  Springs,  Lee  County,  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Okeechobee,  and  in  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Apalachicola  River;  most  abundant  in  southern  Florida. 


840 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


7    Fraxinus  Standleyi  Rehd. 

Leaves  5 '-7'  long,  with  a  slender  glabrous  petiole  flattened,  or  slightly  concave  on 
the  upper  side,  and  7-9  ovate  to  oblong-ovate  rarely  elliptic  leaflets,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  apex,  broad-cuneate  at  base,  slightly  and  irregularly  ser- 


rate, yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  glaucescent,  slightly  reticulate,  minutely  punctu- 
late,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  on  the  slender  midrib  below,  or  rarely  closely  villose  over 
the  entire  lower  surface,  1^'-2|'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  usually  5-7  primary  veins,  the 
terminal  leaflet  raised  on  a  petiolule  up  to  \'  long,  the  lateral  short-petiolulate,  or  nearly 
sessile.  Flowers  not  seen.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  glabrous 
panicles  3'-5'  long,  oblong-obovate,  acute,  rarely  obtuse  and  occasionally  emarginate  at 
apex,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  minute  calyx  deeply  divided  into  acuminate  lobes,  f  '-1^' 
long  and  \'-^  wide,  the  wing  decurrent  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  subterete  or  slightly 
compressed  ellipsoid  or  oblong  body. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  usually  smaller,  with  a  trunk  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter, 
and  slender  terete  glabrous  branches  orange-brown  or  rarely  on  vigorous  shoots  dark  red- 
brown  and  lustrous.  Winter-buds:  terminal  ovoid,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at 
apex,  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Mountain  canons  at  altitudes  of  5500°-8000°;  Now  Mexico  (Lincoln, 
Grant  and  Luna  Counties) ;  Arizona  (Cochise,  Pima  and  Coconino  Counties) ;  on  the  San 
Jose  Mountains,  Sonora,  at  an  altitude  of  7200°;  passing  into  var.  lasia  Rehd.  with  branch- 
lets,  lower  surface  of  the  7  leaflets  and  petioles  densely  tomentose;  in  Oak  Creek  and  Syca- 
more canons  south  of  Flagstaff,  Coconino  County,  at  Fort  Apache,  Navajo  County,  on  the 
White  Mountains,  Graham  County,  and  on  the  Chiricahua  Mountains,  Cochise  County. 
Arizona;  and  near  Santa  Rita,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico.  A  single  plant,  possibly  a 
shrub,  of  the  Mexican  Fraxinus  papilosa  Ling,  differing  chiefly  from  F.  Standleyi  in  the 
glaucous  papillose  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  has  been  seen  at  an  altitude  of  6750°  on 
the  west  sides  of  the  San  Luis  Mountains,  Grant  County,  New  Mexico. 


OLEACE^E 


841 


8.  Fraxinus  americana  L.    White  Ash. 

Leaves  8 '-12'  long,  with  a  stout  grooved  petiole,  and  5-9,  usually  7,  ovate  to  oblanceo- 
late  or  oval,  often  falcate  abruptly  pointed  or  acuminate  leaflets,  cuneate  or  rounded  at 
base,  crenulate-serrate  or  nearly  entire,  thin  but  firm,  dark  green  above,  pale  or  light  green 
and  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  below,  or  rarely  thicker,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate, 
entire,  glabrous  and  silvery  white  below  (var.  crassifolia  Sarg.),  3'-5'  long  and  H'-3'  wide, 
with  a  broad  midrib,  and  numerous  conspicuous  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins;  falling 
early  in  the  autumn  after  turning  on  some  individuals  deep  purple  and  on  others  clear 
bright  yellow;  petiolules  \'-\'  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  1'  in  length.  Flowers 
dioecious,  opening  before  the  leaves  late  in  the  spring,  in  compact  ultimately  elongated 
glabrous  panicles  from  buds  covered  with  dark  ovate  scales  rounded  at  apex  and  slightly 
keeled  on  the  back;  calyx  campanulate,  slightly  4-lobed  in  the  staminate  flower,  and  deeply 
lobed  or  laciniately  cut  in  the  pistillate  flower;  stamens  2  or  occasionally  3,  with  short  stout 
filaments,  and  large  oblong-ovate  apiculate  anthers  at  first  nearly  black,  later  becoming 


Fig.  745 

reddish  purple;  ovary  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  divided  into  2  spreading  dark 
purple  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  rarely  deeply  tinged  with  purple  (f.  iodocarpa  Fern.),  l'-2|' 
long  and  usually  about  \'  wide,  or  sometimes  not  more  than  \'  long  (var.  microcarpa  A. 
Gray),  in  crowded  clusters  6'-8'  in  length,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  surrounded  at  base 
by  the  persistent  calyx,  the^wing  pointed  or  emarginate  at  apex  and  terminal  or  slightly 
decurrent  on  the  terete  body. 

A  tree,  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  5°-6°  in  diameter,  stout  upright 
or  spreading  branches  forming  in  the  forest  a  narrow  crown,  or  with  sufficient  space  a 
round-topped  or  pyramidal  head,  and  thick  terete  branchlets  dark  green  or  brown  tinged 
with  red  and  covered  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  be- 
coming light  orange  color  or  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  becoming  in  their  first 
winter  gray  or  light  brown,  lustrous,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  roughened 
by  the  large  pale  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  near  the  margins  a  line  of  conspicuous 
fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal  broad-ovoid,  obtuse,  with  4  pairs  of 
scales,  those  of  the  outer  pair  ovate,  acute,  apiculate,  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back, 
nearly  black,  slightly  puberulous,  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  scales  of  the  second  pair 
rather  shorter  than  those  of  the  third  pair,  lengthening  with  the  young  shoots,  and  at  ma- 
turity oblong-ovate,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  apex,  keeled,  \'  long,  and  rusty-pubescent, 
the  scales  of  the  inner  pair  becoming  f '  long,  ovate,  pointed,  keeled,  sometimes  slightly 


842 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


pinnatifid,  green  tinged  with  brown  toward  the  apex,  covered  with  pellucid  dots  and  very 
lustrous.  Bark  of  the  trunk  l'-3'  thick,  dark  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply 
divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  flattened  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  and  brown,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments, for  the  handles  of  tools,  in  carriage-building,  for  oars  and  furniture,  and  in  the  inte- 
rior finish  of  buildings;  the  most  valuable  of  the  American  species  as  a  timber-tree. 

Distribution.  Common  in  rich  rather  moist  soil  on  low  hills,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of 
streams;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  and  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Michigan,  and  westward  and  southward  to  eastern  Minnesota,  central  Iowa, 
southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  northern  Oklahoma  to  the  valley  of  the  Salt 
Fork  of  the  Arkansas  River  in  Woods  County  (near  Alva,  G.  W.  Stevens},  and  to  Florida  to 
Taylor  County  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River,  and  through  the  Gulf  states 
to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  basin 
of  the  lower  Ohio  River;  southward  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  less  common  and  of 
smaller  size;  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  3800°;  the  var.  crassifolia 
at  Mt.  Victory,  Harding  County,  Ohio,  Campbell,  Dunklin  County,  Missouri,  and  near 
Texarkana,  Bowie  County,  Texas. 

Often  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree,  and  occasionally  in 
western  and  northern  Europe. 

A  form  with  the  wing  of  the  fruit  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  body  distin- 
guished as  Fraxinus  .Smallii  Britt.  has  the  appearance  of  a  hybrid  between  F.  americana 
and  F.  pennsylvanica  var.  lanceolata;  individuals  of  this  form  have  been  found  near  Mc- 
Guire's  Mill,  on  the  Yellow  River,  Guinnett  County,  Georgia;  near  Rochester,  Munroe 
County,  New  York;  and  near  Lake  Wingra,  Dane  County,  Wisconsin. 

9.  Fraxinus  texensis  Sarg.    Mountain  Ash. 

Leaves  5'-8'  long,  with  a  long  slender  terete  petiole,  and  5  or  occasionally  7  usually 
long-stalked  ovate  broad-oval  or  obovate  leaflets,  rounded  or  acute,  or  often  abruptly 
pointed  at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  slightly,  cordate  at  base,  and  coarsely  crenulate-ser- 
rate,  chiefly  above  the  middle,  light  green  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  pilose  with  occa- 


Fig.  746 

sional  pale  caducous  hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  dark 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-3'  long  and  f '-2'  wide,  and  occa- 
sionally furnished  below  with  tufts  of  long  white  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  broad  midrib,  and 


OLEACE^E  843 

in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  conspicuous  veins  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by 
coarse  reticulate  veinlets;  petiolules  slender,  |'-|'  and  on  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  1'  in 
length.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  March  as  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  in  compact 
glabrous  panicles  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  and  covered  in  the  bud  by 
ovate  rounded  orange-colored  scales;  staminate  flower  composed  of  a  minute  or  nearly  ob- 
solete 4-lobed  calyx  and  2  stamens,  with  short  filaments  and  linear-oblong  light  purple 
apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  female  flower  deep  cup-shaped,  and  divided  to  the  base  into 
4  acute  lobes;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  style.  Fruit  in  short  compact 
clusters,  spatula te  to  oblong,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  |'-1'  long  and 
i'— I'  wide,  the  wring  rounded  or  occasionally  emarginate  at  apex,  and  terminal  on  the  short 
terete  many-rayed  body;  very  rarely  with  3  or  4  wings  extending  to  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

A  tree,  rarely  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  spread- 
ing often  contorted  branches,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  dark  green  tinged  with  red  and 
slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  yellow-brown  or  light  orange 
color  during  the  summer,  and  in  their  first  winter  light  brown  marked  by  remote  oblong 
pale  lenticels  and  by  large  elevated  lunate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  conspicuous  fibro- 
vascular  bundle-scars,  and  dark  or  reddish  brown  in  their  second  or  third  season;  usually 
much  smaller.  Winter-buds:  terminal  acute,  with 3  pairs  of  scales,  those  of  the  first  pair 
broad-ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  dark  orange  color,  pilose  toward  the  base,  and  rather 
shorter  than  the  ovate  rounded  scales  of  the  second  pair  coated  with  rufous  tomentum  and 
becoming  \'  long  or  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  linear  strap-shaped  scales  of  the  inner 
pair  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex  and  orange  color.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-f  thick, 
dark  gray  and  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  scaly  ridges.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  valued  as  fuel  and  occasion- 
ally used  for  flooring. 

Distribution.  Texas,  high  dry  limestone  bluffs  and  ridges,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Dal' 
las,  Dallas  County,  and  Fort  Worth,  Tarrant  County,  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River 
near  Austin,  Travis  County,  and  over  the  Edwyards  Plateau  to  Bandera,  Kerr,  Edwards 
and  Palo  Pinto  Counties. 

Hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

10.  Fraxinus  biltmoreana  Beadl. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  a  stout  pubescent  or  puberulous  petiole,  and  7-9  oblong-ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval  often  falcate  entire  or  obscurely  toothed  leaflets  acuminate  at 
apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  and  often  inequilateral  at  base,  yellow-bronze  color  and  nearly 
glabrous  above,  coated  beneath,  particularly  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  with  long  white 
hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  3 '-6'  long,  1  j'-2'  wide,  thick  and  firm  in  texture, 
dark  green  and  slightly  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  glaucous  and  puberulous  on 
the  lower  surface  and  villose  along  the  slender  yellow  midrib,  and  primary  veins  arcuate 
near  the  slightly  thickened  and  incurved  margins;  petiolules  pubescent,  \'-\'  or  that  of  the 
terminal  leaflet  up  to  %'  in  length.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  with  the  leaves  about  the 
1st  of  May,  in  a  rather  compact  pubescent  panicle,  with  scarious  caducous  bracts  and 
bractlets;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  cup-shaped  very  obscurely  dentate  calyx  and 
nearly  sessile  oblong  acute  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  much  larger  and  deeply 
lobed;  ovary  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  style  divided  at  apex  into  2  short 
stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  in  elongated  glabrous  or  puberulous  clusters,  l^'-lf ' 
long  and  about  |'  wide,  the  wing  terminal,  only  slightly  narrowed  at  the  ends,  emarginate 
at  apex,  and  two  and  a  half  to  three  times  longer  than  the  short  ellipsoid  terete  many- 
nerved  body. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending  or  spreading 
branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  light  or  dark  gray  branchlets  soft- 
pubescent  usually  during  two  seasons,  much  roughened  during  their  first  winter  and  often 
for  two  or  three  years  by  the  large  elevated  mostly  obcordate  or  sometimes  orbicular  leaf- 
scars  displaying  a  marginal  line  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal 


844 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


ovoid',  usually  broader  than  long,  and  covered  with  bright  brown  scales,  those  of  the  outer 
pair  keeled  on  the  back  and  apiculate  at  apex,  the  others  rounded,  accrescent,  and  slightly 
villose.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rough,  dark  gray,  and  slightly  furrowed. 

Distribution.     Banks  of  streams  and  on  low  river  benches;  western  New  Jersey  (Borden- 
town,  Burlington  County) ;  eastern  Pennsylvania  (Bucks  County) ;  near  Arlington,  Alex- 


Fig.  747 

andria  County,  Great  Falls,  Fairfax  County,  Woodbridge,  Prince  William  County,  and 
Clifton  Forge,  Alleghany  County,  Virginia;  near  Easton,  Monongalia  County,  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  2200°  to  northern  Georgia; 
in  northern  Alabama  (St.  Bernard,  Cullman  County),  and  westward  to  eastern  Kentucky, 
central  Tennessee  and  through  Ohio  northward  to  Erie  County;  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois  (Richland  County),  to  southeastern  Missouri  (Campbell,  Dunklin  County). 

11.  Fraxinus  profunda  Bush.    Pumpkin  Ash. 

Leaves  9'-18'  long,  with  a  stout  tomentose  petiole,  and  usually  7  but  occasionally  9  lance- 
olate or  elliptic  entire  or  slightly  serrate  leaflets  acuminate  or  abruptly  long-pointed  at 
apex,  rounded,  cuneate  and  often  unsymmetric  at  base,  coated  below  when  they  unfold 
with  hoary  tomentum,  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  pale  hairs,  particularly 
on  the  midrib  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green  and 
nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-10'  long  and 
l^'-5'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib  deeply  impressed  and  puberulous  above  and  numer- 
ous slender  primary  veins;  petiolules  stout,  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  usually  becom- 
ing glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous,  \'-%r  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  2'  in  length. 
Flowers  dioecious,  in  elongated  much-branched  pubescent  panicles,  with  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate  scarious  bracts  and  bractlets;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  campanula te  ob- 
scurely 4-toothed  calyx,  and  2  or  3  stamens,  with  comparatively  long  slender  filaments  and 
oblong  apiculate  anthers;  pistillate  flower  with  a  large  deeply  lobed  calyx  accrescent  and 
persistent  under  the  fruit,  and  an  ovary  gradually  contracted  into  a  slender  style.  Fruit 
in  long  drooping  many-fruited  pubescent  clusters,  oblong,  2'-3'  in  length  and  often  £'  wide, 
the  wing  sometimes  falcate,  rounded,  apiculate,  or  emarginate  at  apex,  and  decurrent  to 
below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  thick  terete  many-rayed  body. 

A  tree,  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  3°  in  diameter  above  the  much  en- 
larged and  buttressed  base,  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  rather  open  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum, 
tomentose  and  pubescent  during  their  first  winter  and  light  gray  and  pilose  or  glabrous  the 


OLEACE^ 


845 


following  year,  and  marked  by  the  oblong  slightly  raised  obconic  leaf-scars  nearly  sur- 
rounding the  lateral  buds;  usually  much  smaller.     Winter-buds  terminal,  broad-ovate, 


Fig._748 

obtuse,  light  reddish  brown,  and  covered  with  close  pale  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
$'-f '  thick,  light  gray  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  or  rounded  ridges 
broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Deep  river  swamps  often  inundated  during  several  months  of  the  year; 
western  New  York  (H.  F.  Sartwell};  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  western  Kentucky 
(Caldwell  and  McCracken  Counties)  and  Tennessee  (Henderson  CountvV.  southeastern 
Missouri,  eastern  Arkansas  (Moark  and  Corning,  Clay  County,  and  Varner,  Lincoln 
County);  near  New  Orleans,  Louisiana,  eastern  Mississippi  (near  Columbus,  Lowndes 
County),  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River,  western  Florida. 

Occasionally  cultivated;  hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

12.  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.    Red  Ash. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  a  stout  slightly  grooved  pubescent  petiole,  and  7-9  oblong- 
lanceolate,  ovate-elliptic  or  slightly  obovate  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  apex  into  a  long 
slender  point,  unequally  cuneate  at  base,  and  obscurely  serrate,  or  often  entire  below  the 
middle,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  and  on  the  petiole  with  hoary  tomentum,  and 
lustrous  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  4 '-6'  long, 
l'-l£'  wide,  light  yellow-green  above  and  pale  and  covered  below  with  silky  pubescence, 
with  a  conspicuous  midrib  aid  branching  veins;  in  the  autumn  turning  yellow  or  rusty 
brown  before  falling;  petiolules  thick,  grooved,  pubescent,  |'-|'  or  that  of  the  terminal 
leaflet  up  to  1'  in  length.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  late  in  spring  as  the  leaves  begin  to 
unfold,  in  a  rather  compact  tomentose  panicle,  covered  in  the  bud  with  ovate  rusty-tomen- 
tose  scales;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  obscurely  toothed  cup-shaped  calyx,  and  2 
stamens,  with  short  slender  filaments  and  linear-oblong  light  green  anthers  tinged  with 
purple;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  deeply  divided,  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradu- 
ally narrowed  into  an  elongated  style  divided  at  apex  into  2  green  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in 
an  open  glabrous  or  pubescent  panicle,  lanceolate  to  slightly  oblanceolate  or  oblong-obovate 
or  elliptic,  1/-2J'  long,  \'-\r  wide,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  the  thin  wing 
narrowed,  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  or  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  apiculate 
at  apex,  decurrent  to  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  gradually  tapering  base  of  the  slen- 
der terete  many-rayed  body. 

A  tree,  40°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  upright 


846  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

branches  forming  a  compact  irregularly  shaped  head,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  more  or 
less  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  tomentum  sometimes  persistent  until  their 
second  or  third  year  or  often  disappearing  during  the  first  summer,  ultimately  becoming 
ashy  gray  or  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  frequently  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and 
marked  by  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  first  winter  by  the  semicircular  leaf-scars  displaying  a 
short  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal,  about  £'  long, 
with  3  pairs  of  scales  coated  with  rufous  tomentum,  those  of  the  outer  pair  acute,  rounded 
on  the  back,  truncate  at  apex,  and  rather  shorter  than  those  of  the  other  pairs  l'-l|'  long 


Fig.  749 

at  maturity  and  sometimes  pinnately  cut  toward  the  apex.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-f '  thick, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  slightly  furrowed,  the  surface  of  the  ridges  separating  into  thin 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thick  lighter  brown  sapwTood  streaked  with  yellow;  sometimes  confounded  commer- 
cially with  the  more  valuable  wood  of  the  White  Ash.  Variable  in  the  length  of  the  petio- 
lules  and  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit  and  the  width  of  its  wing;  a  form  with  short-stalked  or 
nearly  sessile  leaflets,  found  chiefly  in  Nebraska  has  been  described  as  F.  campestris  Britt. 
and  a  form  with  the  wing  of  the  spatulate  fruit  sometimes  \'  wide  as  F.  Michauxii  Britt. 
Distribution.  Low  rich  moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  Nova  Scotia  to 
Manitoba,  and  southward  to  central  Georgia,  northern  Alabama  (St.  Bernard,  Cullman 
County,  and  Attalla,  Etowah  County),  northeastern  Mississippi  (Tishomingo  County), 
southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  northern  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas  and  southwestern  Okla- 
homa (Cache,  Comanche  County) ;  usually  confined  in  the  Carolinas  to  the  Piedmont  re- 
gion and  foothills  of  the  high  mountains.  Passing  into 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  var.  lanceolata  Sarg.    Green  Ash. 

Leaves  with  rather  narrower  and  shorter  and  usually  more  sharply  serrate  leaflets  lus- 
trous and  bright  green  on  both  surfaces,  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  along  the  midrib  below. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  more  than  60°  high,  or  with  a  trunk  more  than  2°  in  diame- 
ter, slender  spreading  branches,  ashy  gray  terete  glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenti- 
cels, and  rusty-pubescent  bud-scales. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  valley  of  the  Penobscot  River  (Orono,  Penobscot 
County),  Maine,  to  northern  Vermont  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  near 
Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan  (Saskatoon,  Sas- 
katchewan), and  in  the  United  States  westward  to  North  Dakota,  eastern  Wyoming  to  the 
base  of  the  Bighorn  Mountains,  and  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Montana,  and  south- 


OLEACE^E 


847 


ward  to  western  Florida  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apalachicola  River,  Dallas  County, 
Alabama,  central  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Oklahoma  to  Comanche  County,  and  Texas  to 
the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River;  most  abundant  in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi  River: 


Fig-  750 

attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas  and  here  often  60°-70° 
high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter;  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  ascending  to 
altitudes  of  2000°-2500°.  As  it  usually  grows  in  the  east  with  its  bright  green  glabrous 
leaves  and  glabrous  branchlets  the  Green  Ash  appears  distinct  from  the  Red  Ash,  but  trees 
occur  over  the  area  which  it  inhabits,  but  more  often  westward,  with  slightly  pubescent 
leaves  and  branchlets  which  may  be  referred  as  well  to  one  tree  as  to  the  other  and  make  it 
impossible  to  distinguish  satisfactorily  as  species  the  Green  and  Red  Ash. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  middle  western  and  occasionally  in 
the  eastern  states,  but  less  valuable  than  the  White  Ash. 

13.  Fraxinus  Berlandieriana  DC. 

Leaves  S'-7'  long,  with  a  slender  petiole,  and  3-5  lanceolate,  elliptic  or  obovate  leaflets, 
acuminate  or  abruptly  acuminate  or  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  base, 


Fig.  751 


848 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


mostly  entire  or  remotely  serrate,  thin,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  rather 
paler  and  glabrous  or  furnished  with  small  axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs  on  the  lower  surface, 
3'-4'  long  and  £'-lf  wide;  petiolules  slender,  H'-lf '  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to 
1|'  in  length.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  a  short  glabrous  panicle  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  broad- 
ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  obscurely 
lobed  calyx  and  2  stamens,  with  short  filaments  and  linear-oblong  apiculate  anthers;  calyx 
of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  deeply  divided,  and  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  nar- 
rowed into  the  slender  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  May,  oblong-obovate  to  spatulate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  apex,  l'-l|'  long  and  j'  wide,  the  wing  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  of  the 
compressed  many-rayed  clavate  body  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  slender  base  sur- 
rounded by  the  enlarged  deeply  lobed  calyx. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  or  with  a  trunk  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
terete  slender  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter 
light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked  by  occasional  lenticels  and  by  the 
small  elevated  nearly  circular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bun- 
dle-scars. Winter-buds:  terminal  acute,  with  dark  brown  puberulous  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  darK  gray  tinged  with  red,  l'-l|'  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow  interrupted  fis- 
sures into  narrow  ridges.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Texas,  banks  of  streams  and  mountain  canons,  valley  of  the  Colorado 
River  (Bastrop  and  Travis  Counties),  and  those  of  the  San  Antonio  and  Nueces  Rivers  to 
the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and  over  the  Edwards  Plateau  to  Palo  Pinto  County;  in  northeastern 
Mexico. 

14.  Fraxinus  velutina  Torn 

Leaves  4 '-5'  long,  with  a  broad  densely  villose  petiole  grooved  like  the  slender  rachis  on 
the  upper  side,  and  3-5  elliptic  to  ovate  or  slightly  obovate  leaflets  acute  at  apex,  narrowed 
and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  finely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  pubescent  above 


752 


and  tomentose  below  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick,  pale  green,  glabrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l^'  long  and  f'-l'  wide,  with  a  promi- 
nent midrib  and  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  petiolules  of  the  lat- 
eral leaflets  <•'  or  less  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  \'  in  length.  Flowers  dioecious, 
appearing  in  March  and  April  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in 


OLEACE^E 


849 


elongated  pubescent  panicles,  covered  in  the  bud  by  broad-ovate  tomentose  scales  rounded 
at  apex;  calyx  cup-shaped,  densely  pubescent;  stamens,  with  short  slender  filaments  and 
oblong  apiculate  anthers;  ovary  nearly  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  nearly  sessile 
lobes  of  the  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  large  many- 
fruited  clusters,  oblong-obovate  to  elliptic,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  deeply  di- 
vided calyx,  rarely  more  than  f '  long  and  I'  wide,  the  wing  terminal,  rounded  and  often 
emarginate  or  acute  at  apex,  shorter  than  the  terete  many-rayed  clavate  body  attenuate  at 
base  and  iV— I'  in  length. 

A  slender  tree,  25°-30°,  rarely  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  often 
spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  coated 
during  their  first  season  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  ashy  gray,  glabrous  and  marked  by 
large  obcordate  dark  leaf-scars  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds:  terminal  acute,  f 
long,  with  3  pairs  of  broad-ovate  pointed  tomentose  scales,  those  of  the  inner  pair  strap- 
shaped  and  \'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  gray  slightly  tinged 
with  red,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  broken  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into 
small  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  locally  for  axe-handles  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
wagons. 

Distribution.  Mountain  canons  up  to  altitudes  of  6000°,  central  and  southern  Arizona 
and  southern  New  Mexico.  Passing  into  the  following  varieties:  var.  coriacea  Rehd. 
(Fraxinus  coriacea  S.  Wats.)  differing  in  its  thicker  more  coriaceous  often  more  coarsely 
serrate  leaflets  and  in  the  less  densely  pubescent  or  glabrescent  branchlets;  southern  Utah 
(St.  George,  Washington  County)  to  southeastern  California;  var.  glabra  Rehd.  with 
glabrous  3-7-foliolate  leaves  and  glabrous  branchlets;  common  with  the  species;  occasion- 
ally cultivated  in  the  cities  of  Arizona;  more  distinct  is 

Fraxinus  velutina  var.  Toumeyi  Rehd. 
Fraxinus  Toumeyi  Britt. 

Leaves  3|'-6'  long,  with  a  villose-pubescent  petiole,  and  5-7  lanceolate  to  elliptic  or 
rarely  obovate  acuminate  and  long-pointed  or  acute  leaflets,  finely  serrate  above  the  mid- 
dlex  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  close  fine  pubescence, 


Fig.  753 


1 2 '-3'  long  and  |'-1'  wide;  petiolules  slender,  pubescent,  \'-\'  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet 
up  to  1'  in  length ;  occasionally  on  vigorous  shoots  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.  Flowers  as  in 
the  species.  Fruit  narrow-oblong,  1'  long  and  often  not  more  than  •£%  wide,  or  spatulate 


850  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

with  the  wing  longer  or  shorter  than  the  body,  and  sometimes  only  about  f '  long  and  T^ ' 
wide,  with  the  wing  longer  or  not  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  ashy  gray  branchlets 
pale  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  second 
season. 

Distribution.  Mountain  canons  at  altitudes  of  5000°-600()°;  in  Arizona  more  common 
than  F.  velutina;  less  abundant  in  southern  New  Mexico;  in  Sonora. 

Often  used  to  shade  the  streets  in  the  towns  of  southern  Arizona. 

15.  Fraxinus  oregona  Nutt. 

Leaves  5'-14'  long,  with  a  stout  grooved  and  angled  pubescent,  tomentose  or  glabrous 
petiole,  and  usually  5-7,  rarely  3,  or  on  young  trees  occasionally  9,  ovate  to  elliptic  or  rarely 
oval  or  obovate  leaflets  usually  contracted  at  apex  into  a  short  broad  point,  gradually  nar- 


Fig.  754 

rowed  at  base,  and  entire  or  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate,  usually  coated  below  and  on 
the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum  when  they  unfold  and  pubescent  above,  or  nearly 
glabrous  or  pilose  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  and  at  maturity  light  green  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, paler  and  usually  tomentose,  puberulous  or  rarely  glabrous  (var.  glabra  Rehd.),  on 
the  lower  surface,  3'-7'  long  and  I'-lf '  wide,  with  a  broad  pale  midrib,  conspicuous  veins 
arcuate  near  the  margins,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  the  lateral  usually  sessile,  rarely  on  petio- 
lules  up  to  \' ,  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  1 '  in  length ;  turning  yellow  or  russet 
brown  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  April  or  May  when 
the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  in  compact  glabrous  panicles  covered  in  the  bud  by  broad- 
ovate  scales  coated  with  rufous  pubescence;  staminate  flower  composed  of  a  minute  calyx, 
short  filaments,  and  short-oblong  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  lacini- 
ately  cut  and  shorter  than  the  ovary  narrowed  into  a  stout  style  divided  into  long  conspic- 
uous stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in  ample  crowded  clusters,  oblong,  obovate  to  oblanceolate 
or  elliptic,  rounded  and  often  emarginate  or  acute  at  apex,  1/-2'  long  and  \'-\'  wide,  the 
wing  decurrent  to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  attenuate  base  of  the  clavate  or  ellipsoid 
slightly  compressed  many-rayed  body. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°-80°  high,  with  a  long  trunk  occasionally  4°  in  diameter,  stout 
branches  forming  a  narrow  upright  head  or  a  broad  shapely  crown,  and  thick  terete  branch- 
lets  more  or  less  densely  coated  with  pale  or  rarely  rufous  silky  pilose  tomentum  per- 
sistent during  their  second  year  or  occasionally  deciduous  during  their  first  summer,  be- 
coming light  red-brown  or  orange  color,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  often  covered  with  a 
slight  glaucous  bloom,  marked  by  small  remote  pale  lenticels,  and  during  their  first  and 


OLEACE^E  851 

second  winters  by  the  large  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  row  of  con- 
spicuous fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  rarely  always  glabrous  (var.  glabra  Rehd.).  Win- 
ter-buds: terminal  acute,  f'-i'  long,  with  4  pairs  of  scales  covered  with  pale  hairs  or  with 
i  u ity  pubescence,  those  of  the  inner  rows  often  f oliaceous  at  maturity.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
l'-l|'  thick,  dark  gray,  or  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  by  inter- 
rupted fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  scales.  Wood 
light,  hard,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  largely  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  frames  of  carriages  and  wagons,  in  cooperage,  the 
interior  finish  of  houses,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  rich  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  coast  region  of 
southern  British  Columbia,  southward  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  and  the 
California  coast  region  to  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  and  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains,  and 
along  the  western  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  those  of  the  mountains  of  San  Bernar- 
dino and  San  Diego  Counties,  California;  the  var.  glabra  in  Los  Angeles  and  San  Bernardino 
Counties,  and  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Inyo  County  (Ash  Creek,  near  Owens  Lake), 
and  occasionally  northward  in  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bot- 
tom-lands of  the  rivers  of  southwestern  Oregon;  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  deciduous- 
leaved  timber-trees  of  Pacific  North  America. 

Occasionally  cultivated;  hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

16.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx.    Blue  Ash. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  a  slender  petiole  glabrous,  or  puberulous  toward  the  base,  and 
5-11  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate  long-pointed  coarsely  serrate  leaflets  unequally  rounded  or 
cuneate  at  base,  and  coated  when  they  unfold  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick  brown  to- 


Fig.  755 

mentum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  yellowr-green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  gla- 
brous or  sometimes  furnished  with  tufts  of  pale  hairs  along  the  base  of  the  conspicuous  mid- 
rib below,  3'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  short  stout  petiolules  and  8-12  pairs  of  veins  arcu- 
ate near  the  margins;  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers  perfect, 
appearing  as  the  terminal  buds  begin  to  expand,  in  loose-branched  panicles  from  small  ob- 
tuse buds  with  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  apiculate  at  apex,  and  covered  with  thick  brown 
tomentum;  calyx  reduced  to  an  obscure  ring;  corolla  0;  stamens  2,  with  nearly  sessile  broad 
connectives  and  dark  purple  oblong  obtuse  anther-cells;  ovary  oblong-ovoid,  gradually  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  style  divided  at  apex  into  2  light  purple  stigmatic  lobes  generally  matur- 
ing and  withering  before  the  anthers  open.  Fruit  oblong  to  oblong-cuneate,  l'-2'  long 


852 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


and  £'-£'  wide,  the  wing  rounded  and  often  emarginate  or  acute  at  apex,  surrounding  the 
flat  body  faintly  many-rayed  on  both  surfaces. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  a  slender  head,  and  stout  4-angled  branchlets  more  or  less 
4-winged  between  the  nodes,  dark  orange  color  and  covered  with  short  rufous  pubescence 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  gray  tinged  with  red  in  their  second  year  and  marked  by 
scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  large  elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate 
row  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  and  in  their  third  year  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  and  then 
gradually  becoming  terete.  Winter-buds:  terminal  about  ¥  long,  with  3  pairs  of  scales, 
those  of  the  outer  row  thick,  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  obscurely  pinnate  toward  the 
apex,  dark  reddish  brown,  slightly  puberulous  or  often  hoary-tomentose,  partly  covering 
the  bud,  those  of  the  inner  rows  strap-shaped,  coated  with  light  brown  tomentum,  often 
pinnate,  becoming  l'-l|'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  irregularly  divided  into  large 
plate-like  scales,  the  light  gray  surface  slightly  tinged  with  red  separating  into  thin  minute 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rather  brittle,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown, 
with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  80-90  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  floor- 
ing and  in  carriage-building,  and  not  often  distinguished  commercially  from  that  of  other 
species  of  the  northern  and  middle  states.  A  blue  dye  is  obtained  by  macerating  the  inner 
bark  in  water. 

Distribution.  Rich  limestone  hills,  occasionally  descending  into  the  bottom-lands  of 
fertile  valleys;  southwestern  Ontario  through  southern  Michigan  to  southwestern  Iowa  and 
southward  through  western  Ohio  and  southeastern  Indiana  to  eastern  and  central  Ken- 
tucky (near  Clarksville,  Montgomery  County),  eastern  Tennessee  and  northern  Ala- 
bama (near  Huntsville,  Madison  County),  and  through  Missouri  to  southeastern  Kansas, 
southwestern  Arkansas  and  northeastern  Oklahoma  (near  Pawhuska,  Osage  County); 
nowhere  very  abundant;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois, 
and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains,  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United 
States. 

17.  Fraxinus  nigra  Marsh.    Black  Ash.    Brown  Ash. 

Leaves  12'-16'  long,  with  a  stout  pale  petiole,  and  7-11  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  long- 
pointed  leaflets,  unequally  cuneate  or  sometimes  rounded  at  base,  serrate  with  small  in- 
curved apiculate  teeth,  the  lateral  sessile,  the  terminal  on  a  petiolule  up  to  1'  in  length,  cov- 
ered especially  below  when  they  unfold  with  rufous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm, 


Fig  756 


OLEACE^E  853 

dark  green  above,  paler  below,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  occasional  tufts  of  rufous 
hairs  along  the  under  side  of  the  broad  pale  midrib,  4 '-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  many 
conspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  obscurely  reticulate  ve inlets;  turn- 
ing rusty  brown  and  falling  early  in  the  autumn.  Flowers  polygamous,  without  a  peri- 
anth, appearing  before  the  leaves  in  a  compact  or  ultimately  elongated  panicle  4'-5'  long, 
and  covered  in  the  bud  by  broad-ovate  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales  rounded  at  apex; 
staminate  flowers  on  separate  trees  or  mixed  with  perfect  flowers,  and  consisting  of  2  large 
deeply  pitted  oblong  dark  purple  apiculate  anthers  attached  on  the  back  to  short  broad 
filaments;  pistillate  flower  consisting  of  a  long  slender  style  deeply  divided  into  2  broad 
purple  stigmas  and  often  accompanied  by  1  or  2  perfect  or  globose  rudimentary  pink  an- 
thers sessile  or  borne  on  long  or  short  filaments.  Fruit  in  open  panicles  8'-10'  in  length, 
oblong  to  slightly  oblong-obovate,  I'-lf '  long  and  %'  wide,  with  a  thin  wing,  surrounding 
the  short  flat  faintly  nerved  body,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex  and  narrowed  and 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  base. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  rarely  exceeding  20'  in  diameter, 
slender  mostly  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  dark 
green  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  ashy  gray  or  orange 
color  and  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels,  growing  darker  during  their  first  winter  and  then 
roughened  by  the  large  suborbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  semicircular  row  of  conspicuous 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  much  smaller.  Whiter-buds:  terminal  broad-ovate, 
acute,  rather  less  than  \'  long,  with  3  pairs  of  scales,  those  of  the  outer  pair  thick  and 
rounded  on  the  back  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  apex,  dark  brown,  slightly 
puberulous,  falling  as  the  bud  begins  to  enlarge  in  the  spring,  and  shorter  than  the  scales  of 
the  inner  rows  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rufous  pubescence,  those  of  the  second  pair 
becoming  strap-shaped,  1'  long,  \'  wide,  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  pinnate  usually  folia- 
ceous  inner  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  $'-£'  thick,  and  divided 
into  large  irregular  plates  separating  into  thin  papery  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather  soft, 
not  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  durable,  easily  separable  into  thin  layers,  dark  brown, 
with  thin  light  brown  often  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  for  the  interior  finish  of 
houses  and  in  cabinet-making,  and  for  fences,  barrel  hoops,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
baskets. 

Distribution.  Deep  cold  swamps  and  the  low  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  southern 
Newfoundland  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  and 
southward  to  New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia,  southwest- 
ern Indiana  (Knox  County;  now  probably  exterminated  by  drainage),  central  Iowa, 
central  Missouri,  and  northwestern  Arkansas. 

2.  FOKESTEERA  Poir.    Swamp  Privet. 
Adelia  Michx. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  witfi  thin  close  bark,  slender  branchlets,  and  small  scaly  buds.  Leaves 
simple,  entire  or  serrulate,  petiolate,  deciduous  Dr  persistent.  Flowers  dioecious  or  polyga- 
mous, minute,  on  slender  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  fascicles  or  panicles,  their  bracts  caducous, 
from  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  and  covered  with  numerous  scales; 
calyx  reduced  to  a  narrow  ring  or  cup-shaped,  5  or  6-lobed;  corolla  0;  stamens  hypogynous; 
filaments  2-4,  anthers  ovoid,  opening  by  lateral  slits;  ovary  2-celled,  gradually  narrowed 
into  a  slender  style  terminating  in  an  abruptly  enlarged  2-lobed  stigma;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell,  suspended  from  its  apex;  raphe  dorsal.  Fruit  1  or  very  rarely  2-celled,  drupaceous, 
oblong  or  subglobose,  with  thin  flesh  and  a  thin-walled  stone;  seed  1  in  each  cell,  pendulous, 
testa  membranaceous;  albumen  fleshy;  cotyledons  plane,  nearly  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
stone. 

Forestiera  with  14  species  is  distributed  from  the  southern  United  States  and  Mexico 
through  Central  America  to  Paraguay,  and  through  the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 

The  generic  name  is  in  memory  of  the  French  physician  and  botanist  Charles  Lefores- 
tiere. 


854 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


1.  Forestiera  acuminata  Poir. 

Leaves  elliptic,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
base,  serrate  above  the  middle  with  small  remote  incurved  teeth,  glabrous  with  the  excep- 
tion of  occasional  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  slender  midrib,  yellow-green  on  the  upper 
surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  %\'-k\'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  usually  5  or  6  pairs  of 
slender  primary  veins  and  slightly  thickened  and  incurved  margins,  deciduous;  petioles 
slender,  often  slightly  winged  above  the  middle,  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in 
April  and  May  before  the  leaves  from  ovoid  pointed  buds  \'  long,  with  thickened  pale  chest- 
nut-brown scales;  calyx  reduced  to  a  narrow  slightly  lobed  ring;  corolla  0;  stamina te  in 
many-flowered  fascicles,  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  broad-obovate  thin  yellow 
apiculate  conspicuous  bracts;  stamens  4,  on  long  slender  filaments;  anthers  bright  yellow; 
ovary  reduced  to  a  minute  ovoid  body;  pistillate  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  |'  long,  in  gla- 
brous pedunculate  several-flowered  panicles  f'-l|'  long,  their  bracts  caducous;  stamens 
with  shorter  filaments  and  abortive  or  rarely  fertile  anthers,  or  usually  0 ;  ovary  oblong- 
ovoid,  slightly  unsymmetric,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  slender  style  enlarged  into 
the  thickened  imperfectly  2-lobed  terminal  stigma.  Fruit  falling  as  soon  as  ripe  in  June 
and  July,  oblong-ovoid,  gradually  narrowed,  acute  and  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the 
style  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  base,  slightly  compressed  and  unsym- 
metric, dark  blue-purple,  \'-\\'  long,  about  J'  thick,  with  thin  dry  flesh,  and  a  striate  stone 
rounded  at  base,  straight  on  one  side  and  rounded  on  the  other,  its  wall  covered  with  thin 
vertical  scales  spongy  in  appearance,  and  conspicuously  longitudinally  ridged  on  the  inner 
surface  the  ridges  terminating  in  long  slender  tips  forming  the  acuminate  apex  of  the  stone; 
seeds  ellipsoid,  slightly  compressed,  striate,  light  brown,  about  \'  in  length. 


Fig.  757 

A  tree,  rarely  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  light  brown  branchlets  becoming  darker  in  their  second  year,  and  marked  by 
numerous  lenticels  and  by  the  small  elevated  nearly  orbicular  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds: 
terminal  ovoid,  pointed,  about  iV  long,  with  numerous  scales  increasing  in  size  from  the 
outer  to  the  inner  ranks;  usually  much  smaller,  and  generally  a  shrub  10°-15°  high  and 
broad.  Bark  close,  slightly  ridged,  dark  brown. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and. swamps  in  low  moist  soil;  valley  of  the  lower  Wa- 
bash  River,  southwestern  Indiana,  southern  Illinois  northward  along  the  Mississippi  River 
to  Pike  County,  and  to  central  Tennessee,  and  from  southern  Missouri  through  Arkansas 
to  eastern  Oklahoma  (near  Muskogee,  Muskogee  County)  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley 


OLEACE.E 

of  the  lower  Colorado  River  inland  to  Colorado  County  (shores  of  Eagle  Lake),  and 
through  Louisiana,  central  and  southern  Mississippi  and  Alabama  to  western  Florida 
(Branford,  Suwanee  County)  and  on  the  Savannah  River,  near  Augusta,  Richmond 
County,  Georgia;  most  abundant  in  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas;  comparatively  rare 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  but  probably  of  its  largest  size  in  eastern  Louisiana. 
Occasionally  cultivated;  hardy  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum. 

3.  CHIONANTHUS  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  or  slightly  angled  branchlets,  thick  pith,  and  buds  with 
numerous  opposite  scales.  Leaves  simple,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Flowers 
dioecious  or  rarely  polygamous,  on  elongated  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  3-flowered  clusters 
terminal  on  the  slender  opposite  branches,  of  ample  loose  panicles,  with  foliaceous  persist- 
ent bracts,  from  separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx 
minute,  deeply  4-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent  under  the  fruit; 
corolla  white,  deeply  divided  into  4  or  rarely  5  or  6  elongated  linear  lobes  conduplicate- 
val vate  in  the  bud,  united  at  base  into  a  short  tube,  or  rarely  separate ;  stamens  2,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  corolla  opposite  the  axis  of  the  flower,  or  rarely  4  in  the  staminate  flower,  in- 
cluded; filaments  terete,  short;  anthers  ovoid,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  apicu- 
late  by  the  elongation  of  the  connective,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  by  longitudinal  lateral 
or  subextrorse  slits;  ovary  ovoid,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  columnar  style;  stigma 
thick  and  fleshy,  slightly  2-lobed;  in  the  staminate  flower  of  the  Asiatic  species  reduced  to  a 
minute  subglobose  body;  ovules  laterally  attached  near  the  apex  of  the  cell;  raphe  ventral. 
Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-seeded  thick-skinned  drupe  tipped  with 
the  remnants  of  the  style;  flesh  thin  and  dry,  stone  thick-walled,  crustaceous.  Seed  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  stone,  ovoid;  seed-coat  chestnut-brown. 

Chionanthus  inhabits  the  middle  and  southern  United  States  with  one  species,  and 
northern  and  central  China  with  another. 

The  specific  name,  from  x1^  and  #"#os,  is  in  allusion  to  the  light  and  graceful  clusters 
of  snow-white  flowers. 

1.  Chionanthus  virginica  L.    Fringe-tree.    Old  Man's  Beard. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  short-pointed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  apex,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  cuneate  below,  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  and  coarsely  reticulate- 


Fig.  758 

venulose,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  pubescent  below,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins 
when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  4'-8'  long,  £'-4'  wide,  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  on 


856  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  except  on  the  stout  midrib  and 
conspicuous  arcuate  primary  veins  more  or  less  covered  with  short  white  hairs;  turning 
bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  early  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  puberulous,  £'-!'  in 
length.  Flowers  slightly  and  agreeably  fragrant,  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about 
one  third  grown,  in  loose  pubescent  drooping  panicles  4'-6'  in  length,  the  bracts  at  the 
base  of  the  lower  branches  of  the  inflorescence  oblong,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  sometimes  1'  Jong,  those  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
branches  oval,  successively  smaller,  and  gradually  passing  into  the  minute  laciniate  bracts 
subtending  the  lateral  pedicels  of  the  3-flowered  clusters  terminating  the  last  divisions  of 
the  panicle;  some  individuals  bearing  occasional  perfect  flowers  among  others  function- 
ally dioecious,  some  with  sterile  or  rarely  perfect  anthers  and  a  well-developed  stigma,  and 
others  with  an  imperfectly  developed  stigma  and  fertile  anthers;  calyx  light  green,  glabrous, 
with  acute  entire  or  laciniately  cut  lobes;  corolla  1'  long,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  near 
the  base  by  a  row  of  bright  purple  spots;  anthers  light  yellow,  writh  a  green  connective. 
Fruit  ripening  in  September,  in  loose  few-fruited  clusters,  their  bracts  leaf-like  and  some- 
times 2'  in  length,  oval  or  short-oblong,  1'  long,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  and  often 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  seeds  £'  long,  ovoid,  narrowed  at  apex  and  covered  with 
a  thin  light  chestnut-brown  coat  marked  by  reticulate  veins  radiating  from  the  hilum. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  ashy  gray  or  light  brown 
branches  forming  an  oblong  rather  narrow  head,  and  stout  branchlets  light  green  and  cov- 
ered with  pale  pubescence  or  sometimes  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  terete  or  slightly 
angled  in  their  first  winter,  often  much  thickened  below  the  nodes,  light  brown  or  orange 
color,  and  marked  by  large  scattered  darker  colored  lenticels  and  by  the  elevated  semior- 
bicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  semicircular  row  of  conspicuous  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars; 
often  a  shrub,  writh  several  stout  thick  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  broad-ovoid,  acute, 
I'  long,  with  about  5  pairs  of  scales  increasing  in  length  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  pair, 
ovate,  acute,  keeled  on  the  back,  light  brown  and  slightly  pilose  on  the  outer  surface, 
bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  scattered 
white  hairs,  those  of  the  inner  pair  at  maturity  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  below,  folia- 
ceous,  and  l'-l|'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  j'-f '  thick,  and  irregularly  divided  into  small 
thin  appressed  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  and  light 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  bark  is  tonic  and  is  sometimes  used  in 
decoctions  and  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers,  or  as  an  aperient  and  diuretic,  and 
in  homoeopathic  practice. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  southeastern  Pennsylvania  to  the 
Manitee  River  region,  western  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  northern  Arkansas 
(Baxter  and  Cleburne  Counties),  southwestern  Oklahoma  (near  Page,  Leflore  County)  and 
the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  ascending  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains 
to  altitudes  of  4000°. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in  western  and 
central  Europe. 

4.  OSMANTHUS  Lour. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  slightly  angled  branches,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, persistent.  Flowers  fragrant,  polygamo-dicecious  or  perfect,  on  ebracteolate  pedicels 
subtended  by  scale-like  bracts,  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  in  short  axillary  or  rarely  ter- 
minal fascicles;  calyx  minute,  4-toothed  or  divided,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  tubular,  4-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading  after  anthesis;  stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  opposite  the 
lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx,  or  rarely  4;  filaments  terete,  short;  anthers  ovoid  or  linear-oblong, 
blunt,  or  apiculate  by  the  prolongation  of  the  connective,  attached  on  the  back  below  the 
middle,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  by  marginal  slits,  sometimes  rudimentary 
or  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  subglobose;  style  columnar,  short  or  elongated,  crowned 
with  an  entire  capitate  stigma;  ovules  laterally  attached  near  the  apex  of  the  cell;  raphe 


OLEACE^E  857 

ventral.  Fruit  a  fleshy  1-seeded  ovoid  or  globose  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the 
style;  flesh  thin  and  succulent;  stone  hard  and  bony.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  stone; 
cotyledons  flat,  much  longer  than  the  short  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Osmanthus  with  ten  species  inhabits  eastern  North  America,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Polynesia,  Japan,  China,  and  the  Himalayas.  Osmanthus  fragrans  Lour.,  a  native  of  China 
and  the  temperate  Himalayas,  is  cultivated  in  China  for  its  fragrant  minute  cream-colored 
or  yellow  flowers  used  by  the  Chinese  to  perfume  tea,  and  is  everywhere  a  favorite  garden 
plant. 

The  generic  name,  from  6<rp.-fj  and  &v0os,  relates  to  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

1 .  Osmanthus  americanus  B.  &  H.    Devil  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  and  occasionally  emargi- 
nate  at  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  with  thickened  revolute  mar- 
gins, when  they  unfold  coated  beneath  with  pale  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  bright  green,  lustrous  above,  obscurely  reticulate-venulose,  4'-5'  long 


Fig.  759 

and  |'-2|'  wide,  with  a  broad  pale  midrib  and  remote  forked  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the 
margins;  persistent  until  their  second  year;  petioles  stout,  |'-f'  in  length.  Flowers  open- 
ing in  March  from  pilose  inflorescence-buds  formed  the  previous  autumn  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  of  the  year,  the  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers  on  different  individuals  in 
3-flowered  clusters,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  in  pedunculate  cymes  or  short  racemes, 
with  scale-like  nearly  triangular  acute  persistent  bracts;  calyx  puberulous,  with  acute  rigid 
lobes,  and  much  shorter  than  the  creamy  white  corolla  |'  long  when  expanded,  with  an 
elongated  tube  and  short  spreading  ovate  rounded  lobes;  stamens  inserted  on  the  middle  of 
the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included  or  slightly  exserted,  small  and  often  rudimentary  in  the 
pistillate  flower;  ovary  abruptly  contracted  into  a  stout  columnar  style  crowned  with  a 
large  exserted  capitate  stigma,  reduced  in  the  staminate  flower  to  a  minute  point.  Fruit 
ripening  early  in  the  autumn,  oblong  or  obovoid,  1'  long,  dark  blue,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
thick  or  sometimes  thin-walled  brittle  ovoid  pointed  stone;  seed  ovoid,  covered  with  a 
chestnut-brown  coat  marked  by  broad  conspicuous  pale  veins  radiating  from  the  short 
broad  ventral  hilum  and  encircling  the  seed. 

A  tree,  occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  slender 
slightly  angled  ultimately  terete  branchlets  light  or  red-brown  and  marked  by  minute  pale 
lenticels,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their  second  year  and  roughened  by  the  small  elevated 
orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  ring  of  minute  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  much 


858  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Winter-buds  narrow-lanceolate,  \'  long,  with  2  thick  lanceo- 
late reddish  brown  puberulous  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  gray  or  gray  tinged 
with  red,  and  roughened  by  small  thin  appressed  scales  displaying  in  falling  the  dark  cin- 
namon red  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to 
work,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  soil  near  the  borders  of  streams  and  Pine-barren  ponds 
and  swamps,  and  occasionally  on  dry  sandy  uplands;  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states,  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  to  the  valley  of 
the  Kissimmee  River,  the  interior  of  the  peninsular  (Lake  and  Orange  Counties)  and  the 
shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to  eastern  Louisiana. 

LXI.  BORRAGINACE^). 

Scabrous-pubescent  trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  terete  branchlets.  Leaves 
simple,  alternate  or  subverticillate,  penniveined,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  in  terminal  or  axillary  dichotomous  often  scbrpioid- 
branched  cymes;  calyx  usually  5-lobed,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  hypogynous, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla 
opposite  its  lobes;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally; pistil  of  2  carpels;  ovary  undivided  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of  the  United  States), 
sessile  on  the  hypogynous  inconspicuous  disk,  more  or  less  completely  4-celled;  style 
single,  2-branched  or  parted  toward  the  apex;  stigmas  clavate  or  capitate;  ovule  solitary 
in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of  the  United  States),  tipped 
with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  with  2-4  nutlets  or  cells.  Seeds  ascending;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous. 

The  Borage  family  with  ninety-five  genera,  mostly  of  herbaceous  plants,  is  widely  dis- 
tributed and  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions,  especially  in  the  Mediterranean  basin 
and  central  Asia. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branches  of  the  style  2-branched;  fruit  partly  or  entirely  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx. 

1.  Cordia. 
Branches  of  the  style  not  branched;  fruit  not  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Calyx  valvately  splitting  into  5  minute  teeth;  fruit  with  2-4  1-seeded  nutlets. 

2.  Beureria. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  cleft,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud;  fruit  with  2  2-seeded  nutlets. 

3.  Ehretia. 

1.  CORDIA  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  petiolate  entire  persistent  leaves  and  naked  buds.  Flowers  in 
terminal  scorpioid-branched  cymes;  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  conspicuously  many- 
ribbed  or  rayed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  funnel  form;  anthers  oblong-ovate; 
ovary  4-celled;  style  slender,  elongated,  2-branched  above  the  middle,  the  branches  2- 
parted,  their  division  stigmatic  to  the  base;  ovule  ascending,  laterally  attached  below  the 
middle  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  suborthotropous;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  entirely  or 
partly  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx;  flesh  dry  and  corky  or  sweet  and  juicy;  stone  thick- 
walled,  hard  and  bony,  1-4-celled,  usually  1  or  2-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen;  embryo 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy  or  membranaceous,  longitudinally 
plicate  or  corrugated,  much  shorter  than  the  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Cordia  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  species  inhabits  the  tropical  and  warm  extratropical 
regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  being  American.  Of  the  four 
species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  trees.  Some  of  the  species 
are  valuable  timber-trees,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  their  edible  fruits. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Valerius  Cordus  (1515-1544),  the  German  writer  on 
pharmacy  and  botany. 


BORRAGINACE^E  859 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Corolla  orange  or  flame  color;  fruit  inclosed  in  the  smooth  glabrous  thickened  ivory-white 
calyx;  leaves  ovate.  1.  C.  Sebestena  (D). 

Corolla  white  with  a  yellow  centre;  fruit  entirely  or  partly  inclosed  in  the  thin  many-ribbed 
tomentose  orange-brown  calyx;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate. 

2.  C.  Boissieri  (E,  H). 

1.  Cordia  Sebestena  L.    Geiger-tree. 

Leaves  unfolding  through  a  large  part  of  the  year,  ovate,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at 
apex,  rounded,  subcordate,  or  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  remotely  and  coarsely  serrate  above 
the  middle,  covered  when  they  unfold,  like  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  the  outside  of 
the  calyx,  and  the  young  branchlets,  with  thick  dense  rusty  tomentum  and  with  short  rigid 


Fig.  760 

pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  scabrous-pubescent,  or  often  nearly 
glabrous  below,  reticulate-venulose,  5'-6'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib  usually 
covered  below  with  pale  hairs,  especially  in  the  axils  of  remote  primary  veins  connected  by 
conspicuous  cross  veinlets;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  I'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing 
throughout  the  year  on  slender  pedicels,  in  open  flat  cymes  6'-7'  in  diameter,  some  individ- 
uals producing  flowers  with  short  included  stamens  and  elongated  styles,  and  others  with 
exserted  stamens  and  included  styles;  calyx  tubular,  |'-f '  long,  and  obscurely  many-rayed, 
with  short  nearly  triangular  rigid  teeth;  corolla  orange  or  flame  color,  puberulous  on  the 
outer  surface,  with  a  slender  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  spreading  rounded 
lobes,  irregularly  undulate  on  the  margins  and  I'-lJ'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded; 
ovary  conic,  glabrous,  contracted  into  a  slender  style  branched  near  the  apex.  Fruit  broad- 
ovate,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  and  pointed  at  apex,  concave  at  base,  If-lj'  long  and 
about  f '  broad,  inclosed  in  the  thickened  fibrous  calyx  smooth  and  ivory-white  on  the  outer 
surface;  flesh  thin,  pale,  and  corky,  separable  from  the  irregularly  sulcate  thick-walled 
stone  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  apex,  and  deeply  lobed  at  base;  seeds  linear- 
lanceolate,  \'  long,  with  a  delicate  white  seed-coat. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  slender  upright 
branches  forming  a  narrow  close  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  with  thick  pith, 
dark  green  at  first,  becoming  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  large  nearly  orbicular  cordate  leaf- 
scars  displaying  2  central  circular  clusters  of  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  |'-f '  thick,  dark  brown,  frequently  nearly  black,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided 


860 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


into  narrow  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  short  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Flamingo  near  Cape  Sable  (A.  A.  Eaton)  and  Madeira  Ham- 
mock, Munroe  County,  and  on  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on  most  of  the 
Antilles,  and  in  Guiana  and  New  Granada. 

Often  planted  in  tropical  countries  as  an  ornament  of  gardens. 

2.  Cordia  Boissieri  A.  DC.    Anacahuita. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  baset 
entire  or  obscurely  crenulate-serrate,  covered  when  they  unfold  like  the  branches  of  the  in- 
florescence, both  surfaces  of  the  calyx  and  the  young  branchlets  with  rusty  or  dark  brown 
tomentum  and  short  white  usually  matted  hairs,  thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  minutely 
rugose  and  more  or  less  scabrous  above,  coated  below  with  thick  soft  pale  or  rufous  tomen- 
tum, 4 '-5'  long  and  3 '-4'  wide,  with  a  broad  midrib,  and  conspicuous  primary  veins  forked 
near  the  margins  and  connected  by  cross  veinlets;  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  first  year; 
petioles  stout,  tomentose,  l'-l|'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  from  April  to  June,  slightly 
fragrant,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  in  open  terminal  dichotomous  cymes;  calyx  tubular  or 
subcampanulate,  conspicuously  many-ribbed,  with  5  linear  acute  teeth,  and  about  half  as 
long  as  the  tube  of  the  white  corolla  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  marked  in  the  throat 
by  a  large  light  yellow  spot,  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  2'  across  when 


Fig.  761 

fully  expanded;  ovary  glabrous,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  ^-branched  style.  Fruit 
ovoid,  1'  long,  about  f '  broad,  pointed  at  apex,  lustrous,  bright  red-brown,  and  inclosed 
entirely  or  partly  by  the  thin  fibrous  now  conspicuously  rayed  orange-brown  calyx  coated 
on  the  outer  surface  with  thick  short  pale  tomentum,  and  often  splitting  nearly  to  the  base; 
flesh  thin,  sweet,  and  pulpy,  separating  easily  from  the  ovoid  smooth  light  brown  stone 
gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle,  faintly  reticulate-veined,  and  marked  by  4 
longitudinal  lines  and  at  the  acuminate  apex  by  a  deeply  4-lobed  thin  cap,  thick-walled, 
hard  and  bony,  deeply  lobed  at  base;  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  |'  long,  with  a  thin  delicate  pure 
white  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-25°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  low  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets,  becom- 
ing in  their  second  year  dark  gray  or  brown,  slightly  puberulous,  and  marked  by  occasional 
large  lenticels  and  by  elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars;  or  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems 
sometimes  only  2°  or  3°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  irregularly 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges,  the  surface  ultimately  separating  into  long  thin  papery 


BORRAGINACE^i  861 

scales.     Wood  light,  rather  soft,  close-grained,  and  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown 
sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  ridges,  and  depressions  in  the  desert;  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  Texas,  and  southern  New  Mexico,  southward  into  Mexico;  most  abundant  and  of 
its  largest  size  in  Tamaulipas  and  Nuevo  Leon  between  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

2.  BEURERIA  Jacq. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  oblong-obovate  or  ovate  leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  persistent. 
Flowers  on  slender  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  corymbose  many-flowered  cymes,  with 
linear-lanceolate  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  the  divi- 
sions closed  and  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  white,  campanulate,  the  lobes  broad-ovate, 
spreading  after  an  thesis;  anthers  ovoid,  rugulose,  apiculate;  ovary  incompletely  4-celled  by 
the  development  of  the  2  parietal  placentas,  narrowed  into  a  terminal  style  2-parted  at 
apex,  the  divisions  more  or  less  coalescent;  stigmas  capitate;  ovules  attached  on  the  back 
near  the  middle  of  the  inner  face  of  the  re  volute  placentas,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  mi- 
cropyle  superior.  Fruit  subglobose,  flesh  thin;  stone  somewhat  4-lobed  and  separable  into 
4  thick-walled  bony  1-seeded  nutlets  rounded  and  furnished  on  the  back  with  a  thick 
spongy  longitudinal  many-ridged  appendage,  flattened  on  their  converging  inner  faces  and 
attached  at  apex  to  a  filiform  column.  Seed  terete,  filling  the  seminal  cell,  longitudinally 
incurved  round  a  rather  small  cavity  opposite  an  elevated  oblong  scar  on  one  of  the  inner 
faces  of  the  nutlet  and  connected  with  the  hilum  by  a  narrow  passage;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  axile  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  plane;  radicle  slender, 
elongated,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Beureria  with  forty  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  two  species  reaching  the 
shores  of  southern  Florida;  of  these  one  is  a  tree  and  the  other  Beureria  revoluta  H.  B.  K.  is 
an  arborescent  shrub.  -  • 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  J.  A.  Beurer,  an  apothecary  at  Nuremberg. 

1.  Beureria  ovata  Meyers. 
Beureria  havanensis  Hitch.,  not  Meyers. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  oval  or  broad-obovate,  acute  and  often  apiculate  or  rounded  and  then 
occasionally  emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  basp  entire,  densely 


Fig.  762 


covered  when  they  unfold  with  white  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  2^'-3'  long  and  lj'-2'  wide,  with  slightly  thickened 


862  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

undulate  margins,  a  slender  orange-colored  midrib,  thin  primary  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets  more  prominent  above  than  below;  usually  persistent  through  their 
second  summer;  petioles  slender,  covered  when  they  first  appear  like  the  very  young  branch- 
lets  with  long  white  hairs,  very  soon  glabrous,  £'-!'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  in  spring 
and  late  in  autumn  on  pedicels  \'  long  and  furnished  near  the  middle  with  an  acuminate 
scarious  bractlet  f '  in  length  and  caducous  from  a  persistent  base,  in  open  glabrous  15-20- 
flowered  long-stalked  cymes  3'-4'  in  diameter,  with  slender  branches,  and  small  bracts; 
calyx  gradually  narrowed  into  a  stipe-like  base,  the  lobes  acuminate,  ciliate  on  the  margins; 
corolla  subcampanulate,  creamy  white,  with  a  short  tube  somewhat  enlarged  in  the  throat, 
and  broad-ovate  spreading  lobes  f  across  when  expanded;  stamens  rather  longer  than  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments;  ovary  conic,  glabrous,  gradu- 
ally contracted  into  a  slender  exserted  style  divided  only  toward  the  apex  or  sometimes 
nearly  entire,  and  crowned  with  2  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  autumn  or 
early  spring  from  autumnal  flowers,  bright  orange-red,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  tough 
skin  and  thin  dry  flesh  inclosing  the  4  nutlets,  the  enlarged  spreading  calyx  becoming  some- 
times \'  across. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  buttressed  and  often  fluted  trunk 
8 '-10'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red  and  pilose  with  caducous  hairs  when 
they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  dark  red,  orange  color  or  ashy  gray,  and 
sometimes  roughened  by  pale  lenticels,  their  thin  bark  often  separating  into  delicate  scales; 
usually  much  smaller  and  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds 
minute,  globose,  covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  tV'~i'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  more  or  less  fissured  and  divided  on  the  sur- 
face into  thick  plate-like  irregular  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  brown 
streaked  with  orange,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Cocoanut  Grove,  Dade  County  (Miss  0.  Rodham),  and  on  the 
southern  keys;  common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

3.  EHRETIA  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  small,  in  termi- 
nal and  axillary  scorpioid  clusters;  calyx  open  or  closed  in  the  bud,  the  divisions  imbricated, 
ovate  or  linear;  corolla  usually  white,  with  a  short  or  cylindric  tube  and  spreading  obtuse 
lobes;  ovary  oblong-conic,  1-celled  before  anthesis,  becoming  incompletely  4-celled  by  the 
development  of  the  2  parietal  placentas;  style  columnar,  parted  into  2  divisions  terminating 
in  capitate  stigmas;  ovules  attached  laterally  near  the  middle  on  the  inner  face  of  the  re  vo- 
lute placentas,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  fleshy,  small,  glo- 
bose, with  thin  flesh;  stone  separable  into  2  2-celled  thick- walled  bony  nutlets  rounded  on 
the  back,  plane  on  the  inner  face,  and  attached  to  a  thin  axile  column.  Seed  terete,  usually 
erect,  filling  the  longitudinally  incurved  seminal  cavity;  seed-coat  thin,  membranaceous, 
light  brown;  embryo  axile  in  thin  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate,  plane,  shorter  than  the  elon- 
gated superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Ehretia  with  about  forty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  tropical  and  warm  extra- 
tropical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  with  a  single  species  extending  into  southeastern 
Texas. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  artistic  and  scientific  labors  of  the  German  botani- 
cal artist,  George  Dionysius  Ehret  (1708-1770). 

1.  Ehretia  elliptica  DC.    Anaqua.    Knackaway. 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  pointed  and  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  entire  or  occasionally  furnished  above  the  middle  writh  a  few  broad  teeth,  conspicu- 
ously reticulate-venulose,  unfolding  late  in  winter  and  then  thin,  light  green,  lustrous,  mi- 
nutely tuberculate  and  pilose  above,  and  covered  below  like  the  branches  of  the  inflores- 
cence, the  outer  surface  of  the  calyx,  and  the  young  branchlets  with  rigid  pale  hairs,  often 
furnished  with  axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and 


BORRAGINACE.E  863 

roughened  on  the  upper  surface  by  the  enlarged  circular  crowded  pale  tubercles,  and  more 
or  less  covered  with  soft  pale  or  rufous  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the 
narrow  midrib,  and  numerous  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins;  irregularly  decidu- 
ous during  the  winter;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  pubescent,  f— j'  in  length.  Flowers  opening 
from  autumn  to  early  spring,  in  compact  racemose  scorpioid-branched  panicles  2'-3'  long  and 


Fig.  763 

broad,  on  short  leafy  branches  of  the  year,  with  linear  acute  deciduous  bracts  about  £'  long; 
calyx  open  in  the  bud,  divided  to  the  base  into  5  linear  acute  divisions  and  nearly  as  long  as 
the  campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla,  with  ovate  thin  white  lobes  \'  across  when  expanded. 
Fruit  ripening  in  autumn  and  spring,  light  yellow,  f '  in  diameter,  with  thin  sweet  rather 
juicy  edible  flesh,  and  2  2-seeded  nutlets. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  handsome  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets,  without 
a  terminal  bud,  covered  when  they  first  appear,  like  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  the 
branches  of  the  inflorescence,  and  the  outer  surface  of  the  calyx  of  the  flower,  with  rigid 
hirsute  pale  hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  sometimes 
puberulous,  often  roughened  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  and  by  small  depressed  obcordate 
leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  lunate  row  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  much  smaller 
within  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  and  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds:  axillary, 
minute,  1  or  2  together,  superposed,  buried  in  the  bark,  and  covered  by  2  pairs  of  dark 
scales  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  growing  branchlet  and  at  maturity  acute,  dark  chest- 
nut-brown, coated  with  pale  flairs,  and  sometimes  \'  in  length.  Bark  of  young  stems  and 
of  the  branches  thin,  light  brown,  and  broken  into  thick  appressed  scales,  becoming  on  old 
trunks  sometimes  1'  thick,  deeply  furrowed  and  divided  into  long  thick  irregular  plate-like 
scales  gray  or  reddish  brown  on  the  surface  and  separating  into  thin  flakes.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  light  brown,  with  thick  slightly  lighter 
colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  River  valleys  in  fertile  soil,  or  as  a  shrub  on  dry  barren  ridges;  valleys  of 
the  upper  Marcos  and  of  the  Guadalupe  Rivers,  Texas,  to  the  Rio  Grande;  often  extremely 
common  on  the  bottom-lands,  and  probably  of  its  largest  size  in  the  United  States  on  the 
Guadalupe  and  Nueces  Rivers  sixty  or  seventy  miles  from  the  coast;  through  Nuevo  Leon 
and  Coahuila  to  the  mountains  of  San  Luis  Potosi. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  western  Texas 
and  northeastern  Mexico. 


864  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

LXII.  VERBENACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  entire  persistent  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
perfect;  calyx  5-toothed  or  parted,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  in  pairs  of  different 
lengths,  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  sessile  on  the  an- 
nular disk;  style  simple,  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  a  capsule. 

The  Verbena  family  with  seventy-eight  genera,  largely  composed  of  herbaceous  plants,  is 
widely  scattered  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Some  of  the  species  are  impor- 
tant timber-trees,  the  most  valuable  being  the  Teak,  Tectoria  grandis  L.  f.,  of  southeastern 
Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago,  and  some  of  the  tropical  species  of  Vitex. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes;  staminodium  1;  ovary  imperfectly  4-celled;  fruit  a 
fleshy  drupe.  1.  Citharexylon. 

Flowers  cymose  in  pedunculate  spikes  or  heads;  staminodium  0;  ovary  1-celled;  fruit  a  cap- 
sule. 2.  Avicennia. 

1.  CITHAREXYLON  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  lustrous  leaves,  slightly  angled  branchlets,  without  a 
terminal  bud,  and  with  minute  axillary  buds.  Flowers  small,  on  short  ebracteolate  pedi- 
cels, alternate  or  scattered  on  the  filiform  rachis  of  a  slender  raceme;  calyx  membranaceous, 
tubular-campanulate,  truncate,  minutely  5-toothed,  spreading  and  cup-shaped  under  the 
fruit;  corolla  salver-form,  usually  white,  the  spreading  limb  somewhat  oblique,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  broad-ovate,  rounded,  slightly  unequal,  the  2  posterior  exterior,  sometimes  reduced 
to  staminodia;  stamens  included;  filaments  short,  filiform,  slightly  thickened  at  base,  the  2 
anterior  filaments  longer  than  the  others;  anthers  oblong;  staminodium  1,  posterior,  linear, 
acute,  rarely  fertile;  ovary  ovoid,  incompletely  4-celled  by  the  development  of  two  parietal 
placentas,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  included  style;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  erect, 
attached  laterally  near  the  base,  ascending,  anatropous;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  2- 
stoned  4-seeded  fleshy  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  with  thin  flesh  and  a 
thick-walled  bony  stone  separable  into  2  2-seeded  compressed  smooth  light  brown  nutlets 
rounded  on  the  back  and  concave  on  the  inner  face.  Seed  erect,  without  albumen,  filling 
the  seminal  cavity;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  subterete,  straight; 
cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  oblong,  much  longer  than  the  short  inferior  radicle  turned 
toward  the  oblong  basal  hilum. 

Citharexylon  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  where  it  is  dis- 
tributed from  southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Mexico,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Bolivia,  and  Brazil. 

The  generic  name,  from  Ki6dpa  and  &\ov,  is  a  translation  of  the  English  West  Indian 
name  Fiddle  Wood,  a  corruption  of  the  earlier  French-colonial  Bois  Fidele,  in  allusion  to  the 
strength  and  toughness  of  the  wood  of  the  trees  of  this  genus. 

1.  Citharexylon  fruticosum  L.    Fiddle  Wood. 
Citharexylon  villosum  Jacq. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  acute,  acuminate,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  and 
gradually  narrowed  at  base,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  and  glabrous  or 
coated  with  short  pubescence  (var.  villosum  Schulz);  conspicuously  reticulate- venulose, 
pale  green,  3'-4'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  a  broad  pale  midrib  rounded  on  the  upper  side 
and  remote  prominent  arcuate  veins;  petioles  stout,  grooved,  f  in  length,  separating  in 
falling  from  an  elevated  nearly  circular  persistent  woody  base.  Flowers  fragrant,  appear- 
ing throughout  the  year  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  scarious  pubescent  bracts,  in 
drooping  axillary  pubescent  racemes  crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branches  and  2'-4'  long; 
calyx  coated  with  pale  hairs,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  f '  across  the  expanded 


VERBENACEJE  865 

lobes  of  the  limb,  and  covered  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  tube  with  pale  hairs;  stamino- 
dium  minute.     Fruit  subglobose   to  oblong-ovoid,  light  red-brown,  very  lustrous,  f  in 


Fig.  764 

diameter,  with  thin  sweet  rather  juicy  flesh,  and  inclosed  nearly  to  the  middle  in  the  cup- 
like  pale  brown  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed  or  sometimes  nearly  entire  calyx;  seeds 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  rounded  ends,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  4 '-7'  in  diameter,  slender  up- 
right branches  forming  a  narrow  irregularly  shaped  head,  and  slender  slightly  many-angled 
branchlets  light  yellow  and  covered  with  pale  simple  caducous  hairs  or  pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  terete  and  ashy  gray;  or  often  a  shrub,  with 
numerous  low  stems.  Winter-buds  globose,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark,  and  covered 
with  hoary  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  jV~i'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  writh  red,  the 
surface  separating  into  minute  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong, 
close-grained,  clear  bright  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys;  common  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  United  States  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne  near  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  River, 
Dade  CJounty;  northward  usually  a  low  shrub;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  many  of  the 
Antilles. 

2.  AVICENNIA  L. 

Trees,  with  coriaceous  persistent  leaves,  stout  pithy  branches  thickened  at  the  nodes  and 
marked  by  interpetiolar  lines,  and  long  thick  horizontal  roots  producing  numerous  short 
vertical  thick  and  fleshy  leafless  stems  rising  above  the  surface  of  the  soil.  Flowers  oppo- 
site, cymose,  in  centripetal  pedunculate  spikes  or  heads,  closely  invested  by  a  bract  and  2 
bractlets,  the  peduncles  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  and  ternate  on  the 
end  of  the  branches,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  concave,  acute,  apiculate,  keeled  on  the 
back,  scarious,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent  under  the 
fruit;  calyx  cup-shaped,  coated  like  the  bracts  and  bractlets  with  canescent  pubescence, 
divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  concave  ovate  rounded  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla 
campanulate,  white,  with  a  straight  cylindric  tube  shorter  than  the  glabrous  or  tomentose 
spreading  4-lobed  limb,  the  posterior  lobe  usually  larger  than  the  others;  stamens  exserted; 
filaments  short,  filiform,  slightly  thickened  at  base;  anthers  ovoid;  ovary  ovoid,  pubescent, 
I -celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  slender  style  divided  at  apex  into  2  lobes 
stigmatic  on  their  inner  face;  ovules  4,  suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  free  central  pla- 
centa, orthotropous,  naked.  Fruit  an  ovoid  oblique  compressed  1-seeded  capsule  apiculate 


860  TREES  OP  NORTH  AMERICA 

at  apex;  pericarp  thin,  light  green,  villose-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  longitudinally 
veined  on  the  inner  surface,  opening  by  the  ventral  suture  and  displaying  the  embryo  en- 
larging before  separating  from  the  branch,  ultimately  2-valved.  Seed  naked,  without  al- 
bumen; embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit,  light  green;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy, 
broader  than  long,  slightly  pointed,  deeply  cordate  at  base,  unequal,  conduplicate;  radicle 
elongated,  clavate,  retrorsely  hirsute,  inferior,  descending  obliquely  and  included  between 
the  lobes  of  the  cotyledons  slightly  attached  near  the  apex  in  the  bottom  of  the  capsule  to 
the  withered  columella  by  a  minute  papillose  point;  plumule  hairy. 

Avicennia  with  three  species  is  widely  distributed  on  maritime  shores  of  the  tropics  of  the 
two  worlds,  with  one  species  reaching  those  of  the  southern  United  States.  Avicennia  pro- 
duces hard  strong  wood.  The  bark  is  rich  in  tannic  acid,  and  is  used  for  tanning  leather. 
The  chief  value  of  these  trees  is  in  their  ability  to  live  on  low  tidal  shores  by  the  structure 
of  the  embryo,  which  is  growing  and  ready  to  take  root  as  soon  as  it  falls  into  the  soft  mud, 
and  in  the  long  horizontal  roots  furnished  with  short  vertical  fleshy  leafless  branches  or 
aerating  roots,  forming  a  close  network  which  holds  the  soil  together  and  prevents  it  from 
being  washed  away  by  outflowing  tides,  and  extends  the  growth  of  the  tree  by  numerous 
stems  which  soon  form  dense  thickets. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  illustrious  physician  of  the  Orient,  Avicenna  of 
Bokhara  (980-1036). 

1.  Avicennia  nitida  Jacq.    Black  Mangrove. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex  and  gradually  narrowed 
at  base,  dark  green  and  often  lustrous  above,  hoary-tomentulose  below,  2'-3'  long  and  £'- 
1^'  wide,  with  slightly  thickened  re  volute  margins,  a  broad  midrib  thickened  and  grooved 


Fig.  765 


toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  oblique  primary  veins  arcuate  and  joined  close  to 
the  margins,  conspicuous  on  the  2  surfaces,  and  connected  by  prominent  reticulate  veinlets; 
appearing  irregularly  and  falling  early  in  their  second  season;  petioles  broad,  channeled, 
enlarged  at  base,  and  about  \'  in  length.  Flowers  produced  continuously  throughout  the 
year,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  nearly  \'  long,  coated  with  pale  or  slightly  rufous  pubes- 
cence and  about  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  in  few-flowered  short  spikes  on  stout  4- 
angled  canescent  peduncles  \'-\\'  in  length,  the  lateral  peduncles  of  the  ternate  terminal 
cluster  subtended  by  oblong  acute  bracts  %'  long;  corolla  \'  across  the  expanded  slightly 
tomentose  lobes,  and  nearly  closed  in  the  throat.  Fruit  \'-\\'  long  and  f'-l'  wide. 

A  tree,  occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  slightly  angled,  coated 


SOLANACE.E  867 

with  tine  hoary  deciduous  pubescence,  and  light  orange  color,  becoming  in  their  second  yeai 
more  or  less  contorted,  light  or  dark  gray,  conspicuously  marked  by  the  interpetiolar  lines 
and  by  horizontal  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  row  of  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  usually 
not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  short  slender  stem,  and  toward  the  northern  limit  of  its 
range  a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  roughened  with  thin  irregularly  ap- 
pressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red,  and  in  falling  displaying  the  bright  orange-red 
inner  bark.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  with  numerous  medullary  rays 
and  eccentric  layers  of  annual  growth,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  brown  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  St.  Augustine  to  the  southern  keys  on  the  east  coast,  and  from 
Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Sable  on  the  west  coast;  on  some  of  the  islands  in  Mississippi  Sound, 
and  on  the  shore  of  Terrebonne  and  Cameron  Parishes,  and  on  most  of  their  islands,  Louisi* 
ana;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on  many  of  the  Antilles,  and  southward  to  Brazil;  and  on  thd 
west  coast  of  Africa;  in  the  United  States  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  just  north  of  Cape 
Sable;  north  of  Matanzas  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  of  Florida  usually  with  stems  only  a  fetf 
feet  tall. 

LXIH.  SOLANACE^E. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  colorless  juice  and  rank  smelling  foliage,  alternate  rarely  op- 
posite leaves,  without  stipules,  and  perfect  regular  yellow,  white  or  purple  flowers  on  ebrac- 
teolate  pedicels  in  usually  dichotomous  cymes;  calyx  campanulate,  usually  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  slightly  imbricated  or  valvate,  usually  persistent;  corolla  gamopetalous,  usually  5, 
rarely  4-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate- valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  and  as  many  as  its  lobes,  equal  or  unequal;  filaments 
filiform  or  dilated  at  base;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  opening  by  apical  or  longitudinal  slits, 
disk  pulvinate  or  annular,  entire,  sinuate  or  2-lobed  or  0;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate  on  the 
disk,  2  or  rarely  3-5-celled;  style  slender,  terminating  in  a  small  or  more  or  less  dilated 
stigma;  ovules  numerous,  attached  in  many  series  on  the  axile  placenta,  rarely  few  or  soli- 
tary, anatropous  or  slightly  amphitropous.  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular.  Seeds  numerous; 
testa  membranaceous  or  crustaceous;  embryo  usually  slender  and  curved  in  fieshy  albu- 
men; cotyledons  semiterete,  shorter  than  the  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

A  family  of  83  genera  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions;  often 
producing  fruit  with  narcotic  or  poisonous  properties,  and  containing  among  its  useful 
members  the  Potato  and  the  Tomato. 

1.  SOLANUM  L. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  rarely  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  persistent  or  de- 
ciduous. Flowers  in  mostly  lateral,  extra-axillary  or  axillary  clusters;  calyx  and  corolla  5, 
rarely  4-10-parted,  the  calyx  persistent  under  the  fruit,  corolla  rotate  in  the  bud;  stamens 
5,  rarely  4-6,  exserted;  filaments  short;  anthers  oblong  or  acuminate,  rarely  ovoid,  con- 
verging round  the  style,  opening  at  apex  by  two  pores;  disk  not  conspicuous,  or  annular; 
ovary  usually  2,  rarely  3  or  4-celled;  style  simple;  stigma  usually  small;  ovules  numerous. 
Fruit  baccate,  often  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  calyx,  usually  globose  and  juicy;  seeds 
compressed,  orbicular  or  subreniform. 

Solanum  with  some  1200  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  with  a  few 
species  extending  into  cooler  regions,  the  larger  number  of  species  occurring  in  the  New 
World. 

The  name  is  of  uncertain  derivation. 

1.  Solanum  verbascifolium  L. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
base,  entire,  thickly  coated  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
yellow-green  and  stellate-pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  more  densely  stellate- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  5  '-7'  long  and  l'-3'  wide,  with  slightly  undulate  margins, 


868 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


a  prominent  midrib  and  slender  primary  veins;  persistent;  petioles  slender,  densely  stel- 
late-pubescent, f '-!'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  throughout  the  year  on  pedicels  |' 
long  and  much  thickened  at  maturity,  in  broad  many-flowered  dichotomous  stellate- 


Fig.  766 

pubescent  cymes  on  peduncles  1/-4'  in  length  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx  about  \' 
long,  densely  stellate,  the  lobes  triangular-ovate;  corolla  about  f '-!'  wide  after  the  expan- 
sion of  the  oblong-ovate  lobes;  stamens  exserted.  Fruit  globose,  yellow,  |'— f '  in  diameter, 
surrounded  at  base  by  the  densely  stellate  calyx,  with  ovate  acute  lobes  about  \'  long; 
seeds  nearly  orbicular  to  obovoid,  much  compressed,  yellow,  r\'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'  or  5'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a 
flat-topped  head,  and  stout  unarmed  branchlets  densely  stellate-tomentose  during  their 
first  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  orange-brown  or  gray-brown  in  the  following  year; 
usually  smaller  and  generally  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  close,  much  roughened  by 
many  wart-like  excrescences,  light  greenish  or  yellowish  gray. 

Florida,  rich  hummocks,  Merritt's  Island  on  the  east  coast,  southward  to  the  shores  of 
Bay  Biscayne,  and  to  the  Cape  Sable  region;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  many  of  the  An- 
tilles, in  Mexico  and  Central  America,  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World  and  in  southeastern 
China;  now  thoroughly  established  but  more  probably  introduced  than  indigenous  in 
Florida. 

LXIV.  BIGNONIACE^). 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  simple  (in  the  arbo- 
rescent genera  of  the  United  States)  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  large  and 
showy;  calyx  closed  in  the  bud,  bilabiately  splitting  in  anthesis;  corolla  hypogynous,  2- 
lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
introrse;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  staminodia  1  or  3;  ovary  ses- 
sile, 1  or  2-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  simple  style  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at 
apex;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a 
linear  woody  loculicidally  2-valved  capsule,  or  a  berry.  Seeds  without  albumen;  embryo 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed. 

The  Bignonia  family  with  about  one  hundred  genera,  many  of  them  of  scandent  plants, 
is  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  and  most  abundant  in  the  New  World,  with  a  few  genera 
extending  into  temperate  regions.  Of  the  five  genera  of  the  United  States  three  are  arbo- 
rescent. Many  of  the  species  are  important  timber-trees. 


BIGNONIACE^E  869 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  linear  woody  capsule;  ovary  2-celled;  leaves  thin,  deciduous. 

Stamens  4;  staminodium  1;  leaves  linear,  often  alternate  or  scattered.         1.  Chilopsis. 

Stamens  2;  staminodia  3;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  opposite.  2.  Catalpa. 

Fruit  a  berry;  stamens  4;  staminodium  1;  ovary  1-celled;  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent. 

3.  Enallagma. 

1.  CHILOPSIS  D.  Don. 

A  tree,  with  slender  terete  branches,  without  a  terminal  bud,  minute  compressed  rusty- 
pubescent  axillary  buds  covered  by  several  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  ac- 
crescent, deeply  furrowed  bark,  soft  coarse-grained  dark-colored  wood,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  scattered,  involute  in  the  bud,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
long-pointed,  entire,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure,  reticulate-venulose,  thin,  light 
green,  smooth  or  glutinous,  short-petiolate  or  sessile  from  an  enlarged  base,  deciduous,  in 
falling  leaving  small  elevated  suborbicular  scars.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  ovate  acute  scarious  tomentose  deciduous  bracts  and  bibracteolate  near  the  middle, 
in  short  puberulous  crowded  racemes  or  rarely  panicles  terminal  on  leafy  branches  of  the 
year;  calyx  pale  pubescent,  puberulous  or  rarely  glabrous,  closed  before  anthesis  into  an 
ovoid  rounded  apiculate  bud  splitting  to  the  base  into  2  ovate  divisions,  minutely  toothed 
or  long-pointed  at  apex,  the  upper  with  3,  the  lower  with  2  rigid  teeth,  membranaceous, 
dark  green;  corolla  white  shaded  into  pale  purple  or  rarely  white,  slightly  oblique,  enlarged 
and  blotched  with  yellow  in  the  throat,  the  limb  undulate-margined,  the  upper  lip  2-lobed, 
the  lower  unequally  3-lobed,  the  central  lobe  much  longer  than  the  others;  stamens  4,  in- 
serted in  1  row  near  the  base  of  the  corolla  in  pairs,  introrse;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous, 
the  anterior  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  posterior;  anther  oblong,  the  cells  divergent  in  an- 
thesis; staminodium  1,  posterior,  linear,  acute;  disk  thin,  nearly  obsolete;  ovary  2-celled, 
conic,  glabrous,  divided  at  apex  into  2  ovate  flat  rounded  lobes;  ovules  inserted  in  many 
series  on  a  central  placenta.  Fruit  a  slender  elongated  thin-walled  capsule  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  splitting  into  2  concave  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  in- 
serted in  2  ranks  near  the  margin  of  the  thin  flat  woody  septum  free  from  the  walls  of  the 
capsule,  compressed,  oblong;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  longitudinally  veined,  produced 
into  broad  lateral  wings  divided  at  their  rounded  ends  into  a  long  fringe  of  thin  soft  white 
hairs;  cotyledons  plane,  broader  than  long,  slightly  2-lobed,  and  rounded  laterally;  radicle 
short,  erect,  turned  toward  the  oblong  basal  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species,  a  native  of  the  region  adjacent  to  the  bound- 
ary between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

The  generic  name,  from  x«^os  and  fr/'ts,  is  without  special  significance. 

1.  Chilopsis  linearis  DC.    Desert  Willow. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  early  spring,  6'-12'  long  and  \'-\r  wide;  deciduous  during  the  fol- 
lowing winter.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  summer  in  racemes  or  narrow  panicles  3'-4' 
long,  and  continuing  to  open  for  several  months  in  succession,  f '-1|'  long  and  f '-!£'  across 
the  expanded  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  7 '-12'  long,  \'  thick  in 
the  middle,  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter;  seeds  \'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  more  or  less  reclining,  often  hollow,  and  some- 
times a  foot  in  diameter,  slender  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  branchlets 
glabrous  or  covered  with  dense  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  light  chestnut-brown 
during  their  first  season,  later  becoming  darker  and  tinged  with  red,  or  sometimes  ashy 
gray;  or  often  a  straggling  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  dark  brown,  and  divided 
into  broad  branching  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  light-colored  sap- 
wood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.     Banks  of  streams,  and  depressions  in  the  desert,  usually  in  dry  gravelly 


870 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


porous  soil;  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  and  through  western  Texas,  southern  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  Utah  and  Nevada  to  San  Jacinto  Valley,  San  Diego  County, 
California;  in  northern  Mexico  and  Lower  California  (Calamujuit). 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  southern  states,  and  in  Mexico. 

2.  CATALPA  Scop. 

Trees,  with  stout  terete  branchlets,  without  a  terminal  bud,  minute  globose  axillary 
buds  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark  and  covered  by  numerous  scales,  the  inner  accrescent, 
thick  pith,  thin  scaly  bark,  soft  light-colored  wood  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite  or  in  verticels  of  3,  involute  in  the  bud,  entire  or 
lobed,  oblong-ovate,  often  cordate,  long-petiolate,  deciduous.  Flowrers  on  slender  bracte- 
olate  pedicels,  in  terminal  compound  trichotomously  branched  panicles  or  corymbs,  with 
linear-lanceolate  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  membranaceous,  subglobose,  closed 
and  apiculate  in  the  bud,  in  anthesis  splitting  nearly  to  the  base  into  2  broad-ovate  entire 
pointed  apiculate  lobes;  corolla  thin,  variously  marked  and  spotted  on  the  inner  surface, 
inserted  on  the  nearly  obsolete  disk,  the  tube  broad,  campanulate,  occasionally  furnished 
on  the  upper  side  near  the  base  with  an  external  lobed  appendage,  and  oblique  and  enlarged 
above  into  a  broad  limb,  with  spreading  lips  undulate  on  the  margin,  the  posterior  2-parted, 
the  anterior  deeply  3-lobed;  stamens  and  staminodia  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
stamens  2,  anterior,  included  or  slightly  exserted;  filaments  flattened,  arcuate;  anthers  ob- 
long, carried  to  the  rear  of  the  corolla  and  face  to  face  on  either  side  of  the  stigma  by  a 
half  turn  of  the  filaments  near  their  base,  the  cells  divergent  in  anthesis;  staminodia  3,  free, 
filiform,  minute  or  rudimentary;  ovary  2-celled,  sessile  oh  the  hypogynous  nearly  obsolete 
disk,  abruptly  contracted  into  an  elongated  filiform  style  divided  at  apex  into  2  stigmatic 
lobes  exserted  above  the  anthers;  ovules  inserted  in  many  series  on  a  central  placenta. 
Fruit  an  elongated  subterete  capsule  tapering  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  persistent  on 
the  branches  during  the  winter,  ultimately  splitting  into  2  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  com- 
pressed, oblong,  inserted  in  2-4  ranks  near  the  margin  of  the  flat  or  more  or  less  thickened 
woody  septum  free  from  the  walls  of  the  capsule;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown  or  silvery  gray, 
longitudinally  veined,  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings  notched  at  base  of  the  seed  and 
divided  at  their  narrowed  or  rounded  ends  into  tufts  of  long  coarse  white  hairs;  cotyledons 
plane,  broader  than  long,  slightly  2-lobed,  rounded  laterally;  radicle  short,  erect,  turned 
toward  the  oblong  conspicuous  basal  hilum. 

Catalpa  with  seven  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States,  the  West  Indies,  and 
eastern  China,  two  of  the  species  beJna  North  American.  Catalpa  contains  a  bitter  princi- 
ple and  is  a  tonic  and  diuretic. 


BIGNONIACE^E 


871 


The  generic  name  is  that  by  which  one  of  the  North  American  species  was  known  among 
the  Cherokee  Indians. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  many-flowered  crowded  panicles;  calyx  glabrous;  corolla  thickly  spotted  on  the 
inner  surface;  fruit  slender,  thin-walled;  leaves  short-acuminate. 

1.  C.  bignonioides  (C). 

Flowers  in  few-flowered  open  panicles;  calyx  often  sparingly  villose  or  pubescent;  corolla 
inconspicuously  spotted;  fruit  stout,  thick-walled;  leaves  caudate-acuminate. 

2.  C.  speciosa  (A,  C). 

1.  Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt.    Catalpa.    Indian  Bean. 
Catalpa  Catalpa  Karst. 

Leaves  broad-ovate,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  point  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  entire  or  often  laterally  lobed,  coated  below  when  they 
unfold  with  pale  tomentum  and  pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  light  green 
and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  5 '-6'  long  and 
4 '-5'  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib,  and  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins,  con- 
nected by  reticulate  veinlets  and  furnished  in  the  axils  with  clusters  of  dark  hairs;  turning 
black  and  falling  after  the  first  severe  frost  in  the  autumn;  petioles  stout,  terete,  5'-6'  in 
length.  Flowers  opening  at  the  end  of  May  or  in  June,  on  slender  sparingly  villose  or 
glabrous  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowered  panicles  8 '-10'  long  and  broad,  with  light 
green  branches  tinged  with  purple;  calyx  \'  long,  glabrous,  green  or  light  purple;  corolla 
white,  nearly  2'  long,  \\'  wide,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  on  the  lowrer  side  by  2  rows  of 
yellow  blotches  following  2  parallel  ridges  or  folds,  and  in  the  throat  and  on  the  lower  lobes 


Fig.  768 


of  the  limb  by  crowded  conspicuous  purple  spots.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  in  thick- 
branched  orange-colored  panicles,  remaining  unopened  during  the  winter,  6'-20'  long  and 
i'_i'  thick  in  the  middle,  with  a  thin  wall  brigkt  chestnut-brown  on  the  outer  surface  and 
light  olive-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  splitting  in  the  spring  into  2  flat  valves; 
seeds  about  1'  long,  £'  wide,  silvery  gray,  with  pointed  wings  terminating  in  long  pencil- 
shaped  tufts  of  white  hairs. 

A  tree,  rarely  60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  long  heavy  brittle  branches 
forming  a  broad  head,  and  dichotomous  branchlets  green  shaded  with  purple  when  they 
first  appear,  and  during  their  first  winter  thickened  at  the  nodes,  slightly  puberulous,  lus- 
trous, light  orange  color  or  gray-brown,  covered  with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom,  marked  by 


872 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


large  pale  scattered  lenticels,  and  by  large  oval  elevated  leaf-scars  containing  a  circle  of 
conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming  in  their  third  or  fourth  year,  reddish 
brown  and  marked  by  a  network  of  thin  flat  brown  ridges.  Winter-buds  covered  by  chest- 
nut-brown broad-ovate  rounded  slightly  puberulous  loosely  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the 
inner  ranks  when  fully  grown  bright  green,  pubescent,  and  sometimes  2'  in  length.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  i'— |'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  separating  on  the  surface  into 
large  thin  irregular  scales.  Wood  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  lighter 
colored  often  nearly  white  sap  wood  of  1  or  2  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  and  highly  val- 
ued for  fence-posts  and  rails. 

Distribution.  Usually  supposed  to  be  indigenous  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  of  south- 
western Georgia,  western  Florida,  and  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  now  widely 
naturalized  through  the  south  Atlantic  states  and  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

Often  planted  for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  New  England,  and  in  western,  central,  and  southern  Europe. 
A  dwarf  round-headed  form  (var.  nana  Bur.)  of  unknown  origin  is  often  cultivated  under 
the  erroneous  name  of  C.  Bungei  Hort.  not  C.  A.  Meyer. 

X  Catalpa  hybrida  Spaeth  a  hybrid  of  this  species  and  the  Chinese  C.  ovata  G.  Don  is 
occasionally  cultivated. 

2.  Catalpa  speciosa  Engelm.    Western  Catalpa. 

Leaves  oval,  long-pointed,  cordate  at  base,  and  usually  entire  or  furnished  with  1  or  2 
lateral  teeth,  pilose  above  when  they  unfold  and  covered  below  and  on  the  petioles  with 
pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface 
and  covered  with  soft  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  stout  midrib  and 


Fig.  769 


the  primary  veins  furnished  in  their  axils  writh  large  clusters  of  dark  glands,  10'-12'  long 
and  7 '-8'  wide;  turning  black  and  falling  after  the  first  severe  frost  of  the  autumn;  petioles 
stout,  terete,  4 '-6'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  late  in  May  or  early  in  June,  on  slender 
purple  glabrous  pedicels  furnished  near  the  middle  with  1-3  bractlets,  in  open  few-flowered 
panicles  5 '-6'  long  and  broad,  with  green  or  purple  branches  marked  by  orange-colored 
lenticels,  the  lowest  branches  often  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves;  calyx  purple,  often  spar- 
ingly villose  or  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  white,  often  spotted  externally  with 
purple  near  the  base,  about  2'  long  and  2|'  wide,  and  marked  internally  on  the  lower  side  by 
2  bands  of  yellow  blotches  following  2  lateral  ridges  and  by  occasional  purple  spots 
spreading  over  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  limb;  filaments  marked  near  the  base  by 
oblong  purple  spots.  Fruit  8'-20'  long,  |'-f  in  diameter  near  the  middle,  with  a  thick 
wall  splitting  toward  spring  into  2  concave  valves;  seeds  1'  long  and  \'  wide,  with  a  light 
brown  coat,  and  wings  rounded  at  the  ends  and  terminating  in  a  fringe  of  short  hairs. 


BIGNONIACE.E  873 

A  tree,  in  the  forest  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  rarely  4|°  in  diame- 
ter, slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  often 
tinged  with  purple  and  pilose  with  scattered  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange 
color  or  reddish  brown,  covered  with  a  slight  bloom  during  their  first  winter,  and  marked 
by  numerous  conspicuous  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  elevated  oval  leaf-scars  \'  long  and  dis- 
playing a  circular  row  of  large  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming  darker  in  their  second 
and  third  years;  usually  smaller,  and  in  open  situations  rarely  more  than  50°  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  and  a  broad  head  of  spreading  branches.  Winter-buds  covered  by  loosely  im- 
bricated ovate  chestnut-brown  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  slightly  apiculate  at  apex,  those 
of  the  inner  ranks  at  maturity  foliaceous,  obovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  below  to  a 
sessile  base,  many-nerved  with  dark  veins,  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  sometimes 
2|'  long  and  f '  wide.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-!'  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  on 
the  surface  into  thick  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  brown, 
with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood  of  1  or  2  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fence- 
posts,  rails,  telegraph  and  telephone  poles,  and  occasionally  for  furniture  and  the  interior 
finish  of  houses. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  and  fertile  often  inundated  bottom -lands; 
valley  of  the  Vermilion  River,  Illinois,  through  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  western  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee,  southeastern  Missouri  and  northeastern  Arkansas;  very  abundant 
and  probably  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana ;  naturalized  through  culti- 
vation in  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Often  planted  in  the  prairie  region  of  the  Mississippi  basin  as  a  timber-tree,  and  as  an 
ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and  now  in  many  other  countries  with 
a  temperate  climate. 

3.  ENALLAGMA  Bail. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  and  stout  slightly  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  short- 
petiolate,  persistent.  Flowers  solitary,  or  in  few-flowered  fascicles  on  long  bibracteolate 
peduncles  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  from  the  sides  of  the  branches ;  calyx  coriaceous, 
splitting  in  anthesis  into  2  unequal  broad  divisions,  or  sometimes  slightly  5-lobed,  decidu- 
ous; corolla  inserted  under  the  hypogynous  pulviiiate  fleshy  disk,  yellow  streaked  with  pur- 
ple, or  dingy  purple,  tubular-campanulate,  more  or  less  ventricose  on  the  lower  side  by  a 
transverse  fold,  abruptly  dilated  into  an  oblique  2-lipped  obscurely  5-lobed  laciniately 
toothed  limb ;  stamens  4,  inserted  in  2  ranks  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  in  pairs  of  different 
lengths,  introrse,  included  or  slightly  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  the  cells 
divergent;  staminodium  solitary,  posterior,  often  0;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled,  ovate-conic, 
gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  simple  exserted  style;  stigma  terminal,  2-lobed,  the 
lobes  stigmatic  on  their  inner  face,  or  entire;  ovules  in  many  ranks  on  2  thickened  2-lobed 
lateral  parietal  placentas.  Fruit  baccate,  oblong  or  ovoid;  indehiscent,  umbonate  at  apex, 
many-seeded;  pericarp  thin^nd  brittle;  becoming  hard,  light  brown  and  separable  into  2 
layers,  the  inner  membranaceous,  filled  with  the  united  and  thickened  fleshy  viscid  pla- 
centas attached  at  base  by  a  cluster  of  thick  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Seeds  imbedded  ir- 
regularly in  the  placental  mass,  compressed,  suborbicular,  cordate  above  and  below  and 
deeply  grooved  on  the  convex  faces;  embryo  filling  the  seminal  cavity,  flattened,  thick  and 
fleshy,  deeply  grooved,  becoming  black  in  drying;  radicle  minute,  turned  toward  the  late- 
ral hilum. 

Enallagma  with  three  or  four  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  through  the 
Antilles  to  southern  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

1.  Enallagma  cucurbitina  Urb.    Black  Calabash  Tree. 

Crescentia  cucurbitina  L. 

Leaves  crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branches,  obovate-oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  con- 
tracted into  a  short  broad  point  or  rarely  rounded  or  emarginate  at  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  at  base,  and  entire,  with  cartilaginous  slightly  revolute  margins,  cori- 


874 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


aceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  'yellow-green  below,  6'-8'  long  and 
l^'-4'  wide,  with  a  broad  stout  midrib  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side;  conspicuous 
primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  unfolding  in  the 


Fig.  770 


spring,  and  persistent  until  their  second  year;  petioles  thick,  covered  with  glands,  and  about 
I'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  April  and  May  and  also  in  autumn,  bad-smelling,  on 
thick  drooping  pedicels  solitary  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  1^ '-2' long,  furnished  below 
the  middle  with  2  minute  rigid  acute  bractlets  and  enlarged  at  apex  into  the  thick  oblique 
receptacle;  calyx  light  green  and  slightly  glandular  at  base,  splitting  nearly  to  the  bottom 
into  2  ovate  pointed  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  corolla  thick  and  leath- 
ery, dull  purple  or  creamy  white,  and  marked  by  narrow  purple  bands  on  the  lower  side, 
and  2'  long,  with  a  narrow  tube  creamy  white  within  and  slightly  contracted  above  the 
base,  the  transverse  fold  near  its  apex,  the  limb  erosely  cut  on  the  margins  and  obscurely 
2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  slightly  divided  into  2  reflexed  lobes,  the  lower  obscurely  3-lobed; 
stamens  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  those  of  the  anterior  pair  below 
the  others  and  above  the  linear  staminodium;  ovary  obliquely  conic;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit 
ovoid  or  oblong,  3'-4'  long,  l|'-2'  wide,  dark  green,  minutely  rugose-punctulate,  and 
marked  with  4  obscure  longitudinal  ridges  corresponding  with  the  margins  and  midrib  of 
the  carpellary  leaves,  raised  on  the  thickened  woody  disk  and  pendent  on  a  stout  drooping 
stalk  l|'-2'  long  and  much  enlarged  at  apex;  shell  TV  thick,  ultimately  hard  and  brittle, 
lustrous  on  the  outer  surface  and  lined  with  a  thin  membranaceous  shining  light  brown  coat 
marked  by  the  broad  placental  scars;  seeds  f '  long  and  broad  and  \'  thick,  with  a  minute 
lateral  hilum  just  above  the  basal  sinus;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thin,  dark  reddish 
brown,  rugose,  and  separable  from  the  thick  pale  felt-like  inner  layer;  cotyledons  with  2 
ear-like  folds  near  the  base,  inclosing  the  radicle  in  their  lower  sinus. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  long  slender  drooping 
branches  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences,  and  stout  slightly  angled  branchlets  rough- 
ened and  somewhat  enlarged  at  the  nodes  by  the  thickening  of  the  large  crowded  cup- 
shaped  persistent  woody  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  covered  with  thin  creamy  white  bark  be- 
coming dark  or  ashy  gray  in  their  third  year.  Winter-buds  with  linear  acute  apiculate 
scales  becoming  woody,  and  persistent  for  one  or  twro  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  £' 
thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  irregularly  divided  into  large  thin  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  thin,  light  brown  or  orange  color,  with  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.     Florida,  only  near  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  on  rich  hummocks ;  common 


RUBIACE^E  875 

on  the  shores  of  many  of  the  Antilles,  and  southward  to  southern  Mexico,  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  to  Venezuela. 

B.    Ovary  inferior  (partly  superior  in  Caprifoliacece). 

LXV.  RUBIACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  simple  entire  leaves  turning  black  in 
drying,  with  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4 
or  5-lobed  or  toothed;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as 
many  as  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  free,  or  united  at  base;  anthers  introrse, 
2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  disk  epigynous,  annular;  ovary  inferior;  style 
slender;  ovules  numerous,  or  1  in  each  cell;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit 
capsular,  akene-like,  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  with  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous. 

The  Madder  family  with  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  genera  is  chiefly  tropical,  with  a 
few  herbaceous  genera  confined  exclusively  to  temperate  regions.  To  this  family  belong 
the  Coffee,  the  Cinchonas,  South  American  trees  yielding  quinine  from  their  bark,  and  the 
plant  which  produces  ipecacuanha,  a  species  of  Cephaelis  and  a  native  of  Brazil,  the  Gar- 
denia and  other  plants  cultivated  for  their  fragrant  flowers. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  capsule;  seeds  numerous,  surrounded  by  a  wing;  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  unequal,  sometimes  developing  into  rose-colored  leaf-like  bod- 
ies; filaments  free;  wing  of  the  seed  broad,  oblong-ovate,  unsymmetric  on  the 
sides;  leaves  deciduous.  1.  Pinckneya. 

Calyx' 5-toothed;  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube;  wing  of  the  seed  narrow,  symmet- 
ric; leaves  persistent.  2.  Exostema. 
Fruit  akene-like,  1  or  2-seeded;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  rarely  in  5's,  flowers  in  peduncu- 
late globose  heads;  leaves  deciduous.                                                      3.  Cephalanthus. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  4-celled  stone;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's;  leaves  persistent. 

4.  Guettarda. 

1.  PINCKNEYA  Michx. 

A  tree,  with  fibrous  roots,  scaly  light  brown  bitter  bark,  resinous  scaly  buds,  stout  terete 
pithy  branchlets  coated  while  young  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous,  and  marked 
by  scattered  minute  white  lenticels  and  large  nearly  orbicular  or  obcordate  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  lunate  row  of  numerous  crowded  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Leaves  com- 
planate  in  the  bud,  elliptic  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  and  gradually 
narrowed  into  a  long  stout  petiole,  thin,  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  and  at  matur- 
ity dark  green  and  puberulous  above,  paler  and  puberulous  below,  especially  along  the  stout 
midrib  and  primary  veins,  deciduous;  stipules  interpetiolar,  conspicuously  glandular- 
punctate  at  base  on  the  inner  face^inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  triangular,  subulate,  pink, 
becoming  oblong,  acute,  scarious,  light  brown,  caducous.  Flowers  in  pedunculate  terminal 
and  axillary  pubescent  trichotomous  few-flowered  cymes,  with  linear-lanceolate  acute 
bracts  and  bractlets  at  first  pink,  becoming  scarious,  deciduous,  or  sometimes  enlarging 
and  rose-colored;  flower-buds  sulcate,  coated  with  thick  pale  tomentum;  calyx-tube  cla- 
vate,  bracteolate  at  base,  Covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  not  closed  in  the  bud,  the 
limb  5-lobed,  with  subulate-lanceolate  lobes  green  tinged  with  pink,  scarious,  or  in  the  cen- 
tral flower  of  the  ultimate  division  of  the  cyme  with  1  or  rarely  with  2  of  the  lobes  produced 
into  oval  or  ovate  acute  rose-colored  puberulous  membranaceous  leaf-like  bodies,  decidu- 
ous; corolla  salver-form,  light  yellow,  cinereo-tomentose,  with  a  long  narrow  tube  some- 
what enlarged  in  the  throat,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong,  obtuse,  marked 
by  red  lines  and  pilose  with  long  white  hairs  on  the  inner  surface,  recurved  after  anthesis; 
stamens  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  free;  anthers  oblong,  emarginate;  ovary  2-celled;  style 


876 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


filiform,  exserted,  slightly  enlarged,  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovules  numerous,  in- 
serted in  2  ranks  on  a  thin  2-lipped  placenta  longitudinally  adnate  to  the  inner  face  of  the 
cell.  Fruit  a  subglobose  obscurely  2-lobed  2-celled  capsule,  loculicidally  2-valved,  the 
valves  thin  and  papery,  light  brown,  puberulous,  especially  at  the  base,  faintly  rayed, 
marked  by  oblong  pale  spots  and  by  the  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  deciduous  calyx- 
limb  and  style,  sometimes  tardily  septicidally  2-parted  to  the  middle,  persistent  on  the 
branches  during  the  winter,  the  valves  finally  falling  from  the  woody  axis,  their  outer  layer 
very  thin,  brittle,  separable  from  the  slightly  thicker  tough  woody  inner  layer.  Seeds 
horizontal,  2-ranked,  minute,  compressed;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  reticulate- veined, 
produced  into  a  broad  thin  oblong-ovate  wing,  unsymmetrical  on  the  sides,  acute  at  apex, 
and  longer  above  than  below  the  seed;  embryo  elongated,  immersed  in  the  thick  fleshy 
albumen;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong,  foliaceous,  longer  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward 
the  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  southeastern  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney  (1746-1825)  of  South 
Carolina,  the  Revolutionary  patriot. 

1.  Pinckneya  pubens  Michx.    Georgia  Bark. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  March,  5 '-8'  long,  3'-4'  wide;  petioles  f'-l^'  in  length.  Flowers  1^' 
long  appearing  late  in  May  and  early  in  June,  in  open  clusters  7'-8'  across,  their  petaloid 


Fig.  771 


calyx-lobes  sometimes  2|'  long  and  |'  wide.     Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  1'  long  and  §' 
wide;  seeds  with  their  wings  about  \'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading 
branches  forming  usually  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  coated  wyhen  they 
first  appear  writh  hoary  tomentum  soon  turning  light  red-brown,  pubescent  during  the 
summer,  and  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  becoming  glabrous. 
Winter-buds :  terminal  ovoid,  terete,  \'  long,  contracted  above  the  middle  into  a  slender 
point,  and  covered  by  the  dark  red-brown  lanceolate,  acute  stipules  of  the  last  pair  of 
leaves  of  the  previous  year,  often  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  growing  shoots  and  marked 
at  the  base  by  2  broadly  ovate  pale  scar-like  slightly  pilose  elevations;  axillary  buds 
obtuse,  minute,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  with  a 
light  brown  surface  divided  into  minute  appressed  scales.  Wood  close-grained,  soft, 
weak,  browrn,  with  lighter-colored  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  has 
been  used  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers. 


RUBIACEyE  877 

Distribution.  Low  wet  sandy  swamps  on  the  borders  of  streams;  coast  region  of  South 
Carolina  through  southern  Georgia  and  northern  Florida  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Apala- 
chicola  River;  rare  and  local. 

2.  EXOSTEMA  Rich. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  and  bitter  bark.  Leaves  sessile  or  petiolate, 
persistent;  stipules  interpetiolar,  deciduous.  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary  or  in  terminal 
pedunculate  cymes,  fragrant,  the  peduncle  bibracteolate  above  the  middle;  calyx-tube 
ovoid,  clavate  or  turbinate,  the  limb  short,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  triangular,  persistent; 
corolla  5-lobed,  white,  salver-form,  the  tube  long  and  narrow,  erect,  the  lobes  of  the  limb 
linear,  elongated,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  filaments  filiform,  exserted,  united  at 
base  into  a  tube  inserted  on  and  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers  oblong-linear; 
ovary  2-celled;  style  elongated,  slender,  exserted;  stigma  capitate,  simple  or  minutely  2- 
lobed  ;  ovules  numerous,  attached  on  the  2  sides  of  a  fleshy  oblong  peltate  placenta  fixed 
to  the  inner  face  of  the  cell,  ascending.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  2-celled  capsule  septicidally 
2-valved,  the  valves  2-parted,  their  outer  layer  membranaceous,  separable  from  the  crusta- 
ceous  inner  layer.  Seeds  compressed,  oblong,  imbricated  downward  on  the  placenta; 
seed-coat  chestnut  -brown,  lustrous,  produced  into  a  narrow  wing;  embryo  minute,  in  fleshy 
albumen;  cotyledons  flat;  radicle  terete,  inferior. 

Exostema  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  America,  and  is  most 
abundant  in  the  Antilles,  one  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida.  The  bark 
contains  active  tonic  properties,  and  has  been  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

The  generic  name,  from  e£w  and  ar^ua,  relates  to  the  long  exserted  stamens. 


1  .  Exostema  caribaeum  R.  &  S.    Prince  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  contracted  into  a  slender  point  and  apiculate  at  apex,. 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  base,  entire,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the 
upper  surface  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  l£'-3'  long  and  %'-\\'  wide,  with  a 
prominent  orange-colored  midrib  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  unfolding  in  the 
autumn  and  in  early  spring  and  summer,  and  persistent  for  1  or  2  years;  petioles  slender,. 


Fig.  772 


orange-colored,  %'-%'  in  length;  stipules  nearly  triangular,  apiculate,  with  entire  dentate  or 
ciliate  margins,  about  TV  long,  and  in  falling  marking  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  appearing  from  March  until  June,  about  3'  long,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels spirally  twisted  before  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  ovoid;  corolla  glabrous;  filaments 
united  into  a  short  tube.  Fruit  f '  long,  becoming  black  in  drying;  seeds  oblong,  f '  long, 
with  a  dark  brown  papillose  coat  and  a  light  brown  wing. 


S78  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  glabrous  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter, 
slender  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  terete  branchlets  dark  green  at  first,  soon 
becoming  dark  red-brown  and  covered  with  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  year  ashy 
gray  and  conspicuously  marked  by  the  elevated  leaf-scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  f ' 
thick,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  square  smooth  pale  or  nearly  white  plates.  Wood 
very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  handsomely  streaked  with 
different  shades  of  yellow  and  brown,  with  bright  yehW  sap  wood  of  12-20  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade 
County,  and  on  the  southern  keys;  abundant  on  Key  West  and  Upper  Metacombe  Key: 
on  many  of  the  Antilles,  in  southern  Mexico,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Nicaragua. 

3.  CEPHALANTHUS  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  petiolate  leaves,  interpetiolar  stipules, 
and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  nectariferous,  yellow  or  creamy  white,  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
glandular  bracts,  in  dense  globose  pedunculate  terminal  or  axillary  solitary  or  panicled 
heads;  receptacle  globose,  setose;  calyx- tube  obpyramidal,  with  a  short  limb  unequally  4  or 
5-toothed  or  lobed;  corolla  tubular  salver-form,  divided  into  4  or  5  short  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  lobes  usually  furnished  with  a  minute  dark  gland  at  the  base  or  on  the  side  of  each 
sinus,  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  tube,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short;  anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate,  apicu- 
late  at  base;  pistil  of  2  carpels;  ovary  2-celled;  style  filiform,  elongated;  stigma  clavate,  en- 
tire; ovule  solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell  on  a  short  papillose 
f  unicle,  anatropous.  Fruit  obpyramida!,  coriaceous,  2-coccous.  Seeds  oblong,  pendulous, 
covered  at  apex  by  a  white  spongy  aril;  embryo  straight  in  cartilaginous  albumen;  cotyle- 
dons oblong,  obtuse;  radicle  elongated,  superior. 

Cephalanthus  with  seven  species  is  widely  distributed  in  North  and  South  America,  and 
in  southern  and  eastern  Asia,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  generic  name,  from  Ke^aXiy  and  &v6os,  relates  to  the  capitate  inflorescence. 

1.  Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.    Button  Bush. 

Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute,  acuminate  or  short-pointed  at  apex,  rounded 
or  cuneate  at  base,  thin,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  glabrous  or  puberulous 
on  the  lower  surface,  2'-7'  long  and  ^'-3f '  wide,  with  a  stout  light  yellow  midrib  often  cov- 
ered below7  with  long  white  hairs  and  5  or  t>  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  nearly  parallel 
with  the  sides  of  the  leaf;  deciduous,  or  persistent  during  the  winter;  petioles  stout,  grooved, 
glabrous,  5'— |'  in  length;  stipules  minute, nearly  triangular.  Flowers:  flower-heads  l'-l|' 
in  diameter  on  slender  peduncles  l'-2'  long,  usually  in  panicles  4'-5'  in  length,  their  lower 
peduncles  from  the  axil  of  upper  leaves;  flo\vers  creamy  white,  very  fragrant,  opening  from 
the  middle  of  May  in  Florida  and  Texas  to  the  middle  of  August  in  Canada  and  on  the 
mountains  of  California;  calyx  usually  4  or  occasionally  5-lobed,  with  short  rounded  lobes, 
and  slightly  villose  toward  the  base;  corolla  glandular  or  eglandular;  anthers  nearly  sessile, 
included,  discharging  their  pollen  before  the  flowers  open;  disk  thin  and  obscure.  Fruit 
ripening  late  in  the  autumn  in  heads  f  '-£'  in  diameter,  green  tinged  with  red  and  ultimately 
dark  red-browrn. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  tapering  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
frequently  free  of  limbs  for  15°-20°,  ascending  and  spreading  branches,  and  stout  branch- 
lets  with  a  thick  pith,  glabrous  and  marked  by  large  oblong  pale  lenticels,  and  developed 
mostly  in  verticels  of  3's  from  the  axillary  buds  of  one  of  the  upper  nodes,  without  a  termi- 
nal bud,  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  pale  reddish  brown,  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  during  their  first  winter  and  then  marked  by  small  semicircular  leaf-scars  displaying 
semilunate  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  connected  by  the  persistent  black  stipules  or  by 
their  subulate  scars,  darker  the  following  season,  and  dark  brown  in  their  third  year,  the 
bark  then  beginning  to  separate  into  the  large  loose  scales  found  on  the  large  branches  and 


RUBIACE^E 


879 


on  the  stems  of  small  plants;  usually  a  shrub,  only  a  few  feet  high.    Winter-buds  axillary, 
single  or  in  pairs  or  in  3's  one  above  the  other,  minute,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.    Bark 


Fig.  773 

of  large  trunks  dark  gray-brown  or  often  nearly  black,  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad 
flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  elongated  narrow  scales.  The  bark  contains  tannin, 
and  has  been  used  in  the  treatment  of  fevers  and  in  homoeopathic  practice. 

Distribution.  Swamps  and  the  low  wet  borders  of  ponds  and  streams;  New  Brunswick 
to  Ontario,  southern  Michigan,  southern  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  wes- 
tern Oklahoma  (near  Canton,  Blaine  County),  southward  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne 
and  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  Florida,  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  southern  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  and  widely  distributed  in  California;  in  Mex- 
ico and  Cuba;  very  rarely  arborescent  at  the  north  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  margins 
of  river-bottoms  and  swramps  and  in  pond  holes  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas; 
ascending  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  2500°;  passing  into  var. 
pubescens  Rafn,  with  leaves  soft  pubescent  below  especially  on  the  midrib  and  veins,  and 
pubescent  petioles,  inflorescence,  and  branchlets;  southern  Indiana,  southeastern  Missouri, 
southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos 
River. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

4.  GUETTARDA  Endl. 

» 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  writh  bitter  bark,  opposite  or  rarely  verticellate  persistent  leaves, 
interpetiolar  deciduous  stipules,  and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  with  or 
without  bractlets,  in  axillary  forked  pedunculate  cymes,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  lanceo- 
late, acute,  minute,  deciduous;  calyx  globose,  the  limb  produced  above  the  ovary  into  an 
elongated  4-7-lobed  tube;  corolla  salver-shaped,  with  an  elongated  cylindric  tube  naked  in 
the  throat,  and  a  4-lobed  limb,  the  oblong  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  included; 
filaments  free,  short;  anthers  oblong-linear;  ovary  4-celled,  the  cells  elongated,  tubular; 
style  stout;  stigma  capitate;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  on  the  thickened  funicle  from  the 
inner  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  fleshy  1-stoned  2-9-seeded  subglobose  drupe,  with  thin 
flesh,  and  a  bony  or  ligneous  globose  4-9-celled  stone  obtusely  angled  or  sulcate,  the  cells 
narrow  and  often  curved  upward.  Seed  compressed,  suspended  on  the  thick  funicle  clos- 
ing the  orifice  of  the  wall  of  the  stone,  straight  or  excurved;  albumen  thin  and  fleshy; 
embryo  elongated,  cylindric  or  compressed;  cotyledons  flat,  minute,  not  longer  than  the 
elongated  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 


880  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Guettarda  with  about  fifty  species  is  chiefly  tropical  American,  with  one  species  widely 
distributed  on  maritime  shores  from  east  tropical  Africa  to  Australia  and  the  islands  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Of  the  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  ar- 
borescent. The  bark  of  some  of  the  species  is  occasionally  employed  as  a  tonic  and  febri- 
fuge, and  a -few  species  are  cultivated  in  tropical  gardens  for  the  delightful  fragrance  of 
their  white  flowers. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Jean  fitienne  Guettard  (1715-1786),  the  distinguished 
French  botanist  and  mineralogist. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  thin,  pilose  or  glabrate  above.  1.  G.  elliptica  (D). 

Leaves  coriaceous,  hispidulose-papillose  and  scabrate  above.  2.  G.  scabra  (D). 

1.  Guettarda  elliptica  Sw. 

Leaves  broad-oval  to  oblong-elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse  and  apiculate  at  apex,  and  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  base,  covered  with  pale  silky  hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thin, 
dark  green,  pilose  or  glabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter  colored  and  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  especially  along  the  stout  midrib  and  in  the  axils  of  the  4-6  pairs  of  primary 
veins,  f'-2|'  long  and  |'-1'  wide;  unfolding  in  Florida  in  May  and  June  and  persistent  on 
the  branches  until  the  trees  begin  their  growth  the  following  year;  petioles  stout,  hairy, 


Fig.  774 

\'-%f  in  length.  Flowers  pedicellate,  appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  yellowish  white,  \'  long, 
in  slender  hairy-stemmed  cymes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  near  the  end  of 
branches,  or  from  bud-scales  at  base  of  young  shoots,  their  peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
forked  near  the  apex,  often  with  a  flower  in  the  fork  and  3  at  the  end  of  each  branch,  or 
the  lateral  flowers  of  these  clusters  replaced  by  branches  producing  3  flowers  at  their  apex, 
the  bractlets  subtending  the  branches  of  the  peduncle,  and  the  lateral  flowers  of  the  ulti- 
mate divisions  of  the  inflorescence  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  coated  with  hairs,  about  ^ 
long,  deciduous;  calyx-lobes  nearly  triangular,  acute,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  long 
pale  hairs,  and  half  as  long  as  the  erect  corolla  canescent  externally,  with  rounded  lobes. 
Fruit  ripening  in  November,  dark  purple,  pilose,*  \'  in  diameter,  crowned  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  persistent  calyx-tube,  the  flesh  sweet  and  mealy;  stone  obscurely  ridged  and 
usually  2-4-seeded;  seeds  oblong-lanceolate,  compressed,  nearly  straight,  with  a  thin  pale 
coat. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  an  irregularly  buttressed  or  lobed  trunk 


RUBIACE^} 


881 


5'-6'  in  diameter,  the  deep  depressions  between  the  lobes  continuous  or  often  interrupted, 
small  upright  branches,  and  thin  terete  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long 
pale  or  rufous  hairs  and  light  red-brown  or  ashy  gray  and  conspicuously  marked  by  pale 
lenticels,  and  in  their  second  year  by  large  elevated  orbicular  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds 
acuminate,  light  brown,  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  and  about  |'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  yV  thick,  with  a  smooth  dark  brown  surface  covered  with  large  irregularly  shaped 
pale  blotches  and  numerous  small  white  spots.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  sapwood  of  6-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 
Distribution.  Florida,  coast  of  the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Ja- 


2.  Guettarda  scabra  Lam. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  ovate,  acuminate  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  or  broad  at  the  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  entire,  coriaceous,  dark  green,  his- 
pidulose-papillose  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  2'-5'  long  and  1  j'-Sj'  wide,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  a  stout  mid- 
rib, usually  8-11  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets; 


Fig.  775 

petioles  stout,  rusty-pubescent,  |'-£'  in  length;  stipules  concave  at  base,  gradually  nar- 
rowed above  into  a  long  slender  point,  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers  pro- 
duced irregularly  during  the  winter  and  early  spring,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate  in  the  axils 
of  acute  bracts,  in  pedunculate  cymes  on  slender  rusty-pubescent  peduncles  \\'-%!  in 
length;  calyx  short-oblong,  densely  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  often  1'  in 
length,  the  slender  tube  retrorsely  silky-villose  on  the  outer  surface,  the  lobes  5-7,  usually 
5,  oblong-obtuse;  filaments  free,  short;  anthers  oblong-linear,  included,  style  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  subglobose,  pubes- 
cent, \'  in  diameter,  and  crowned  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx;  flesh  thin  and  dry; 
stone  slightly  angled  thick-walled,  4-9-seeded. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2'-2£'  in  diameter,  small 
ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  or  slender  branchlets  densely 
covered  during  their  first  season  with  rufous  pubescence,  and  light  reddish  browrn,  slightly 
pubescent  and  marked  by  conspicuous  leaf-scars  in  their  second  year;  often  a  shrub. 

Distribution.  Florida,  near  Miami  and  on  the  Everglade  Keys,  Dade  County,  and  on 
the  southern  keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 


882  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

LXVI.  CAPRIFOLIACE^:. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  opposite  petiolate  leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  with  or 
without  stipules,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  with  articu- 
lated pedicels,  in  terminal  compound  cymes;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  5-toothed; 
corolla  epigynous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  slender,  free;  anthers  ob- 
long, introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  disk  0  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of 
the  United  States);  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior,  3-5  or  1-celled;  style  short,  capitate, 
3-5-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  apex;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  resupi- 
nate;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of 
the  style.  Seeds  with  copious  fleshy  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  adherent  to  the 
albumen;  embryo  minute,  near  the  hilum;  cotyledons  ovoid  or  ovate;  radicle  terete,  erect. 

The  Honeysuckle  family  with  ten  genera  is  most  abundant  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  with  a  few  species  extending  into  the  tropics  and  to  beyond  the 
tropics  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Many  of  the  species,  especially  of  Lonicera,  Sam- 
bucus,  and  Viburnum,  are  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers  and  fruits. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  fruit  with  3-5  nutlets.  1.  Sambucus. 

Leaves  simple;  fruit  with  1  stone.  2.  Viburnum. 

1.  SAMBUCUS  L.    Elder. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  branches  containing  thick  white  or  brown  pith,  and  buds 
with  several  scales.  Leaves  petiolate,  unequally  pinnate,  deciduous,  with  serrate  or  lacini- 
ate  leaflets,  the  base  of  the  petiole  naked,  glandular  or  furnished  with  a  stipule-like  leaf- 
let; stipels  small,  leaf-like,  usually  setaceous,  often  0;  stipules  small,  rudimentary,  usually  0 
except  on  vigorous  shoots.  Flowers  small,  in  broad  terminal  corymbose  cymes,  their  bracts 
and  bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious,  caducous,  sometimes  ebracteolate;  calyx-tube 
ovoid,  the  limb  3-5-lobed  or  toothed;  corolla  rotate  or  slightly  campanulate,  equally  3-5- 
parted;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior,  3-5- celled;  style 
abbreviated,  thick  and  conic,  3-5-lobed,  stigmatic  at  apex.  Fruit  subglobose,  with  juicy 
flesh,  and  3-5  oblong  cartilaginous  punctate-rugulose  or  smooth  1-seeded  nutlets  full  and 
rounded  on  the  back  and  rounded  at  the  ends. '  Seeds  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nutlets,  pale 
brown;  cotyledons  ovoid. 

Sambucus  with  about  twenty  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  through  the 
temperate  parts  of  North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia,  and  inhabits  high  mountain  ranges 
within  the  tropics,  and  in  Australia,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand.  Of  the  nine  or  ten 
North  American  species  three  are  arborescent.  Sambucus  possesses  cathartic  and  emetic 
properties  in  the  bark;  the  flowers  are  excitant  and  sudorific,  and  the  juice  of  the  fruit  is  al- 
terative and  laxative.  The  dried  flowers  of  the  European  Sambucus  nigra  L.,  are  used  in 
the  preparation  of  an  aromatic  distilled  water  and  in  flavoring  lard,  and  the  hard  and  com- 
pact wood  is  made  into  combs  and  mathematical  instruments.  The  large  pithy  shoots  of 
Sambucus  furnish  children  with  pop-guns,  pipes,  and  whistles;  and  the  fruit  of  some  of  the 
species  is  cooked  and  eaten. 

Sambucus,  the  name  of  the  Elder-tree,  is  believed  to  have  been  derived  from  tra/z/Swo?,  a 
musical  instrument,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  pithy  stems. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Cymes  flat-topped;  pith  usually  white;  fruit  black;  nutlets  rugose. 

Fruit  lustrous.  1.  S.  Simpsonii  (C). 

Fruit  appearing  blue  from  a  thick  covering  of  bloom.  2.  S.  coerulea  (B,  F,  G,  H). 
Cymes  ovoid;  pith  pale  brown;  fruit  red;  nutlets  smooth.  3.  S.  callicarpa  (B,  G). 


CAPRIFOLIACE.E  883 

1 .  Sambucus  Simpsonii  Rehd. 

Leaves  4'-7'  long,  3-7,  usually  5-foliolulate,  with  a  glabrous  petiole  and  usually  5  dark 
yellow-green  leaflets,  lustrous  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  scattered  hairs  on  the  midrib,  and  paler  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  the  ter- 
minal leaflet  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  short-acuminate  at  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed 
at  base  into  a  slender  petiolule  \'-%'  in  length,  the  lateral  leaflets  broad-elliptic  to  oblong- 


Fig.  776 

elliptic,  short-acuminate,  broad-cuneate  at  base,  those  of  the  upper  pair  usually  sessile,, 
those  of  the  lower  pair  on  short  stalks  rarely  more  than  T^'  long,  serrate  except  at  the  base 
with  small  slightly  spreading  teeth,  li'-3'  long  and  1%'-%%'  wide.  Flowers  slightly  fragrant, 
on  slender  pedicels  in  convex  or  sometimes  flat  cymes  3' -8'  in  diameter,  with  4  or  5  rays, 
the  terminal  ray  as  long  or  longer  than  the  lateral  rays,  rarely  shorter;  calyx-tube  ovoid, 
the  lobes  oblong-ovate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  and  slightly  exceeding  the  thick 
conic  style;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  white  corolla-lobes;  ovary  usually  5,  rarely 
4-celled.  Fruit  subglobose,  dark  purplish  black,  about  f "'  in  diameter;  nutlets  rugose. 

A  tree,  sometimes  15°-18°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  8'  in  diameter,  and  slightly  angled 
branchlets  greenish  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  yellow-gray  and  sometimes- 
covered  during  their  second  and  third  years  with  thick  corky  excrescences;  pith  white,  on  2 
or  3-year-old  branches  comparatively  narrow,  occupying  only  about  one-third  of  the  diame- 
ter of  the  stem. 

Distribution.  Florida,  neighborhood  of  Jacksonville,  Duval  County,  to  Eustis,  Lake 
County,  Bradentown,  Manatee  County,  and  Sanibel  Island,  Lee  County;  Mississippi, 
Ocean  Springs,  Jackson  County;  Louisiana,  Cameron,  Cameron  Parish. 

2.  Sambucus  coerulea  Raf. 

Sambucus  glauca  Nutt. 
Sambucus  neomexicana  Woot. 

Leaves  5 '-!'  long,  with  a  stout  grooved  petiole  much  enlarged  and  naked  or  sometimes 
furnished  at  the  base  with  leaf-like  appendages,  and  5-9  ovate  or  narrow-oblong  leaflets 
contracted  at  apex  into  a  long  point,  unequally  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  and  coarsely 


884  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

serrate  with  spreading  or  slightly  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  the  lower  leaflets  often 
3-parted  or  pinnate,  the  terminal  one  sometimes  furnished  with  1  or  2  lateral  stalked  leaf- 
lets, yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  covered  with  scattered 
pale  hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  or  soft  pubescent  beneath  (var. 
velutinaRehd.),ihm,  rather  firm  in  texture,  bright  green  above  and  pale  below,  l'-6'  long 
and  %'-\%'  wide,  with  a  narrow  pale  midrib  and  inconspicuous  veins;  petiolules  slender, 
those  of  the  lateral  leaflets  f '-|'  and  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  2'  in  length;  stipels  linear, 
oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  entire  or  sharply  serrate  and  leaf-like, 
TV-£'  long,  caducous,  often  0.  Flowers  %'  in  diameter,  appearing  from  April  in  southern 


Fig.  777 

California  to  July  in  British  Columbia,  in  flat  long-branched  glabrous  or  pubescent  cymes 
4 '-10'  wide,  with  linear  acute  green  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets,  the  lower  branches  often 
from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  flower-buds  globose,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  some- 
times turning  red  before  opening;  calyx  ovoid,  red-browrn,  with  acute  scarious  lobes;  corolla 
yellowish  white,  with  oblong  divisions  rounded  at  apex,  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Fruit 
subglobose,  %'  in  diameter,  black,  appearing  blue  by  its  thick  covering  of  mealy  bloom; 
flesh  rather  sweet  and  juicy. 

A  tree,  30°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  enlarged  at  base  and  12'-18'  in 
diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round- topped  head,  and  branchlets 
usually  without  a  terminal  bud,  green  tinged  with  red  or  brown  when  they  first  appear,  and 
covered  with  short  white  caducous  hairs,  or  densely  soft  pubescent  during  their  first  season 
(var.  velutina  Rehd.),  stout,  slightly  angled,  covered  with  lustrous  red-brown  bark  in  their 
first  winter  and  nearly  encircled  by  the  large  triangular  leaf-scars  marked  by  conspicuous 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  pith  white  or  rarely  brownish;  often  a  broad  shrub,  with 
numerous  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  axillary  generally  in  pairs,  superposed  or  in 
clusters  of  4  or  5,  only  the  upper  bud  or  sometimes  the  lower  usually  developing,  covered 
with  2  or  3  pairs  of  opposite  broad-ovate  chestnut-brown  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rank 
accrescent,  and  at  maturity  acute,  entire,  green,  1'  long,  and  sometimes  developing  into 
pinnate  leaves  2'-3'  in  length.  Bark  of  the  trunk  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured,  the  dark 
brown  surface  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  small  square  appressed  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Gravelly  rather  dry  soil  of  valleys  and  river-bottoms;  western  Montana 
(neighborhood  of  Flathead  Lake  and  Missoula,  Missoula.  County),  through  Idaho  to  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia  (Vancouver  Island),  and  southward  to  the  San  Bernardino 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E 


885 


Mountains  and  Santa  Catalina  Island,  California,  ascending  on  the  Cascade  and  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  to  altitudes  of  6000°-8000°;  Nevada,  King's  Canon,  Ormsby  County; 
Utah,  Juab,  Juab  County,  and  the  neighborhood  of  Salt  Lake  City,  Salt  Lake  County; 
Colorado,  near  Trinidad,  Las  Animas  County;  New  Mexico,  Sacramento  Mountains,  Otero 
County;  very  abundant  in  the  coast  region;  comparatively  rare  in  the  interior;  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  valleys  of  western  Oregon;  northward,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Ne- 
vada Mountains  rarely  arborescent;  in  southern  California  often  with  smaller  leaves  and 
flower-clusters  than  northward;  the  var.  nelutina  rare  and  local,  California,  Goose  Valley, 
Shasta  County;  at  altitudes  of  6000°-7000°  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  Sierra,  Madera  and 
Kern  Counties,  and  on  Santa  Catalina  Island;  Nevada,  on  Hunter's  Creek,  Washoe  County, 
at  an  altitude  of  6000°. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  Pacific  states,  passing  into 

Sambucus  coerulea  var.  arizonica  Sarg. 

Sambucus  mexicana  Sarg.,  not  Presl. 

Differing  from  Sambucus  coerulea  in  its  3-5,  usually  3-foliate  leaves  with  usually  elliptic 
long-acuminate  leaflets  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  when  they  appear,  l'-3'  long  and 
$'-!'  wide,  their  stipels  minute  or  rudimentary,  smaller  flower-clusters  and  fruit  not  more 
than  f  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  glabrous  or  villose  pubescent  early  in  the  season,  usually  be- 


Fig.  778 

coming  glabrous.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |'  thick,  the  light  brown  surface  tinged  with  red 
and  broken  into  long  narrow  horizontal  ridge-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained, 
light  brown,  with  thin  lighter-colored  sapwood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  Arizona,  Grand  View  Trail,  Grand  Canon  of  the  Colo- 
rado River  and  near  Flagstaff,  Coconino  County,  Globe,  Gila  County,  and  banks  of  the 
Rialta  near  Tucson,  Pima  County;  common;  New  Mexico,  near  Silver  City,  Grant  County; 
southern  California  (San  Diego,  Los  Angeles,  Ventura  and  Kern  Counties). 

3.  Sambucus  callicarpa  Greene. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  with  a  stout  slightly  grooved  petiole  and  5-7,  usually  5,  elliptic  finely 
or  coarsely  serrate  leaflets,  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  and  often  unsym- 
metric  at  base,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  more  or  less  villose- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  along  the  slender  midrib,  2^'-5'  long  and  £'-2' 


886 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


wide ;  petiolules  f '-£'  or  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  up  to  1  \'  in  length.  Flowers  on  pedicels 
\'  long,  in  ovoid  to  semiorbicular  cymes,  usually  2^'-3'  long  and  broad,  often  somewhat 
flattened  at  maturity,  on  stout  peduncles  l|'-3'  in  length,  about  \'  in  diameter,  with  white 


Fig.  779 


or  yellow  slightly  obovate  petals  rounded  at  apex,  and  stamens  rather  shorter  than  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla.  Fruit  about  \'  in  diameter,  bright  red  or  rarely  chestnut  color  (f.  Piperi 
Sarg.);  nutlets  smooth. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  slender  branchlets 
occasionally  puberulous  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  light  brown,  separating  on 
the  surface  into  thin  scales. 

Distribution.  River  banks  in  low  moist  soil,  from  sea-level  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
coast  up  to  altitudes  of  7000°-8000°;  coast  of  Alaska  (Skagway),  southward  along  the  coast 
to  Marin  County,  California,  and  inland  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  southward  to  Amador  County;  the  f.  Piperi  in  western  Washington. 

2.  VIBURNUM  A.  L.  de  Juss. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  tough  flexible  branchlets,  and  large  winter-buds  naked  or  covered 
with  scales,  those  of  the  arborescent  North  American  species  enclosed  in  one  pair  of  val- 
vate  scales,  the  buds  containing  flower-bearing  branches  ovoid,  swollen  below  the  middle 
and  contracted  into  a  long  or  short  point  and  subtended  by  2  minute  lateral  generally  abor- 
tive buds  formed  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  those  containing  sterile 
shoots  narrow-lanceolate,  slightly  angled,  acute;  axillary  buds  acute,  much  flattened,  and 
much  smaller  than  the  terminal  bud.  Leaves  deciduous  (in  the  American  species),  without 
or  rarely  with  stipules,  the  first  pair  rudimentary,  with  small  blades  and  broad  boat-shaped 
petioles,  caducous  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  species) .  Flowers  on  short  bracte- 
olate  or  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axillary  umbel-like  flat  or  panicled  cymes, 
their  bracts  and  bractlets  minute,  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous;  calyx-tube  cylindric,  the 
limb  short,  equally  5-lobed,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  corolla  rotate,  equally  5-lobed,  spread- 
ing and  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  elon- 
gated, exserted;  anthers  bright  yellow;  ovary  inferior,  1-celled;  style  conic,  divided  at 


CAPRIFOLIACE.E 


887 


apex  into  three  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  1-celled,  with  thin  sweet  acidulous  or  oily  flesh, 
stone  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  species)  coriaceous,  oval,  short-pointed  at  apex; 
much  flattened,  dull  reddish  brown,  slightly  pitted.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  stone, 
concave  on  the  ventral  face,  bright  reddish  brown,  the  thin  coat  projected  into  a  red  nar- 
row irregular  often  erose  marginal  border. 

Viburnum  with  a  hundred  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  through  the  tem- 
perate regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  occurs  on  the  mountains  of  central  and 
western  South  America,  on  the  Antilles,  the  islands  of  the  Malay~Archipelago,  and  Mada- 
gascar. Of  the  fifteen  North  American  species  four  are  small  trees.  Many  of  the  species 
produce  beautiful  flowers  and  fruits,  and  are  frequently  cultivated  as  ornaments  of  parks 
and  gardens. 

Viburnum  is  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  European  species. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  entire  or  obscurely  crenulate;  inflorescence  long-stalked;  winter-buds  elongated, 
narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  covered  with  rusty  scales.  1.  V.  nudum  (A,  C). 

Leaves  sharply  serrate;  inflorescence  sessile  or  short-stalked. 

Petioles  wing-margined;  inflorescence  sessile;  winter-buds  long-pointed,  scurfy  pubes- 
cent. 2.  V.  Lentago  (A,  C,  F). 
Petioles  usually  without  margins. 

Petioles  nearly  glabrous;  inflorescence  short-stalked;  winter-buds  short-pointed  or  ob- 
tuse, rufous  pubescent.  3.  V.  prunifolium  (A,  C). 
Petioles  of  early  leaves  and  the  short-pointed  winter-buds  rusty  tomentose,  inflores- 
cence sessile.  4.  V.  mfidulum  (A,  C). 

1.  Viburnum  nudum  L. 

Leaves  broad-elliptic  to  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  or  in  one  form  narrow-elliptic  (var. 
angustifolium  Torr.  &  Gray),  acute,  acuminate  or  abruptly  short-pointed  or  rarely  rounded 
at  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  covered  when  they  unfold 


Fig.  780 

with  rusty  scales  persistent  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midrib  and  petioles  and  occasionally  on 
the  whole  lower  surface,  thick,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the 
lower  surface,  4>'-6'  long  and  \\'-%  wide,  with  a  prominent  midrib,  slender  veins,  and  slightly 
thickened  and  re  volute  margins;  very  variable  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  leaves  and  in  the 
amount  of  their  scurfy  covering,  those  of  the  southern  tree  form  usually  larger  than  the 
leaves  of  more  northern  shrubs;  leaves  of  the  var.  angustifolium  often  not  more  than  2'  long 
and  £'  wide;  petioles  slender,  \'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  from  the  first  of  May  at  the 


888 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


south  to  the  middle  of  June  at  the  north  and  occasionally  also  in  the  autumn,  white  or  pale 
cream  color,  about  |'  wide,  in  flat  or  slightly  convex  cymes  with  ovate  acute  bracts  and 
bractlets,  2 '-4'  in  diameter  and  about  as  long  or  rather  shorter  than  their  peduncle.  Fruit 
ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  globose,  pink  at  first  when  fully  grown,  becoming  bright  blue, 
£'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  rarely  18'-20'  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  with  spreading  nearly 
horizontal  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  scurfy  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  season  and 
greenish  brown  the  following  year;  usually  a  small  or  large  shrub,  and  perhaps  only  a  tree 
on  the  borders  of  swamps  near  Gainesville,  Alachua  County,  and  Palatka,  Putnam  County, 
Florida.  Winter-buds  reddish  brown,  covered  with  rusty  scales,  those  containing  flower- 
bearing  branches,  abruptly  long  pointed,  |'-f  in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  swamps  and  streams,  and 
on  rich  hillsides;  southern  Connecticut  (Milford  and  Derby,  New  Haven  County),  south- 
ward through  the  coast  and  Piedmont  region,  to  De  Soto  County  (near  Sebring),  Florida, 
and  westward  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Brazos 
River,  eastern  Texas,  and  northward  through  wrestern  Louisiana  to  central  Arkansas  and 
western  Tennessee;  occasionally  ascending  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  altitudes  of 
2000°;  the  var.  angustifolium  from  North  Carolina  up  to  altitudes  of  3000°  on  the  Blue 
Ridge,  to  northern  Florida.  • 

2.  Viburnum  Lentago  L.    Sheepberry.    Nannyberry. 

Leaves  ovate,  usually  acuminate,  with  short  or  elongated  points,  or  sometimes  rounded 
at  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  and  sharply  serrate  with  incurved  callous- 
tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  bronze-green,  lustrous,  coated  on  both  surfaces  of  the  mid- 
rib and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  rufous  pubescence,  slightly  pilose  on  the  upper  surface 
and  covered  on  the  lower  with  short  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  bright  green  and  lustrous 


Fig.  781 


above,  yellow-green  and  marked  by  minute  black  dots  below,  2^'-3'  long  and  l'-l|'  wide, 
with  a  slender  midrib,  and  primary  veins  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  turn- 
ing in  the  autumn  before  falling  deep  orange-red  or  red  and  orange  color;  petioles  broad, 
grooved,  more  or  less  interruptedly  winged  or  occasionally  wingless,  I'-l^'  long,  those  of 
the  first  pair  of  leaves  covered  with  thick  rufous  tomentum.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter, 
slightly  fragrant,  appearing  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  1st  of  June  in  stout-branched 
scurfy  sessile  slightly  convex  cymes  3'-5'  in  diameter,  with  nearly  triangular  green  cadu- 


CAPRIFOLIACE^  889 

cous  bracts  and  bractlets  about  r*/  in  length;  corolla  pale  cream  color  or  nearly  white,  with 
ovate  lobes  acute  and  slightly  erose  at  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  on  slender 
drooping  stalks,  in  red-stemmed  few-fruited  clusters,  oval  or  occasionally  globose  (var. 
sphaerocarpum  A.  Gray),  thick-skinned,  sweet  and  rather  juicy,  black  or  dark  blue,  and 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  stone  about  f  long  and  T56'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'.-10'  in  diameter,  slender  rather  pendu- 
lous branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  thin  divergent  branchlets  light 
green,  slightly  covered  with  rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  and  in  their  first 
winter  light  red,  scurfy,  marked  by  occasional  dark  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  narrow 
leaf-scars  displaying  3  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming  in  their  second 
year  dark  reddish  brown  and  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Winter-buds 
light  red,  generally  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence,  those  containing  flower-bearing 
branchlets  f '  in  length,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  narrow  tapering  points.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  reddish  brown  and  irregularly  broken  into  small  thick  plates  divided  on  their  surface 
into  minute  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  bad-smelling,  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark 
orange-brown,  with  thin  nearly  wrhite  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Rocky  hillsides,  along  the  borders  of  forests,  or  near  the  banks  of  streams 
and  the  margins  of  swamps,  in  moist  soil ;  valley  of  the  Riviere  du  Loup,  Province  of  Que- 
bec, to  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  to  southern  Pennsyl- 
vania, central  Ohio,  northern  Indiana  and  southern  Wisconsin,  northeastern  Iowa  and 
eastern  Nebraska,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  altitudes  of  2500°  to  West 
Virginia;  on  the  Turtle  Mountains  of  North  Dakota,  the  Black  Hills  of  South  Dakota, 
on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Bighorn  Mountains  of  Wyoming  and  on  those  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado  (Boulder,  Boulder  County). 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
occasionally  in  Europe. 

X  Viburnum  Jackii  Rehd.  with  characters  intermediate  between  Viburnum  Lentago 
and  V.  prunifolium  is  now  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  those  species. 

3.  Viburnum  prunifolium  L.    Black  Haw.    Stag  Bush. 

Leaves  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  oval  or  suborbicular,  rounded,  acute,  or  short-pointed  at 
apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  base,  and  usually  rather  remotely  or  sometimes  finely  serrate 
with  rigid  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  lustrous  and  tinged  with  red,  glabrous  on  the  lower 
surface  and  covered  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib  and  on  the  bright  red  petioles  with 
scattered  reddish  hairs  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  thick  or  sometimes  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-3' 
long  and  £'-3'  wide,  with  slender  primary  veins  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets;  in  the 
autumn  turning  brilliant  scarlet  or  dark  vinous  red  before  falling;  petioles  terete,  grooved, 
\'-\'  in  length,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  narrowly  wing-margined.  Flowers  \'  in 
diameter  on  slender  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  apex,  in  glabrous  short-stemmed  flat  cymes  2'-4' 
in  diameter,  with  subulate  caducous  bracts  about  y1^'  long,  usually  red  above  the  middle; 
corolla  pure  white,  with  oval  to  nearly  orbicular  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  in  few- 
fruited  red-stemmed  clusters,  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter, 
oval  or  slightly  obovoid,  £'-f '  long  or  rarely  globose,  dark  blue  and  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom;  stone  about  \'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  and  usually  crooked  trunk  6'-&'  in 
diameter,  stout  spreading  rigid  branches  beset  with  slender  spine-like  branchlets,  bright 
red  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  turning  green,  and  in  their  first  winter  gray 
tinged  with  red,  covered  with  a  slight  bloom,  and  marked  by  orange-colored  lenticels  and 
by  the  large  lunate  leaf-scars  displaying  3  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  ultimately  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red;  or  often  a  low  intricately  branched  shrub.  Winter-buds  short- 
pointed  or  obtuse,  brown,  glabrous  or  scurfy,  those  containing  flower-bearing  branches  about 
£'  long  and  \'  wide,  and  about  twice  as  large  as  those  containing  sterile  branchlets.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  £'- J'  thick,  and  broken  into  thick  irregularly  shaped  plate-like  red-brown  scales. 


890 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.    Dry  rocky  hillsides,  fence-rows  and  the  sides  of  roads;  Fairfield  County, 
Connecticut,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Hudson  River,  New  York,  southward  to  south- 


Fig.  782 

eastern  Virginia  and  to  the  Coast  and  Piedmont  regions  of  North  and  South  Carolina  up  to 
altitudes  of  2000°  to  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River  (near  Augusta,  Georgia,  Richmond 
County,  rare),  and  through  southern  Ohio  to  Indiana,  southern  Illinois,  southern  and 
western  Kentucky,  Missouri  and  eastern  Kansas;  very  abundant  in  Missouri  from  the 
northeastern  counties  southward  through  the  state. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
occasionally  in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

4.  Viburnum  rufidulum  Raf.    Black  Haw. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate  or  oval,  rounded,  acute,  or  short-pointed  at  apex,  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  base,  and  finely  serrate  with  slender  apiculate  straight  or  incurved  teeth,  cov- 


Fig.  783 

ered  below  and  on  the  wings  of  the  petiole  with  thick  ferrugineous  tomentum  when  they 
unfold  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  dull  be- 


CAPBIFOLIACE^E  891 

low,  usually  about  3'  long  and  f'-l|'  wide,  with  a  stout  yellow  midrib,  numerous  slender 
primary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets  more  or  less  covered  below  throughout  the  season 
with  rufous  tomentum  also  occasionally  found  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midrib;  petioles 
stout,  grooved,  ^'-f  long,  and  margined  with  broad  or  narrow  wings.  Flowers  £'  in  di- 
ameter, in  sessile  3-5  but  usually  4-rayed  thick-stemmed  ferrugineo-pubescent  flat 
corymbs  often  5 '-6'  in  diameter,  with  minute  subulate  bracts  and  bractlets;  corolla  creamy 
white,  with  orbicular  or  oblong  rounded  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  red-stemmed  clusters,  short-oblong  or  slightly  obovoid,  bright  blue  covered  with 
a  glaucous  bloom,  and  \'-\'  long;  stone  \'  long  and  about  -3-'  wide. 

A  tree,  often  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  short  thick  branches  forming  an 
open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  red-brown  or  orange 
lenticels,  when  they  first  appear  more  or  less  coated  with  ferrugineous  tomentum,  ashy  gray 
during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  dull  red-brown  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds 
ferrugineo-tomentose,  those  containing  flower-bearing  branchlets  broad-ovoid,  full  and 
rounded  at  base,  short-pointed  and  obtuse  at  apex,  compressed,  often  \'  long  and  \'  wide, 
and  rather  larger  than  those  containing  sterile  branchlets.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-|'  thick, 
separating  into  narrow  rounded  ridges  divided  by  numerous  cross  fissures,  and  roughened 
by  small  plate-like  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  bad-smelling. 

Distribution.  Dry  upland  woods  and  the  margins  of  river-bottom  lands;  southwestern 
Virginia  and  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  Hernando  County,  Florida,  and  through  the 
Gulf  States  to  the  valleys  of  the  upper  Guadalupe  River  and  of  Clear  Creek,  Brown 
County,  Texas,  and  to  eastern  and  southwestern  Oklahoma  (on  the  Wichita  Mountains, 
Comanche  County),  eastern  Kansas  and  Central  Missouri;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Accrescent.     Increasing  in  size  with  age. 

Accumbent.  Lying  against,  as  the  radicle  against 
the  edges  of  the  cotyledons. 

Acuminate.     Gradually  tapering  to  the  apex. 

Acute.     Pointed. 

Adnate.     Congenitally  united  to. 

Adventitious.  Said  of  buds  produced  without  or- 
der from  any  part  of  a  stem. 

^Estivation.  The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a 
flower  in  the  bud. 

Akene  or  achene.  A  small  dry  and  hard,  1-celled, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit. 

Albumen.  The  deposit  of  nutritive  material 
within  the  coats  of  a  seed  and  surrounding  the 
embryo. 

Ament.  A  unisexual  spike  of  flowers  with  scaly 
bracts,  usually  deciduous  in  one  piece. 

Amphitropous.  Descriptive  of  an  ovule  with  the 
hilum  intermediate  between  the  micropyle  and 
chalaza. 

Anatropous.  Descriptive  of  a  reversed  ovule,  with 
the  micropyle  close  by  the  side  of  the  hilum,  and 
chalaza  at  the  opposite  end. 

Androdiaecious.  With  perfect  flowers  on  one  indi- 
vidual and  staminate  flowers  only  on  another. 

Androgynous.  Applied  to  an  inflorescence  com- 
posed of  male  and  female  flowers. 

Angiospermce.  Plants  with  seeds  borne  in  a  peri- 
carp. 

Annular.     In  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Anterior.  The  front  side  of  a  flower,  that  is  averse 
from  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

Anther.  The  part  of  the  stamen  containing  the 
pollen. 

Anthesis.     The  act  of  opening  of  a  flower. 

Apetalous.     Having  no  petals. 

Apex.  The  top,  as  the  end  of  the  leaf  opposite  the 
petiole. 

Apiculate.     Ending  in  a  short  pointed  tip. 

Apophysis.  An  enlargement  or  swelling  of  the 
surface  of  an  organ. 

Arcuate.     Moderately  curved. 

Areolate.  Marked  by  areolse  er  spaces  marked 
out  on  a  surface. 

Aril.  An  extraneous  seed-coat  or  covering,  or  an 
appendage  growing  about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

Ariloid.     Furnished  with  an  aril.- 

Aristate.     Furnished  with  awns. 

Articulate.     Jointed  or  having  the  appearance  of  a 

joint. 

.  Auricled  or  auriculate.  Furnished  with  an  auricle 
or  ear-shaped  appendage. 

Autocar  pus.  A  fruit  consisting  of  pericarp 
alone,  without  adherent  parts. 

Axil.  The  angle  formed  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
attachment  of  a  leaf  with  a  stem. 

Axillary.     In  or  from  an  axil. 

Baccate.     Berry-like. 

Bark.     The  rind  or  cortical  covering  of  a  stem. 

Berry.  A  fruit  with  a  homogeneous  fleshy  pericarp. 


Bipinnate.     Doubly  or  twice  pinnate. 

Bract.  The  more  or  less  modified  leaf  of  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Bracteate.     Furnished  with  bracts. 

Bracteolate.      Furnished  with  bractlets. 

Bractlet.  The  bract  of  a  pedicel  or  ultimate 
flower-stalk. 

Branch.     A  secondary  axis  or  division  of  a  trunk. 

Branchlet.     An  ultimate  division  of  a  branch. 

Bud.  The  undeveloped  state  of  a  branch  or 
flower-cluster  with  or  without  scales. 

Bud-scales.     Reduced  leaves  covering  a  bud. 

Calyx.  The  flower-cup  or  exterior  part  of  a  peri- 
anth. 

Campanulate.  Bell-shaped,  or  elongated  cup- 
shaped. 

Campylotropous.  Descriptive  of  an  ovule  or  seed 
curved  in  its  formation  so  as  to  bring  the  micro- 
pyle or  apex  down  near  the  hilum. 

Canescent.  Hoary,  with  gray  or  whitish  pubes- 
cence. 

Capsule.  A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  of  more  than  one 
carpel. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil  or  an  element  of  a  com- 
pound pistil. 

Catkin.     The  same  as  an  ament. 

Caudate.  Furnished  with  a  tail,  or  with  a  slender 
tip  or  appendage. 

Centripetal.  Developing  from  without  toward  the 
centre. 

Chalaza.  The  part  of  an  ovule  where  the  coats 
and  nucleus  are  confluent. 

Chartaceous.     Having  the  texture  of  paper. 

Ciliate.     Fringed  with  hairs. 

Cinereous.     Ashy  gray. 

Circinnate.     Involute  from  the  apex  into  a  coil. 

Circumscissile.  Circularly  and  transversely  de- 
hiscent. 

Clavate.     Club-shaped. 

Cocci.  Portions  into  which  a  lobed  fruit  with 
1-seeded  cells  splits  up. 

Cochleate.  Shell-shaped,  spiral  like  the  shell  of  a 
snail. 

Columella.     The  persistent  axis  of  a  capsule. 

Commissure.     The  face  by  which  2  carpels  unite. 

Complanate.     Flattened. 

Conduplicate.     Folded  together  lengthwise. 

Cone.  An  inflorescence  or  fruit  formed  of  imbri- 
cated scales. 

Conferruminate.    Stuck  together  by  adjacent  faces. 

Connate.     United  congenitally. 

Connective.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which  con- 
nects the  two  cells  or  lobes  of  an  anther. 

Contortuplicate.     Twisted  and  plaited,  or  folded. 

Convolute.     Rolled  up  from  the  sides. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Of  the  texture  of  leather. 

Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  convex  open  flower- 
cluster,  the  flowers  opening  from  the  outside  in- 
ward. 


894 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Corymbose.  Said  of  flowers  arranged  in  a  corymb. 

Costate.     Having  ribs. 

Cotyledons.     The  leaves  of  the  embryo. 

Crenate.     Scalloped. 

Crenulate.     The  diminutive  of  crenate. 

Crispate.     Curled. 

Crustaceans.     Of  hard  brittle  texture. 

Cucullate.     Hooded  or  hood-shaped. 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped,   or   triangular  with  an 

acute  angle  downward. 
Cyme.     A  flower-cluster,  the  flower  opening  from 

the  centre  outward. 
Cymose.     Bearing  cymes  or  relating  to  a  cyme. 

Deciduous.     Falling,  said  of  leaves  falling  in  the 

autumn,  or  of  parts  of  a  flower  falling  after  an- 

thesis. 

Decimate.     Bent  or  curved  downward. 
Decompound.     Several  times  compound  or  divided. 
Decurrent.     Running  down,  as  of  the  blades  of 

leaves  extending  down  their  petioles. 
Decussate.     In  pairs  alternately  crossing  at  right 

angles. 
Dehiscent.     The  opening  of  an  anther  or  capsule 

by  slits  or  valves. 

Deltoid.     Having  the  shape  of  the  Greek  letter  A. 
Dentate.     Toothed. 
Denticulate.     Minutely  toothed. 
Dextrorse.     Turned  or  directed  to  the  right. 
Diadelphous      Said  of  stamens  combined  by  their 

filaments  into  2  sets. 
Dichotomous.     Forked  in  pairs. 
Digitate.     Said  of  a  compound  leaf  in  which  the 

leaflets  are  borne  at  the  apex  of  the  petiole. 
Dimorphous.     Said  of  flowers  of  two  forms  on  the 

same  plant,  or  on  plants  of  the  same  species. 
Dioecious.     Unisexual,  with  the  flowers  of  the  2 

sexes  borne  by  distinct  individuals. 
Disciferous.     Bearing  a  disk. 
Disciform.     Depressed  and  circular  like  a  disk, 
Discoid.     Appertaining  to  a  disk. 
Disk.     The  development  of  the  torus  or  receptacle 

of  a  flower  within  the  calyx  or  within  the  corolla 

and  stamens. 

Dissepiment.     A  partition  in  an  ovary  or  pericarp. 
Distichous.     Said  of  leaves  arranged  alternately  in 

two  vertical  ranks  upon  opposite  sides  of  an  axil. 
Dorsal.     Relating  to  the  back. 
Dorsal  suture.     The  line  of  opening  of  a  carpel  cor- 
responding to  its  midrib. 

Drupaceous.     Resembling  or  relating  to  a  drupe, 
Drupe.     A  stone  fruit. 
Duct.     An  elongated  cell  or  tubular  vessel  found 

especially  in  the  woody  parts  of  plants. 

Eglandular.     Without  glands. 

Ellipsoidal.     Of  the  shape  of  an  elliptical  solid. 

Elliptic.     Of  the  form  of  an  ellipse. 

Emarginate.     Notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo.  The  rudimentary  plant  formed  in  the 
seed. 

Endocarp.     The  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Endogenous.  Descriptive  of  Endogens,  mono- 
cotyledonous  plants  with  stems  increasing  by 
internal  accessions. 

Epicarp.  The  thin  filmy  external  layer  of  a  peri- 
carp. 

Epigynous      Placed  on  the  ovary. 

Epiphytal  Said  of  a  plant  growing  on  another 
plant,  but  not  parasitic. 


Erase.     Descriptive  of  an  irregularly  toothed  or 

eroded  margin. 

Excurrent.     Running  through  the  apex  or  beyond. 
Exocarp.     The  outer  layer  of  a  nericarp. 
Exogenous.     Descriptive  of  Exogens,  plants  with 

stems  increasing  by  the  addition  of  a  layer  of 

wood  on  the  outside  beneath  the  constantly 

widening  bark. 
Extrorse.     Directed   outward,    descriptive    of   an 

anther  opening  away  from  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 

Fascicle.     A  close  cluster  of  leaves  or  flowers. 

Fascicled.     Arranged  in  fascicles. 

Feather-veined.     Having  veins  extending  from  the 

sides  of  the  midrib. 
Ferrugineous.     The  color  of  iron  rust. 
Fibro-vascular.     Consisting   of  woody  fibres  and 

ducts. 

Filament.     The  stalk  of  an  anther. 
Filamentose.     Composed  of  threads. 
Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Fistulose.     Hollow  through  the  whole  length. 
Flabellate.     Fan-shaped;    much    dilated    from    a 

wedge-shaped  base  with  the  broader  end  rounded. 
Floccose.     Bearing  flocci  or  tufts  of  woody  hairs. 
Foliaceous.     Leaf-like  in  texture  or  appearance. 
Foliolate.     Having  leaflets. 
Foliole.     A  leaflet. 
Follicle.     A  dry  1-celled  seed  vessel  consisting  of  a 

single  carpel,  and  opening  only  by  the  ventral 

suture. 
Funicle.     The  stalk  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

GamopetalcE.  Plants  with  a  corolla  of  coalescent 
petals. 

Gamopetalous .  Descriptive  of  a  corolla  of  coales- 
cent petals. 

Geniculate.     Bent  abruptly  like  a  knee. 

Gibbous.     Swollen  on  one  side. 

Glabrate.     Nearly  glabrous  or  becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous.     Smooth,  not  pubescent  or  hairy. 

Gland.  A  protuberance  on  the  surface,  or  partly 
imbedded  in  the  surface  of  any  part  of  a  plant, 
either  secreting  or  not. 

Glandular.     Furnished  with  glands. 

Glaucescent.     Nearly  or  becoming  glaucous. 

Glaucous.     Covered  or  whitened  with  a  bloom. 

Glomerate.  Said  of  flowers  gathered  into  a  com- 
pact head. 

Gymnospermce.  Plants  with  naked  seeds,  that  is, 
not  inclosed  i,n  a  pericarp. 

Gynophore.     The  stipe  of  a  pistil. 

Heartwood.     The  mature  and  dead  wood   of  an 

exogenous  stem. 
Hermaphrodite.     With    staminate    and    pistillate 

organs  in  the  same  flower,  equivalent  to  perfect. 
Hilum.     The  scar  or  place  of  attachment  of  a  seed. 
Hirsute.     Hairy,  with  coarse  or  stiff  hairs. 
Hispidulous.     Minutely  hispid. 
Hypogynous.     Under  or  free  from  the  pistil. 

Imbricate.  Overlapping,  like  the  shingles  on  a 
roof. 

Incumbent.  Leaning  or  resting  upon,  as  the  radi- 
cle against  the  back  of  one  of  the  cotyledons. 

Induplicate.  With  edges  folded  in  or  turned  in- 
ward. 

Inferior.     Said  of  an  organ  placed  below  another, 


GLOSSAPY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


895 


like  a  calyx  below  an  ovary  or  an  ovary  below  a  ] 
superior  calyx. 

Inflorescence.     Flower-cluster. 

Infrapetiolar.     Below  the  petioles. 

Innate.  Borne  on  the  apex  of  the  supporting  part; 
in  an  anther  the  counterpart  of  adnate. 

Interpetiolar.     Between  the  petioles. 

Introrse.  Turned  inward;  descriptive  of  an  anther 
opening  toward  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Inverse.     Inverted. 

Involucre.  A  circle  of  bracts  surrounding  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Involute.     Rolled  inward. 

Laciniate.     Cut  into  narrow  incisions  or  lobes,. 
Lactescent.     Yielding  milky  juice. 
Lamellate.     Composed  of  thin  plates. 
Lanceolate.     Shaped  like  a  lance;  narrower  than 

oblong  and  tapering  to  the  ends,  or  at  least  to 

the  apex. 

Lanuginos?.     Clothed  with  soft  reflexed  hairs. 
Leaf.     Green  expansions  borne  by  the  stem  in 

which  assimilation  and  the  processes  connected 

with  it  are  carried  on. 
Leaflet.     The  separate  division    of    a   compound 

leaf. 
Legume.     The  seed  vessel  of  plants  of  the  Pea 

family,  composed  of  a  solitary  carpel  normally 

dehiscent  only  by  the  ventral  suture. 
Lenticels.     Lenticular   corky   growths   on   young 

bark. 

Lenticellate.     Having  lenticels. 
Lepidote.     Beset  with  small  scurfy  scales. 
Ligulate.     Strap-shaped. 

Linear.     Said  of  a  narrow  leaf  several  times  nar- 
rower than  long,  with  parallel  margins. 
Lobe.     The  division  of  an  organ. 
Lobulate.     Divided  into  small  lobes. 
Loculicidal.     Dehiscent  into  the  cavity  of  a  peri- 

•carp  by  the  back,  that  is  through  a  dorsal  suture. 

Marcescent.  Said  of  a  part  of  a  plant,  withering 
without,  falling  off. 

Medullary  rays.  The  rays  of  cellular  tissue  in  a 
transverse  section  of  an  exogenous  stem  and  ex- 
tending from  the  pith  to  the  bark. 

Membranaceous.  Thin  and  pliable  like  a  mem- 
brane. 

Micropyle.  The  spot  or  point  in  the  seed  at  the 
place  of  the  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

Midrib.     The  central  or  main  ritf  of  a  leaf. 

Moncecious.     Unisexual,  with  the  flowers  of  the  | 
two  sexes  borne  by  the  same  individual. 

Mucro.     A  small  and  abrupt  tip  to  a  leaf. 

Mucronate.     Furnished  with  a  mucro. 

Muricate.     Rough,  with  short  rigid  excrescences. 

Naked  buds.     Buds  without  scales. 

Nectar.     The  sweet  secretion  of  various  parts  of  a 

flower. 

Nectariferous.     Nectar -bearing. 
Node.     The  portion  of  the  stem  which  bears  a  leaf 

or  whorl  of  leaves. 

Nucleus.     The  kernel  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 
Nut.     A  hard  and  indehiscent  1-seeded  pericarp 

produced  from  a  compound  ovary. 
Nutlet.     A  diminutive  nut  or  stone. 

Obclavate.     Inverted  club-shape. 
Obcordate.     Inverted  heart-shaped. 


Oblanceolate.     Lanceolate  but  tapering  toward  the 

base  more  than  toward  the  apex. 
Oblong.     Longer  than  broad  with  nearly  parallel 

sides. 
Obovate.     Ovate  with  the  broader  end  toward  the 

apex. 
Obovoid.     Solid    obovate   with    the   broader    end 

toward  the  apex. 

Obpyramidal.     Inversely  pyramidal. 
Obtuse.     Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 
Operculate.     Furnished  with  a  lid. 
Orbicular.     A  flat  body  circular  in  "outline. 
Orthotropous.     Descriptive    of    an    ovule    with    a 

straight  axis  much  enlarged  at  the  insertion  and 

the  orifice  at  the  other  end. 
Oval.     Broad-elliptic,  with  round  ends. 
Ovate.     Of  the  shape  of  the  longitudinal  section  of 

a  hen's  egg,  with  the  broad  end  basal. 
Ovoid.     Solid  ovate  or  solid  oval. 
Ovule.     The  part  of  the  flower  which  becomes  a 

seed. 

Palmate.  Lobed  or  divided,  with  the  sinuses 
pointing  to  or  reaching  the  apex  of  the  petiole  or 
insertion. 

Panicle.     A  loose  compound  flower-cluster. 

Papilionaceous.     Butterfly-like. 

Papilliform.     The  shape  of  papillae. 

Papillate.  Bearing  papillae,  minute  nipple-shaped 
papillose  projections. 

Parietal  placenta.  A  placenta  borne  on  the  wall  of 
the  ovary. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  compound  in- 
florescence. 

Pedicellate.     Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.  A  general  flower-stalk  supporting  either 
a  cluster  of  flowers,  or  a  solitary  flower. 

Pedunculate.     Borne  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Descriptive  of  a  plane  body  attached  by 
its  lower  surface  to  the  stalk. 

Penniveined.     Same  as  pinnately  veined. 

Perfect.  Said  of  a  flower  with  both  stamens  and 
pistil. 

Perianth.  The  envelope  of  a  flower  consisting  of 
calyx,  corolla,  or  both. 

Pericarp.     The  fructified  ovary. 

Persistent.  Said  of  leaves  remaining  on  the 
branches  over  their  first  winter,  and  of  a  calyx 
remaining  under  or  on  the  fruit. 

Petal.     A  division  of  the  corolla. 

Petiolate.     Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.     The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolulate.     Having  a  petiolule. 

Petiolule.     The  footstalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Pilose.     Hairy,  with  soft  and  distinct  hairs. 

Pinnae.  The  primary  divisions  of  a  twice  pinnate 
leaf. 

Pinnate.  A  leaf  with  leaflets  arranged  along  each 
side  of  a  common  petiole. 

Pistil.  The  female  organ  of  a  flower,  consisting  of 
ovary,  style,  and  stigma. 

Pistillate.  Said  of  a  unisexual  flower  without  fer- 
tile stamens. 

Pith.     The  central  cellular  part  of  a  stem. 

Placenta.  That  part  of  the  ovary  which  bears  the 
ovules. 

Plane.     Used  in  describing  a  flat  surface. 

Plumule.  The  bud  or  growing  part  of  the  embryo. 

Pollen.  The  fecundating  cells  contained  in  the  an- 
ther. 


896 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Polygamodiaecious.  Said  of  flowers  sometimes 
perfect  and  sometimes  unisexual,  the  2  forms 
borne  on  different  individuals. 

Polygamomonaecious.  Said,  of  flowers  sometimes 
perfect  and  sometimes  unisexual,  the  2  forms 
borne  on  the  same  individual. 

Polygamous.  Said  of  flowers  sometimes  perfect 
and  sometimes  unisexual. 

Pome.  An  inferior  fruit  of  2  or  several  carpels  in- 
closed in  thick  flesh. 

Posterior.  The  side  of  an  axillary  flower  next  the 
axis  of  inflorescence. 

Prickle.      Outgrowth  of  the  bark. 

Proliferous.     Bearing  offshoots. 

Puberulent.     Very  slightly  pubescent. 

Puberulous.     Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescence.     A  covering  of  short  soft  hairs. 

Pubescent.     Clothed  with  soft  short  hairs. 

Pulmnate.     Cushion-shaped. 

Punctate.  Dotted  with  depressions  or  translucent 
internal  glands,  or  with  colored  dots. 

Punctulate.     Minutely  punctate. 

Raceme.  An  indeterminate  or  centripetal  inflores- 
cence with  an  elongated  axis  and  flowers  on  pedi- 
cels of  equal  length. 

Rachis.     The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Radial.     Belonging  to  a  ray. 

Radicle.     The  initial  stem  in  an  embryo. 

Receptacle.  The  axile  portion  of  a  blossom  bearing 
sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils;  the  axis  or 
rachis  of  the  head,  spike,  or  other  flower-cluster. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Resupinate.     Upside  down. 

Reticulate.     Netted. 

Retrorse.     Directed  backward  or  downward. 

Refuse.     With  a  shallow  notch  at  a  rounded  apex. 

Revolute.  Rolled  backward  from  the  margins  or 
apex. 

Rhaphe.  The  adnate  cord  or  ridge  connecting  the 
hilum  with  the  chalaza  in  an  anatropous  ovule. 

Rhombic.     Having  the  shape  of  a  rhomb. 

Rhomboidal.  Approaching  a  rhombic  outline; 
quadrangular  with  lateral  angles  obtuse. 

Rind.  The  bark  of  some  endogenous  stems,  like 
that  of  Palms. 

Rostrate.     Narrowed  into  a  slender  tip. 

Rotate.     Circular,  flat  and  horizontally  spreading. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled. 

Rugulose.     Slightly  wrinkled. 

Ruminate.  Looking  as  if  chewed,  like  the  albumen 
of  the  nutmeg. 

Sagittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrowhead. 

Samara.     An  indehiscent  winged  fruit. 

Sapwood.     The  young  living  wood  of  an  exogenous 

stem. 
Scales.     Thin  scarious  bodies,  usually  degenerate 

leaves. 
Scarious.     Thin,   dry   and   membranaceous,    not 

green. 

Scobiform.     Having  the  appearence  of  sawdust. 
Scorpioid.     A    form    of    unilateral    inflorescence 

circinately  coiled  in  the  bud. 
Scurfy.     Covered  with  small  bran-like  scales. 
Seed.     The  fertilized  and  mature  ovule,  the  result 

of  sexual  reproduction  in  a  flowering  plant. 
Segment.     One  of  the  divisions  into  which  a  leaf, 

calyx,  or  corolla  may  be  divided. 
Semianatropous.     Same  as  arnphitropous. 


Sepals.     The  divisions  of  a  calyx. 

Septicidal.  Descriptive  of  a  capsule  splitting 
through  the  lines  of  junction  of  the  earpels. 

Septum.     A  partition. 

Serrate.     Beset  with  teeth. 

Serrulate.     Serrate  with  small  fine  teeth. 

Sessile.     Without  a  stalk. 

Setose.     Beset  with  bristles. 

Setulose.     Beset  with  minute  bristles. 

Sheath.     A  tubular  or  enrolled  part  or  organ. 

Sinistrorse.     Turned  or  directed  to  the  left. 

Sinus.     A  recess  between  the  lobes  of  a  leaf. 

Spatulate.     Oblong  with  the  lower  end  attenuated. 

Spike.  An  indeterminate  inflorescence  with  flow- 
ers sessile  on  an  elongated  common  axis. 

Spine.  A  sharp-pointed  woody  body,  commonly  a 
modified  branch  or  stipule. 

Spinescent.     Ending  in  a  spine. 

Spinose.     Furnished  with  spines. 

Stamen.     One  of  the  male  organs  of  a  flower. 

Staminate.  Said  of  unisexual  flowers  without  pis- 
tils. . 

Staminodium.     A  sterile  or  much  reduced  stamen. 

Stigma.  The  part  or  surface  of  a  pistil  which  re- 
ceives the  pollen  for  the  fecundation  of  the 
ovules. 

Stigmatic.     Relating  to  the  stigma. 

Stipe.  A  stalk-like  support  of  a  pistil  or  cf  a 
carpel. 

Stipel.  An  appendage  to  a  leaflet  analagous  to 
the  stipules  of  a  leaf. 

Stipellate.     Having  stipels. 

Slipitate.     Having  a  stipe. 

Stipulate.     Having  stipules. 

Stipules.  Appendages  of  a  leaf,  placed  on  one 
side  of  the  petiole  at  its  insertion  with  the  stem. 

Stomata.  Breathing  pores  or  apertures  in  the  ep- 
idermis of  leaves  connecting  internal  cavities 
with  the  external  air. 

Stomatiferous.     Furnished  with  stomata. 

Stone.     The  hard  endocarp  of  a  drupe. 

Strobile.     The  same  as  cone. 

Strophiolate.  Said  of  a  seed  bearing  a  strophiole 
or  appendage  at  the  hilum. 

Style.  The  attenuated  portion  of  a  pistil  between 
the  ovary  and  the  stigma. 

Subcordate.     Slightly  cordate. 

Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  or  furrowed. 

Superior.  Growing  or  placed  above;  also  in  a 
lateral  flower  for  the  side  next  the  axis. 

Suture.  A  junction,  usually  a  line  of  opening  of  a 
carpel. 

Syncarp.     A  multiple  fruit. 

Taproot.  The  primary  descending  root,  a  direct 
continuation  from  the  radicle. 

Tegmen.     The  inner  coat  of  a  seed. 

Testa.     The  outer  seed-coat. 

Thyrsoidal.     Relating  to  a  thrysus. 

Thyrsus.  A  mixed  inflorescence  with  the  main 
axis  indeterminate  and  the  secondary  or  ulti- 
mate cluster  cymose. 

Tomentose.  Densely  pubescent  with  matted  wool 
or  tomentum. 

Tomentulose.  Slightly  pubescent  with  matted 
wool. 

Torose.  Cylindric,  with  contractions  or  bulges 
at  intervals. 

Torulose.     Slightly  torose. 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


897 


Torus.     The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Transverse,     Horizontal. 

Trichotomous.     Three-forked. 

Trifoliate.     Three-leaved. 

Trifoliolate.     Descriptive  of  leaves,  with  3  leaflets. 

Truncate.     As  if  cut  off  at  the  end. 

Tubercle.     A  small  tuber  or  excrescence. 

Tuberculate.     Beset  with  knobby  excrescences. 

Turbinate,     Top-shaped. 

Turgid.     Swollen. 

Umbel.     An  inflorescence  with  numerous  pedicels 

springing  from  the  same  point  like  the  rays  of  an 

umbrella. 

Umbilicus.     The  hilum  of  a  seed. 
Umbo,     A  boss  or  protuberance. 
Umbonate*     Bearing  an  umbo. 
Uncinate.     Hooked,  bent,  or  curved  at  the  tip  in 

the  form  of  a  hook. 
Unequally  pinnate.     Pinnate,  with  an  odd  terminal 

leaflet. 
Unguiculate.     Contracted  at  the  base  into  a  claw 

or  stalk. 
Unisexual.     Said  of  flowers  with  either  the  stamens 

or  pistil  0  or  abortive. 
Urceolate.     Hollow  and  contracted  at  or  below  the 

mouth  like  an  urn  or  pitcher. 


Utricle.     A  small  bladdery  pericarp. 

Valvate.     Said  of  a  bud  in  which  the  parts  meet 

without  overlapping. 
Valve.     One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a  capsule 

splits. 

Veinlet.     One  of  the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifica- 
tions of  a  vein. 
Veins.     Ramifications  or  threads  of  fibro-vascular 

tissue  in  a  leaf  or  other  flat  organ. 
Ventral.     Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner  face 

of  a  carpel. 
Ventricose.     Swelling  unequally  or  inflated  on  one 

side. 

Vernation.      The   disposition   of   parts  in  a  leaf- 
bud. 

Verrucose.     Covered  with  wart-like  elevations. 
Versatile.     Said  of  an  anther  turning  freely  on  its 

filament. 
Verticillate.     Arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl  round 

an  axis. 
Villose.     Hairy,  with  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Whorl.     An  arrangement  of  branches  or  leaves  in 

a  circle  round  an  axis. 
Wood.     The  hard  part  of  a  stem  mainly  composed 

of  wood-cells,  wood  fibre,  or  tissue. 


INDEX 


Abele,  120. 

Abies,  50. 

Abies  amabilis,  56. 

Abies  balsamea,  52 

Abies  balsamea  var.  hudsonica, 

53. 
Abies  balsamea  var.  macrocarpa, 

53. 
Abies  balsamea  var.  phanero- 

lepis,  52. 

Abies  bracteata,  60. 
Abies  cephalonica,  50. 
Abies  cilicica,  50. 
Abies  concolor,  55. 
Abies  Fraseri,  51. 
Abies  grandis,  54. 
Abies  homolepis,  50. 
Abies  lasiocarpa,  53. 
Abies  Lowland,  56. 
Abies  magnifica,  58. 
Abies   magnifica  var.  shasten- 

sis,  59. 
Abies    magnifica  var.    xantho- 

carpa,  59. 
Abies  nobilis,  57. 
Abies  Nordmanniana,  50. 
Abies  pinsapq,  50. 
Abies  Veitchii,  50. 
Abies  venusta,  60. 
Acacia,  591,  623. 
Acacia  Emoriana,  593. 
Acacia  Farnesiana,  592. 
Acacia,  Green-barked,  614,  615. 
Acacia  Greggii,  595. 
Acacia  tortuosa,  593. 
Acacia  Wrightii,  594. 
Acer,  681. 

Acer  carolinianum,  699. 
Acer  circinatum,  684. 
Acer  Douglasii,  683. 
Acer  floridanum,  691. 
Acer    floridanum    var.  villipes, 

691. 

Acer  glabrum,  682. 
Acer    glabrum    var.   Douglasii, 

683. 

Acer  glabrum  f.  trisectum,  682. 
Acer  grandidentatum,  692. 
Acer  leueoderme,  694. 
Acer  macrophyllum,  687. 
Acer  Negundo,  699. 
Acer     Negundo    var.    arizoni* 

cum,  701. 
Acer    Negundo   var.    californi- 

cum,  701. 
Acer     Negundo     var.   interior, 

701. 
Acer    Negundo    var.    texanum, 

701. 
Acer    Negundo    var.    texanum 

f.  latifolium,  701. 
Acer  Negundo  var.  violaceum, 

700. 

Acer  nigrum,  693. 
Acer  nigrum  var.  Palmeri,  693. 
Acer  pennsylvanicum,  686. 
Acer  rubrum,  696. 
Acer  rubrum  var.  Drummondii, 

698. 
Acer  rubrum,  var.  Drummondii 

f.  rotundatum,  698. 


Acer  rubrum  var.   rubrocarpum, 

696. 
Acer  rubrum  var.  tomentosum, 

696. 

Acer  rubrum  var.  tridens,  699. 
Acer  saccharinum,  694. 
Acer  saccharum,  688. 
Acer  saccharum  var.  glabrum, 

688. 
Acer    saccharum    var.  Rugelii, 

689. 
Acer  saccharum  var.  Schneckii, 

688,  689. 
Acer     saccharum     var.    sinuo- 

sum,  690. 

Acer  sinuosum,  690. 
Acer  spicatum,  685. 
Aceraceae,  680. 
Accelorraphe,  105. 
Accelorraphe  arborescens,  106. 
Accelorraphe  Wrightii,  106. 
Adelia,  853. 
^Esculus,  702. 
dSsculus  austrina,  709. 
^Esculus  Bushii,  704. 
^Esculus  californica,  710. 
^Esculus  discolor,  709. 
^Esculus    discolor    var.    flaves- 

cens,  710. 
JSscul us  ^discolor    var.    mollis, 

709. 

^Esculus  geoj-giana,  706. 
^Esculus  georgiana  var.  lanceo- 

lata,  707. 
Aesculus     georgiana     var.     pu- 

bescens,  706. 
^Esculus  glabra,  703. 
^Esculus   glabra  var.  Buckleyi, 

703. 
^Esculus     glabra     var.     leuco- 

dermis,  704. 
^Esculus    glabra     var.    micran- 

tha,  704. 
^Esculus     glabra    var.    pallida, 

703. 

JSsculus  Harbisonii,  707. 
^Esculus  Hippocastanum,   702. 
jEsculus  hybrida,  705. 
^Esculus  mississippiensis,   704. 
JSsculus  octandra,  704. 
^Esculus  octandra  var.  virgin- 

ica,  705. 

-^Esculus  Pavia,  707. 
Ailanthus  altissima,  641. 
Alder,  White,  224. 
Alligator  Pear,  357. 
Almond  Willow,  144. 
Alnus,  220,  221,  222,  223,  224, 

225,  226. 

Alnus  acuminata,  225. 
Alnus  maritima,  226. 
Alnus  oblongifolia,  225. 
Alnus  oregona,  222. 
Alnus  rhombifolia,  224. 
Alnus  rubra,  222. 
Alnus  sinuata,  221. 
Alnus  sitchensis,  221. 
Alnus  tenuifqlia,  223. 
Alnus  vulgaris,  220. 
Alvaradoa,  644. 
Alvaradoa  amorphoides,  644. 


Amelanchier,  393. 
Amelanchier  alnifolia,  396. 
Amelanchier  canadensis,  394. 
Amelanchier  canadensis,  395. 
Amelanchier    canadensis    var» 

tomentula,  394. 
Amelanchier  Cusickii,  396. 
Amelanchier  florida,  396. 
Amelanchier  laevis,  395. 
Amelanchier     laevis    f.    nitida> 

395. 

Amyris,  640. 
Amyris  elemifera,  640. 
Amyris  parvifolia,  640. 
Anacahuita,  860. 
Anacardiacese,  655. 
Anamomis  dichotoma,  774. 
Anamomis  Simpsonii,  775. 
Anaqua,  862. 
Angiospermse,  96. 
Anona,  354. 
Anona  Cherimolia,  355. 
Anona  glabra,  355. 
Anona  muricata,  355. 
Anona  palustris,  355. 
Anona  reticulata,  355. 
Anonacese,  353. 
Ant's  Wood,  816. 
Apple,  379. 
Apple,  Crab,  380,  381,  382,  383, 

384,  385,  387,  389. 
Apple,  Haw,  434. 
Apple,  Pond,  355. 
Apple,  Turkey,  476. 
Aquifoliaceae,  668. 
Aralia,  778. 
Aralia  spinosa,  778. 
Araliacese,  777. 
Arbor-vita;,  67. 
Arbutus,  799. 
Arbutus  arizonica,  801. 
Arbutus  Menziesii,  799. 
Arbutus  texana,  800. 
Arbutus  xalapensis,  800. 
Ardisia,  806. 
Ardisia  paniculata,  806. 
Arroyo  Willow,  153. 
Ash,  833. 
Ash,  Black,  852. 
Ash,  Blue,  851. 
Ash,  Brown,  852. 
Ash,  Green,  846. 
Ash,  Mountain,  390,  842. 
Ash,  Prickly,  635. 
Ash,  Pumpkin,  844. 
Ash,  Red,  845. 
Ash,  Swamp.  838. 
Ash,  Wafer,  639. 
Ash,  Water,  838,  839. 
Ash,  White,  841. 
Ash-leaved  Maple,  699. 
Asimina,  353. 
Asimina  triloba,  353. 
Asp,  Quaking,  121. 
Aspen,  121. 

Australian  Eucalypti,  768. 
Austrian  Pine,  2. 
Avicennia,  865. 
Avicennia  nitida,  866. 
Avocado,  357. 


900 


INDEX 


Bald  Cypress,  63,  64. 

Balsam,  125. 

Balsam  Cottonwood,  126. 

Balsam  Fir,  51,  52,  53. 

Balsam,  She,  51. 

Bark,  Cinnamon,  753. 

Bark,  Georgia,  876. 

Basket  Oak,  304. 

Bass  Wood,  732,  733. 

Batodendron,  803. 

Batodendron  glaucescens,  803. 

Bay,  751. 

Bay,  Loblolly,  751. 

Bay,  Red,  357. 

Bay,  Rose,  792. 

Bay,  Swamp,  346,  358. 

Bay,  Sweet,  346. 

Bayonet,  Spanish,  111,  112. 

Bean,  Coral,  616. 

Bean,  Horse,  611. 

Bean,  Indian,  871. 

Bean,  Screw,  602. 

Bearberry,  725. 

Bear  Oak,  254. 

Bechtel  Crab,  388. 

Beech,  228. 

Beech,  Blue,  201. 

Berry,  Service,  394,  395,  396. 

Betula,  205. 

Betula  alaskana,  217. 

Betula  ccerulea,  211. 

Betula  crerulea  var.  Blanchar- 

dii,  212. 

Betula  commixta,  218. 
Betula  Eastwoocke,  219. 
Betula  fontinalis,  218. 
Betula    fontinalis    var.    Piperi. 

219. 

Betula  Jackii,  207. 
Betula  kenaica,  216. 
Betula  lenta,  206. 
Betula  lutea,  207. 
Betula  montanensis,  214. 
Betula  nigra,  208. 
Betula  occidentalix,  215. 
Betula  papyrifera,  212. 
Betula    papyrifera    var.   cordi- 

folia,  213. 
Betula  papyrifera  var.  elobata, 

212. 

Betula    papyrifera    var.   kena- 
ica, 216. 
Betula   papvrifera  var.  minor, 

213. 
Betiila    papyrifera   var.    mon- 

tanensis,  214. 
Betula  papyrifera  var.  occiden- 

talis,  215. 
Betula   papyrifera  var.  subcor- 

da+a,  214. 

Betula  pendula,  205,  212. 
Betula  Piperi,  219. 
Betula  populifolia,  210. 
Betula  populifolia   var.  lacini- 

ata,  211. 
Betula     populifolia    var.    pur- 

purea,  211. 
Betula  Purpusii,  208. 
Betula  Sandbergii,  213. 
Betula    Sandbergii   f.   maxima, 

213. 

Betula  subcordata,  214. 
Betulacese,  200. 
Beureria,  861. 
Beureria  havanensis,  861. 
Beureria  ovata,  861. 
Bignoniacese,  868. 
Big  Shellbark,  186. 
Big  Tree,  62. 
Big  Tree  Flum,  565. 
Blllia,  702. 


Bilsted,  367. 

Birch,  205. 

Birch,  Black,  206,  216,  218. 

Birch,  Blue,  211. 

Birch,  Canoe,  212. 

Birch,  Cherry,  206. 

Birch,  Gray,  207,  210. 

Birch,  Paper,  212. 

Birch,  Red,  208,  216. 

Birch.  River,  208,  218. 

Birch,  West  Indian,  646. 

Birch,  White,  210,  217. 

Birch,  Yellow,  207. 

Bird  Cherry,  571. 

Bitternut,  180. 

Bitter  Pecan,  179. 

Bitter-Sweet  Orange,  633. 

Black  Ash,  852. 

Black  Birch,  206,  216,  218. 

Black  Calabash  Tree,  873. 

Black  Cottonwood,  124,  126. 

Black  Haw,  812,  889,  890. 

Black  Hemlock,  46. 

Black  Ironwood,  721. 

Black  Jack  Oak,  258. 

Black  Mangrove,  866. 

Black  Maple,  693. 

Black  Oak,  246,  250,  251,  274. 

Black  Oaks,  238. 

Black  Olive-tree,  765. 

Black  Persimmon,  823. 

Black  Sloe,  558. 

Black  Spruce,  35. 

Black  Walnut,  171. 

Black  Willow,  140,  160. 

Blolly,  341. 

Blue  Ash,  851. 

Blue  Beech,  201. 

Blue  Birch,  211. 

Blue  Jack  Oak,  265. 

Blue  Myrtle,  727. 

Blue  Oak,  283. 

Blue  Spruce,  39. 

Borrapinaceae,  858 

Bow  Wood,  332. 

Box  Elder,  699. 

Box  Wood,  680. 

Brittle  Thatch,  99,  100. 

Broad-leaved  Maple,  687. 

Broussonetia  papyrifera,  328. 

Brown  Ash,  852. 

Bucida,  765. 

Bucida  Buceras,  765. 

Buckeye,  709,  710,  711. 

Buckeye,  Fetid,  703. 

Buckeye,  Ohio,  703. 

Buckeye,  Red-flowered,  707. 

Buckeye,  Spanish,  717. 

Buckeye,  Sweet,  704. 

Buckthorn,  815. 

Bull  Pine,  12,  20. 

Bumelia,  812. 

Bumelia  angustifolia,  816. 

Bumelia  lanuginosa,  813. 

Bumelia   lanuginosa   var.  albi- 

cans,  813. 
Bumelia  lanuginosa  var.  rigida, 

814. 

Bumelia  lycioides,  815. 
Bumelia  monticola,  814. 
Bumelia  tenax,  812. 
Burning  Bush,  675. 
Burr  Oak,  290. 
Bursera,  645. 
Bursera  microphylla,  647. 
Bursera  Simaruba,  646. 
Burseraceje,  645. 
Bush,  Burning,  675. 
Bush,  Button,  878. 
Bush,  Shad,  394. 
Bush,  Stag,  889. 


Bustic,  811. 
Butternut,  169. 
Button  Bush,  878. 
Buttonwood,  372,  766,  767. 
Byrsonima,  632. 
Byrsonima  lucida,  632. 

Cabbage  Palmetto,  102. 

Cabbage  Tree,  102. 

Cactacese,  757. 

Calabash  Tree,  Black,  873. 

California  Laurel,  361. 

California  Lilac,  727. 

California  Nutmeg,  92. 

Calyptranthes,  769. 

Calyptranthes  pallens,  769. 

Calyptranthes  Zuzygium,  770. 

Camellia  Thea,  750. 

Camptotheca,  779. 

Canada  Plum,  560. 

Canella,  753. 

Canella  Winterana,  753. 

Canellacese,  753. 

Canoe  Birch,  212. 

Canoe  Cedar,  68. 

Canotia,  677. 

Canotia  holacantha,  678. 

Capparidacete,  365. 

Capparis,  365. 

Capparis  jamaicensis,  365. 

Capparis  spinosa,  365. 

Caprifoliacese,  882. 

Carica,  755. 

Carica  Papaya,  756. 

Caricacese,  755. 

Carolina  Poplar,  137. 

Carpinus,  201. 

Carpinus  Betulus,  201. 

Carpinus  caroliniana,  201. 

Carya,  176. 

Carya  alba,  188. 

Carya    alba   var.  subcoriacea, 

189. 

Carya  aquatica,  181. 
Carya   aquatica   var.  australis, 

182. 

Carya  arkansana,  198. 
Carya  Brownii,  181. 
Carya    Brownii    var.    varians, 

181. 

Carya  Buckleyi,  197. 
Carya     Buckleyi     var.     arkan- 
sana, 189. 
Carya  Buckleyi  var.  arkansana 

f.  pachylemma,  199. 
Carya  Buckleyi  var.  villosa,199. 
Carya  carolinse-septentrionalis, 

185. 

Carya  cordifprmis,  180. 
Carya     cordiformis     var.    lati- 

folia,  180. 

Carya  Dunbarii,  187. 
Carya  floridana,  196. 
Carya  glabra,  191. 
Carya   glabra    var.  megacarpa, 

192. 

Carya  glabra  var.  villosa,  199. 
Carya  laciniosa,  186. 
Carya  Laneyi,  181. 
Carya     Laneyi     var.    chateau- 

gayensis,  181. 
Carya  leiodermis,  189. 
Carya    leiodermis     var.     calli- 

coma,  190. 

Carya  megacarpa,  192. 
Carya  microcarpa,  194,  195. 
Carya  myristicseformis,  182. 
Carya  Nussbaumerii,  187. 
Carya  ovalis,  193. 
Carya  ovalis  var.  borealis,  195. 
Carya  ovalis  var.  hirsuta,  195. 


INDEX 


901 


Carya    ovalis    var.    obcordata, 

194. 

Carya  ovalis  var.  obovalis,  195, 
Carya  ovalis  var.  odorata,  195. 
Carya  ovata,  183. 
Carya  ovata  var.  complanata, 

184. 
Carya  ovata  var.  ellipsoidalis, 

184. 
Carya   ovata   var.   fraxinifolia, 

185. 

Carya  ovata  var.  Nuttallii,  184. 
Carya    ovata    var.    pubescens, 

184. 

Carya  pallida,  190. 
Carya  pecan,  177. 
Carya  porcina,  191. 
Carya  Schneckii,  189. 
Carya  texana,  179. 
Carya  texana,  197. 
Carya  villosa,  199. 
Cassada,  811. 
Cassena,  671. 
Cassie,  592. 
Castanea,  230. 
Castanea  alnifolia,  233. 
Castanea    alnifolia    var.    flori- 

dana,  233. 

Castanea  crenata,  230. 
Castanea  dentata,  231,  232. 
Castanea  mollissima,  230. 
Castanea  neglecta,  232. 
Cas+anea  pumila,  232. 
Castanea  sativa,  230. 
Castanopsis,  234. 
Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  234. 
Castanopsis   chrysophylla  var. 

minor,  235. 

Castanopsis  sempervirens,  234. 
Catalpa,  870,  871. 
Catalpa  bignonioides,  871. 
Catalpa  bignonioides  var.  nana 

872. 

Catalpa  Bungei,  872. 
Catalpa  Catalpa,  871. 
Catalpa  hybrida,  872. 
Catalpa  speciosa,  872. 
Catalpa,  Western,  872. 
Cat's  Claw,  586,  594,  595. 
Ceanothus,  726. 
Ceanothus  arboreus,  727. 
Ceanothus  spinosus,  728. 
Ceanothus  thrysiflorus,  727. 
Cedar,  87. 
Cedar,  Canoe,  68. 
Cedar  Elm,  314. 
Cedar,  Incense,  65. 
Cedar  Pine,  25. 
Cedar,  Port  Orford,  77. 
Cedar,  Red,  68,  88,  89,  90. 
Cedar,  Rock,  87. 
Cedar,  Stinking,  91. 
Cedar,  Sweet-berried,  82. 
Cedar,  White,  67,  75. 
Celastracese,  674. 
Celtis,  318. 
Celtis  brevipes,  324. 
Celtis  canina,  320. 
Celtis  crafisifolia,  320. 
Celtis  Douglasii,  321. 
Celtis  Helleri,  322. 
Celtis  Isevigata,  323. 
Celtis    laevigata  var.   anomala, 

324. 
Celtis    Isevigata    var.     brachy- 

phylla,  324. 
Celtis  Isevigata   var.  brevipes, 

324. 

Celtis  laevigata  var.  texana,  325. 
Celtis  Isevigata  var.   texana   f. 

microphylla,  326. 


Celtis  Lindheimeri,  322. 
Celtis  mississippiensis,  323. 
Celtis  occidentals,  319. 
Celtis  occidentalis  var.  canina, 

320. 
Celtis  occidentalis  var.  crassi- 

folia,  320. 
Celtis  pumila,  326. 
Celtis    pumila    var.  georgiana, 

326. 

Celtis  reticulata,  323. 
Celtis    reticulata  var.  vestita, 

323. 

Celtis  rugulosa,  321. 
Cephalanthus,  878. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  878. 
Cephalanthus  occidentalis  var. 

pubescens,  879. 
Cerasus  demissa,  574. 
Cercidium,  613. 
Cercidium  floridum,  614. 
Cercidium  Torreyanum,  615. 
Cercis,.  603. 
Cercis  canadensis,  604. 
Cercis  reniformis,  604. 
Cercis  texensis,  604. 
Cercocarpus,  550. 
Cercocarpus  alnifolius,  552. 
Cercocarpus  betuloides,  553. 
Cercocarpus  eximius,  554. 
Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  553. 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  552. 
Cercocarpus  parvifolius  var. betu- 
loides, 553. 

Cercocarpus  paucidentatus,  554. 
Cercocarpus  Traskise,  551. 
Cereus,  757. 
Cereus  giganteus,  758. 
Chamsecyparis,  75. 
Chamsecyparis  Lawsoniana,  77. 
Chamsecyparis  nootkatensis,  76. 
Chamsecyparis  obtusa,  75. 
Chamsecyparis  pisifera,  75. 
Chamsecyparis  thyoides,  75. 
Chapote,  823. 

Checkered-bark  Juniper,  84. 
Cherry,  555,  806. 
Cherry  Birch,  206. 
Cherry,  Bird,  571. 
Cherry,  Choke,  573. 
Cherry,  Indian,  724. 
Cherry,  Rum,  575. 
Cherry,   Wild,    572,   576,   577, 

578. 

Cherry,  Wild  Black,  575. 
Cherry,  Wild  Red,  571. 
Chestnut,  230,  231. 
Chestnut,  Golden-leaved,  234. 
Chestnut  Oak,  236,  305,  306. 
Chestnut  Oaks,  241. 
Chickasaw  Plum,  569. 
Chilopsis,  869. 
Chilopsis  linearis,  869. 
China-tree,  648. 
China-tree,  Wild,  714. 
Chinquapin,  232,  233,  234. 
Chionanthus,  855. 
Chionanthus  virginica,  855. 
Chittam  Wood,  657,  813. 
Chloromeles,  379. 
Choke  Cherry,  573. 
Cholla,  760. 
Chrysobalanus,  583. 
Chrysobalanus  icaco,  583. 
Chrysobalanus   icaco   var.    pel- 

locarpa,  584. 
Chrysophyllum,  817. 
Chrysophyllum  Cainito,  817. 
Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  818. 
Chytraculia  Chytraculia,  769. 
Cinnamon  Bark,  753. 


;   Cinnamon,  Wild,  753. 
Citharexylon,  864. 
Citharexylon  fruticosum,  864. 
Citharexylon    fruticosum    var. 

villosum,  864. 
Citharexylon  villosum,  864. 
Citrus  Aurantium,  633. 
Cladrastis,  618. 
Cladrastis  lutea,  619. 
Clammy  Locust,  625. 
|    Claw,  Cat's,  586,  594,  595. 
Cliftonia,  667. 
Cliftonia  monophylla,  667. 
Cocoa  Plum,  583. 
Coccolobis,  338. 
Coccolobis  laurifolia,  340. 
Coccolobis  uvifera,  339. 
Coccothrinax,  100. 
Coccothrinax  jucunda,  100. 
Coccothrinax  jucunda  var.  mac- 

rosperma,  101. 
Coccothrinax  jucunda  var.  mar- 

quesensis,  101. 
Cock-spur  Thorn,  402. 
Coffee-tree,  725. 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  606. 
Colorado  Spruce,  39. 
Colubrina,  729. 
Colubrina  arborescens,  731. 
Colubrina  Colubrina,  731. 
Colubrina  cubensis,  730. 
Colubrina  reclinata,  729. 
Combretacese,  764. 
Condalia,  719. 
Condalia  obovata,  719. 
Conocarpus,  766. 
Conocarpus  erecta,  766. 
Conocarpus  erecta  var.  sericea, 

766. 

Coral  Bean,  616. 
Cordia,  858. 
Cordia  Boissieri,  860. 
Cordia  sebestena,  859. 
Cork  Elm,  311. 
Cork  Wood,  167. 
Cornacese,  784. 
Cornus  alternifolia,  789. 
Cornus  asperifolia,  788. 
Cornus  florida,  785. 
Cornus   florida   f.  zanthocarpa, 

786. 

Cornus  mas,  785. 
Cornus  Nuttallii,  787. 
Cotinus,  657. 
Cotinus  americanus,  657. 
Cotinus  coggygria,  657. 
Cotton  Gum,  783. 
Cottonwood,  128,  129,  131,  133, 

135,  136. 

Cottonwood,  Balsam,  126. 
Cottonwood,  Black,   124,   126. 
Cottonwood,       Narrow-leaved, 

127. 

Cottonwood,  Swamp,  124. 
Cowania,  549. 
Cowania  Davidsonii,  549. 
Cowania  mexicana,  549. 
Cowania  Stansburiana,  549. 
Cow  Oak,  304. 
Crab  Apple,  380,  381,  382,  383, 

384,  385,  387,  389. 
Crab,  Bechtel,  388. 
Crab  Wood,  654. 
Crabs,  Siberian,  379. 
Cratsegus,  397. 
Cratsegus  acclivis,  496. 
Cratsegus  acutifolia,  409. 
Cratsegus  sestivalis,  434. 
Cratcegus  cestivalis,  435,  436. 
Cratsegus   aestivalis    var.   lucu- 

lenta,  435. 


902 


INDEX 


Cratsegus  algens,  407. 
Crataegus  amnicola,  426. 
Cratsegus  annosa,  524. 
Crataegus  anomala,  486. 
Crataegus  Anomalse,  400. 
Cratsegus  apiifolia,  530. 
Crataegus  apiomorpha,  457. 
Cratsegus  aprica,  529. 
Cratsegus  arborea,  412. 
Crataegus  arborescens,  443. 
Crataegus  arduennse,  406. 
Crataegus  arkansana,  466. 
Crataegus  arnoldiana,  481. 
Crataegus  Ashei,  514. 
Crataegus  assurgens,  491. 
Cratsegus  atrorubens,  446. 
Cratsegus  basilica,  462. 
Cratcegus  Beckwithce,  454. 
Cratsegus  berberifolia,  418. 
Cratajgus  Berlandieri,  471. 
Cratsegus  blanda,  442. 
Cratsegus  Boyntonii,  508. 
Crataegus  Bracteatae,  400. 
Crataegus  brachyacantha,  533. 
Crataegus  Brachyacanthae,  400. 
Cratsegus  brazoria,  430. 
Crataegus  Buckleyi,  509. 
Cratsegus  Bushii,  410. 
Crataegus  cailicarpa,  451. 
Cratsegus  canadensis,  473. 
Cratsegus  Canbyi,  403. 
Crataegus  champlainensis,  482. 
Crataegus  Chapmanii,  537. 
Crataegus  Coccineae,  399. 
Cratcegus  coccinea  var.  rotundi- 

folia,  504. 

Cratsegus  coccinipides,  503. 
Crataegus  Cocksii,  411. 
Cratsegus  collina,  425. 
Crataegus  consanguinea,  519. 
Cratcegus  cordata,  531. 
Cratsegus  corusca,  474. 
Crataegus  crocina,  420. 
Cratsegus  Crus-galli,  399,  402. 
Crataegus  Crus-galli  var.  capil- 

lata,  402. 
Crataegus    Crus-galli    van    ob- 

longata,  402. 
Cratsegus  'Crus-galli  var.  pyra- 

canthifolia,  402. 
Cratsegus  Crus-galli  var.  salici- 

folia,  402. 

Crataegus  dallasiana,  431. 
Cratcegus  Davisii,  438. 
Crataegus  delecta,  497. 
Cratsegus  denaria,  415. 
Crataegus  depilis,  461. 
Cratsegus  Deweyana,  539. 
Crataegus  diffusa,  454. 
Crataegus  dilatata,  500. 
Crataegus  Dilatatae,  399. 
Cratsegus  disjuncta,  452. 
Crataegus  dispar,  528. 
Crataegus  Douglasianae,  400. 
TDratsegus  Douglasii,  545. 
Crataegus    Douglasii   f.    badia, 

546. 
Crataegus  Douglasii  var.  Suks- 

dorfii,  546. 

Cratsegus  drymophila,  453. 
Crataegus  Eamesii,  498. 
Cratsegus  edita,  416. 
Crataegus  edura,  419. 
Crataegus  Ellwangeriana,  484. 
Cratsegus  Engelmanii,  413. 
Cratsegus  erecta,  408. 
Cratsegus  fastosa,  427. 
Cratsegus  fecunda,  404. 
Crataegus  fera,  420. 
Cratsegus  flava,  516. 
Crataegus  Flavse,  400. 


Cratsegus  floridana,  521. 
Cratsegus  Gaultii,  537. 
Cratsegus  gemmosa,  541. 
Cratsegus  georgiana,  450. 
Cratsegus  glabriuscula,  441. 
Cratsegus  gravida,  467. 
Cratsegus  Harbisonii,  513. 
Cratae-gus  Hillii,  490. 
Cratsegus  Holmesiana,  495. 
Crataegus  Holmesiana  var.  tar- 

dipes,  496. 
Crataegus  Holmesiana  var.  vil- 

lipes,  496. 

Cratsegus  hudsonica,  502. 
Crataegus  ignava,  518. 
Crataegus  illinoiensis,  542. 
Cratsegus  induta,  476. 
Crataegus  ingens,  447. 
Crataegus  integra,  526. 
Crataegus  integriloba,  543. 
Crataegus  Intrieatae,  400. 
Crataegus  invisa,  468. 
Cratsegus  Jonesae,  505. 
Cratsegus  .Kelloggii,  475. 
Cratsegus  lacera,  460. 
Crataegus  lacrimata,  522. 
Crataegus  lanuginosa,  480. 
Crataegus  Lettermanii,  432. 
Crataegus  limaria,  469. 
Crataegus  lobulata,  493. 
Crataegus  lucorum,  459. 
Crataegus  luxuriosa,  455. 
Cratcegus  Mackensenii,  469. 
Crataegus  macracantha,  544. 
Cratsegus  Macracanthse,  400. 
Crataegus  Margaretta,  506. 
Cratcegus  Medioximce,  453. 
Cratsegus  meridionalis,  472. 
Cratsegus  micrarantha,  448. 
Crataegus  Microcarpae,  400. 
Crataegus  mitis,  445. 
Crataegus  Mohrii,  421. 
Crataegus  Molles,  399. 
Cratsegus  mollis,  464. 
Cratcegus  mollita,  537. 
Crataegus  monogyna,  398. 
Crataegus  montivaga,  414. 
Crataegus  neo-londinensis,  489. 
Crataegus  nitida,  444. 
Crataegus  noelensis,  487. 
Cratsegus  opaca,  436. 
Crataegus  opima,  512. 
Crataegus  ovata.  439. 
Crataegus  Oxyacantha,  398. 
Crataegus  Palmeri,  408. 
Cratsegus  panda,  525. 
Crataegus  paucispina,  458. 
Crataegus  pausiaca,  424. 
Crataegus  pedicellata,  494. 
Crataegus  pedicellata  var.  glor- 

iosa,  495. 

Crataegus  penita,  447. 
Cratsegus  pennsylvanica,  483. 
Cratsegus  pentandra,  458. 
Cratsegus  peoriensis,  403. 
Crataegus  Phsenopyrum,  531. 
Crataegus  pratensis,  433. 
Crataegus  Pringlei,  492. 
Crataegus  pruinosa,  449. 
Crataegus  Pruinosse,  399. 
Crataegus  Pulcherrimae,  400. 
Crataegus  punctata,  423. 
Cratsegus  punctata  var.  aurea,    I 

423. 
Crataegus  punctata  var.  canes-   ! 

cens,  424. 
Cratsegus    punctata    var.    mi-   i 

crophylla,  424. 
Cratajgus  Punctatse,  399. 
Cratsegus  pyrifqrmis,  479. 
Cratsegus  quercina,  478. 


Crataegus  Ravenelii,  523. 
Crataegus  recurva,  527. 
Cratsegus  regalis,  405. 
Crataegus  rivularis,  546. 
Cratcegus  Robbinsiana,  454. 
Cratsegus  Robesoniana,  485. 
Crataegus  robur,  512. 
Cratsegus  rotundifolia,  504. 
Crataegus      rotundifolia      var. 

pubera,  505. 

Cratsegus  Rotundifoliae,  399. 
Crataegus  rufula,  435. 
Crataegus  saligna,  534. 
Cratsegus  Sargentii,  510. 
Cratsegus  scabrida,  547. 
Crataegus  senta,  523. 
Crataegus  sera,  465. 
Crataegus  sortata,  499. 
Cratsegus  signata,  415. 
Crataegus  silvestris,  427. 
Cratcegus  silvicola,  453. 
Crataegus  Silvicolae,  399. 
Cratsegus  sordida,  429. 
Crataegus  spathulata,  532. 
Cratcegus  spathulata  .var.  flavun- 

thera,  532. 

Cratcegus  spissijlora,  485. 
Crataegus  submollis,  484. 
Cratsegus  suborbiculata,  501. 
Cratsegus  succulonta,  540. 
Cratsegus  Tenuifoliae,  399. 
Cratsegus  tersa,  417. 
Crataegus  texana,  477. 
Crataegus  tomentosa,  536. 
Crataegus  Treleasei,  472. 
Crataegus  tristis,  520. 
Crataegus  uniqua,  412. 
Crataegus  vegeta,  538. 
Crataegus  velutina,  442. 
Cratsegus  venusta,  510. 
Crataegus  verruculosa,  428. 
Crataegus  viburnifolia,  470. 
Cratsegus  Virides,  399. 
Cratsegus  viridis,  438. 
Crataegus  virilis,  548. 
Cratsegus  visenda,  517. 
Crataegus  vulsa,  440. 
Crescentia  cucurbitina,  873. 
Cucumber-tree,  343. 
Cucumber-tree,     Large-leaved. 

348. 
Cucumber-tree,      Long-leaved, 

349. 

Cupressus,  69. 
Cupressus  arizonica,  73,  75. 
Cupressus  arizonica  var.  bon- 

ita,  74. 

Cupressus  Bakeri,  72. 
Cupressus  glabra,  74. 
Cupressus  Goveniana,  70,  71. 
Cupressus  guadaloupensis,  73. 
Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  77. 
Cupressus  Macnabiana,  72. 
Cupressus  macrocarpa,  70. 
Cupressus  nevadensis,  72. 
Cupressus  nootkatensis,  76. 
Cupressus  pygmtea,  70. 
Cupressus  Sargentii,  71. 
Cupressus  sempervirens,  69. 
Cupressus  thyoides,  75. 
Cypress,  69,  72,  73. 
Cypress,  Bald,  63,  64. 
Cypress,  Deciduous,  64. 
Cypress,  Lawson,  77. 
Cypress,  Monterey,  70. 
Cypress,  Sargent's,  71. 
Cypress,  Sitka,  76. 
Cypress,  Tecate,  73. 
Cypress,  Yellow,  76. 
Cyrilla,  666. 
Cyrilla  racemiflora,  666. 


INDEX 


903 


Cyrilla  racemiflora  var.  parvi- 

flora,  667. 
Cyrilla   racemiflora   var.  race- 

miiera,  667. 
Cyrillaceae,  665. 

Dagger,  Spanish,  112,  113,  114, 

115,  117. 
Dahoon,  670. 
Dalea,  621. 
Dalea  spinosa,  621. 
Darling  Plum,  720. 
Davidia,  779. 
Deciduous  Cypress,  64. 
Desert  Palm,  104. 
Desert  White  Cedar,  82. 
Desert  Willow,  869. 
Devil  Wood,  8a7. 
Dicotyledons,  118. 
Digger  Pine,  20. 
Dilly,  Wild,  819. 
Diospyros,  820. 
Diospyros  texana,  823. 
Diospyros  virginiana,  821. 
Diospyros  virginiana  var.  Mo- 

sieri,  823. 
Diospyros  virginiana  var.  platy-   | 

carpa,  822. 
Diospyros  virginiana  var.  platy  - 

carpa  f.  atra,  822. 
Dipholis,  810. 
Dipholis  salicifolia,  811. 
Dipteronia,  681. 
Dogwood.  787,  788,  789. 
Dogwood,  Flowering,  785. 
Dogwood,  Jamaica,  629. 
Dogwood,  Poison,  663. 
Douglas  Spruce,  48. 
Downward  Plum,  816. 
Drypetes,  650. 
Drypetes  diversifolia,  650. 
Drypetes  keyensis,  650. 
Drypetes  lateriflora,  651. 
Dwarf  Maple,  682. 

Ebenacese,  820. 

Ebony,  588. 

Ehretia,  862. 

Ehretia  elliptica,  862. 

Elder,  882. 

Elder,  Box,  699. 

Elk  wood,  347. 

Elliottia,  791. 

Elliottia  racemosa,  791. 

Elm,  308. 

Elm,  Cedar,  314. 

Elm,  Cork,  311. 

Elm,  English,  309. 

Elm,  Red,  313,  315. 

Elm,  Rock,  311.  i 

Elm,  Scotch,  309. 

Elm,  Slippery,  313,  750. 

Elm,  Water,  317. 

Elm,  White,  309. 

Elm,  Winged,  312. 

Enallagma,  873. 

Enallagma  cucurbitina,  873. 

Encina,  269. 

Endothia  parisitica,  230. 

Engelmann  Spruce,  38. 

English  Elm,  309. 

Ericaceae,  790. 

Erythrina,  627. 

Erythrina  herbacea,  628. 

Erythrina    herbacea    var.    ar- 

borea,  628. 

Eucalypti,  Australian,  768. 
Eugenia,  770. 
Eugenia  aromatica,  771. 
Eugenia  axillaris,  772. 
Eugenia  buxifolia,  771. 


Eugenia  cpnfusa,  774. 
Eugenia  dicrana,  774. 
Eugenia  Jambos,  771. 
Eugenia  rhombea,  773. 
Eugenia  Simpsonii,  775. 
Euphorbiacese,  649. 
European  Mountain  Ash,  390. 
Evergreen  Oak,  282. 
Evonymus,  675. 
Evonymus  atropurpureus,  675. 
Exostema,  877. 
Exostema  caribseum,  877. 
Exothea,  714. 
Exothea  paniculata,  715. 
Eysenhardtia,  620. 
Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  620. 
Eysenhardtia  polystachya,  620. 

Fagacea?,  227. 

Fagara  clava-Herculis,  635. 

Fagara  coriacea,  637. 

Fagara  Fagara,  634. 

Fagara  flava,  636. 

Fagus,  228. 

Fagus  americana^  228. 

Fagus  grandifolia,  228. 

Fagus  grandifolia  var.    caroli- 

niana,  229. 
Fagus  grandifolia    var.  caroli- 

niana  f.  mollis  230. 
Fagus  sylvatica,  228. 
Fan  Palm,  104. 
Farkleberry,  802. 
Feltleaf  Willow,  157. 
Fetid  Buckeye,  703. 
Ficus,  333. 
Ficus  aurea,  334. 
Ficus  brevifolia,  335. 
Ficus  Carica.  333. 
Ficus  povulnea,  335. 
Fiddle  Wood,  864. 
Fig,  333,  335. 
Fig,  Wild,  334,  335. 
Fir,  50. 

Fir,  Balsam,  51,  52,  53. 
Fir,  Red,  48,  57,  58,  59. 
Fir,  Silver,  60. 
Fir,  White,  54,  55,  56. 
Firmiana  simplex,  749. 
Flowering  Dogwood,  785. 
Forestiera,  853. 
Forestiera  acuminata,  854. 
Foxtail  Pine,  7,  8. 
Franklinia,  752. 
Fraxinus,  833. 
Fraxinus  americana,  841. 
Fraxinus  americana  f .  iodocarpa, 

841. 
Fraxinus  americana  var.  crassi- 

folia,  841. 
Fraxinus  americana  var.  micro- 

carpa,  841. 

Fraxinus  anomala,  837. 
Fraxinus  Berlandieriana,  847. 
Fraxinus  biltmoreana,  843. 
Fraxinus  caroliniana,  838. 
Fraxinus  chinensis,  833. 
Fraxinus  cuspidata,  834. 
Fraxinus  cuspidata  var.  macro- 

petala,  834. 
Fraxinus  cuspidata  var.  serrata, 

834. 

Fraxinus  dipetala,  833. 
Fraxinus  florid  an  a,  839. 
Fraxinus  Greggii,  835. 
Fraxinus  Lowellii,  836. 
Fraxinus  nigra,  852. 
Fraxinus  oregona,  850. 
Fraxinus  Ornus,  833. 
Fraxinus  papilosa,  840. 
Fraxinus  pauciflora,  839. 


Fraxinus  pennsylvanica,  845. 
Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  var.  lan- 

ceolata,  846. 
Fraxinus  profunda,  844. 
Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  851. 
Fraxinus  Smallii,  842. 
Fraxihus  Standleyi,  840. 
Fraxinus  texensis,  842. 
Fraxinus  Toumeyi,  849. 
Fraxinus  velutina,  848. 
Fraxinus  velutina  var.  Toumeyi, 

849. 

Fremontia,  749. 
Fremontia  californica,  750. 
Fremont  odendr  on    calif ornicum, 

750. 

Frijolito,  616. 
Fringe- tree,  855. 

Galloway  Nut,  181. 
Garland  Tree,  382. 
Geiger-tree,  859. 
Georgia  Bark,  876. 
Glaucous  Willow,  159. 
Gleditsia,  607. 
Gleditsia  aquatica,  610. 
Gleditsia  texana,  609. 
Gleditsia  triacanthos,  608. 
Gleditsia  triacanthos  var.  iner- 

mis,  608. 

Glyptosirobus  sinensis,  65. 
Golden-leaved  Chestnut,  234. 
Gordonia,  750. 
Gordonia  alatamaha,  752. 
Gordonia  Lasianthus,  751. 
Grape,  Sea,  339. 
Gray  Birch,  207,  210. 
Gray  Pine,  24. 
Great  Laurel,  792. 
Green  Ash,  846. 

Green-barked  Acacia,  614,  615. 
Guaiacum,  630. 
Guaiacum  officinale,  630. 
Guaiacum  sanctum,  630,  631. 
Guava,  768. 
Guettarda,  879. 
Guettarda  elliptica,  880. 
Guettarda  scabra,  881. 
Guiana  Plum,  651. 
Gum,  Cotton,  783. 
Gum  Elastic,  813. 
Gum,  Hog,  659. 
Gum,  Sour,  780. 
Gum,  Sweet,  367. 
Gum,  Tupelo,  783. 
Gumbo  filet,  363. 
Gumbo  Limbo,  646. 
Gurgeon  Stopper,  771. 
Gyminda,  678. 
Gyminda  Grisebachii,  679. 
Gyminda  latifolia,  679. 
Gyminda    latifolia   var.    glau- 

cescens,  679. 
Gymnanthes,  654. 
Gymnanthes  lucida,  654. 
Gymnocladus,  605. 
Gymnocladus  dioicus,  606. 
Gymnospermse,  1. 

Hackberry,  319,  320,  321,  323. 
Halesia,  824. 
Halesia  Carolina,  825. 
Halesia    Carolina    var.    mollis, 

825. 

Halesia  diptera,  828. 
Halesia  Meehanii,  826. 
Halesia  monticola,  826. 
Halesia  monticola  var.  vestita, 

827. 
Halesia  monticola  var.  vestita 

f.  rosea,  827. 


904 


INDEX 


Halesia  parviflora,  827. 
Hamamelidacese,  366. 
Hamamelis,  368. 
Hamamelis  macrophylla,  370. 
Hamamelis  vernalis,  369. 
Hamamelis  virginiana,  369. 
Haw,  Apple,  434. 
Haw,  Black,  812,  889,  890. 
Haw,  May,  434. 
Haw,  Parsley,  530. 
Haw,  Purple,  719. 
Haw,  Red,  464,  493. 
Hawthorn,  397. 
Helietta,  637. 
Helietta  parvifolia,  638. 
Hemlock,  42,  43,  44,  45,  49. 
Hemlock,  Black,  46. 
Hemlock,  Mountain,  46. 
Hercules'  Club,  778. 
Heteromeles,  392. 
Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  392. 
Hickory,  176,  188. 
Hickory,  Nutmeg,  182. 
Hickory,  Shagbark,  183,  185. 
Hickory,  Shellbark,  183. 
Hickory,  Water,  181. 
Hickory  Pine,  8,  29. 
Hicoria,  176. 
Hicoria  borealis,  195. 
Hicoria  glabra,  195. 
Hicoria  glabra  var.  hirsuta,  195. 
Hicoria     glabra     var.    odorata, 

195. 
Hicoria     glabra,     var.      villosa, 

199. 

Hicoria  microcarpa,  194,  195. 
Hicoria  villosa,  199. 
Hippocastanaceee,  702. 
Hippomane,  652. 
Hippomane  Mancinella,  653. 
Hog  Gum,  659. 
Holly,  669. 

Honey  Locust,  600,  608. 
Hop  Hornbeam,  202,  203. 
Hop-tree,  639. 
Hornbeam,  201. 
Hornbeam,  Hop,  202,  203. 
Horse  Bean,  611. 
Horse  Sugar,  831. 
Huajillo,  587. 
Huisache,  592. 
Hypelate,  716. 
Hypelate  trifoliata,  716. 

Icacorea  paniculata,  806. 

Ichthyomethia,  628. 

Ichthyomethia  piscipula,  629. 

Ilex,  668. 

Ilex  Aquifolium,  668. 

Ilex  Cassine,  670. 

Ilex   Cassine  var.  angustifolia, 

671. 

Ilex  Cassine  var.  latifolia,  671. 
Ilex  decidua,  673. 
Ilex  decidua  var.  Curtissii,  673. 
Ilex  Krugiana,  672. 
Ilex  monticola,  673. 
Ilex  monticola  var.  mollis,  674. 
Ilex  opaca,  669. 
Ilex  paraguariensis,  668. 
Ilex  vomitoria,  671. 
Incense  Cedar,  65. 
Indian  Bean,  871. 
Indian  Cherry,  724. 
Ink  Wood,  715. 
Ironwood,  203,  204,  378,  626, 

660,  666,  667,  715,  812,  815. 
Ironwood,  Black,  721. 
Ironwood,  Red,  720. 
Ironwood,  White,  716. 
Islay,  581. 


Jack  Oak,  258. 

Jack  Pine,  24. 

Jacquinia,  804. 

Jacquinia  keyensis,  804. 

Jamaica  Dogwood,  629. 

Jersey  Pine,  26. 

Joe  Wood,  804. 

Joshua  Tree,  116. 

Judas-tree,  604. 

Juglandaceae,  168. 

Juglans,  169. 

Juglans  californica,  174. 

Juglans  californica,  175. 

Juglans  californica  var.   Hind- 

sii,  175. 
Juglans  californica    var.   quer- 

cina,  175. 

Juglans  cinerea,  169. 
Juglans  Hindsii,  175. 
Juglans  intermedia,  172. 
Juglans  major,  172. 
Juglans  nigra,  171. 
Juglans  "Paradox,"  176. 
Juglans  quadrangulata,  171. 
Juglans  regia,  169,  172. 
Juglans  rupestris,  173. 
Juglans  rupestris,  172. 
Juglans  rupestris  var.  major,  172. 
Juglans  subrupestris,  173. 
Juniper,  78,  80,  82,  83,  84,  85, 

86. 

Juniper,  Checkered-bark,  84. 
Juniperus,  78. 
Juniperus  barbadensis,  89. 
Juniperus  californica,  82. 
Juniperus  chine  nsis,  79. 
Juniperus  oommunis,  79,  80. 
Junipierus    communis    var.  de- 

pressa,  80. 
Juniperus  communis  var.  Jackii, 

80. 
Juniperus  communis  var.  mon- 

tana,  80. 

Juniperus  flaecida,  83. 
Juniperus  Knightii,  83. 
Juniperus  lucayana,  89. 
Juniperus  mexicana,  87. 
Juniperus  monosperma,  86. 
Juniperus  occidentalis,  85. 
Juniperus  pachyphlsea,  84. 
Juniperus  Pinchotii,  81. 
Juniperus  Sabina,  79. 
Juniperus  sabinoides,  87. 
Juniperus  scopulorum,  90. 
Juniperus  utahensis,  82. 
Juniperus  utahensis  var.  meg- 

alanocarpa,  83. 
Juniperus  virginiana,  88. 

Kalmia,  794. 
Kalmia  latifolia,  794. 
Kalmia  latifolia  f.  alba,  794. 
Kalmia  latifolia  f.  fuscata,  795. 
Kalmia  latifolia  f.   polypetala, 

796. 

Kalmia  latifolia  f .  rubra,  795. 
Kalmia    latifolia    var.    myrti- 

folia,  795. 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  606. 
King  Nut,  186. 
Knackaway,  862. 
Knob-cone  Pine,  19. 
Kceberlinia,  754. 
Kceberlinia  spinosa,  754. 
Kceberliniacaa,  754. 
Krugiodendron,  721. 
Krugiodendron  ferreum,  721. 

Laguncularia,  767. 
Laguncularia  racemosa,  767. 
Larch,  31. 


Large-leaved     Cucumber-tree, 
348. 

Larix,  31. 

Larix  alaskensis,  32. 

Larix  americana,  31. 

Larix  decidua,  31. 

Larix  Ksempferi,  31. 
'    Larix  laricina,  31. 
j    Larix  Lyallii,  33. 
i    Larix  occidentalis,  32. 
I    Lauracese,  356. 
I    Laurel,  794. 
I    Laurel,  California,  361. 
I    Laurel,  Great,  792. 
i    Laurel,  Mountain,  794. 
!    Laurel  Oak,  264,  266. 

Lawson  Cypress,  77. 

Leaf,  Sweet,  831. 

Leather  Wood,  666. 

Legurninosse,  585. 

Leitneria  floridana,  167. 

Leitneriaceae,  167. 

Leucsena,  596. 

Leucaena  glauca,  596. 
i    Leucsena  Greggii,  597. 
|    Leucaena  pulverulenta,  598. 
i    Leucsena  retusa,  598. 

Libocedrus,  65. 
I    Libocedrus  decurrens,  65. 

Lignum-vitse,  630. 

Lilac,  728. 

Lilac,  California,  727. 

Liliacese,  110. 

Lime,  Ogeechee,  782. 

Lime,  Wild,  634. 

Linden,  732,  733. 

Liquidambar,  367. 

Liquidambar  orientalis,  367. 

Liquidambar  Styraciflua,  367. 

Liriodendron,  351. 

Liriodendron  chinensis,  352. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  352. 

Lithocarpus,  236. 

Lithocarpus  densiflora,  236. 

Lithocarpus  densiflora  f .  lanceo- 
lata,  236. 

Lithocarpus      densiflora      var. 
montana,  237. 

Live  Oak,  269,  270,  272,  276. 

Loblolly  Bay,  751. 

Loblolly  Pine,  16. 

Locust,  609,  622,  623,  624. 

Locust,  Clammy,  625. 

Locust,  Honey,  600,  608. 

Locust,  Water,  610. 

Locust,  Yellow,  623. 

Lodge  Pole  Pine,  23. 

Log  Wood,  719. 

Lombardy  Poplar,  120. 

Long-leaved  Cucumber-tree, 
349. 

Long-leaved  Pine,  14. 

Lyonia,  797. 

Lyonia  ferruginea,  798. 

Lyonothamnus,  378. 

Lyonothamnus    floribundua, 
378. 

Lysiloma,  589. 

Lysiloma  bahamensis,  590. 

Madura,  331. 
Maclura  pomifera,  332. 
Madrofia,  799,  800,  801. 
Magnolia,  342,  345. 
Magnolia  acuminata,  343. 
Magnolia    acuminata    var.   cor- 

data.  344. 
Magnolia  acuminata  var.  ludo- 

viciana,  344. 
Magnolia  cordata,  344. 
Maanolia  feet  id  a,  345. 


INDEX 


905 


Magnolia  Fraseri,  349. 
Magnolia  glauca,  346. 
Magnolia  grandiflora,  345. 
Magnolia   grandiflora   var.  ex- 

oniensis,  346. 

Magnolia  macrophylla,  348. 
Magnolia  major,  347. 
Magnolia,  Mountain,  349. 
Magnolia  pyramidata,  350. 
Magnolia  Thompsoniana,  347. 
Magnolia  tripetala,  347. 
Magnolia  virginiana,  346. 
Magnolia  virginiana  var.    aus- 

tralis,  347. 
Magnoliacese,  342. 
Mahogany,  606,  648,  664. 
Mahogany,  Mountain,  550. 
Malpigiaceae,  631. 
Malus,  379. 

Malus  angustifolia,  385. 
Malus    angustifolia    var.    pen- 

dula,  386. 

Malus  bracteata,  386. 
Malus  coronaria,  382. 
Malus  coronaria  var.  dasy- 

calyx,  382. 
Malus  coronaria  var.  elongata, 

383. 

Malus  Dawsoniana,  389. 
Malus  elongata,  383. 
Malus  fusca,  389. 
Malus  glabrata,  380. 
Malus  glaucescens,  381. 
Malus  ioensis,  387. 
Malus  ioensis  var.  Bushii,  388.    ' 
Malus  ioensis  var.  creniserrata, 

388. 

Malus  ioensis  var.  Palmeri,  388. 
Malus  ioensis  var.  plena,  388. 
Malus  ioensis  var.  spinosa,  388.     | 
Malus  ioensis  var.  texana,  388.     i 
Malus  lancifolia,  384. 
Malus  platycarpa,  383. 
Malus  platycarpa  var.  Hoopesii,    ; 

384. 

Malus  pumila,  379. 
Malus  rivularis,  389. 
Malus  Soulardii,  388. 
Manchineel,  653. 
Mangrove,  763. 
Mangrove,  Black,  866. 
Mangrove,  White,  767. 
Maple,  681. 

Maple,  Ash-leaved,  699. 
Maple,  Black,  693. 
Maple,  Broad-leaved,  687. 
Maple,  Dwarf,  682. 
Maple,  Mountain,  685. 
Maple,  Red,  696. 
Maple,  Rock,  688. 
Maple,  Scarlet,  696. 
Maple,  Silver,  695. 
Maple,  Soft,  695. 
Maple,  Striped,  686. 
Maple,   Sugar,  688,   691,   692, 

694. 

Maple,  Vine,  684. 
Marlberry,  806. 
Marsh  Pine,  18. 
Mastic,  809. 
Maul  Oak,  272. 
May  Haw,  434. 
Maytenus,  676. 
.Maytenus  boaria,  676. 
Maytenus  phyllanthoides,  677. 
Melastomaceae,  776. 
Melia  Azedarach,  648.      , 
MeliaoejB,  648. 
Mespilus    cestivalis,    434,    435, 

436. 
Mesquite,  599,  600. 


Mesquite,  Screw  Pod,  603. 

Metopium,  658. 

Metopium  Metopium,  659. 

Metopium  toxiferum,  659. 

Mexican  Mulberry,  330. 

Mimosa,  598. 

Mimusops,  819. 

Mimusops  emarginata,  819. 

Mimusops  Sieberi,  819. 

Misanteca,  364. 

Misanteca  triandra,  364. 

Mock  Orange,  579. 

M ohrodendron  carolinum,  825. 

Mohrodendron  dipterum,  828. 

Monocotyledons,  96. 

Monterey  Cypress,  70. 

Monterey  Pine,  19. 

Moose  Wood,  686. 

Moracese,  328. 

Morus,  328. 

Morus  alba,  329. 

Morus  celtidifolia,  330. 

Morus  microphylla,  330. 

Morus  nigra,  329. 

Morus  rubra,  329. 

Morus   rubra   var.  tomentosa, 

329. 

Mossy  Cap  Oak,  290. 
Mountain  Ash,  390,  842. 
Mountain  Ash,  European,  390. 
Mountain  Hemlock,  46. 
Mountain  Laurel,  794. 
Mountain  Magnolia,  343,  349. 
Mountain  Mahogany,  550. 
Mountain  Maple,  685. 
Mountain  White  Oak,  283. 
Mulberry,  328,  330. 
Mulberry,  Mexican,  330. 
Mulberry,  Paper,  328. 
Mulberry,  Red,  329. 
Myrica  californica,  166. 
Myrica  cerifera,  164. 
Myrica  cerifera  var.  pumila,  165. 
Myrica  inodora,  165. 
Myrica    inodora    var.   pumila, 

165. 

Myrica  rubra,  164. 
Myricacese,  163. 
Myrsinacese,  805. 
Myrtacese,  768. 
Myrtle,  768. 
Myrtle,  Blue,  727. 
Myrtle,  Sea,  804. 
Myrtle,  Wax,  164,  165,  166. 

Naked  Wood,  729,  774. 
Nanny  berry,  888. 
Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood, 

127. 

Nogal,  172. 
Norway  Pine,  22. 
Norway  Spruce,  35. 
Nut,  Galloway,  181. 
Nut,  King,  186. 
Nut  Pine,  8,  9,  10. 
Nutmeg,  California,  92. 
Nutmeg  Hickory,  182. 
Nyctaginacese,  340. 
Nyssa,  779. 
Nyssa  aquatica,  783. 
Nyssa  biflora,-781. 
Nyssa  ogeche,  782. 
Nyssa  sylvatica,  780. 
Nyssacese,  779. 

Oak,  237. 

Oak,  Basket,  304. 

Oak,  Bear,  254. 

Oak,  Black,  246,  250,  251,  274. 

Oak,  Black  Jack,  258. 

Oak,  Blue,  283. 


Oak,  Blue  Jack,  265. 

Oak,  Burr,  290. 

Oak,  Chestnut,  236,  305,  306. 

Oak,  Cow,  3.04. 

Oak,  Evergreen,  282. 

Oak,  Jack,  258. 

Oak,  Laurel,  264,  266. 

Oak,  Live,  269,  270,  272,  276. 

Oak,  Maul,  272. 

Oak,  Mossy  Cap,  290. 

Oak,  Mountain  White,  283. 

Oak,  Overcup,  292.    • 

Oak,  Pin,  248. 

Oak,  Post,  293. 

Oak,  Red,  241,  242,  255. 

Oak,  Rock  Chestnut,  305. 

Oak,  Scarlet,  247. 

Oak,  Scrub,  254,  275. 

Oak,  Shin,  285. 

Oak,  Shingle,  266. 

Oak,  Spanish,  247,  255. 

Oak,  Swamp  Spanish,  248,  256. 

Oak,  Swamp  White,  292,  303. 

Oak,  Tan  Bark,  236. 

Oak,  Turkey,  253. 

Oak,  Upland  Willow,  265. 

Oak,  Valley,  298. 

Oak,  Vine,  297. 

Oak,  Water,  260,  264. 

Oak,  White,  280,  281,  296,  298, 

300. 

Oak,  Willow,  262. 
Oak,  Yellow,  306. 
Oak,  Yellow-bark,  250. 
Oaks,  Black,  238. 
Oaks,  Chestnut,  241. 
Oaks,  White,  240. 
Oaks,  Willow,  239. 
Ocotea,  359. 

Ocotea  Catesbyana,  359. 
Ogeechee  Lime,  782. 
Ohio  Buckeye,  703. 
Olacacese,  336. 
Old  Field  Pine,  16. 
Old  Man's  Beard,  855.  . 
Olea  europsea,  832. 
Oleacese,  832. 
Olive-tree,  Black,  765. 
Olneya,  626. 
Olneya  tesota,  626. 
Opuntia,  759. 
Opuntia  fulgida,  760. 
Opuntia  spinpsior,  761. 
Opuntia  versicolor,  762. 
Orange,  Bitter-sweet,  633. 
Orange,  Mock,  579. 
Orange,  Osage,  332. 
Orange,  Wild,  579. 
Oreodoxa  regia,  108. 
Osage  Orange,  332. 
Osmanthus,  856. 
Osmanthus  americanus,  857. 
Osmanthus  fragrans,  857. 
Ostrya,  202. 
Ostrya  Knowltonii,  204. 
Ostrya  virginiana,  203. 
Ostrya  virginiana  var.  glandu- 

losa,  203. 

Overcup  Oak,  292. 
Oxycedrus,  79. 
Oxydendrum,  796. 
Oxydendrum  arboreum,  796. 

Padus  valida,  575. 
Padus  yirens,  578. 
Palaquiuum  gutta,  809. 
Palm,  Desert,  104. 
Palm,  Fan,  104. 
Palm,  Royal,  107,  108. 
Palmse,  96. 
Palmetto,  101,  103. 


006 


INDEX 


Palmetto,  Cabbage,  102. 

Palmetto,  Silvertop,  99. 

Palo  Blanco,  322. 

Palo  Verde,  615. 

Paper  Birch,  212. 

Paper  Mulberry,  328. 

Paradise-tree,  642. 

Parkinsonia,  611. 

Parkinsonia  aculeata,  611. 

Parkinsonia  microphylla,  612. 

Parsley  Haw,  530. 

Pasania,  236. 

Pasania  dens  i  flora,  236. 

Pawpaw,  353,  756. 

Peach  Willow,  144-. 

Pear,  Alligator,  357. 

Pecan,  177. 

Pecan,  Bitter,  179. 

Pepperidge,  780. 

Persea,  356. 

Persea  americana,  357. 

Persea  Borbonia,  357. 

Persea  palustris,  358. 

Persea  pubescens,  358. 

Persimmon,  821. 

Persimmon,  Black,  823. 

Picea,  34. 

Picea  Abies,  35. 

Picea  Breweriana,  40. 

Picea  canadensis,  37. 

Picea  Engelmannii,  38. 

Picea  glauca,  37. 

Picea   glauca   var.  albertiana, 

38. 

Picea  mariana,  35. 
Picea  mariana  var.  brevifolia, 

36. 

Picea  orientalis,  35. 
Picea  Parry  ana,  39. 
Picea  pungens,  39. 
Picea  rubens,  36. 
Picea  rubra,  36. 
Picea  sitchensis,  41. 
Picramnia,  043. 
Picramnia  pentandra,  643. 
Pigeon  Plum,  340. 
Pignut,  180,  191,  192,  194. 
Pinacese,  1. 
Pinckneya,  875. 
Pinckneya  pubens,  876. 
Pine,  2. 

Pine,  Austrian,  2. 
Pine,  Bull,  12,  20. 
Pine,  Cedar,  25. 
Pine,  Digger,  20. 
Pine,  Foxtail,  7,  8. 
Pine,  Gray,  24. 
Pine,  Hickory,  8,  2!\ 
Pine,  Jack,  24. 
Pine,  Jersey,  26. 
Pine,  Knob-cone,  19. 
Pine,  Loblolly,  16. 
Pine,  Lodge  Pole,  23. 
Pine,  Long-leaved,  14. 
Pine,  Marsh,  18. 
Pine,  Monterey,  19. 
Pine,  Norway,  22. 
Pine,  Nut,  8,  9,  10. 
Pine,  Old  Field,  16. 
Pine,  Pitch,  17,  21. 
Pines,  Pitch,  11,  21. 
Pine,  Pond,  18. 
Pine,  Prickle-cone,  28. 
Pine,  Red,  22. 
Pine,  Rocky  Mountain  White, 

6. 

Pine,  Sand,  27. 
Pine,  Scotch,  2. 
Pine,  Scrub,  23,  26. 
Pine,  Short-leaved,  26. 
Pine,  Slash,  15. 


I   Pines,  Soft,  3. 
Pine,  Southern,  14. 
Pine,  Spruce,  25,  27. 
Pine,  Sugar,  5. 
Pine,  S\vamp,  15. 
Pine,  Swiss  Stone,  2. 
Pine,  Table  Mountain,  29. 
Pine,  Torrey,  30. 
Pine,  White,  3,  4,  6. 
Pine,  Yellow,  12,  14,  26. 
Pin  Oak,  248. 
Pinon,  8,  9,  10. 
Pinus,  2. 

Pinus  albicaulis,  6. 
Pinus  aristata,  8. 
Pinus  arizonica,  14. 
Pinus  attenuata,  19. 
Pinus  Balfouriana,  7. 
Pinus  Banksiana,  24. 
Pinus  caribaea,  15. 
Pinus  cembra,  2. 
Pinus  cembroides,  8. 
Pinus    cembroides  var.  edulis, 

9. 
Pinus    cembroides   var.  mono- 

phylla,  10. 

Pinus   cembroides   var.  Parry- 
ana,  9. 

Pinus  chihuahuana,  12. 
Pinus  clausa,  27. 
Pinus  contorta,  23. 
Pinus  contorta  var.  latif  olia,  23. 
Pinus  contorta  var.  Murrayana, 

23. 

Pinus  Coulteri,  21. 
Pinus  divaricata,  24. 
Pinus  echinata,  26. 
Pinus  edulis,  9. 
Pinus  flexilis,  6. 
Pinus  glabra,  25. 
Pinus  heterophylla,  15. 
Pinus  Lambertiana,  5. 
Pinus  leiophylla,  12. 
Pinus  monophylla,  10. 
Pinus  monticola,  4. 
Pinus  muricata,  28. 
Pinus  nigra,  2. 
Pinus  palustris,  14. 
Pinus  Pinaster,  2. 
Pinus  ponderosa,  12. 
Pinus  ponderosa  var.  arizonica, 

14. 
Pinus  ponderosa  var.  Jeffrey i, 

13. 
Pinus  ponderosa  var.  scopulo- 

rum,  13. 

Pinus  pungens,  29. 
Pinus  quadrifolia,  9. 
Pinus  radiata,  19. 
Pinus  resinosa,  22. 
Pinus  rigida,  17. 
Pinus  rigida  var.  serotina,  18. 
Pinus  Sabiniana,  20. 
Pinus  serotina,  18. 
Pinus  silvestris,  2. 
Pinus  strobiformis,  6 
Pinus  Strobus,  3. 
Pinus  tseda,  16. 
Pinus  Torreyana,  30. 
Pinus  virginiana,  26. 
Piscidia,  629. 
Pisonia  longifolia,  341. 
Pistacia,  656. 
Pistacia  texana,  656. 
Pistacia  vera,  656. 
Pistacio-nuts,  656. 
Pitch  Pine,  17,  21. 
Pitch  Pines,  11. 
Pithecolobium,  586. 
Pithecolobium    brevifolium, 

587. 


Pithecolobium  flexicaule,  588. 

Pithecolobium  ungui.s-cati,  586. 

Planera,  316. 

Planera  aquatica,  317. 

Plane-tree,  371. 

Platanacese,  371. 

Platanus,  371. 

Platanus  acerifolia,  372. 

Platanus  glabrata,  373. 

Platanus  occidentals,  372. 

Platanus  occidentalis  var.  atten- 
uata, 372. 

Platanus  occidentalis  var.  gla- 
brata, 373. 

Platanus  orientalis,  372. 

Platanus  racemosa,  374. 

Platanus  Wrightii,  375. 

Plum,  555. 

Plum,  Big  Tree,  565. 

Plum,  Canada,  56M. 

Plum,  Chickasaw,  569. 

Plum,  Cocoa,  583. 

Plum,  Darling,  720. 

Plum,  Downward,  816. 

Plum,  Guiana,  651. 

Plum,  Pigeon,  340. 
i    Plum,  Red,  560. 
|    Plum,  Wild,  557,  561,  567. 
i    Plum,  Wild  Goose,  569. 

Poison  Dogwood,  663. 

Poison  Sumach,  663. 

Poison  Wood,  659. 

Polygonaceae,  338. 

Pomette  Bleue,  533. 

Pond  Apple,  355. 

Pond  Pine,  18. 

Poplar,  119,  123. 

Poplar,  Carolina,  137. 

Poplar,  Lombardy,  120. 

Poplar,  White,  120. 

Poplar,  Yellow,  352. 

Populus,  119. 

Populus  acuminata,  128. 

Populus  acuminata   var.  Reh- 
deri,  129. 

Populus  alba,  120. 

Populus  Andrewsii,  129. 

Populus  angulata,  135. 

Populus  angustifolia,  127. 

Populus  arizonica,  131. 

Populus  arizonica  var.  Jonesii, 
132. 

Populus  balsamifera,  125. 

Populus  balsamifera,  135. 

Populus  balsamifera  var.   vir- 
giniana, 136. 

Populus    balsamifera   var.  vir- 
giniana f.  pilosa,  137. 

Populus  canadensis,  137. 

Populus  canadensis  var.  Euge- 
nie, 137. 

Populus  candicans,  126. 

Populus  deltoidea,  136. 

Populus  deltoides  var.  occiden- 
talis, 134. 

Populus  fortissimo,,  127. 

Populus  Fremontii,  129. 

Populus  Fremontii  var.  macro- 
disca,  131. 

Populus  Fremontii  var.  pubes- 
cens, 131. 

Populus  Fremontii  var.  Thorn- 
berii,  131. 

Populus    Fremontii  var.   Tou- 
meyi,  131. 

Populus  grandidentata,  123. 

Populus  grandidentata  var.  me- 
ridionalis,  124. 

Populus  heterophylla,  124. 

Populus  Jackii,  137. 

Populus  McDougallii,  133. 


INDEX 


907 


Populus  mexicana,  131. 
Populus  nigra,  120. 
Populus  nigra  j3   virginiana, 

136. 

Populus  Palmeri,  137. 
Populus  Parryi,  131. 
Populus  Sargentii,  134. 
Populus  tacamahacca,  125. 
Populus  tacamahacca  var.  Mi- 

chauxii,  126. 
Populus  texana,  132. 
Populus  tremuloides,  121. 
Populus  tremuloides    var.   au- 

rea,  121. 
Populus  tremuloides  var.  van- 

couveriana,  122. 
Populus  trichocarpa,  126. 
Populus   trichocarpa  var.  has- 

tata,  127. 

Populus  Vancouver iana,  122. 
Populus  Wislizenii,  133. 
Port  Orford  Cedar,  77. 
Post  Oak,  293. 
Prickle-cone  Pine,  28. 
Prickly  Ash,  635. 
Pride  of  India,  648. 
Prince  Wood,  877. 
Privet,  Swamp,  853. 
Prosopis,  599. 
Prosopis  juliflora,  600. 
Prosopis  juliflora  var.  glandu- 

losa,  601. 
Prosopis  juliflora  var.  velutina, 

601. 

Prosopis  pubescens,  602. 
Prunus,  555. 

Prunus  alabamensis,  576. 
Prunus  alleghaniensis,  566. 
Prunus  alleghaniensis  var.  Da- 

visii,  567. 

Prunus  americana,  561. 
Prunus    americana   var.    flori- 

dana,  563. 

Prunus  americana  lanata,  563. 
Prunus  angustifolia,  569. 
Prunus  angustifolia  var.  varians, 

570 

Prunus  arkansana,  565. 
Prunus  australis,  577. 
Prunus  carol  iniana,  579. 
Prunus  emarginata,  572. 
Prunus  emarginata  var.  mollis, 

572. 

Prunus  eximia,  575. 
Prunus  hortulana,  567. 
Prunus  hortulana  var.  Mineri, 

568. 
Prunus  hortulana  var.  pubens, 

568. 

Prunus  ilicifolia.  581. 
Prunus  integrifolia,  582. 
Prunus  lanata,  563. 
Prunus  Lyonii,  582. 
Prunus  mexicana,  565. 
Prunus  mexicana  var.   fulton- 

ensis,  566. 
Prunus    mexicana    var.    poly- 

andra,  566. 
Prunus   mexicana    var.  reticu- 

lata,  566. 
Prunus  mitif>,  559. 
Prunus  Munsoniana,  568. 
Prunus  myrtifolia,  580. 
Prunus  nigra,  560. 
Prunus  Palmeri,  563. 
Prunus  pennsylvanica,  571. 
Prunus  pennsylvanica  var.  saxi- 

montana,  572. 
Prunus  serotina,  575. 
Prunus  serotina  var.  m  on  tana, 

576. 


Prunus  sphcerocarpa,  580. 
Prunus  subcordata,  557. 
Prunus    subcordata    var.    ore- 

gona,  558. 
Prunus  tarda,  559. 
Prunus  tenuifolia,  564. 
Prunus  umbellata,  558. 
Prunus    umbellata    var.    inju- 

cunda,  559. 
Prunus   umbellata   var.  tarda, 

559. 

Prunus  virens,  578. 
Prunus  virginiana,  573. 
Prunus  virginiana  var.  demis- 

sa,  574. 
Prunus  virginiana  var.  demis- 

sa  f.  pachyrrachis,  575. 
Prunus    virginiana   var.  leuco- 

carpa,  573. 
Prunus  virginiana  var.  melan- 

ocarpa,  574. 
Prunus  virginiana  var.  melan- 

ocarpa  1'.  xanthocarpa,  574. 
Pseudophcenix,  109. 
Pseudophosnix  vinifera,  109. 
Pseudosassafras,  362. 
Pseudotsuga,  47. 
Pseudotsuga  glauca,  49. 
Pseudotsuga  macrocarpa,  49. 
Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  48. 
Pseudotsuga  taxifolia,  48. 
Ptelea,  639. 
Ptelea  trifoliata,  639. 
Ptelea  trifoliata  var.  mollis,  640. 
Pumpkin  Ash,  844. 
Purple  Haw,  719. 
Pyrus    americana    var.   decora, 

391. 

Pyrus  sambucifolia,  391. 
Pyrus  sitchensis,  391. 

Quaking  Asp,  121. 

Quasin,  642. 

Quercus,  237. 

Querus  acuminata,  306. 

Quercus  agrifolia,  269. 

Quercus  alba,  300. 

Quercus   alba  var.  latiloba, 

302. 

Quercus  alba  var.  repanda, 
302. 

lercus  Andre wsii,  291. 
lercus  annulata,  287. 
juercus  arizonica,  280. 
juercus  arkansana,  259. 
juercus  Ashei,  254. 
(uercus  austrina,  300. 
lercus  Beadlei,  302. 
lercus  beaumontiana,  262. 
(uercus  Bebbiana,  302. 

lercus  Benderi,  248. 
.  lercus  bicolor,  303. 
juercus  blufftonensis,  254. 
juercus  borealis,  241. 
juercus  borealis  var.  maxima, 

242. 

*uercus  brevifolia,  265. 
lercus  breviloba,  287,  288. 
juercus  Brittonii,  255. 
juercus  Bushii,  259. 
luercus  caduca,  266. 
^uercus  calif ornica,  251. 
juercus  carolinensis,  266. 
juercus  Catesbsei,  253. 
juercus  Chapmanii,  289. 
juercus  chrysolepis,  272. 
juercus   chrysolepis   var.  Pal- 
meri, 273. 

juercus  cinerea,  265. 
juercus     cinerea    ft    dentato- 
lobata,  265. 


Quercus  coccinea,  247. 
Quercus  coccinea  var.  tubercu- 
lata,  247. 

rcus  Cocksii,  262. 
uercus  Comptonse,  293. 
uercus  Deamii,  302. 
uercus  densiflora,  236. 
ercvs  digital  a,  255. 
ercus  Douglasii,  283. 
.uercus  dubia,  266. 
Quercus  dumosa,  275. 
Quercus  dumosa  var.  Alvordi- 
ana,  276. 

ercus  Durandii,  288. 
ercus  ellipsoidalis,  246. 
ercus  Emory i,  274. 
uercus  Engelmannii,  282. 
uercus  exacta,  268. 
uercus  Faxonii,  302. 
uercus  Fernowii,  302. 
uercus  Garry  ana,  296. 
uercus  geminata,  277. 
uercus  georgiana,  249. 
uercus  Giffordii,  255. 
uercus  guadalupensis,  291. 
uercus  Harbisonii,  295. 
uercus  Hastingsii,  259. 
uercus  heterophylla,  263. 
uercus  Hillii,  292. 
uercus  hypoleuca,  268. 
uercus  ilicifolia,  254. 
uercus  imbricaria,  26fi. 
uercus  .Tackiana,  302. 
uercus  jolonensis,  284. 
uercus  Kelloggii,  251. 
uercus  Laceyi,  286. 
.ercus  laurifolia,  264. 

rcus  laurifolia  var.  hy- 
brida,  264. 

Quercus  laurifolia  var.  triden- 
tata,  264. 
ercus  Leana,  268. 
ercus  leptophylla,  299. 
uercus  lobata,  298. 
ercus  Lowellii,  243. 

cus  ludoviciana,  264. 
uercus  lyrata,  292. 

cus  MacDonaldii,  276. 
uercus  macrocarpa,  290. 
ercus  Margaretta,  295. 
.ercus  marilandica,  258. 
uercus  Mellichampii,  254. 

us  Michauxii,  304. 
ercus  microcarya,  261. 
uercus  minor,  293. 

ercus  Mohriana,  285. 
uercus  montana,  305. 
..rcus  morehus,  271. 
uercus  MueMenbergii,  306. 
us  Muehlenbergii  var. 
"  Brayi,  308. 
Quercus  myrtifolia,  271. 
Quercus  nana,  254. 
Quercus  nigra,  260. 
Quercus  nigra  var.  tridentifera, 

260. 

Quercus  nigra  var.  tridentifera 
f/  microcarya,  261. 

.a  oblongifolia,  281. 
ercus  oviedoensis,  266. 
uercus  pagoda,  256. 
uercus  pagodcefolia,  256. 
ercus  palustris,  248. 
ercus  Phellos,  262. 

•cus  platanoides,  303. 
uercus  Ported,  243. 
^uercus  Prinus,  304, 
Quercus  Prinus,  305. 
Quercus  Rehderi,  255. 
Quercus  reticulata,  279. 
Quercus  rhombica,  261. 


908 


INDEX 


Quercus  Robbinsii,  248. 
Quercus  Robur,  238. 
Quercus  rubra,  242. 
Quercus  rubra,  255. 
Quercus  rubra  var.  leucophyl- 

la,  257. 
Quercus  rubra  var.  pagodsefolia, 

256, 

Quercus  rubra  var.  triloba,  255. 
Quercus  Rudkinii,  259. 
Quercus  rancinata,  243. 
Quercus  Sargentii,  306. 
Quercus  Saulei,  302. 
Quercus  Schneckii,  245. 
Quercus  Schuettii,  304. 
Quercus  sessiliflora,  238. 
Quercus  Shumardii,  243. 
Quercus    Shumardii    var. 

Schneckii,  244. 
Quercus  Smallii,  250. 
Quercus  stellata,  293. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  anomala, 

294. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  araniosa, 

294. 
Quercus    stellata    var.   attenu- 

ata,  294. 
Quercus    stellata    var.    Boyn- 

tonii,  295. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  Margar- 

etta,  295. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  Margar- 

etta  f.  stonolifera,  295. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  Palmeri, 

294. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  paludosa, 

294. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  parviloba, 

294. 
Quercus  stellata  var.  rufescens, 

295. 

Quercus  sterilis,  259. 
Quercus  subfalcata,  264. 
Quercus  subfalcata  var.  micro- 

carpa,  264. 

Quercus  subintegra,  266. 
Quercus  sublaurifolia,  266. 
Quercus  succulenta,  278. 
Quercus  texana,  245. 
Quercus  texana,  243,  244. 
Quercus  texana  var.  chesosen- 

sis,  246. 
Quercus  texana  var.  stellapila, 

246. 

Quercus  tomentella,  273. 
Quercus  Toumeyi,  280. 
Quercus  tridentata,  268. 
Quercus  undulata  var.  Vaseyana, 

285. 

Quercus  utahensis,  297. 
Quercus  utahensis  var.  mollis, 

297. 

Quercus  Vaseyana,  285. 
Quercus  velutina,  250. 
Quercus  velutina  var.  missou- 

riensis,  251. 

Quercus  virginiana,  276. 
Quercus    virginiana    var.   flen- 

tata,  277,  278. 
Quercus  virginiana  var.  exim- 

ea,  278. 
Quercus    virginiana    var.   fusi- 

formis,  278. 
Quercus   virginiana   var.  gemi- 

nata,  277. 
Quercus   virginiana   var.  gemi- 

nata  f.  grandifolia,  278. 
Quercus   virginiana   var.    ma- 

crophylla,  278. 
Quercus  virginiana  var.   mari- 

tima,  277,  278. 


Quercus    virginiana    var.   pyg- 

maea,  279. 
Quercus  virginiana  var.  vires- 

cens,  278. 

Quercus  Walteriana,  254. 
Quercus  Wilcoxii,  273. 
Quercus  Willdenoyiana,  257. 
Quercus  Wislizenii,  270. 

Rapanea,  807. 

Rapanea  guianensis,  807. 

Red  Ash,  845. 

Red  Bay,  357. 

Red  Birch,  208,  216. 

Redbud,  604. 

Rod  Cedar,  68,  88,  89,  90. 

Red  Elm,  313,  315. 

Red  Fir,  48,  57,  58,  59. 

Red  Haw,  464,  493. 

Red  Ironwood,  720. 

Red  Maple,  696. 

Red  Mulberry,  329. 

Red  Oak,  241,  242,  255. 

Red  Pine,  22. 

Red  Plum,  560. 

Red  Spruce,  36. 

Red  Stopper,  774. 

Red  Willow,  146. 

Red-flowered  Buckeye,  707. 

Redwood,  61. 

Retama,  611. 

Retinosporas,  75. 

Reynosia,  720. 

Reynosia  septentrionalis,  720. 

RhamnaceaB,  718. 

Rhamnus,  722. 

Rhamnus  caroliniana,  724. 

Rhamnus  cathartica,  722. 

Rhamnus  crocea,  723. 

Rhamnus  crocea  var.  ilicifolia, 

723. 
Rhamnus     crocea     var.     insu- 

laris,  724. 
Rhamnus  crocea  var.  insularis 

f.  pilosa,  724. 
Rhamnus  Purshiana,  725. 
Rhizophora,  763. 
Rhizophora  Mangle,  764. 
Rhizophoracea3,  763. 
Rhododendron,  792. 
Rhododendron  maximum,  792. 
Rhus  copallina,  662. 
Rhus   copallina    var.  lanceola- 

ta,  663. 

Rhus  hirta,  660. 
Rhus  hybrida,  662. 
Rhus  integrifolia,  664. 
Rhus  integrifolia  var.  serrata, 

664. 

Rhus  typhina,  660. 
Rhus  vernicifera,  660. 
Rhus  vernix,  663. 
River  Birch,  208,  218. 
Robinia,  622. 
Robinia  Holdtii,  625. 
Robinia  neo-mexicana,  624. 
Robinia  neo-mexicana  var.  lux- 

urians,  624. 
Robinia  neo-mexicana  var.  lux- 

urians  f.  albiflora,  625. 
Robinia  Pseudoacacia,  623. 
Robinia  viscosa,  625. 
Rock  Cedar,  87. 
Rock  Chestnut  Oak,  305. 
Rock  Elm,  311. 
Rock  Maple,  688. 
Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine,  6. 
Rosacese,  376. 
Rose  Bay,  792. 
Rowan-tree,  390. 
Royal  Palm,  107,  108. 


"Royal"  Walnut,  172. 
Roystonea,  107. 
Roystonea  regia,  108. 
Rubiacese,  875. 
Rum  Cherry,  575. 
Rutacese,  633. 

Sabal,  101. 

Sabal  mexicana,  103. 

Sabal  Palmetto,  102. 

Sabal  texana,  103. 

Sabina,  79. 

Salicacese,  119. 

Salix,  138. 

Salix  alaxensis,  157. 

Salix  alba,  139. 

Salix  amphibia,  147. 

Salix  amplifolia,  157. 

Salix  amygdaloides,  144. 

Salix    amygdaloides    var. 

Wrightii,  145. 
Salix  balsamifera,  156. 
Salix  Bebbiana,  158. 
Salix  Bonplandiana,  146. 
Salix  Bonplandiana  var.    Tou- 
meyi, 145. 

Salix  brachystachys,  161. 
Salix  discolor,  159. 
Salix  discolor  var.  eriocephala, 

160. 
Salix    discolor    var.   prinoides, 

169. 

Salix  exigua,  151. 
Salix  fluvialalis,  152. 
Salix  fragilis,  139. 
Salix  Gooddingii,  142. 
Salix  Harbisonii,  143. 
Salix  Hookeriana,  161. 
Salix  Isevigata,  146. 
Salix  Isevigata  f .  araquipa,  147. 
Salix  lasiandra,  148. 
Salix    lasiandra    var.    cordata, 

149. 
Salix  lasiandra  var.  lancifolia, 

149. 

Salix  lasiolepis,  153. 
Salix  longifolia,  152. 
Salix  longifolia  var.  angustis- 

sima,  153. 
Salix   longifolia   var.    peduncu- 

lata,  153. 
Salix  longifolia  var.    Wheeleri, 

153. 

Salix  longipes,  147. 
Salix  longipes  var.  venulosa,148. 
Salix  longipes  var.  Wardii,  148. 
Salix  lucida,  149. 
Salix  lucida  var.   arigustifolia, 

149. 

Salix  lucida  var.  intonsa,  150. 
Salix  Mackenzieana,  154. 
Salix  missouriensis,  155. 
Salix  nigra,  140. 
Salix  nigra  var.  altissima,  141. 
Salix   nigra   var.    Lindheimeri, 

141. 

Salix  Nuttallii,  160. 
Salix  pyrifolia,  156. 
Salix  Scouleriana,  160. 
Salix  Scouleriana  var.  crassiju- 

lis,  161. 
Salix    Scouleriana    var.   flaves- 

cens,  161. 

Salix  sessilifolia,  151. 
Salix  sessilifolia  var.  Hindsi- 

ana,  151. 
Salix  sessilifolia  var.  leucoden- 

droides,  151. 
Salix  sitchensis,  162. 
Salix    sitchensis    f.   Ralphiana, 

163. 


INDEX 


909 


Salix  taxifolia,  150. 

Salix  Toumcyi,  145. 

Salix  vallicola,  142. 

Salix  Wrightii,  141,  145. 

Sambuciis,  882. 

Sambucus  callicarpa,  885. 

Sambucus   callicarpa  f.  Piperi, 

886. 

Sambucus  ccerulea,  883. 
Sambucus     coerulea     var.    ari- 

zonica,  885. 
Sambucus    ccerulea    var.   velu- 

tina,  884. 

Sambucus  glauca,  883. 
Sambucus  mexicana,  885. 
Sambucus  neomexicana,  883. 
Sambucus  nigra,  882. 
Sambucus  Simpsonii,  883. 
Sand  Bar  Willow,  152. 
Sand  Pine,  27. 
Sapindacese,  711. 
Sapindus,  711. 
Sapindus  Drummondii,  714. 
Sapindus  manatensis,  713. 
Sapivdus  marginatus,  713. 
Sapindus  saponaria,  712. 
Sapotaceae,  808. 
Sargent's  Cypress,  71. 
Sassafras,  362. 
Sassafras  officinale,  363. 
Sassafras    officinale  var.    albi- 

dum,  364. 

Sassafras  randaiense,  363. 
Sassafras  Sassafras,  363. 
Sassafras  tzumu,  363. 
Satin-leaf,  818. 
Satinwood,  636. 
Savin,  88. 
Scarlet  Maple,  696. 
Scarlet  Oak,  247. 
Schsefferia,  679. 
Schsefferia  frutescens,  680. 
Schcepfia,  336. 

Schcepfia  chrysophylloides,  336. 
Schcepfia  Schreberi,  336. 
Scotch  Elm,  309. 
Scotch  Pine,  2. 
Screw  Bean,  602. 
Screw  Pod  Mesquite,  602. 
Scrub  Oak,  254,  275. 
Scrub  Pine,  23,  26. 
Sea  Grape,  339. 
Sea  Myrtle,  804. 
Sequoia,  61. 
Sequoia  gigantea,  62. 
Sequoia  sempervirens,  61. 
Sequoia  Wellingtonia,  62. 
Serenoa  arbor escens,  106. 
Service  Berry,  394,  395,  396. 
Shad  Bush,  394. 
Shagbark  Hickory,  183,  185. 
She  Balsam,  51. 
Sheepberry,  888. 
Shellbark,  Big,  186. 
Shellbark  Hickory,  183- 
Shingle  Oak,  266. 
Shining  Willow,  149. 
Shin  Oak,  285. 
Short-leaved  Pine,  26. 
Siberian  Crabs,  379. 
Sideroxylurn,  809. 
Sideroxylum     fcetidissimum, 

809. 
Sideroxylum  Mastichodendron, 

809. 

Silver  Bell  Tree,  824. 
Silver  Fir,  60. 
Silver  Manle,  695. 
Silvertop  Palmetto,  99. 
Simarouba,  642. 
-Mtnarouba  glauca,  642. 


Simaroubaceae,  641. 

Sitka  Cypress,  76. 

Sitka  Spruce,  41. 

Slash  Pine,  15. 

Slippery  Elm,  313,  750. 

Sloe,  558,  566. 

Sloe,  Black,  558. 

Smoke-tree,  621,  657. 

Soapberry,  711. 

Soft  Maple.  695. 

Soft  Pines,  3. 

Solanacese,  867. 

Solanum,  867. 

Solanum  verbascifolium,  867. 

Sophora,  615. 

Sophora  affinis,  617. 

Sophora  japonica,  616. 

Sophora  secundiflora,  616. 

Sorbomalus,  380. 

Sorbus,  390. 

Sorbus  americana,  390. 

Sorbus  americana  var.  decora, 

391. 

Sorbus  Aucuparia,  390. 
Sorbus  decora,  391. 
Sorbus  scopulina,  391. 
Sorrel-tree,  796. 
Sour  Gum,  780. 
Sour  Tupelo,  782. 
Sour  Wood,  796. 
Southern  Pine,  14. 
Spanish  Bayonet,  111,  112. 
Spanish  Buckeye,  717. 
Spanish  Dagger,  112,  113,  114, 

115,  117. 

Spanish  Oak,  247,  255. 
Spanish  Stopper,  771. 
Sparkleberry,  802. 
Spice-tree,  361. 
Spiraeoideae,  376. 
Spruce,  34. 
Spruce,  Black,  35. 
Spruce,  Blue,  39. 
Spruce,  Colorado,  39. 
Spruce,  Douglas,  48. 
Spruce,  Engelmann,  38. 
Spruce,  Norway,  35. j 
Spruce  Pine,  25,  27. 
Spruce,  Red,  36. 
Spruce,  Sitka,  41. 
Spruce,  Tideland,  41. 
Spruce,  Weeping,  40. 
Spruce,  White,  37,  38. 
Stag  Bush,  889. 
Staghorn  Sumach,  660. 
Sterculiacese,  749. 
Stinking  Cedar,  91. 
Stopper,  772,  773. 
Stopper,  Gurgeon,  771. 
»  Stopper,  Red,  774. 
Stopper,  Spanish,  771. 
Stopper,  White,  772. 
Striped  Maple,  686. 
Styraceae,  824. 
Styrax,  829. 
Styrax  Benzoin,  829. 
Styrax  grandiflora,  829. 
Sugarberry,  319,  323. 
Sugar,  Horse,  831. 
Sugar    Maple,    688,    691,    692, 


Sugar  Pine,  5. 
Sumach,  662. 
Sumach,  Poison,  663. 
Sumach,  Staghorn,  660. 
Suwarro,  758. 
Swamp  Ash,  838. 
Swamp  Bay,  346,  358. 
Swamp  Cotton  wood,  124. 
Swamp  Pine,  15. 
Swamp  Privet,  853. 


Swamp  Spanish  Oak,  248,  256. 
Swamp  White  Oak,  292,  303. 
Sweet  Bay,  346. 
Sweet-berried  Cedar,  82. 
Sweet  Buckeye,  704. 
Sweet  Gum,  367. 
Sweet  Leaf,  831. 
Swietenia,  648. 
Swietenia  Mahagoni,  648. 
Swiss  Stone  Pine,  2. 
Sycamore,  372,  374,  375. 
Symplocaceae,  830. 
Symplocos,  831. 
Symplocos  tinctoria,  831. 

Table  Mountain  Pine,  29. 
Tacamahac,  125. 
Tamarack,  31,  32,  33. 
Tamarind,  Wild,  590. 
Tan  Bark  Oak,  236. 
Tassajo,  761. 
Taxacese,  90. 
Taxodium,  63. 
Taxodium  distichum,  64. 
Taxodium  distichum  var.  im- 

bricarium,  65. 
Taxus,  93. 
Taxus  baccata,  93. 
Taxus  brevifolia,  93. 
Taxus  canadensis,  93. 
Taxus  cuspidata,  93. 
Taxus  floridana,  94. 
Tecate  Cypress,  73. 
Tectoria  grandis,  864. 
Tetrazygia,  776. 
Thatch,  97,  98,  99. 
Thatch,  Brittle,  99,  100. 
Theacea?,  750. 
Theobroma  Cacao,  749. 
Theophrastaceae,  804. 
Thorn,  Cock-spur,  402. 
Thorn,  Washington,  531. 
Thrinax,  96. 
Thrinax  floridana,  97. 
Thrinax  keyensis,  99. 
Thrinax  microcarpa,  99. 
Thrinax  Wendlandiana,  98. 
Thuja,  67. 

Thuja  occidentalis,  67. 
Thuja  orientalis,  67. 
Thuja  plicata,  68. 
Tideland  Spruce,  41. 
Tilia,  732. 

Tilia  americana,  733. 
Tilia  caroliniana,  740. 
Tilia  caroliniana  var.  rhoo- 

phila,  741. 
Tilia  Cocksii,  738. 
Tilia  crenoserrata,  737. 
Tilia  floridana,  737. 
Tilia  floridana,  737. 
Tilia    floridana    var.   australis, 

738. 
Tilia     floridana    var.    oblongi- 

folia,  738. 

Tilia  georgiana,  747. 
Tilia    georgiana    var.    crinita, 

748. 

Tilia  glabra,  733. 
Tilia  heterophylla,  745. 
Tilia  heterophylla,  747. 
Tilia  heterophylla  var.  amphi- 

loba,  745. 
Tilia     heterophylla     var.    Mi- 

chauxii,  746. 
Tilia  heterophylla  var.  nivea, 

745. 

Tilia  lasioclada,  744. 
Tilia  littoralis,  736. 
Tilia    littoralis    var.    discolor, 

736. 


910 


INDEX 


Tilia  Michauxii,  739,  746. 

Tilia  monticola,  747. 

Tilia  neglecta,  739. 

Tilia  nuda,  734. 

Tilia  nuda  var.  brevipeduncu- 

lata,  735. 

Tilia  phanera,  743. 
Tilia  phanera  var.  scabrida ,  743. 
Tillia  pubescens,  748. 
Tilia  texana,  742. 
Tilia  venulosa,  735. 
Tiliai  venulosa    var.   multiner- 

vis,  736. 
Tiliaceae,  732. 
Titi,  667. 
Tollon,  392. 
Toothache-tree,  635. 
Torch  Wood,  640. 
Torrey  Pine,  30. 
T.orreya,  91. 
Torreya  californica,  92. 
Torrey  a  nucifera,  91. 
Torreya  taxifolia,  91. 
Torrubia,  341. 
Torrubia  longifolia,  341. 
Toxylon,  331. 
Toxylon  (loxylon)    pomiferum, 

332. 

Toyon,  392. 
Tree,  Cabbage,  10? 
Tree,  Garland,  382. 
Tree,  Joshua,  116. 
Tree,  Silver  Bell,  824. 
Tree,  Smoke,  621. 
Trema,  326. 
Trema  Jloridana,  327. 
Trema  mollis,  327. 
Tsuga,  42. 

Tsuga  canadensis,  43. 
Tsuga  caroliniana,  44. 
Tsuga  heterophylla,  45. 
Tsuga  Mertensiana,  46. 
Tulip-tree,  352. 
Tumion,  91. 

Tumion  californicum,  92 
Tumion  taxifolium,  91. 
Tupelo,  780. 
Tupelo  Gum,  783. 
Tupelo,  Sour,  782. 
Turkey  Apple,  476. 
Turkey  Oak,  253. 

Ulmaceae,  308. 
Ulmus,  308. 
Ulmus  alata,  312. 
Ulmus  americana,  309. 
Ulmus  crassifolia,  314. 
Ulmus  fulva,  313. 
Ulmus  glabra,  309. 
Ulmus  procera,  309. 
Ulmus  racemosa,  311. 
Ulmus  serotina,  315. 
Ulmus  Thomasii,  311. 
Umbellularia,  360. 
Umbellularia  californica,  361. 
Umbellularia    californica    var. 

pendula,  361. 
Umbrella-tree,  347. 
Una  de  Gato,  595. 
Ungnadia,  717. 
Ungnadia  speciosa,  717. 
Upland  Willow  Oak,  265. 

Vaccinium,  802. 
Vaccinium  arboreum,  802. 


Vaccinium  arboreum  var.  glau- 
cescens,  803. 

Vaccinium  macVocarpum,  802. 

Valley  Oak,  298. 

Vauquelinia,  377. 

Vauquelinia  californica,  377. 

Verbenaceae,  864. 

Viburnum,  886. 

Viburnum  Jackii,  889. 

Viburnum  Lentago,  888. 

Viburnum  Lentago  var.  sphae- 

rocarpum,  889. 
,    Viburnum  nudum,  887. 
I   Viburnum  nudum  var.  angus- 
tifolium,  887. 

Viburnum  prunifolium,  889. 

Viburnum  rufidulum,  890. 

Vine  Maple,  684. 

Vine  Oak,  297. 

Virgilia,  619. 

Wafer  Ash,  639. 

Wahoo,  312,  675. 

Walnut,  169,  173. 

Walnut,  Black,  171. 

Walnut,  "Royal,"  172. 

Washington  Thorn,  531. 

Washingtonia,  104. 

Washingtonia  filamentosa,  104. 

Water  Ash,  838,  839. 

Water  Elm,  317. 

Water  Hickory,  181. 

Water  Locust,  610. 

Water  Oak,  260,  264. 

Wax  Myrtle,  164,  165,  166. 

Weeping  Spruce,  40. 

Western  Catalpa,  872. 

West  Indian  Birch,  646. 

White  Alder,  224. 

White  Ash,  841. 

White  Birch,  210,  217. 

White  Cedar,  67,  75. 

White  Cedar,  Desert,  82. 

White  Elm,  309. 

White  Fir,  54,  55,  56. 

White  Iron  wood,  716. 

White  Mangrove,  767. 

White  Oak,  280,  281,  296;  298, 

300. 

White  Oaks,  240. 
White  Pine,  3,  4,  6. 
White  Poplar,  120. 
White  Spruce,  37,  38. 
White  Stopper,  772. 
White  Wood,  650,  753. 
Wild  Black  Cherry,  575. 
Wild  Cherry,  572,  576,  577,  578. 
Wild  China-tree,  714. 
Wild  Cinnamon,  753. 
Wild  Dilly,  819. 
Wild  Fig,  334,  335. 
Wild  Goose  Plum,  569. 
Wild  Lime,  634. 
Wild  Orange,  579. 
Wild  Plum,  557,  561,  567. 
Wild  Red  Cherry,  571. 
Wild  Tamarind,  590. 
Willow,  138. 
Willow,  Almond,  144. 
Willow,  Arroyo,  153. 
Willow,  Black,  140,  160. 
Willow,  Desert,  869. 
Willow,  Feltleaf,  157. 
Willow,  Glaucous,  159. 
Willow  Oak,  262. 


Willow  Oaks,  239. 
Willow;  Peach,  144. 
Willow,  Red,  146. 
Willow,  Sand  Bar,  152. 
Willow,  Shining,  149. 
Willow,  Yellow,  148. 
Winged  Elm,  312. 
Witch  Hazel,  368. 
Wood,  Ant's,  816. 
Wood,  Bass,  732,  733. 
Wood,  Bow,  332. 
Wood,  Box,  680. 
Wood,  Chittam,  657,  813. 
Wood,  Cork,  167. 
Wood,  Crab,  654 
Wood,  Devil,  857. 
Wood,  Fiddle,  864. 
Wood,  Ink,  715. 
Wood,  Joe,  804. 
Wood,  Leather,  666. 
Wood,  Moose,  686. 
Wood,  Naked,  729,  774. 
Wood,  Poison,  659. 
Wood,  Prince,  877. 
Wood,  Sour,  796. 
Wood,  Torch,  640. 
Wood,  White,  650,  753. 
Wood,  Yellow,  619,  680. 

Xanthoxylum,  633. 
Xanthoxylum    clava-Herculis, 

635. 
Xanthoxylum    clava-Herculis 

var.  fruticosum,  636. 
Xanthoxylum  coriaceum,  637. 
Xanthoxylum  Fagara,  634. 
Xanthoxylum  flavum,  636. 
Ximenia,  337. 
Ximenia  americana,  337. 
Xolisma  ferruginea,  798. 

Yaupon,  671. 

Yellow-bark  Oak,  250. 

Yellow  Birch,  207. 

Yellow  Cypress,  76. 

Yellow  Locust,  623. 

Yellow  Oak,  306. 

Yellow  Pine,  12,  14,  26. 

Yellow  Poplar,  352. 

Yellow  Willow,  148. 

Yellow  Wood,  619,  680. 

Yew,  93,  94. 

Yucca,  110. 

Yucca  aloifolia,  111. 

Yucca  aloifolia  var.  yucatana, 

112. 

Yucca  arborescens,  116. 
Yucca  brevifolia,  116. 
Yucca  elata,  117. 
Yucca  Faxpniana,  115. 
Yucca  gloriosa,  117. 
Yucca  gloriosa  var.  recurvifo- 

lia,  117. 

Yucca  macrocarpa,  113. 
Yucca  mohavensis,  113. 
Yucca  radiosa,  117. 
Yucca  Schottii,  114. 
Yucca  Treculeana,  112. 
Yuccae,  110. 

Zolisma  ferruginea,  798. 
Zygia  brevifolia,  587. 
Zygia  flexicaulis,  588. 
Zvaia  Unguis-Cati,  586. 
Zygophyllacefe,  630. 


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